doc/install-source.html

<!--{
	"Title": "Installing Go from source",
	"Path": "/doc/install/source"
}-->

<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>

<p>
Go is an open source project, distributed under a
<a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
This document explains how to check out the sources,
build them on your own machine, and run them.
</p>

<p>
Most users don't need to do this, and will instead install
from precompiled binary packages as described in
<a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a>,
a much simpler process.
If you want to help develop what goes into those precompiled
packages, though, read on.
</p>

<div class="detail">

<p>
There are two official Go compiler tool chains.
This document focuses on the <code>gc</code> Go
compiler and tools (<code>6g</code>, <code>8g</code> etc.).
For information on how to work on <code>gccgo</code>, a more traditional
compiler using the GCC back end, see
<a href="/doc/install/gccgo">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
</p>

<p>
The Go compilers support three instruction sets.
There are important differences in the quality of the compilers for the different
architectures.
</p>

<dl>
<dt>
	<code>amd64</code> (a.k.a. <code>x86-64</code>); <code>6g,6l,6c,6a</code>
</dt>
<dd>
	A mature implementation. The compiler has an effective
	optimizer (registerizer) and generates good code (although
	<code>gccgo</code> can do noticeably better sometimes).
</dd>
<dt>
	<code>386</code> (a.k.a. <code>x86</code> or <code>x86-32</code>); <code>8g,8l,8c,8a</code>
</dt>
<dd>
	Comparable to the <code>amd64</code> port.
</dd>
<dt>
	<code>arm</code> (a.k.a. <code>ARM</code>); <code>5g,5l,5c,5a</code>
</dt>
<dd>
	Supports only Linux binaries. Less widely used than the other ports and therefore
	not as thoroughly tested.
</dd>
</dl>

<p>
Except for things like low-level operating system interface code, the run-time
support is the same in all ports and includes a mark-and-sweep garbage
collector, efficient array and string slicing, and support for efficient
goroutines, such as stacks that grow and shrink on demand.
</p>

<p>
The compilers can target the FreeBSD, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD, OS X (Darwin),
and Windows operating systems.
The full set of supported combinations is listed in the discussion of
<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
</p>

</div>

<h2 id="ctools">Install C tools, if needed</h2>

<p>
The Go tool chain is written in C.
To build it, you need a C compiler installed.
</p>

<p>
On OS X, a C compiler can be installed as part of
<a href="http://developer.apple.com/Xcode/">Xcode</a>. 
</p>

<p>
On Ubuntu/Debian, use <code>sudo apt-get install gcc libc6-dev</code>.
If you want to build 32-bit binaries on a 64-bit system you'll also need the
<code>libc6-dev-i386</code> package.
</p>

<p>
On Windows, install <code>gcc</code> with
<a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW</a>.
(Make sure you add its <code>bin</code> subdirectory to your <code>PATH</code>.)
</p>

<h2 id="mercurial">Install Mercurial, if needed</h2>

<p>
To perform the next step you must have Mercurial installed. (Check that you
have an <code>hg</code> command.) This suffices to install Mercurial on most
Unix systems:
</p>

<pre>
sudo easy_install mercurial==2.0
</pre>

<p>
On Ubuntu/Debian, the Mercurial in your distribution's
package repository is most likely old and broken.
You might try this first:
</p>

<pre>apt-get install python-setuptools python-dev build-essential</pre>

<p>
If that fails, or if you use Windows, install manually from the
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/Download">Mercurial Download</a>
page.
</p>

<p>
Mercurial versions 1.7.x and up require the configuration of
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/CACertificates">Certification Authorities</a>
(CAs). Error messages of the form:
</p>

<pre>
warning: code.google.com certificate with fingerprint b1:af: ... bc not verified (check hostfingerprints or web.cacerts config setting)
</pre>

<p>
when using Mercurial indicate that the CAs are missing.
Check your Mercurial version (<code>hg --version</code>) and
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/CACertificates#Configuration_of_HTTPS_certificate_authorities">configure the CAs</a>
if necessary.
</p>


<h2 id="fetch">Fetch the repository</h2>

<p>Go will install to a directory named <code>go</code>.
Change to the directory that will be its parent
and make sure the <code>go</code> directory does not exist.
Then check out the repository:</p>

<pre>
$ hg clone -u release https://code.google.com/p/go
</pre>

<h2 id="install">Install Go</h2>

<p>
To build the Go distribution, run
</p>

<pre>
$ cd go/src
$ ./all.bash
</pre>

<p>
(To build under Windows use <code>all.bat</code>.)
</p>

<p>
If all goes well, it will finish by printing output like:
</p>

<pre>
ALL TESTS PASSED

---
Installed Go for linux/amd64 in /home/you/go.
Installed commands in /home/you/go/bin.
*** You need to add /home/you/go/bin to your $PATH. ***
The compiler is 6g.
</pre>

<p>
where the details on the last few lines reflect the operating system,
architecture, and root directory used during the install.
</p>

<div class="detail">
<p>
For more information about ways to control the build, see the discussion of
<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
</p>
</div>


<h2 id="testing">Testing your installation</h2>

<p>
Check that Go is installed correctly by building a simple program.
</p>

<p>
Create a file named <code>hello.go</code> and put the following program in it:
</p>

<pre>
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    fmt.Printf("hello, world\n")
}
</pre>

<p>
Then run it with the <code>go</code> tool:
</p>

<pre>
$ go run hello.go
hello, world
</pre>

<p>
If you see the "hello, world" message then Go is installed correctly.
</p>


<h2 id="community">Community resources</h2>

<p>
The usual community resources such as
<code>#go-nuts</code> on the <a href="http://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server
and the
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>
mailing list have active developers that can help you with problems
with your installation or your development work.
For those who wish to keep up to date,
there is another mailing list, <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">golang-checkins</a>,
that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.
</p>

<p>
Bugs can be reported using the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/list">Go issue tracker</a>.
</p>


<h2 id="releases">Keeping up with releases</h2>

<p>
The Go project maintains two stable tags in its Mercurial repository:
<code>release</code> and <code>weekly</code>.
</p>

<p>
The <code>release</code> tag refers to the current stable release of Go.
Most Go users should use this version. New releases are announced on the
<a href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
mailing list.
</p>

<p>
To update an existing tree to the latest release, you can run:
</p>

<pre>
$ cd go/src
$ hg pull
$ hg update release
$ ./all.bash
</pre>

<p>
The <code>weekly</code> tag is updated about once a week, and should be used 
only by those who are actively working on the Go core.
To use the <code>weekly</code> tag run <code>hg update weekly</code> instead.
</p>


<h2 id="environment">Optional environment variables</h2>

<p>
The Go compilation environment can be customized by environment variables.
<i>None is required by the build</i>, but you may wish to set some
to override the defaults.
</p>

<blockquote>

<p><code>$GOROOT</code></p>
<p>
The root of the Go tree, often <code>$HOME/go</code>.
Its value is built into the tree when it is compiled, and
defaults to the parent of the directory where <code>all.bash</code> was run.
There is no need to set this unless you want to switch between multiple
local copies of the repository.
</p>

<p><code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code></p>
<p>
The value assumed by installed binaries and scripts when
<code>$GOROOT</code> is not set explicitly.
It defaults to the value of <code>$GOROOT</code>.
If you want to build the Go tree in one location
but move it elsewhere after the build, set 
<code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code> to the eventual location.
</p>

<p><code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code></p>
<p>
The name of the target operating system and compilation architecture.
These default to the values of <code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and
<code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> respectively (described below).

<p>
Choices for <code>$GOOS</code> are
<code>darwin</code> (Mac OS X 10.6 and above), <code>freebsd</code>,
<code>linux</code>, <code>netbsd</code>, <code>openbsd</code>, 
<code>plan9</code>, and <code>windows</code>.
Choices for <code>$GOARCH</code> are
<code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86, the most mature port),
<code>386</code> (32-bit x86), and <code>arm</code> (32-bit ARM).
The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
<table cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<th width="50"><th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOOS</code></th> <th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOARCH</code></th> <th align="left"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
</tr>
</table>

<p><code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code></p>
<p>
The name of the host operating system and compilation architecture.
These default to the local system's operating system and
architecture.
</p>

<p>
Valid choices are the same as for <code>$GOOS</code> and
<code>$GOARCH</code>, listed above.
The specified values must be compatible with the local system.
For example, you should not set <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> to 
<code>arm</code> on an x86 system.
</p>

<p><code>$GOBIN</code>
<p>
The location where Go binaries will be installed.
The default is <code>$GOROOT/bin</code>.
After installing, you will want to arrange to add this
directory to your <code>$PATH</code>, so you can use the tools.
If <code>$GOBIN</code> is set, the <a href="/cmd/go">go command</a>
installs all commands there.
</p>

<p><code>$GOARM</code> (arm, default=6)</p>
<p>
The ARM architecture version the run-time libraries should target.
Setting <code>$GOARM</code> to 5 causes the linker to emit calls
to a software floating point implementation instead of using
hardware floating point support.
</p>

</blockquote>

<p>
Note that <code>$GOARCH</code> and <code>$GOOS</code> identify the
<em>target</em> environment, not the environment you are running on.
In effect, you are always cross-compiling.
By architecture, we mean the kind of binaries
that the target environment can run:
an x86-64 system running a 32-bit-only operating system
must set <code>GOARCH</code> to <code>386</code>,
not <code>amd64</code>.
</p>

<p>
If you choose to override the defaults,
set these variables in your shell profile (<code>$HOME/.bashrc</code>,
<code>$HOME/.profile</code>, or equivalent). The settings might look 
something like this:
</p>

<pre>
export GOROOT=$HOME/go
export GOARCH=amd64
export GOOS=linux
</pre>

<p>
although, to reiterate, none of these variables needs to be set to build,
install, and develop the Go tree.
</p>