blob: db7c8121dca7f1ed1e3f004afe7e4a5fb51dd616 [file] [log] [blame]
// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Scavenging free pages.
//
// This file implements scavenging (the release of physical pages backing mapped
// memory) of free and unused pages in the heap as a way to deal with page-level
// fragmentation and reduce the RSS of Go applications.
//
// Scavenging in Go happens on two fronts: there's the background
// (asynchronous) scavenger and the heap-growth (synchronous) scavenger.
//
// The former happens on a goroutine much like the background sweeper which is
// soft-capped at using scavengePercent of the mutator's time, based on
// order-of-magnitude estimates of the costs of scavenging. The background
// scavenger's primary goal is to bring the estimated heap RSS of the
// application down to a goal.
//
// That goal is defined as:
// (retainExtraPercent+100) / 100 * (next_gc / last_next_gc) * last_heap_inuse
//
// Essentially, we wish to have the application's RSS track the heap goal, but
// the heap goal is defined in terms of bytes of objects, rather than pages like
// RSS. As a result, we need to take into account for fragmentation internal to
// spans. next_gc / last_next_gc defines the ratio between the current heap goal
// and the last heap goal, which tells us by how much the heap is growing and
// shrinking. We estimate what the heap will grow to in terms of pages by taking
// this ratio and multiplying it by heap_inuse at the end of the last GC, which
// allows us to account for this additional fragmentation. Note that this
// procedure makes the assumption that the degree of fragmentation won't change
// dramatically over the next GC cycle. Overestimating the amount of
// fragmentation simply results in higher memory use, which will be accounted
// for by the next pacing up date. Underestimating the fragmentation however
// could lead to performance degradation. Handling this case is not within the
// scope of the scavenger. Situations where the amount of fragmentation balloons
// over the course of a single GC cycle should be considered pathologies,
// flagged as bugs, and fixed appropriately.
//
// An additional factor of retainExtraPercent is added as a buffer to help ensure
// that there's more unscavenged memory to allocate out of, since each allocation
// out of scavenged memory incurs a potentially expensive page fault.
//
// The goal is updated after each GC and the scavenger's pacing parameters
// (which live in mheap_) are updated to match. The pacing parameters work much
// like the background sweeping parameters. The parameters define a line whose
// horizontal axis is time and vertical axis is estimated heap RSS, and the
// scavenger attempts to stay below that line at all times.
//
// The synchronous heap-growth scavenging happens whenever the heap grows in
// size, for some definition of heap-growth. The intuition behind this is that
// the application had to grow the heap because existing fragments were
// not sufficiently large to satisfy a page-level memory allocation, so we
// scavenge those fragments eagerly to offset the growth in RSS that results.
package runtime
import (
"runtime/internal/atomic"
"runtime/internal/sys"
"unsafe"
)
const (
// The background scavenger is paced according to these parameters.
//
// scavengePercent represents the portion of mutator time we're willing
// to spend on scavenging in percent.
scavengePercent = 1 // 1%
// retainExtraPercent represents the amount of memory over the heap goal
// that the scavenger should keep as a buffer space for the allocator.
//
// The purpose of maintaining this overhead is to have a greater pool of
// unscavenged memory available for allocation (since using scavenged memory
// incurs an additional cost), to account for heap fragmentation and
// the ever-changing layout of the heap.
retainExtraPercent = 10
// maxPagesPerPhysPage is the maximum number of supported runtime pages per
// physical page, based on maxPhysPageSize.
maxPagesPerPhysPage = maxPhysPageSize / pageSize
)
// heapRetained returns an estimate of the current heap RSS.
func heapRetained() uint64 {
return atomic.Load64(&memstats.heap_sys) - atomic.Load64(&memstats.heap_released)
}
// gcPaceScavenger updates the scavenger's pacing, particularly
// its rate and RSS goal.
//
// The RSS goal is based on the current heap goal with a small overhead
// to accommodate non-determinism in the allocator.
//
// The pacing is based on scavengePageRate, which applies to both regular and
// huge pages. See that constant for more information.
//
// mheap_.lock must be held or the world must be stopped.
func gcPaceScavenger() {
// If we're called before the first GC completed, disable scavenging.
// We never scavenge before the 2nd GC cycle anyway (we don't have enough
// information about the heap yet) so this is fine, and avoids a fault
// or garbage data later.
if memstats.last_next_gc == 0 {
mheap_.scavengeGoal = ^uint64(0)
return
}
// Compute our scavenging goal.
goalRatio := float64(memstats.next_gc) / float64(memstats.last_next_gc)
retainedGoal := uint64(float64(memstats.last_heap_inuse) * goalRatio)
// Add retainExtraPercent overhead to retainedGoal. This calculation
// looks strange but the purpose is to arrive at an integer division
// (e.g. if retainExtraPercent = 12.5, then we get a divisor of 8)
// that also avoids the overflow from a multiplication.
retainedGoal += retainedGoal / (1.0 / (retainExtraPercent / 100.0))
// Align it to a physical page boundary to make the following calculations
// a bit more exact.
retainedGoal = (retainedGoal + uint64(physPageSize) - 1) &^ (uint64(physPageSize) - 1)
// Represents where we are now in the heap's contribution to RSS in bytes.
//
// Guaranteed to always be a multiple of physPageSize on systems where
// physPageSize <= pageSize since we map heap_sys at a rate larger than
// any physPageSize and released memory in multiples of the physPageSize.
//
// However, certain functions recategorize heap_sys as other stats (e.g.
// stack_sys) and this happens in multiples of pageSize, so on systems
// where physPageSize > pageSize the calculations below will not be exact.
// Generally this is OK since we'll be off by at most one regular
// physical page.
retainedNow := heapRetained()
// If we're already below our goal, or within one page of our goal, then disable
// the background scavenger. We disable the background scavenger if there's
// less than one physical page of work to do because it's not worth it.
if retainedNow <= retainedGoal || retainedNow-retainedGoal < uint64(physPageSize) {
mheap_.scavengeGoal = ^uint64(0)
return
}
mheap_.scavengeGoal = retainedGoal
mheap_.pages.resetScavengeAddr()
}
// Sleep/wait state of the background scavenger.
var scavenge struct {
lock mutex
g *g
parked bool
timer *timer
}
// wakeScavenger unparks the scavenger if necessary. It must be called
// after any pacing update.
//
// mheap_.lock and scavenge.lock must not be held.
func wakeScavenger() {
lock(&scavenge.lock)
if scavenge.parked {
// Try to stop the timer but we don't really care if we succeed.
// It's possible that either a timer was never started, or that
// we're racing with it.
// In the case that we're racing with there's the low chance that
// we experience a spurious wake-up of the scavenger, but that's
// totally safe.
stopTimer(scavenge.timer)
// Unpark the goroutine and tell it that there may have been a pacing
// change.
scavenge.parked = false
goready(scavenge.g, 0)
}
unlock(&scavenge.lock)
}
// scavengeSleep attempts to put the scavenger to sleep for ns.
//
// Note that this function should only be called by the scavenger.
//
// The scavenger may be woken up earlier by a pacing change, and it may not go
// to sleep at all if there's a pending pacing change.
//
// Returns the amount of time actually slept.
func scavengeSleep(ns int64) int64 {
lock(&scavenge.lock)
// Set the timer.
//
// This must happen here instead of inside gopark
// because we can't close over any variables without
// failing escape analysis.
start := nanotime()
resetTimer(scavenge.timer, start+ns)
// Mark ourself as asleep and go to sleep.
scavenge.parked = true
goparkunlock(&scavenge.lock, waitReasonSleep, traceEvGoSleep, 2)
// Return how long we actually slept for.
return nanotime() - start
}
// Background scavenger.
//
// The background scavenger maintains the RSS of the application below
// the line described by the proportional scavenging statistics in
// the mheap struct.
func bgscavenge(c chan int) {
scavenge.g = getg()
lock(&scavenge.lock)
scavenge.parked = true
scavenge.timer = new(timer)
scavenge.timer.f = func(_ interface{}, _ uintptr) {
wakeScavenger()
}
c <- 1
goparkunlock(&scavenge.lock, waitReasonGCScavengeWait, traceEvGoBlock, 1)
// Exponentially-weighted moving average of the fraction of time this
// goroutine spends scavenging (that is, percent of a single CPU).
// It represents a measure of scheduling overheads which might extend
// the sleep or the critical time beyond what's expected. Assume no
// overhead to begin with.
//
// TODO(mknyszek): Consider making this based on total CPU time of the
// application (i.e. scavengePercent * GOMAXPROCS). This isn't really
// feasible now because the scavenger acquires the heap lock over the
// scavenging operation, which means scavenging effectively blocks
// allocators and isn't scalable. However, given a scalable allocator,
// it makes sense to also make the scavenger scale with it; if you're
// allocating more frequently, then presumably you're also generating
// more work for the scavenger.
const idealFraction = scavengePercent / 100.0
scavengeEWMA := float64(idealFraction)
for {
released := uintptr(0)
// Time in scavenging critical section.
crit := int64(0)
// Run on the system stack since we grab the heap lock,
// and a stack growth with the heap lock means a deadlock.
systemstack(func() {
lock(&mheap_.lock)
// If background scavenging is disabled or if there's no work to do just park.
retained, goal := heapRetained(), mheap_.scavengeGoal
if retained <= goal {
unlock(&mheap_.lock)
return
}
unlock(&mheap_.lock)
// Scavenge one page, and measure the amount of time spent scavenging.
start := nanotime()
released = mheap_.pages.scavengeOne(physPageSize, false)
crit = nanotime() - start
})
if debug.gctrace > 0 {
if released > 0 {
print("scvg: ", released>>10, " KB released\n")
}
print("scvg: inuse: ", memstats.heap_inuse>>20, ", idle: ", memstats.heap_idle>>20, ", sys: ", memstats.heap_sys>>20, ", released: ", memstats.heap_released>>20, ", consumed: ", (memstats.heap_sys-memstats.heap_released)>>20, " (MB)\n")
}
if released == 0 {
lock(&scavenge.lock)
scavenge.parked = true
goparkunlock(&scavenge.lock, waitReasonGCScavengeWait, traceEvGoBlock, 1)
continue
}
// If we spent more than 10 ms (for example, if the OS scheduled us away, or someone
// put their machine to sleep) in the critical section, bound the time we use to
// calculate at 10 ms to avoid letting the sleep time get arbitrarily high.
const maxCrit = 10e6
if crit > maxCrit {
crit = maxCrit
}
// Compute the amount of time to sleep, assuming we want to use at most
// scavengePercent of CPU time. Take into account scheduling overheads
// that may extend the length of our sleep by multiplying by how far
// off we are from the ideal ratio. For example, if we're sleeping too
// much, then scavengeEMWA < idealFraction, so we'll adjust the sleep time
// down.
adjust := scavengeEWMA / idealFraction
sleepTime := int64(adjust * float64(crit) / (scavengePercent / 100.0))
// Go to sleep.
slept := scavengeSleep(sleepTime)
// Compute the new ratio.
fraction := float64(crit) / float64(crit+slept)
// Set a lower bound on the fraction.
// Due to OS-related anomalies we may "sleep" for an inordinate amount
// of time. Let's avoid letting the ratio get out of hand by bounding
// the sleep time we use in our EWMA.
const minFraction = 1 / 1000
if fraction < minFraction {
fraction = minFraction
}
// Update scavengeEWMA by merging in the new crit/slept ratio.
const alpha = 0.5
scavengeEWMA = alpha*fraction + (1-alpha)*scavengeEWMA
}
}
// scavenge scavenges nbytes worth of free pages, starting with the
// highest address first. Successive calls continue from where it left
// off until the heap is exhausted. Call resetScavengeAddr to bring it
// back to the top of the heap.
//
// Returns the amount of memory scavenged in bytes.
//
// If locked == false, s.mheapLock must not be locked. If locked == true,
// s.mheapLock must be locked.
//
// Must run on the system stack because scavengeOne must run on the
// system stack.
//
//go:systemstack
func (s *pageAlloc) scavenge(nbytes uintptr, locked bool) uintptr {
released := uintptr(0)
for released < nbytes {
r := s.scavengeOne(nbytes-released, locked)
if r == 0 {
// Nothing left to scavenge! Give up.
break
}
released += r
}
return released
}
// resetScavengeAddr sets the scavenge start address to the top of the heap's
// address space. This should be called each time the scavenger's pacing
// changes.
//
// s.mheapLock must be held.
func (s *pageAlloc) resetScavengeAddr() {
s.scavAddr = chunkBase(s.end) - 1
}
// scavengeOne starts from s.scavAddr and walks down the heap until it finds
// a contiguous run of pages to scavenge. It will try to scavenge at most
// max bytes at once, but may scavenge more to avoid breaking huge pages. Once
// it scavenges some memory it returns how much it scavenged and updates s.scavAddr
// appropriately. s.scavAddr must be reset manually and externally.
//
// Should it exhaust the heap, it will return 0 and set s.scavAddr to minScavAddr.
//
// If locked == false, s.mheapLock must not be locked.
// If locked == true, s.mheapLock must be locked.
//
// Must be run on the system stack because it either acquires the heap lock
// or executes with the heap lock acquired.
//
//go:systemstack
func (s *pageAlloc) scavengeOne(max uintptr, locked bool) uintptr {
// Calculate the maximum number of pages to scavenge.
//
// This should be alignUp(max, pageSize) / pageSize but max can and will
// be ^uintptr(0), so we need to be very careful not to overflow here.
// Rather than use alignUp, calculate the number of pages rounded down
// first, then add back one if necessary.
maxPages := max / pageSize
if max%pageSize != 0 {
maxPages++
}
// Calculate the minimum number of pages we can scavenge.
//
// Because we can only scavenge whole physical pages, we must
// ensure that we scavenge at least minPages each time, aligned
// to minPages*pageSize.
minPages := physPageSize / pageSize
if minPages < 1 {
minPages = 1
}
// Helpers for locking and unlocking only if locked == false.
lockHeap := func() {
if !locked {
lock(s.mheapLock)
}
}
unlockHeap := func() {
if !locked {
unlock(s.mheapLock)
}
}
lockHeap()
top := chunkIndex(s.scavAddr)
if top < s.start {
unlockHeap()
return 0
}
// Check the chunk containing the scav addr, starting at the addr
// and see if there are any free and unscavenged pages.
ci := chunkIndex(s.scavAddr)
base, npages := s.chunks[ci].findScavengeCandidate(chunkPageIndex(s.scavAddr), minPages, maxPages)
// If we found something, scavenge it and return!
if npages != 0 {
s.scavengeRangeLocked(ci, base, npages)
unlockHeap()
return uintptr(npages) * pageSize
}
unlockHeap()
// Slow path: iterate optimistically looking for any free and unscavenged page.
// If we think we see something, stop and verify it!
for i := top - 1; i >= s.start; i-- {
// If this chunk is totally in-use or has no unscavenged pages, don't bother
// doing a more sophisticated check.
//
// Note we're accessing the summary and the chunks without a lock, but
// that's fine. We're being optimistic anyway.
// Check if there are enough free pages at all. It's imperative that we
// check this before the chunk itself so that we quickly skip over
// unused parts of the address space, which may have a cleared bitmap
// but a zero'd summary which indicates not to allocate from there.
if s.summary[len(s.summary)-1][i].max() < uint(minPages) {
continue
}
// Run over the chunk looking harder for a candidate. Again, we could
// race with a lot of different pieces of code, but we're just being
// optimistic.
if !s.chunks[i].hasScavengeCandidate(minPages) {
continue
}
// We found a candidate, so let's lock and verify it.
lockHeap()
// Find, verify, and scavenge if we can.
chunk := &s.chunks[i]
base, npages := chunk.findScavengeCandidate(pallocChunkPages-1, minPages, maxPages)
if npages > 0 {
// We found memory to scavenge! Mark the bits and report that up.
s.scavengeRangeLocked(i, base, npages)
unlockHeap()
return uintptr(npages) * pageSize
}
// We were fooled, let's take this opportunity to move the scavAddr
// all the way down to where we searched as scavenged for future calls
// and keep iterating.
s.scavAddr = chunkBase(i-1) + pallocChunkPages*pageSize - 1
unlockHeap()
}
lockHeap()
// We couldn't find anything, so signal that there's nothing left
// to scavenge.
s.scavAddr = minScavAddr
unlockHeap()
return 0
}
// scavengeRangeLocked scavenges the given region of memory.
//
// s.mheapLock must be held.
func (s *pageAlloc) scavengeRangeLocked(ci chunkIdx, base, npages uint) {
s.chunks[ci].scavenged.setRange(base, npages)
// Compute the full address for the start of the range.
addr := chunkBase(ci) + uintptr(base)*pageSize
// Update the scav pointer.
s.scavAddr = addr - 1
// Only perform the actual scavenging if we're not in a test.
// It's dangerous to do so otherwise.
if s.test {
return
}
sysUnused(unsafe.Pointer(addr), uintptr(npages)*pageSize)
// Update global accounting only when not in test, otherwise
// the runtime's accounting will be wrong.
mSysStatInc(&memstats.heap_released, uintptr(npages)*pageSize)
}
// fillAligned returns x but with all zeroes in m-aligned
// groups of m bits set to 1 if any bit in the group is non-zero.
//
// For example, fillAligned(0x0100a3, 8) == 0xff00ff.
//
// Note that if m == 1, this is a no-op.
//
// m must be a power of 2 <= maxPagesPerPhysPage.
func fillAligned(x uint64, m uint) uint64 {
apply := func(x uint64, c uint64) uint64 {
// The technique used it here is derived from
// https://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#ZeroInWord
// and extended for more than just bytes (like nibbles
// and uint16s) by using an appropriate constant.
//
// To summarize the technique, quoting from that page:
// "[It] works by first zeroing the high bits of the [8]
// bytes in the word. Subsequently, it adds a number that
// will result in an overflow to the high bit of a byte if
// any of the low bits were initialy set. Next the high
// bits of the original word are ORed with these values;
// thus, the high bit of a byte is set iff any bit in the
// byte was set. Finally, we determine if any of these high
// bits are zero by ORing with ones everywhere except the
// high bits and inverting the result."
return ^((((x & c) + c) | x) | c)
}
// Transform x to contain a 1 bit at the top of each m-aligned
// group of m zero bits.
switch m {
case 1:
return x
case 2:
x = apply(x, 0x5555555555555555)
case 4:
x = apply(x, 0x7777777777777777)
case 8:
x = apply(x, 0x7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f)
case 16:
x = apply(x, 0x7fff7fff7fff7fff)
case 32:
x = apply(x, 0x7fffffff7fffffff)
case 64: // == maxPagesPerPhysPage
x = apply(x, 0x7fffffffffffffff)
default:
throw("bad m value")
}
// Now, the top bit of each m-aligned group in x is set
// that group was all zero in the original x.
// From each group of m bits subtract 1.
// Because we know only the top bits of each
// m-aligned group are set, we know this will
// set each group to have all the bits set except
// the top bit, so just OR with the original
// result to set all the bits.
return ^((x - (x >> (m - 1))) | x)
}
// hasScavengeCandidate returns true if there's any min-page-aligned groups of
// min pages of free-and-unscavenged memory in the region represented by this
// pallocData.
//
// min must be a non-zero power of 2 <= maxPagesPerPhysPage.
func (m *pallocData) hasScavengeCandidate(min uintptr) bool {
if min&(min-1) != 0 || min == 0 {
print("runtime: min = ", min, "\n")
throw("min must be a non-zero power of 2")
} else if min > maxPagesPerPhysPage {
print("runtime: min = ", min, "\n")
throw("min too large")
}
// The goal of this search is to see if the chunk contains any free and unscavenged memory.
for i := len(m.scavenged) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
// 1s are scavenged OR non-free => 0s are unscavenged AND free
//
// TODO(mknyszek): Consider splitting up fillAligned into two
// functions, since here we technically could get by with just
// the first half of its computation. It'll save a few instructions
// but adds some additional code complexity.
x := fillAligned(m.scavenged[i]|m.pallocBits[i], uint(min))
// Quickly skip over chunks of non-free or scavenged pages.
if x != ^uint64(0) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
// findScavengeCandidate returns a start index and a size for this pallocData
// segment which represents a contiguous region of free and unscavenged memory.
//
// searchIdx indicates the page index within this chunk to start the search, but
// note that findScavengeCandidate searches backwards through the pallocData. As a
// a result, it will return the highest scavenge candidate in address order.
//
// min indicates a hard minimum size and alignment for runs of pages. That is,
// findScavengeCandidate will not return a region smaller than min pages in size,
// or that is min pages or greater in size but not aligned to min. min must be
// a non-zero power of 2 <= maxPagesPerPhysPage.
//
// max is a hint for how big of a region is desired. If max >= pallocChunkPages, then
// findScavengeCandidate effectively returns entire free and unscavenged regions.
// If max < pallocChunkPages, it may truncate the returned region such that size is
// max. However, findScavengeCandidate may still return a larger region if, for
// example, it chooses to preserve huge pages, or if max is not aligned to min (it
// will round up). That is, even if max is small, the returned size is not guaranteed
// to be equal to max. max is allowed to be less than min, in which case it is as if
// max == min.
func (m *pallocData) findScavengeCandidate(searchIdx uint, min, max uintptr) (uint, uint) {
if min&(min-1) != 0 || min == 0 {
print("runtime: min = ", min, "\n")
throw("min must be a non-zero power of 2")
} else if min > maxPagesPerPhysPage {
print("runtime: min = ", min, "\n")
throw("min too large")
}
// max may not be min-aligned, so we might accidentally truncate to
// a max value which causes us to return a non-min-aligned value.
// To prevent this, align max up to a multiple of min (which is always
// a power of 2). This also prevents max from ever being less than
// min, unless it's zero, so handle that explicitly.
if max == 0 {
max = min
} else {
max = alignUp(max, min)
}
i := int(searchIdx / 64)
// Start by quickly skipping over blocks of non-free or scavenged pages.
for ; i >= 0; i-- {
// 1s are scavenged OR non-free => 0s are unscavenged AND free
x := fillAligned(m.scavenged[i]|m.pallocBits[i], uint(min))
if x != ^uint64(0) {
break
}
}
if i < 0 {
// Failed to find any free/unscavenged pages.
return 0, 0
}
// We have something in the 64-bit chunk at i, but it could
// extend further. Loop until we find the extent of it.
// 1s are scavenged OR non-free => 0s are unscavenged AND free
x := fillAligned(m.scavenged[i]|m.pallocBits[i], uint(min))
z1 := uint(sys.LeadingZeros64(^x))
run, end := uint(0), uint(i)*64+(64-z1)
if x<<z1 != 0 {
// After shifting out z1 bits, we still have 1s,
// so the run ends inside this word.
run = uint(sys.LeadingZeros64(x << z1))
} else {
// After shifting out z1 bits, we have no more 1s.
// This means the run extends to the bottom of the
// word so it may extend into further words.
run = 64 - z1
for j := i - 1; j >= 0; j-- {
x := fillAligned(m.scavenged[j]|m.pallocBits[j], uint(min))
run += uint(sys.LeadingZeros64(x))
if x != 0 {
// The run stopped in this word.
break
}
}
}
// Split the run we found if it's larger than max but hold on to
// our original length, since we may need it later.
size := run
if size > uint(max) {
size = uint(max)
}
start := end - size
// Each huge page is guaranteed to fit in a single palloc chunk.
//
// TODO(mknyszek): Support larger huge page sizes.
// TODO(mknyszek): Consider taking pages-per-huge-page as a parameter
// so we can write tests for this.
if physHugePageSize > pageSize && physHugePageSize > physPageSize {
// We have huge pages, so let's ensure we don't break one by scavenging
// over a huge page boundary. If the range [start, start+size) overlaps with
// a free-and-unscavenged huge page, we want to grow the region we scavenge
// to include that huge page.
// Compute the huge page boundary above our candidate.
pagesPerHugePage := uintptr(physHugePageSize / pageSize)
hugePageAbove := uint(alignUp(uintptr(start), pagesPerHugePage))
// If that boundary is within our current candidate, then we may be breaking
// a huge page.
if hugePageAbove <= end {
// Compute the huge page boundary below our candidate.
hugePageBelow := uint(alignDown(uintptr(start), pagesPerHugePage))
if hugePageBelow >= end-run {
// We're in danger of breaking apart a huge page since start+size crosses
// a huge page boundary and rounding down start to the nearest huge
// page boundary is included in the full run we found. Include the entire
// huge page in the bound by rounding down to the huge page size.
size = size + (start - hugePageBelow)
start = hugePageBelow
}
}
}
return start, size
}