src/runtime/heapdump.go

// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Implementation of runtime/debug.WriteHeapDump.  Writes all
// objects in the heap plus additional info (roots, threads,
// finalizers, etc.) to a file.

// The format of the dumped file is described at
// http://golang.org/s/go14heapdump.

package runtime

import "unsafe"

//go:linkname runtime_debug_WriteHeapDump runtime/debug.WriteHeapDump
func runtime_debug_WriteHeapDump(fd uintptr) {
	semacquire(&worldsema, false)
	gp := getg()
	gp.m.preemptoff = "write heap dump"
	systemstack(stoptheworld)

	systemstack(func() {
		writeheapdump_m(fd)
	})

	gp.m.preemptoff = ""
	gp.m.locks++
	semrelease(&worldsema)
	systemstack(starttheworld)
	gp.m.locks--
}

const (
	fieldKindEol       = 0
	fieldKindPtr       = 1
	fieldKindIface     = 2
	fieldKindEface     = 3
	tagEOF             = 0
	tagObject          = 1
	tagOtherRoot       = 2
	tagType            = 3
	tagGoroutine       = 4
	tagStackFrame      = 5
	tagParams          = 6
	tagFinalizer       = 7
	tagItab            = 8
	tagOSThread        = 9
	tagMemStats        = 10
	tagQueuedFinalizer = 11
	tagData            = 12
	tagBSS             = 13
	tagDefer           = 14
	tagPanic           = 15
	tagMemProf         = 16
	tagAllocSample     = 17
)

var dumpfd uintptr // fd to write the dump to.
var tmpbuf []byte

// buffer of pending write data
const (
	bufSize = 4096
)

var buf [bufSize]byte
var nbuf uintptr

func dwrite(data unsafe.Pointer, len uintptr) {
	if len == 0 {
		return
	}
	if nbuf+len <= bufSize {
		copy(buf[nbuf:], (*[bufSize]byte)(data)[:len])
		nbuf += len
		return
	}

	write(dumpfd, (unsafe.Pointer)(&buf), int32(nbuf))
	if len >= bufSize {
		write(dumpfd, data, int32(len))
		nbuf = 0
	} else {
		copy(buf[:], (*[bufSize]byte)(data)[:len])
		nbuf = len
	}
}

func dwritebyte(b byte) {
	dwrite(unsafe.Pointer(&b), 1)
}

func flush() {
	write(dumpfd, (unsafe.Pointer)(&buf), int32(nbuf))
	nbuf = 0
}

// Cache of types that have been serialized already.
// We use a type's hash field to pick a bucket.
// Inside a bucket, we keep a list of types that
// have been serialized so far, most recently used first.
// Note: when a bucket overflows we may end up
// serializing a type more than once.  That's ok.
const (
	typeCacheBuckets = 256
	typeCacheAssoc   = 4
)

type typeCacheBucket struct {
	t [typeCacheAssoc]*_type
}

var typecache [typeCacheBuckets]typeCacheBucket

// dump a uint64 in a varint format parseable by encoding/binary
func dumpint(v uint64) {
	var buf [10]byte
	var n int
	for v >= 0x80 {
		buf[n] = byte(v | 0x80)
		n++
		v >>= 7
	}
	buf[n] = byte(v)
	n++
	dwrite(unsafe.Pointer(&buf), uintptr(n))
}

func dumpbool(b bool) {
	if b {
		dumpint(1)
	} else {
		dumpint(0)
	}
}

// dump varint uint64 length followed by memory contents
func dumpmemrange(data unsafe.Pointer, len uintptr) {
	dumpint(uint64(len))
	dwrite(data, len)
}

func dumpslice(b []byte) {
	dumpint(uint64(len(b)))
	if len(b) > 0 {
		dwrite(unsafe.Pointer(&b[0]), uintptr(len(b)))
	}
}

func dumpstr(s string) {
	sp := (*stringStruct)(unsafe.Pointer(&s))
	dumpmemrange(sp.str, uintptr(sp.len))
}

// dump information for a type
func dumptype(t *_type) {
	if t == nil {
		return
	}

	// If we've definitely serialized the type before,
	// no need to do it again.
	b := &typecache[t.hash&(typeCacheBuckets-1)]
	if t == b.t[0] {
		return
	}
	for i := 1; i < typeCacheAssoc; i++ {
		if t == b.t[i] {
			// Move-to-front
			for j := i; j > 0; j-- {
				b.t[j] = b.t[j-1]
			}
			b.t[0] = t
			return
		}
	}

	// Might not have been dumped yet.  Dump it and
	// remember we did so.
	for j := typeCacheAssoc - 1; j > 0; j-- {
		b.t[j] = b.t[j-1]
	}
	b.t[0] = t

	// dump the type
	dumpint(tagType)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(t))))
	dumpint(uint64(t.size))
	if t.x == nil || t.x.pkgpath == nil || t.x.name == nil {
		dumpstr(*t._string)
	} else {
		pkgpath := (*stringStruct)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.x.pkgpath))
		name := (*stringStruct)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.x.name))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(pkgpath.len) + 1 + uintptr(name.len)))
		dwrite(pkgpath.str, uintptr(pkgpath.len))
		dwritebyte('.')
		dwrite(name.str, uintptr(name.len))
	}
	dumpbool(t.kind&kindDirectIface == 0 || t.kind&kindNoPointers == 0)
}

// dump an object
func dumpobj(obj unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr, bv bitvector) {
	dumpbvtypes(&bv, obj)
	dumpint(tagObject)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(obj)))
	dumpmemrange(obj, size)
	dumpfields(bv)
}

func dumpotherroot(description string, to unsafe.Pointer) {
	dumpint(tagOtherRoot)
	dumpstr(description)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(to)))
}

func dumpfinalizer(obj unsafe.Pointer, fn *funcval, fint *_type, ot *ptrtype) {
	dumpint(tagFinalizer)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(obj)))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(fn))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(fn.fn))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(fint))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(ot))))
}

type childInfo struct {
	// Information passed up from the callee frame about
	// the layout of the outargs region.
	argoff uintptr   // where the arguments start in the frame
	arglen uintptr   // size of args region
	args   bitvector // if args.n >= 0, pointer map of args region
	sp     *uint8    // callee sp
	depth  uintptr   // depth in call stack (0 == most recent)
}

// dump kinds & offsets of interesting fields in bv
func dumpbv(cbv *bitvector, offset uintptr) {
	bv := gobv(*cbv)
	for i := uintptr(0); i < uintptr(bv.n); i += typeBitsWidth {
		switch bv.bytedata[i/8] >> (i % 8) & typeMask {
		default:
			throw("unexpected pointer bits")
		case typeDead:
			// typeDead has already been processed in makeheapobjbv.
			// We should only see it in stack maps, in which case we should continue processing.
		case typeScalar:
			// ok
		case typePointer:
			dumpint(fieldKindPtr)
			dumpint(uint64(offset + i/typeBitsWidth*ptrSize))
		}
	}
}

func dumpframe(s *stkframe, arg unsafe.Pointer) bool {
	child := (*childInfo)(arg)
	f := s.fn

	// Figure out what we can about our stack map
	pc := s.pc
	if pc != f.entry {
		pc--
	}
	pcdata := pcdatavalue(f, _PCDATA_StackMapIndex, pc)
	if pcdata == -1 {
		// We do not have a valid pcdata value but there might be a
		// stackmap for this function.  It is likely that we are looking
		// at the function prologue, assume so and hope for the best.
		pcdata = 0
	}
	stkmap := (*stackmap)(funcdata(f, _FUNCDATA_LocalsPointerMaps))

	// Dump any types we will need to resolve Efaces.
	if child.args.n >= 0 {
		dumpbvtypes(&child.args, unsafe.Pointer(s.sp+child.argoff))
	}
	var bv bitvector
	if stkmap != nil && stkmap.n > 0 {
		bv = stackmapdata(stkmap, pcdata)
		dumpbvtypes(&bv, unsafe.Pointer(s.varp-uintptr(bv.n/typeBitsWidth*ptrSize)))
	} else {
		bv.n = -1
	}

	// Dump main body of stack frame.
	dumpint(tagStackFrame)
	dumpint(uint64(s.sp))                              // lowest address in frame
	dumpint(uint64(child.depth))                       // # of frames deep on the stack
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(child.sp)))) // sp of child, or 0 if bottom of stack
	dumpmemrange(unsafe.Pointer(s.sp), s.fp-s.sp)      // frame contents
	dumpint(uint64(f.entry))
	dumpint(uint64(s.pc))
	dumpint(uint64(s.continpc))
	name := funcname(f)
	if name == "" {
		name = "unknown function"
	}
	dumpstr(name)

	// Dump fields in the outargs section
	if child.args.n >= 0 {
		dumpbv(&child.args, child.argoff)
	} else {
		// conservative - everything might be a pointer
		for off := child.argoff; off < child.argoff+child.arglen; off += ptrSize {
			dumpint(fieldKindPtr)
			dumpint(uint64(off))
		}
	}

	// Dump fields in the local vars section
	if stkmap == nil {
		// No locals information, dump everything.
		for off := child.arglen; off < s.varp-s.sp; off += ptrSize {
			dumpint(fieldKindPtr)
			dumpint(uint64(off))
		}
	} else if stkmap.n < 0 {
		// Locals size information, dump just the locals.
		size := uintptr(-stkmap.n)
		for off := s.varp - size - s.sp; off < s.varp-s.sp; off += ptrSize {
			dumpint(fieldKindPtr)
			dumpint(uint64(off))
		}
	} else if stkmap.n > 0 {
		// Locals bitmap information, scan just the pointers in
		// locals.
		dumpbv(&bv, s.varp-uintptr(bv.n)/typeBitsWidth*ptrSize-s.sp)
	}
	dumpint(fieldKindEol)

	// Record arg info for parent.
	child.argoff = s.argp - s.fp
	child.arglen = s.arglen
	child.sp = (*uint8)(unsafe.Pointer(s.sp))
	child.depth++
	stkmap = (*stackmap)(funcdata(f, _FUNCDATA_ArgsPointerMaps))
	if stkmap != nil {
		child.args = stackmapdata(stkmap, pcdata)
	} else {
		child.args.n = -1
	}
	return true
}

func dumpgoroutine(gp *g) {
	var sp, pc, lr uintptr
	if gp.syscallsp != 0 {
		sp = gp.syscallsp
		pc = gp.syscallpc
		lr = 0
	} else {
		sp = gp.sched.sp
		pc = gp.sched.pc
		lr = gp.sched.lr
	}

	dumpint(tagGoroutine)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(gp))))
	dumpint(uint64(sp))
	dumpint(uint64(gp.goid))
	dumpint(uint64(gp.gopc))
	dumpint(uint64(readgstatus(gp)))
	dumpbool(isSystemGoroutine(gp))
	dumpbool(false) // isbackground
	dumpint(uint64(gp.waitsince))
	dumpstr(gp.waitreason)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(gp.sched.ctxt)))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(gp.m))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(gp._defer))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(gp._panic))))

	// dump stack
	var child childInfo
	child.args.n = -1
	child.arglen = 0
	child.sp = nil
	child.depth = 0
	gentraceback(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0, nil, 0x7fffffff, dumpframe, noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&child)), 0)

	// dump defer & panic records
	for d := gp._defer; d != nil; d = d.link {
		dumpint(tagDefer)
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(d))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(gp))))
		dumpint(uint64(d.sp))
		dumpint(uint64(d.pc))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(d.fn))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(d.fn.fn))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(d.link))))
	}
	for p := gp._panic; p != nil; p = p.link {
		dumpint(tagPanic)
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(p))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(gp))))
		eface := (*eface)(unsafe.Pointer(&p.arg))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(eface._type))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(eface.data))))
		dumpint(0) // was p->defer, no longer recorded
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(p.link))))
	}
}

func dumpgs() {
	// goroutines & stacks
	for i := 0; uintptr(i) < allglen; i++ {
		gp := allgs[i]
		status := readgstatus(gp) // The world is stopped so gp will not be in a scan state.
		switch status {
		default:
			print("runtime: unexpected G.status ", hex(status), "\n")
			throw("dumpgs in STW - bad status")
		case _Gdead:
			// ok
		case _Grunnable,
			_Gsyscall,
			_Gwaiting:
			dumpgoroutine(gp)
		}
	}
}

func finq_callback(fn *funcval, obj unsafe.Pointer, nret uintptr, fint *_type, ot *ptrtype) {
	dumpint(tagQueuedFinalizer)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(obj)))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(fn))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(fn.fn))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(fint))))
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(ot))))
}

func dumproots() {
	// data segment
	dumpbvtypes(&gcdatamask, unsafe.Pointer(&data))
	dumpint(tagData)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&data))))
	dumpmemrange(unsafe.Pointer(&data), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&edata))-uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&data)))
	dumpfields(gcdatamask)

	// bss segment
	dumpbvtypes(&gcbssmask, unsafe.Pointer(&bss))
	dumpint(tagBSS)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&bss))))
	dumpmemrange(unsafe.Pointer(&bss), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ebss))-uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&bss)))
	dumpfields(gcbssmask)

	// MSpan.types
	allspans := h_allspans
	for spanidx := uint32(0); spanidx < mheap_.nspan; spanidx++ {
		s := allspans[spanidx]
		if s.state == _MSpanInUse {
			// Finalizers
			for sp := s.specials; sp != nil; sp = sp.next {
				if sp.kind != _KindSpecialFinalizer {
					continue
				}
				spf := (*specialfinalizer)(unsafe.Pointer(sp))
				p := unsafe.Pointer((uintptr(s.start) << _PageShift) + uintptr(spf.special.offset))
				dumpfinalizer(p, spf.fn, spf.fint, spf.ot)
			}
		}
	}

	// Finalizer queue
	iterate_finq(finq_callback)
}

// Bit vector of free marks.
// Needs to be as big as the largest number of objects per span.
var freemark [_PageSize / 8]bool

func dumpobjs() {
	for i := uintptr(0); i < uintptr(mheap_.nspan); i++ {
		s := h_allspans[i]
		if s.state != _MSpanInUse {
			continue
		}
		p := uintptr(s.start << _PageShift)
		size := s.elemsize
		n := (s.npages << _PageShift) / size
		if n > uintptr(len(freemark)) {
			throw("freemark array doesn't have enough entries")
		}
		for l := s.freelist; l.ptr() != nil; l = l.ptr().next {
			freemark[(uintptr(l)-p)/size] = true
		}
		for j := uintptr(0); j < n; j, p = j+1, p+size {
			if freemark[j] {
				freemark[j] = false
				continue
			}
			dumpobj(unsafe.Pointer(p), size, makeheapobjbv(p, size))
		}
	}
}

func dumpparams() {
	dumpint(tagParams)
	x := uintptr(1)
	if *(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&x)) == 1 {
		dumpbool(false) // little-endian ptrs
	} else {
		dumpbool(true) // big-endian ptrs
	}
	dumpint(ptrSize)
	dumpint(uint64(mheap_.arena_start))
	dumpint(uint64(mheap_.arena_used))
	dumpint(thechar)
	dumpstr(goexperiment)
	dumpint(uint64(ncpu))
}

func itab_callback(tab *itab) {
	t := tab._type
	// Dump a map from itab* to the type of its data field.
	// We want this map so we can deduce types of interface referents.
	if t.kind&kindDirectIface == 0 {
		// indirect - data slot is a pointer to t.
		dumptype(t.ptrto)
		dumpint(tagItab)
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(tab))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(t.ptrto))))
	} else if t.kind&kindNoPointers == 0 {
		// t is pointer-like - data slot is a t.
		dumptype(t)
		dumpint(tagItab)
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(tab))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(t))))
	} else {
		// Data slot is a scalar.  Dump type just for fun.
		// With pointer-only interfaces, this shouldn't happen.
		dumptype(t)
		dumpint(tagItab)
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(tab))))
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(t))))
	}
}

func dumpitabs() {
	iterate_itabs(itab_callback)
}

func dumpms() {
	for mp := allm; mp != nil; mp = mp.alllink {
		dumpint(tagOSThread)
		dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(mp))))
		dumpint(uint64(mp.id))
		dumpint(mp.procid)
	}
}

func dumpmemstats() {
	dumpint(tagMemStats)
	dumpint(memstats.alloc)
	dumpint(memstats.total_alloc)
	dumpint(memstats.sys)
	dumpint(memstats.nlookup)
	dumpint(memstats.nmalloc)
	dumpint(memstats.nfree)
	dumpint(memstats.heap_alloc)
	dumpint(memstats.heap_sys)
	dumpint(memstats.heap_idle)
	dumpint(memstats.heap_inuse)
	dumpint(memstats.heap_released)
	dumpint(memstats.heap_objects)
	dumpint(memstats.stacks_inuse)
	dumpint(memstats.stacks_sys)
	dumpint(memstats.mspan_inuse)
	dumpint(memstats.mspan_sys)
	dumpint(memstats.mcache_inuse)
	dumpint(memstats.mcache_sys)
	dumpint(memstats.buckhash_sys)
	dumpint(memstats.gc_sys)
	dumpint(memstats.other_sys)
	dumpint(memstats.next_gc)
	dumpint(memstats.last_gc)
	dumpint(memstats.pause_total_ns)
	for i := 0; i < 256; i++ {
		dumpint(memstats.pause_ns[i])
	}
	dumpint(uint64(memstats.numgc))
}

func dumpmemprof_callback(b *bucket, nstk uintptr, pstk *uintptr, size, allocs, frees uintptr) {
	stk := (*[100000]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(pstk))
	dumpint(tagMemProf)
	dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(b))))
	dumpint(uint64(size))
	dumpint(uint64(nstk))
	for i := uintptr(0); i < nstk; i++ {
		pc := stk[i]
		f := findfunc(pc)
		if f == nil {
			var buf [64]byte
			n := len(buf)
			n--
			buf[n] = ')'
			if pc == 0 {
				n--
				buf[n] = '0'
			} else {
				for pc > 0 {
					n--
					buf[n] = "0123456789abcdef"[pc&15]
					pc >>= 4
				}
			}
			n--
			buf[n] = 'x'
			n--
			buf[n] = '0'
			n--
			buf[n] = '('
			dumpslice(buf[n:])
			dumpstr("?")
			dumpint(0)
		} else {
			dumpstr(funcname(f))
			if i > 0 && pc > f.entry {
				pc--
			}
			file, line := funcline(f, pc)
			dumpstr(file)
			dumpint(uint64(line))
		}
	}
	dumpint(uint64(allocs))
	dumpint(uint64(frees))
}

func dumpmemprof() {
	iterate_memprof(dumpmemprof_callback)
	allspans := h_allspans
	for spanidx := uint32(0); spanidx < mheap_.nspan; spanidx++ {
		s := allspans[spanidx]
		if s.state != _MSpanInUse {
			continue
		}
		for sp := s.specials; sp != nil; sp = sp.next {
			if sp.kind != _KindSpecialProfile {
				continue
			}
			spp := (*specialprofile)(unsafe.Pointer(sp))
			p := uintptr(s.start<<_PageShift) + uintptr(spp.special.offset)
			dumpint(tagAllocSample)
			dumpint(uint64(p))
			dumpint(uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(spp.b))))
		}
	}
}

var dumphdr = []byte("go1.4 heap dump\n")

func mdump() {
	// make sure we're done sweeping
	for i := uintptr(0); i < uintptr(mheap_.nspan); i++ {
		s := h_allspans[i]
		if s.state == _MSpanInUse {
			mSpan_EnsureSwept(s)
		}
	}
	memclr(unsafe.Pointer(&typecache), unsafe.Sizeof(typecache))
	dwrite(unsafe.Pointer(&dumphdr[0]), uintptr(len(dumphdr)))
	dumpparams()
	dumpitabs()
	dumpobjs()
	dumpgs()
	dumpms()
	dumproots()
	dumpmemstats()
	dumpmemprof()
	dumpint(tagEOF)
	flush()
}

func writeheapdump_m(fd uintptr) {
	_g_ := getg()
	casgstatus(_g_.m.curg, _Grunning, _Gwaiting)
	_g_.waitreason = "dumping heap"

	// Update stats so we can dump them.
	// As a side effect, flushes all the MCaches so the MSpan.freelist
	// lists contain all the free objects.
	updatememstats(nil)

	// Set dump file.
	dumpfd = fd

	// Call dump routine.
	mdump()

	// Reset dump file.
	dumpfd = 0
	if tmpbuf != nil {
		sysFree(unsafe.Pointer(&tmpbuf[0]), uintptr(len(tmpbuf)), &memstats.other_sys)
		tmpbuf = nil
	}

	casgstatus(_g_.m.curg, _Gwaiting, _Grunning)
}

// dumpint() the kind & offset of each field in an object.
func dumpfields(bv bitvector) {
	dumpbv(&bv, 0)
	dumpint(fieldKindEol)
}

// The heap dump reader needs to be able to disambiguate
// Eface entries.  So it needs to know every type that might
// appear in such an entry.  The following routine accomplishes that.
// TODO(rsc, khr): Delete - no longer possible.

// Dump all the types that appear in the type field of
// any Eface described by this bit vector.
func dumpbvtypes(bv *bitvector, base unsafe.Pointer) {
}

func makeheapobjbv(p uintptr, size uintptr) bitvector {
	// Extend the temp buffer if necessary.
	nptr := size / ptrSize
	if uintptr(len(tmpbuf)) < nptr*typeBitsWidth/8+1 {
		if tmpbuf != nil {
			sysFree(unsafe.Pointer(&tmpbuf[0]), uintptr(len(tmpbuf)), &memstats.other_sys)
		}
		n := nptr*typeBitsWidth/8 + 1
		p := sysAlloc(n, &memstats.other_sys)
		if p == nil {
			throw("heapdump: out of memory")
		}
		tmpbuf = (*[1 << 30]byte)(p)[:n]
	}
	// Convert heap bitmap to type bitmap.
	i := uintptr(0)
	hbits := heapBitsForAddr(p)
	for ; i < nptr; i++ {
		bits := hbits.typeBits()
		if bits == typeDead {
			break // end of object
		}
		hbits = hbits.next()
		tmpbuf[i*typeBitsWidth/8] &^= (typeMask << ((i * typeBitsWidth) % 8))
		tmpbuf[i*typeBitsWidth/8] |= bits << ((i * typeBitsWidth) % 8)
	}
	return bitvector{int32(i * typeBitsWidth), &tmpbuf[0]}
}