internal/postgres/insert_module.go

// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package postgres

import (
	"context"
	"database/sql"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"hash/fnv"
	"io"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"unicode/utf8"

	"github.com/lib/pq"
	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
	"golang.org/x/mod/module"
	"golang.org/x/mod/semver"
	"golang.org/x/pkgsite/internal"
	"golang.org/x/pkgsite/internal/database"
	"golang.org/x/pkgsite/internal/derrors"
	"golang.org/x/pkgsite/internal/experiment"
	"golang.org/x/pkgsite/internal/log"
	"golang.org/x/pkgsite/internal/stdlib"
	"golang.org/x/pkgsite/internal/version"
)

// InsertModule inserts a version into the database using
// db.saveVersion, along with a search document corresponding to each of its
// packages.
func (db *DB) InsertModule(ctx context.Context, m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	defer func() {
		if m == nil {
			derrors.Wrap(&err, "DB.InsertModule(ctx, nil)")
			return
		}
		derrors.Wrap(&err, "DB.InsertModule(ctx, Module(%q, %q))", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	}()

	if err := validateModule(m); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Compare existing data from the database, and the module to be
	// inserted. Rows that currently exist should not be missing from the
	// new module. We want to be sure that we will overwrite every row that
	// pertains to the module.
	if err := db.compareLicenses(ctx, m); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := db.comparePackages(ctx, m); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := db.comparePaths(ctx, m); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	removeNonDistributableData(m)
	return db.saveModule(ctx, m)
}

func allocMeg() int {
	var ms runtime.MemStats
	runtime.ReadMemStats(&ms)
	return int(ms.Alloc / (1024 * 1024))
}

// saveModule inserts a Module into the database along with its packages,
// imports, and licenses.  If any of these rows already exist, the module and
// corresponding will be deleted and reinserted.
// If the module is malformed then insertion will fail.
//
// A derrors.InvalidArgument error will be returned if the given module and
// licenses are invalid.
func (db *DB) saveModule(ctx context.Context, m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	log.Debugf(ctx, "memory at start of saveModule: %dM", allocMeg())

	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "saveModule(ctx, tx, Module(%q, %q))", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "saveModule")
	defer span.End()

	return db.db.Transact(ctx, sql.LevelDefault, func(tx *database.DB) error {
		moduleID, err := insertModule(ctx, tx, m)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		log.Debugf(ctx, "memory after insertModule: %dM", allocMeg())

		if err := insertLicenses(ctx, tx, m, moduleID); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		log.Debugf(ctx, "memory after insertLicenses: %dM", allocMeg())

		if err := insertPackages(ctx, tx, m); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		log.Debugf(ctx, "memory after insertPackages: %dM", allocMeg())

		if experiment.IsActive(ctx, internal.ExperimentInsertDirectories) {
			if err := insertDirectories(ctx, tx, m, moduleID); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		log.Debugf(ctx, "memory after insertDirectories: %dM", allocMeg())

		// Obtain a transaction-scoped exclusive advisory lock on the module
		// path. The transaction that holds the lock is the only one that can
		// execute the subsequent code on any module with the given path. That
		// means that conflicts from two transactions both believing they are
		// working on the latest version of a given module cannot happen.
		// The lock is released automatically at the end of the transaction.
		if err := lock(ctx, tx, m.ModulePath); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// We only insert into imports_unique and search_documents if this is
		// the latest version of the module.
		isLatest, err := isLatestVersion(ctx, tx, m.ModulePath, m.Version)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if !isLatest {
			return nil
		}

		if err := insertImportsUnique(ctx, tx, m); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// If there is a more recent version of this module that has an alternative
		// module path, then do not insert its packages into search_documents. This
		// happens when a module that initially does not have a go.mod file is
		// forked or fetched via some non-canonical path (such as an alternative
		// capitalization), and then in a later version acquires a go.mod file.
		//
		// To take an actual example: github.com/sirupsen/logrus@v1.1.0 has a go.mod
		// file that establishes that path as canonical. But v1.0.6 does not have a
		// go.mod file. So the miscapitalized path github.com/Sirupsen/logrus at
		// v1.1.0 is marked as an alternative path (code 491) by
		// internal/fetch.FetchModule and is not inserted into the DB, but at
		// v1.0.6 it is considered valid, and we end up here. We still insert
		// github.com/Sirupsen/logrus@v1.0.6 in the modules table and friends so
		// that users who import it can find information about it, but we don't want
		// it showing up in search results.
		//
		// Note that we end up here only if we first saw the alternative version
		// (github.com/Sirupsen/logrus@v1.1.0 in the example) and then see the valid
		// one. The "if code == 491" section of internal/worker.fetchAndUpdateState
		// handles the case where we fetch the versions in the other order.
		row := tx.QueryRow(ctx, `
			SELECT 1 FROM module_version_states
			WHERE module_path = $1 AND sort_version > $2 and status = 491`,
			m.ModulePath, version.ForSorting(m.Version))
		var x int
		if err := row.Scan(&x); err != sql.ErrNoRows {
			log.Infof(ctx, "%s@%s: not inserting into search documents", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
			return err
		}
		// Insert the module's packages into search_documents.
		return UpsertSearchDocuments(ctx, tx, m)
	})
}

func insertModule(ctx context.Context, db *database.DB, m *internal.Module) (_ int, err error) {
	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "insertModule")
	defer span.End()
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "insertModule(ctx, %q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	sourceInfoJSON, err := json.Marshal(m.SourceInfo)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	var moduleID int
	err = db.QueryRow(ctx,
		`INSERT INTO modules(
			module_path,
			version,
			commit_time,
			readme_file_path,
			readme_contents,
			sort_version,
			version_type,
			series_path,
			source_info,
			redistributable,
			has_go_mod)
		VALUES($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10, $11)
		ON CONFLICT
			(module_path, version)
		DO UPDATE SET
			readme_file_path=excluded.readme_file_path,
			readme_contents=excluded.readme_contents,
			source_info=excluded.source_info,
			redistributable=excluded.redistributable
		RETURNING id`,
		m.ModulePath,
		m.Version,
		m.CommitTime,
		m.LegacyReadmeFilePath,
		makeValidUnicode(m.LegacyReadmeContents),
		version.ForSorting(m.Version),
		m.VersionType,
		m.SeriesPath(),
		sourceInfoJSON,
		m.IsRedistributable,
		m.HasGoMod,
	).Scan(&moduleID)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, err
	}
	return moduleID, nil
}

func insertLicenses(ctx context.Context, db *database.DB, m *internal.Module, moduleID int) (err error) {
	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "insertLicenses")
	defer span.End()
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "insertLicenses(ctx, %q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	var licenseValues []interface{}
	for _, l := range m.Licenses {
		covJSON, err := json.Marshal(l.Coverage)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("marshalling %+v: %v", l.Coverage, err)
		}
		licenseValues = append(licenseValues, m.ModulePath, m.Version,
			l.FilePath, makeValidUnicode(string(l.Contents)), pq.Array(l.Types), covJSON, moduleID)
	}
	if len(licenseValues) > 0 {
		licenseCols := []string{
			"module_path",
			"version",
			"file_path",
			"contents",
			"types",
			"coverage",
			"module_id",
		}
		return db.BulkUpsert(ctx, "licenses", licenseCols, licenseValues,
			[]string{"module_path", "version", "file_path"})
	}
	return nil
}

func insertPackages(ctx context.Context, db *database.DB, m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "insertPackages")
	defer span.End()
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "insertPackages(ctx, %q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)

	// Sort to ensure proper lock ordering, avoiding deadlocks. See
	// b/141164828#comment8. The only deadlocks we've actually seen are on
	// imports_unique, because they can occur when processing two versions of
	// the same module, which happens regularly. But if we were ever to process
	// the same module and version twice, we could see deadlocks in the other
	// bulk inserts.
	sort.Slice(m.LegacyPackages, func(i, j int) bool {
		return m.LegacyPackages[i].Path < m.LegacyPackages[j].Path
	})
	sort.Slice(m.Licenses, func(i, j int) bool {
		return m.Licenses[i].FilePath < m.Licenses[j].FilePath
	})
	for _, p := range m.LegacyPackages {
		sort.Strings(p.Imports)
	}
	var pkgValues, importValues []interface{}
	for _, p := range m.LegacyPackages {
		if p.DocumentationHTML == internal.StringFieldMissing {
			return errors.New("saveModule: package missing DocumentationHTML")
		}
		var licenseTypes, licensePaths []string
		for _, l := range p.Licenses {
			if len(l.Types) == 0 {
				// If a license file has no detected license types, we still need to
				// record it as applicable to the package, because we want to fail
				// closed (meaning if there is a LICENSE file containing unknown
				// licenses, we assume them not to be permissive of redistribution.)
				licenseTypes = append(licenseTypes, "")
				licensePaths = append(licensePaths, l.FilePath)
			} else {
				for _, typ := range l.Types {
					licenseTypes = append(licenseTypes, typ)
					licensePaths = append(licensePaths, l.FilePath)
				}
			}
		}
		pkgValues = append(pkgValues,
			p.Path,
			p.Synopsis,
			p.Name,
			m.Version,
			m.ModulePath,
			p.V1Path,
			p.IsRedistributable,
			makeValidUnicode(p.DocumentationHTML),
			pq.Array(licenseTypes),
			pq.Array(licensePaths),
			p.GOOS,
			p.GOARCH,
			m.CommitTime,
		)
		for _, i := range p.Imports {
			importValues = append(importValues, p.Path, m.ModulePath, m.Version, i)
		}
	}
	if len(pkgValues) > 0 {
		uniqueCols := []string{"path", "module_path", "version"}
		pkgCols := []string{
			"path",
			"synopsis",
			"name",
			"version",
			"module_path",
			"v1_path",
			"redistributable",
			"documentation",
			"license_types",
			"license_paths",
			"goos",
			"goarch",
			"commit_time",
		}
		if err := db.BulkUpsert(ctx, "packages", pkgCols, pkgValues, uniqueCols); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if len(importValues) > 0 {
		importCols := []string{
			"from_path",
			"from_module_path",
			"from_version",
			"to_path",
		}
		if err := db.BulkUpsert(ctx, "imports", importCols, importValues, importCols); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// insertImportsUnique inserts and removes rows from the imports_unique table. It should only
// be called if the given module's version is the latest.
func insertImportsUnique(ctx context.Context, tx *database.DB, m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "insertImportsUnique")
	defer span.End()
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "insertImportsUnique(%q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)

	// Remove the previous rows for this module. We'll replace them with
	// new ones below.
	if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx,
		`DELETE FROM imports_unique WHERE from_module_path = $1`,
		m.ModulePath); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var values []interface{}
	for _, p := range m.LegacyPackages {
		for _, i := range p.Imports {
			values = append(values, p.Path, m.ModulePath, i)
		}
	}
	if len(values) == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	cols := []string{"from_path", "from_module_path", "to_path"}
	return tx.BulkUpsert(ctx, "imports_unique", cols, values, cols)
}

func insertDirectories(ctx context.Context, db *database.DB, m *internal.Module, moduleID int) (err error) {
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "insertDirectories(ctx, tx, %q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "insertDirectories")
	defer span.End()

	if m.LegacyReadmeContents == internal.StringFieldMissing {
		// We don't expect this to ever happen here, but checking just in case.
		return errors.New("saveModule: version missing LegacyReadmeContents")
	}
	// Sort to ensure proper lock ordering, avoiding deadlocks. See
	// b/141164828#comment8. We have seen deadlocks on package_imports and
	// documentation.  They can occur when processing two versions of the
	// same module, which happens regularly.
	sort.Slice(m.Directories, func(i, j int) bool {
		return m.Directories[i].Path < m.Directories[j].Path
	})
	for _, d := range m.Directories {
		if d.Package != nil && len(d.Package.Imports) > 1 {
			sort.Strings(d.Package.Imports)
		}
	}
	var (
		pathValues    []interface{}
		paths         []string
		pathToID      = map[string]int{}
		pathToReadme  = map[string]*internal.Readme{}
		pathToDoc     = map[string]*internal.Documentation{}
		pathToImports = map[string][]string{}
	)
	for _, d := range m.Directories {
		var licenseTypes, licensePaths []string
		for _, l := range d.Licenses {
			if len(l.Types) == 0 {
				// If a license file has no detected license types, we still need to
				// record it as applicable to the package, because we want to fail
				// closed (meaning if there is a LICENSE file containing unknown
				// licenses, we assume them not to be permissive of redistribution.)
				licenseTypes = append(licenseTypes, "")
				licensePaths = append(licensePaths, l.FilePath)
			} else {
				for _, typ := range l.Types {
					licenseTypes = append(licenseTypes, typ)
					licensePaths = append(licensePaths, l.FilePath)
				}
			}
		}
		var name string
		if d.Package != nil {
			name = d.Package.Name
		}
		pathValues = append(pathValues,
			d.Path,
			moduleID,
			d.V1Path,
			name,
			pq.Array(licenseTypes),
			pq.Array(licensePaths),
			d.IsRedistributable,
		)
		if d.Readme != nil {
			pathToReadme[d.Path] = d.Readme
		}
		if d.Package != nil {
			if d.Package.Documentation == nil || d.Package.Documentation.HTML == internal.StringFieldMissing {
				return errors.New("saveModule: package missing DocumentationHTML")
			}
			pathToDoc[d.Path] = d.Package.Documentation
			if len(d.Package.Imports) > 0 {
				pathToImports[d.Path] = d.Package.Imports
			}
		}
	}

	if len(pathValues) > 0 {
		pathCols := []string{
			"path",
			"module_id",
			"v1_path",
			"name",
			"license_types",
			"license_paths",
			"redistributable",
		}
		log.Debugf(ctx, "memory before inserting into paths: %dM", allocMeg())

		uniqueCols := []string{"path", "module_id"}
		returningCols := []string{"id", "path"}
		if err := db.BulkUpsertReturning(ctx, "paths", pathCols, pathValues, uniqueCols, returningCols, func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
			var (
				pathID int
				path   string
			)
			if err := rows.Scan(&pathID, &path); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			pathToID[path] = pathID
			paths = append(paths, path)
			return nil
		}); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Sort to ensure proper lock ordering, avoiding deadlocks. See
	// b/141164828#comment8. We have seen deadlocks on package_imports and
	// documentation.  They can occur when processing two versions of the
	// same module, which happens regularly.
	sort.Strings(paths)
	if len(pathToReadme) > 0 {
		log.Debugf(ctx, "memory before inserting into readmes: %dM", allocMeg())
		var readmeValues []interface{}
		for _, path := range paths {
			readme, ok := pathToReadme[path]
			if !ok {
				continue
			}
			id := pathToID[path]
			readmeValues = append(readmeValues, id, readme.Filepath, makeValidUnicode(readme.Contents))
		}
		readmeCols := []string{"path_id", "file_path", "contents"}
		if err := db.BulkUpsert(ctx, "readmes", readmeCols, readmeValues, []string{"path_id"}); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	if len(pathToDoc) > 0 {
		log.Debugf(ctx, "memory before inserting into documentation: %dM", allocMeg())
		var docValues []interface{}
		for _, path := range paths {
			doc, ok := pathToDoc[path]
			if !ok {
				continue
			}
			id := pathToID[path]
			docValues = append(docValues, id, doc.GOOS, doc.GOARCH, doc.Synopsis, makeValidUnicode(doc.HTML))
		}
		uniqueCols := []string{"path_id", "goos", "goarch"}
		docCols := append(uniqueCols, "synopsis", "html")
		if err := db.BulkUpsert(ctx, "documentation", docCols, docValues, uniqueCols); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	log.Debugf(ctx, "memory before inserting into package_imports: %dM", allocMeg())
	var importValues []interface{}
	for _, pkgPath := range paths {
		imports, ok := pathToImports[pkgPath]
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		id := pathToID[pkgPath]
		for _, toPath := range imports {
			importValues = append(importValues, id, toPath)
		}
	}
	importCols := []string{"path_id", "to_path"}
	return db.BulkUpsert(ctx, "package_imports", importCols, importValues, importCols)
}

// lock obtains an exclusive, transaction-scoped advisory lock on modulePath.
func lock(ctx context.Context, tx *database.DB, modulePath string) (err error) {
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "lock(%s)", modulePath)
	if !tx.InTransaction() {
		return errors.New("not in a transaction")
	}
	// Postgres advisory locks use a 64-bit integer key. Convert modulePath to a
	// key by hashing.
	//
	// This can result in collisions (two module paths hashing to the same key),
	// but they are unlikely and at worst will slow things down a bit.
	//
	// We use the FNV hash algorithm from the standard library. It fits into 64
	// bits unlike a crypto hash, and is stable across processes, unlike
	// hash/maphash.
	hasher := fnv.New64()
	io.WriteString(hasher, modulePath) // Writing to a hash.Hash never returns an error.
	h := int64(hasher.Sum64())
	log.Debugf(ctx, "locking %s (%d) ...", modulePath, h)
	// See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADVISORY-LOCKS.
	if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx, `SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock($1)`, h); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	log.Debugf(ctx, "locking %s (%d) succeeded", modulePath, h)
	return nil
}

// isLatestVersion reports whether version is the latest version of the module.
func isLatestVersion(ctx context.Context, db *database.DB, modulePath, version string) (_ bool, err error) {
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "isLatestVersion(ctx, tx, %q)", modulePath)

	row := db.QueryRow(ctx, `
		SELECT version FROM modules WHERE module_path = $1
		ORDER BY version_type = 'release' DESC, sort_version DESC
		LIMIT 1`,
		modulePath)
	var v string
	if err := row.Scan(&v); err != nil {
		if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
			return true, nil // It's the only version, so it's also the latest.
		}
		return false, err
	}
	return version == v, nil
}

// validateModule checks that fields needed to insert a module into the
// database are present. Otherwise, it returns an error listing the reasons the
// module cannot be inserted.
func validateModule(m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			err = fmt.Errorf("%v: %w", err, derrors.DBModuleInsertInvalid)
			if m != nil {
				derrors.Wrap(&err, "validateModule(%q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
			}
		}
	}()

	if m == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("nil module")
	}
	var errReasons []string
	if m.Version == "" {
		errReasons = append(errReasons, "no specified version")
	}
	if m.ModulePath == "" {
		errReasons = append(errReasons, "no module path")
	}
	if m.ModulePath != stdlib.ModulePath {
		if err := module.CheckPath(m.ModulePath); err != nil {
			errReasons = append(errReasons, fmt.Sprintf("invalid module path (%s)", err))
		}
		if !semver.IsValid(m.Version) {
			errReasons = append(errReasons, "invalid version")
		}
	}
	if len(m.LegacyPackages) == 0 {
		errReasons = append(errReasons, "module does not have any packages")
	}
	if m.CommitTime.IsZero() {
		errReasons = append(errReasons, "empty commit time")
	}
	if len(errReasons) != 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("cannot insert module %q: %s", m.Version, strings.Join(errReasons, ", "))
	}
	return nil
}

// compareLicenses compares m.Licenses with the existing licenses for
// m.ModulePath and m.Version in the database. It returns an error if there
// are licenses in the licenses table that are not present in m.Licenses.
func (db *DB) compareLicenses(ctx context.Context, m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "compareLicenses(ctx, %q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	dbLicenses, err := db.GetModuleLicenses(ctx, m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	set := map[string]bool{}
	for _, l := range m.Licenses {
		set[l.FilePath] = true
	}
	for _, l := range dbLicenses {
		if _, ok := set[l.FilePath]; !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected license %q in module: %w", l.FilePath, derrors.DBModuleInsertInvalid)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// comparePackages compares m.LegacyPackages with the existing packages for
// m.ModulePath and m.Version in the database. It returns an error if there
// are packages in the packages table that are not present in m.LegacyPackages.
func (db *DB) comparePackages(ctx context.Context, m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "comparePackages(ctx, %q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	dbPackages, err := db.GetPackagesInModule(ctx, m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	set := map[string]bool{}
	for _, p := range m.LegacyPackages {
		set[p.Path] = true
	}
	for _, p := range dbPackages {
		if _, ok := set[p.Path]; !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected package %q in module: %w", p.Path, derrors.DBModuleInsertInvalid)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// comparePaths compares m.Directories with the existing directories for
// m.ModulePath and m.Version in the database. It returns an error if there
// are paths in the paths table that are not present in m.Directories.
func (db *DB) comparePaths(ctx context.Context, m *internal.Module) (err error) {
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "comparePaths(ctx, %q, %q)", m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	dbPaths, err := db.getPathsInModule(ctx, m.ModulePath, m.Version)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	set := map[string]bool{}
	for _, p := range m.Directories {
		set[p.Path] = true
	}
	for _, p := range dbPaths {
		if _, ok := set[p.path]; !ok {
			return fmt.Errorf("expected directory %q in module: %w", p.path, derrors.DBModuleInsertInvalid)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// removeNonDistributableData removes any information from the version payload,
// after checking licenses.
func removeNonDistributableData(m *internal.Module) {
	for _, p := range m.LegacyPackages {
		if !p.IsRedistributable {
			// Prune derived information that can't be stored.
			p.Synopsis = ""
			p.DocumentationHTML = ""
		}
	}
	if !m.IsRedistributable {
		m.LegacyReadmeFilePath = ""
		m.LegacyReadmeContents = ""
	}
}

// DeleteModule deletes a Version from the database.
func (db *DB) DeleteModule(ctx context.Context, modulePath, version string) (err error) {
	defer derrors.Wrap(&err, "DeleteModule(ctx, db, %q, %q)", modulePath, version)
	return db.db.Transact(ctx, sql.LevelDefault, func(tx *database.DB) error {
		// We only need to delete from the modules table. Thanks to ON DELETE
		// CASCADE constraints, that will trigger deletions from all other tables.
		const stmt = `DELETE FROM modules WHERE module_path=$1 AND version=$2`
		if _, err := db.db.Exec(ctx, stmt, modulePath, version); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		var x int
		err = db.db.QueryRow(ctx, `SELECT 1 FROM modules WHERE module_path=$1 LIMIT 1`, modulePath).Scan(&x)
		if err != sql.ErrNoRows || err == nil {
			return err
		}
		// No versions of this module exist; remove it from imports_unique.
		_, err = db.db.Exec(ctx, `DELETE FROM imports_unique WHERE from_module_path = $1`, modulePath)
		return err
	})
}

// makeValidUnicode removes null runes from a string that will be saved in a
// column of type TEXT, because pq doesn't like them. It also replaces non-unicode
// characters with the Unicode replacement character, which is the behavior of
// for ... range on strings.
func makeValidUnicode(s string) string {
	// If s is valid and has no zeroes, don't copy it.
	hasZeroes := false
	for _, r := range s {
		if r == 0 {
			hasZeroes = true
			break
		}
	}
	if !hasZeroes && utf8.ValidString(s) {
		return s
	}

	var b strings.Builder
	for _, r := range s {
		if r != 0 {
			b.WriteRune(r)
		}
	}
	return b.String()
}