src/os/os_test.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package os_test

import (
	"bytes"
	"errors"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	. "os"
	osexec "os/exec"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"syscall"
	"testing"
	"time"
)

var supportsSymlinks = true

var dot = []string{
	"dir_unix.go",
	"env.go",
	"error.go",
	"file.go",
	"os_test.go",
	"types.go",
	"stat_darwin.go",
	"stat_linux.go",
}

type sysDir struct {
	name  string
	files []string
}

var sysdir = func() *sysDir {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android":
		return &sysDir{
			"/system/etc",
			[]string{
				"audio_policy.conf",
				"system_fonts.xml",
			},
		}
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			wd, err := syscall.Getwd()
			if err != nil {
				wd = err.Error()
			}
			return &sysDir{
				filepath.Join(wd, "..", ".."),
				[]string{
					"ResourceRules.plist",
					"Info.plist",
				},
			}
		}
	case "windows":
		return &sysDir{
			Getenv("SystemRoot") + "\\system32\\drivers\\etc",
			[]string{
				"networks",
				"protocol",
				"services",
			},
		}
	case "plan9":
		return &sysDir{
			"/lib/ndb",
			[]string{
				"common",
				"local",
			},
		}
	}
	return &sysDir{
		"/etc",
		[]string{
			"group",
			"hosts",
			"passwd",
		},
	}
}()

func size(name string, t *testing.T) int64 {
	file, err := Open(name)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("open failed:", err)
	}
	defer file.Close()
	var buf [100]byte
	len := 0
	for {
		n, e := file.Read(buf[0:])
		len += n
		if e == io.EOF {
			break
		}
		if e != nil {
			t.Fatal("read failed:", err)
		}
	}
	return int64(len)
}

func equal(name1, name2 string) (r bool) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "windows":
		r = strings.ToLower(name1) == strings.ToLower(name2)
	default:
		r = name1 == name2
	}
	return
}

// localTmp returns a local temporary directory not on NFS.
func localTmp() string {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android", "windows":
		return TempDir()
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			return TempDir()
		}
	}
	return "/tmp"
}

func newFile(testName string, t *testing.T) (f *File) {
	f, err := ioutil.TempFile(localTmp(), "_Go_"+testName)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TempFile %s: %s", testName, err)
	}
	return
}

func newDir(testName string, t *testing.T) (name string) {
	name, err := ioutil.TempDir(localTmp(), "_Go_"+testName)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TempDir %s: %s", testName, err)
	}
	return
}

var sfdir = sysdir.name
var sfname = sysdir.files[0]

func TestStat(t *testing.T) {
	path := sfdir + "/" + sfname
	dir, err := Stat(path)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("stat failed:", err)
	}
	if !equal(sfname, dir.Name()) {
		t.Error("name should be ", sfname, "; is", dir.Name())
	}
	filesize := size(path, t)
	if dir.Size() != filesize {
		t.Error("size should be", filesize, "; is", dir.Size())
	}
}

func TestFstat(t *testing.T) {
	path := sfdir + "/" + sfname
	file, err1 := Open(path)
	if err1 != nil {
		t.Fatal("open failed:", err1)
	}
	defer file.Close()
	dir, err2 := file.Stat()
	if err2 != nil {
		t.Fatal("fstat failed:", err2)
	}
	if !equal(sfname, dir.Name()) {
		t.Error("name should be ", sfname, "; is", dir.Name())
	}
	filesize := size(path, t)
	if dir.Size() != filesize {
		t.Error("size should be", filesize, "; is", dir.Size())
	}
}

func TestLstat(t *testing.T) {
	path := sfdir + "/" + sfname
	dir, err := Lstat(path)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("lstat failed:", err)
	}
	if !equal(sfname, dir.Name()) {
		t.Error("name should be ", sfname, "; is", dir.Name())
	}
	filesize := size(path, t)
	if dir.Size() != filesize {
		t.Error("size should be", filesize, "; is", dir.Size())
	}
}

// Read with length 0 should not return EOF.
func TestRead0(t *testing.T) {
	path := sfdir + "/" + sfname
	f, err := Open(path)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("open failed:", err)
	}
	defer f.Close()

	b := make([]byte, 0)
	n, err := f.Read(b)
	if n != 0 || err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Read(0) = %d, %v, want 0, nil", n, err)
	}
	b = make([]byte, 100)
	n, err = f.Read(b)
	if n <= 0 || err != nil {
		t.Errorf("Read(100) = %d, %v, want >0, nil", n, err)
	}
}

func testReaddirnames(dir string, contents []string, t *testing.T) {
	file, err := Open(dir)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", dir, err)
	}
	defer file.Close()
	s, err2 := file.Readdirnames(-1)
	if err2 != nil {
		t.Fatalf("readdirnames %q failed: %v", dir, err2)
	}
	for _, m := range contents {
		found := false
		for _, n := range s {
			if n == "." || n == ".." {
				t.Errorf("got %s in directory", n)
			}
			if equal(m, n) {
				if found {
					t.Error("present twice:", m)
				}
				found = true
			}
		}
		if !found {
			t.Error("could not find", m)
		}
	}
}

func testReaddir(dir string, contents []string, t *testing.T) {
	file, err := Open(dir)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", dir, err)
	}
	defer file.Close()
	s, err2 := file.Readdir(-1)
	if err2 != nil {
		t.Fatalf("readdir %q failed: %v", dir, err2)
	}
	for _, m := range contents {
		found := false
		for _, n := range s {
			if equal(m, n.Name()) {
				if found {
					t.Error("present twice:", m)
				}
				found = true
			}
		}
		if !found {
			t.Error("could not find", m)
		}
	}
}

func TestReaddirnames(t *testing.T) {
	testReaddirnames(".", dot, t)
	testReaddirnames(sysdir.name, sysdir.files, t)
}

func TestReaddir(t *testing.T) {
	testReaddir(".", dot, t)
	testReaddir(sysdir.name, sysdir.files, t)
}

// Read the directory one entry at a time.
func smallReaddirnames(file *File, length int, t *testing.T) []string {
	names := make([]string, length)
	count := 0
	for {
		d, err := file.Readdirnames(1)
		if err == io.EOF {
			break
		}
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("readdirnames %q failed: %v", file.Name(), err)
		}
		if len(d) == 0 {
			t.Fatalf("readdirnames %q returned empty slice and no error", file.Name())
		}
		names[count] = d[0]
		count++
	}
	return names[0:count]
}

// Check that reading a directory one entry at a time gives the same result
// as reading it all at once.
func TestReaddirnamesOneAtATime(t *testing.T) {
	// big directory that doesn't change often.
	dir := "/usr/bin"
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android":
		dir = "/system/bin"
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			wd, err := Getwd()
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			dir = wd
		}
	case "plan9":
		dir = "/bin"
	case "windows":
		dir = Getenv("SystemRoot") + "\\system32"
	}
	file, err := Open(dir)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", dir, err)
	}
	defer file.Close()
	all, err1 := file.Readdirnames(-1)
	if err1 != nil {
		t.Fatalf("readdirnames %q failed: %v", dir, err1)
	}
	file1, err2 := Open(dir)
	if err2 != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", dir, err2)
	}
	defer file1.Close()
	small := smallReaddirnames(file1, len(all)+100, t) // +100 in case we screw up
	if len(small) < len(all) {
		t.Fatalf("len(small) is %d, less than %d", len(small), len(all))
	}
	for i, n := range all {
		if small[i] != n {
			t.Errorf("small read %q mismatch: %v", small[i], n)
		}
	}
}

func TestReaddirNValues(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("test.short; skipping")
	}
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TempDir: %v", err)
	}
	defer RemoveAll(dir)
	for i := 1; i <= 105; i++ {
		f, err := Create(filepath.Join(dir, fmt.Sprintf("%d", i)))
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Create: %v", err)
		}
		f.Write([]byte(strings.Repeat("X", i)))
		f.Close()
	}

	var d *File
	openDir := func() {
		var err error
		d, err = Open(dir)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Open directory: %v", err)
		}
	}

	readDirExpect := func(n, want int, wantErr error) {
		fi, err := d.Readdir(n)
		if err != wantErr {
			t.Fatalf("Readdir of %d got error %v, want %v", n, err, wantErr)
		}
		if g, e := len(fi), want; g != e {
			t.Errorf("Readdir of %d got %d files, want %d", n, g, e)
		}
	}

	readDirNamesExpect := func(n, want int, wantErr error) {
		fi, err := d.Readdirnames(n)
		if err != wantErr {
			t.Fatalf("Readdirnames of %d got error %v, want %v", n, err, wantErr)
		}
		if g, e := len(fi), want; g != e {
			t.Errorf("Readdirnames of %d got %d files, want %d", n, g, e)
		}
	}

	for _, fn := range []func(int, int, error){readDirExpect, readDirNamesExpect} {
		// Test the slurp case
		openDir()
		fn(0, 105, nil)
		fn(0, 0, nil)
		d.Close()

		// Slurp with -1 instead
		openDir()
		fn(-1, 105, nil)
		fn(-2, 0, nil)
		fn(0, 0, nil)
		d.Close()

		// Test the bounded case
		openDir()
		fn(1, 1, nil)
		fn(2, 2, nil)
		fn(105, 102, nil) // and tests buffer >100 case
		fn(3, 0, io.EOF)
		d.Close()
	}
}

func touch(t *testing.T, name string) {
	f, err := Create(name)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
}

func TestReaddirStatFailures(t *testing.T) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "windows", "plan9":
		// Windows and Plan 9 already do this correctly,
		// but are structured with different syscalls such
		// that they don't use Lstat, so the hook below for
		// testing it wouldn't work.
		t.Skipf("skipping test on %v", runtime.GOOS)
	}
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TempDir: %v", err)
	}
	defer RemoveAll(dir)
	touch(t, filepath.Join(dir, "good1"))
	touch(t, filepath.Join(dir, "x")) // will disappear or have an error
	touch(t, filepath.Join(dir, "good2"))
	defer func() {
		*LstatP = Lstat
	}()
	var xerr error // error to return for x
	*LstatP = func(path string) (FileInfo, error) {
		if xerr != nil && strings.HasSuffix(path, "x") {
			return nil, xerr
		}
		return Lstat(path)
	}
	readDir := func() ([]FileInfo, error) {
		d, err := Open(dir)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		defer d.Close()
		return d.Readdir(-1)
	}
	mustReadDir := func(testName string) []FileInfo {
		fis, err := readDir()
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("%s: Readdir: %v", testName, err)
		}
		return fis
	}
	names := func(fis []FileInfo) []string {
		s := make([]string, len(fis))
		for i, fi := range fis {
			s[i] = fi.Name()
		}
		sort.Strings(s)
		return s
	}

	if got, want := names(mustReadDir("inital readdir")),
		[]string{"good1", "good2", "x"}; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
		t.Errorf("initial readdir got %q; want %q", got, want)
	}

	xerr = ErrNotExist
	if got, want := names(mustReadDir("with x disappearing")),
		[]string{"good1", "good2"}; !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
		t.Errorf("with x disappearing, got %q; want %q", got, want)
	}

	xerr = errors.New("some real error")
	if _, err := readDir(); err != xerr {
		t.Errorf("with a non-ErrNotExist error, got error %v; want %v", err, xerr)
	}
}

// Readdir on a regular file should fail.
func TestReaddirOfFile(t *testing.T) {
	f, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "_Go_ReaddirOfFile")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	f.Write([]byte("foo"))
	f.Close()
	reg, err := Open(f.Name())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer reg.Close()

	names, err := reg.Readdirnames(-1)
	if err == nil {
		t.Error("Readdirnames succeeded; want non-nil error")
	}
	if len(names) > 0 {
		t.Errorf("unexpected dir names in regular file: %q", names)
	}
}

func TestHardLink(t *testing.T) {
	if runtime.GOOS == "plan9" {
		t.Skip("skipping on plan9, hardlinks not supported")
	}
	defer chtmpdir(t)()
	from, to := "hardlinktestfrom", "hardlinktestto"
	Remove(from) // Just in case.
	file, err := Create(to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
	defer Remove(to)
	if err = file.Close(); err != nil {
		t.Errorf("close %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
	err = Link(to, from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("link %q, %q failed: %v", to, from, err)
	}

	none := "hardlinktestnone"
	err = Link(none, none)
	// Check the returned error is well-formed.
	if lerr, ok := err.(*LinkError); !ok || lerr.Error() == "" {
		t.Errorf("link %q, %q failed to return a valid error", none, none)
	}

	defer Remove(from)
	tostat, err := Stat(to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
	fromstat, err := Stat(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	if !SameFile(tostat, fromstat) {
		t.Errorf("link %q, %q did not create hard link", to, from)
	}
}

// chtmpdir changes the working directory to a new temporary directory and
// provides a cleanup function. Used when PWD is read-only.
func chtmpdir(t *testing.T) func() {
	if runtime.GOOS != "darwin" || (runtime.GOARCH != "arm" && runtime.GOARCH != "arm64") {
		return func() {} // only needed on darwin/arm{,64}
	}
	oldwd, err := Getwd()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("chtmpdir: %v", err)
	}
	d, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("chtmpdir: %v", err)
	}
	if err := Chdir(d); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("chtmpdir: %v", err)
	}
	return func() {
		if err := Chdir(oldwd); err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("chtmpdir: %v", err)
		}
		RemoveAll(d)
	}
}

func TestSymlink(t *testing.T) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android", "nacl", "plan9":
		t.Skipf("skipping on %s", runtime.GOOS)
	case "windows":
		if !supportsSymlinks {
			t.Skipf("skipping on %s", runtime.GOOS)
		}
	}
	defer chtmpdir(t)()
	from, to := "symlinktestfrom", "symlinktestto"
	Remove(from) // Just in case.
	file, err := Create(to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
	defer Remove(to)
	if err = file.Close(); err != nil {
		t.Errorf("close %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
	err = Symlink(to, from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("symlink %q, %q failed: %v", to, from, err)
	}
	defer Remove(from)
	tostat, err := Lstat(to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
	if tostat.Mode()&ModeSymlink != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q claims to have found a symlink", to)
	}
	fromstat, err := Stat(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	if !SameFile(tostat, fromstat) {
		t.Errorf("symlink %q, %q did not create symlink", to, from)
	}
	fromstat, err = Lstat(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("lstat %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	if fromstat.Mode()&ModeSymlink == 0 {
		t.Fatalf("symlink %q, %q did not create symlink", to, from)
	}
	fromstat, err = Stat(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	if fromstat.Mode()&ModeSymlink != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q did not follow symlink", from)
	}
	s, err := Readlink(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("readlink %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	if s != to {
		t.Fatalf("after symlink %q != %q", s, to)
	}
	file, err = Open(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	file.Close()
}

func TestLongSymlink(t *testing.T) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "plan9", "nacl":
		t.Skipf("skipping on %s", runtime.GOOS)
	case "windows":
		if !supportsSymlinks {
			t.Skipf("skipping on %s", runtime.GOOS)
		}
	}
	defer chtmpdir(t)()
	s := "0123456789abcdef"
	// Long, but not too long: a common limit is 255.
	s = s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s + s
	from := "longsymlinktestfrom"
	Remove(from) // Just in case.
	err := Symlink(s, from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("symlink %q, %q failed: %v", s, from, err)
	}
	defer Remove(from)
	r, err := Readlink(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("readlink %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	if r != s {
		t.Fatalf("after symlink %q != %q", r, s)
	}
}

func TestRename(t *testing.T) {
	defer chtmpdir(t)()
	from, to := "renamefrom", "renameto"
	// Ensure we are not testing the overwrite case here.
	Remove(from)
	Remove(to)

	file, err := Create(from)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("open %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	if err = file.Close(); err != nil {
		t.Errorf("close %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	err = Rename(from, to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("rename %q, %q failed: %v", to, from, err)
	}
	defer Remove(to)
	_, err = Stat(to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Errorf("stat %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
}

func TestRenameOverwriteDest(t *testing.T) {
	if runtime.GOOS == "plan9" {
		t.Skip("skipping on plan9")
	}
	defer chtmpdir(t)()
	from, to := "renamefrom", "renameto"
	// Just in case.
	Remove(from)
	Remove(to)

	toData := []byte("to")
	fromData := []byte("from")

	err := ioutil.WriteFile(to, toData, 0777)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("write file %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}

	err = ioutil.WriteFile(from, fromData, 0777)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("write file %q failed: %v", from, err)
	}
	err = Rename(from, to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("rename %q, %q failed: %v", to, from, err)
	}
	defer Remove(to)

	_, err = Stat(from)
	if err == nil {
		t.Errorf("from file %q still exists", from)
	}
	if err != nil && !IsNotExist(err) {
		t.Fatalf("stat from: %v", err)
	}
	toFi, err := Stat(to)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %q failed: %v", to, err)
	}
	if toFi.Size() != int64(len(fromData)) {
		t.Errorf(`"to" size = %d; want %d (old "from" size)`, toFi.Size(), len(fromData))
	}
}

func exec(t *testing.T, dir, cmd string, args []string, expect string) {
	r, w, err := Pipe()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Pipe: %v", err)
	}
	defer r.Close()
	attr := &ProcAttr{Dir: dir, Files: []*File{nil, w, Stderr}}
	p, err := StartProcess(cmd, args, attr)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("StartProcess: %v", err)
	}
	w.Close()

	var b bytes.Buffer
	io.Copy(&b, r)
	output := b.String()

	fi1, _ := Stat(strings.TrimSpace(output))
	fi2, _ := Stat(expect)
	if !SameFile(fi1, fi2) {
		t.Errorf("exec %q returned %q wanted %q",
			strings.Join(append([]string{cmd}, args...), " "), output, expect)
	}
	p.Wait()
}

func TestStartProcess(t *testing.T) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android", "nacl":
		t.Skipf("skipping on %s", runtime.GOOS)
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			t.Skipf("skipping on %s/%s, cannot fork", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
		}
	}

	var dir, cmd string
	var args []string
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		cmd = Getenv("COMSPEC")
		dir = Getenv("SystemRoot")
		args = []string{"/c", "cd"}
	} else {
		cmd = "/bin/pwd"
		dir = "/"
		args = []string{}
	}
	cmddir, cmdbase := filepath.Split(cmd)
	args = append([]string{cmdbase}, args...)
	// Test absolute executable path.
	exec(t, dir, cmd, args, dir)
	// Test relative executable path.
	exec(t, cmddir, cmdbase, args, cmddir)
}

func checkMode(t *testing.T, path string, mode FileMode) {
	dir, err := Stat(path)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat %q (looking for mode %#o): %s", path, mode, err)
	}
	if dir.Mode()&0777 != mode {
		t.Errorf("Stat %q: mode %#o want %#o", path, dir.Mode(), mode)
	}
}

func TestChmod(t *testing.T) {
	// Chmod is not supported under windows.
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		return
	}
	f := newFile("TestChmod", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	defer f.Close()

	if err := Chmod(f.Name(), 0456); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("chmod %s 0456: %s", f.Name(), err)
	}
	checkMode(t, f.Name(), 0456)

	if err := f.Chmod(0123); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("chmod %s 0123: %s", f.Name(), err)
	}
	checkMode(t, f.Name(), 0123)
}

func checkSize(t *testing.T, f *File, size int64) {
	dir, err := f.Stat()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat %q (looking for size %d): %s", f.Name(), size, err)
	}
	if dir.Size() != size {
		t.Errorf("Stat %q: size %d want %d", f.Name(), dir.Size(), size)
	}
}

func TestFTruncate(t *testing.T) {
	f := newFile("TestFTruncate", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	defer f.Close()

	checkSize(t, f, 0)
	f.Write([]byte("hello, world\n"))
	checkSize(t, f, 13)
	f.Truncate(10)
	checkSize(t, f, 10)
	f.Truncate(1024)
	checkSize(t, f, 1024)
	f.Truncate(0)
	checkSize(t, f, 0)
	_, err := f.Write([]byte("surprise!"))
	if err == nil {
		checkSize(t, f, 13+9) // wrote at offset past where hello, world was.
	}
}

func TestTruncate(t *testing.T) {
	f := newFile("TestTruncate", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	defer f.Close()

	checkSize(t, f, 0)
	f.Write([]byte("hello, world\n"))
	checkSize(t, f, 13)
	Truncate(f.Name(), 10)
	checkSize(t, f, 10)
	Truncate(f.Name(), 1024)
	checkSize(t, f, 1024)
	Truncate(f.Name(), 0)
	checkSize(t, f, 0)
	_, err := f.Write([]byte("surprise!"))
	if err == nil {
		checkSize(t, f, 13+9) // wrote at offset past where hello, world was.
	}
}

// Use TempDir (via newFile) to make sure we're on a local file system,
// so that timings are not distorted by latency and caching.
// On NFS, timings can be off due to caching of meta-data on
// NFS servers (Issue 848).
func TestChtimes(t *testing.T) {
	f := newFile("TestChtimes", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())

	f.Write([]byte("hello, world\n"))
	f.Close()

	testChtimes(t, f.Name())
}

// Use TempDir (via newDir) to make sure we're on a local file system,
// so that timings are not distorted by latency and caching.
// On NFS, timings can be off due to caching of meta-data on
// NFS servers (Issue 848).
func TestChtimesDir(t *testing.T) {
	name := newDir("TestChtimes", t)
	defer RemoveAll(name)

	testChtimes(t, name)
}

func testChtimes(t *testing.T, name string) {
	st, err := Stat(name)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat %s: %s", name, err)
	}
	preStat := st

	// Move access and modification time back a second
	at := Atime(preStat)
	mt := preStat.ModTime()
	err = Chtimes(name, at.Add(-time.Second), mt.Add(-time.Second))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Chtimes %s: %s", name, err)
	}

	st, err = Stat(name)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("second Stat %s: %s", name, err)
	}
	postStat := st

	/* Plan 9, NaCl:
		Mtime is the time of the last change of content.  Similarly, atime is set whenever the
	    contents are accessed; also, it is set whenever mtime is set.
	*/
	pat := Atime(postStat)
	pmt := postStat.ModTime()
	if !pat.Before(at) && runtime.GOOS != "plan9" && runtime.GOOS != "nacl" {
		t.Errorf("AccessTime didn't go backwards; was=%d, after=%d", at, pat)
	}

	if !pmt.Before(mt) {
		t.Errorf("ModTime didn't go backwards; was=%d, after=%d", mt, pmt)
	}
}

func TestChdirAndGetwd(t *testing.T) {
	// TODO(brainman): file.Chdir() is not implemented on windows.
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		return
	}
	fd, err := Open(".")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Open .: %s", err)
	}
	// These are chosen carefully not to be symlinks on a Mac
	// (unlike, say, /var, /etc), except /tmp, which we handle below.
	dirs := []string{"/", "/usr/bin", "/tmp"}
	// /usr/bin does not usually exist on Plan 9 or Android.
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android":
		dirs = []string{"/", "/system/bin"}
	case "plan9":
		dirs = []string{"/", "/usr"}
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			d1, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "d1")
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("TempDir: %v", err)
			}
			d2, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "d2")
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("TempDir: %v", err)
			}
			dirs = []string{d1, d2}
		}
	}
	oldwd := Getenv("PWD")
	for mode := 0; mode < 2; mode++ {
		for _, d := range dirs {
			if mode == 0 {
				err = Chdir(d)
			} else {
				fd1, err := Open(d)
				if err != nil {
					t.Errorf("Open %s: %s", d, err)
					continue
				}
				err = fd1.Chdir()
				fd1.Close()
			}
			if d == "/tmp" {
				Setenv("PWD", "/tmp")
			}
			pwd, err1 := Getwd()
			Setenv("PWD", oldwd)
			err2 := fd.Chdir()
			if err2 != nil {
				// We changed the current directory and cannot go back.
				// Don't let the tests continue; they'll scribble
				// all over some other directory.
				fmt.Fprintf(Stderr, "fchdir back to dot failed: %s\n", err2)
				Exit(1)
			}
			if err != nil {
				fd.Close()
				t.Fatalf("Chdir %s: %s", d, err)
			}
			if err1 != nil {
				fd.Close()
				t.Fatalf("Getwd in %s: %s", d, err1)
			}
			if pwd != d {
				fd.Close()
				t.Fatalf("Getwd returned %q want %q", pwd, d)
			}
		}
	}
	fd.Close()
}

// Test that Chdir+Getwd is program-wide.
func TestProgWideChdir(t *testing.T) {
	const N = 10
	c := make(chan bool)
	cpwd := make(chan string)
	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
		go func(i int) {
			// Lock half the goroutines in their own operating system
			// thread to exercise more scheduler possibilities.
			if i%2 == 1 {
				// On Plan 9, after calling LockOSThread, the goroutines
				// run on different processes which don't share the working
				// directory. This used to be an issue because Go expects
				// the working directory to be program-wide.
				// See issue 9428.
				runtime.LockOSThread()
			}
			<-c
			pwd, err := Getwd()
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("Getwd on goroutine %d: %v", i, err)
				return
			}
			cpwd <- pwd
		}(i)
	}
	oldwd, err := Getwd()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("Getwd: %v", err)
	}
	d, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("TempDir: %v", err)
	}
	defer func() {
		if err := Chdir(oldwd); err != nil {
			t.Fatal("Chdir: %v", err)
		}
		RemoveAll(d)
	}()
	if err := Chdir(d); err != nil {
		t.Fatal("Chdir: %v", err)
	}
	// OS X sets TMPDIR to a symbolic link.
	// So we resolve our working directory again before the test.
	d, err = Getwd()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("Getwd: %v", err)
	}
	close(c)
	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
		pwd := <-cpwd
		if pwd != d {
			t.Errorf("Getwd returned %q; want %q", pwd, d)
		}
	}
}

func TestSeek(t *testing.T) {
	f := newFile("TestSeek", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	defer f.Close()

	const data = "hello, world\n"
	io.WriteString(f, data)

	type test struct {
		in     int64
		whence int
		out    int64
	}
	var tests = []test{
		{0, 1, int64(len(data))},
		{0, 0, 0},
		{5, 0, 5},
		{0, 2, int64(len(data))},
		{0, 0, 0},
		{-1, 2, int64(len(data)) - 1},
		{1 << 33, 0, 1 << 33},
		{1 << 33, 2, 1<<33 + int64(len(data))},
	}
	for i, tt := range tests {
		off, err := f.Seek(tt.in, tt.whence)
		if off != tt.out || err != nil {
			if e, ok := err.(*PathError); ok && e.Err == syscall.EINVAL && tt.out > 1<<32 {
				// Reiserfs rejects the big seeks.
				// http://golang.org/issue/91
				break
			}
			t.Errorf("#%d: Seek(%v, %v) = %v, %v want %v, nil", i, tt.in, tt.whence, off, err, tt.out)
		}
	}
}

type openErrorTest struct {
	path  string
	mode  int
	error error
}

var openErrorTests = []openErrorTest{
	{
		sfdir + "/no-such-file",
		O_RDONLY,
		syscall.ENOENT,
	},
	{
		sfdir,
		O_WRONLY,
		syscall.EISDIR,
	},
	{
		sfdir + "/" + sfname + "/no-such-file",
		O_WRONLY,
		syscall.ENOTDIR,
	},
}

func TestOpenError(t *testing.T) {
	for _, tt := range openErrorTests {
		f, err := OpenFile(tt.path, tt.mode, 0)
		if err == nil {
			t.Errorf("Open(%q, %d) succeeded", tt.path, tt.mode)
			f.Close()
			continue
		}
		perr, ok := err.(*PathError)
		if !ok {
			t.Errorf("Open(%q, %d) returns error of %T type; want *PathError", tt.path, tt.mode, err)
		}
		if perr.Err != tt.error {
			if runtime.GOOS == "plan9" {
				syscallErrStr := perr.Err.Error()
				expectedErrStr := strings.Replace(tt.error.Error(), "file ", "", 1)
				if !strings.HasSuffix(syscallErrStr, expectedErrStr) {
					// Some Plan 9 file servers incorrectly return
					// EACCES rather than EISDIR when a directory is
					// opened for write.
					if tt.error == syscall.EISDIR && strings.HasSuffix(syscallErrStr, syscall.EACCES.Error()) {
						continue
					}
					t.Errorf("Open(%q, %d) = _, %q; want suffix %q", tt.path, tt.mode, syscallErrStr, expectedErrStr)
				}
				continue
			}
			if runtime.GOOS == "dragonfly" {
				// DragonFly incorrectly returns EACCES rather
				// EISDIR when a directory is opened for write.
				if tt.error == syscall.EISDIR && perr.Err == syscall.EACCES {
					continue
				}
			}
			t.Errorf("Open(%q, %d) = _, %q; want %q", tt.path, tt.mode, perr.Err.Error(), tt.error.Error())
		}
	}
}

func TestOpenNoName(t *testing.T) {
	f, err := Open("")
	if err == nil {
		t.Fatal(`Open("") succeeded`)
		f.Close()
	}
}

func run(t *testing.T, cmd []string) string {
	// Run /bin/hostname and collect output.
	r, w, err := Pipe()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	defer r.Close()
	p, err := StartProcess("/bin/hostname", []string{"hostname"}, &ProcAttr{Files: []*File{nil, w, Stderr}})
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	w.Close()

	var b bytes.Buffer
	io.Copy(&b, r)
	_, err = p.Wait()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("run hostname Wait: %v", err)
	}
	err = p.Kill()
	if err == nil {
		t.Errorf("expected an error from Kill running 'hostname'")
	}
	output := b.String()
	if n := len(output); n > 0 && output[n-1] == '\n' {
		output = output[0 : n-1]
	}
	if output == "" {
		t.Fatalf("%v produced no output", cmd)
	}

	return output
}

func testWindowsHostname(t *testing.T) {
	hostname, err := Hostname()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	cmd := osexec.Command("hostname")
	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to execute hostname command: %v %s", err, out)
	}
	want := strings.Trim(string(out), "\r\n")
	if hostname != want {
		t.Fatalf("Hostname() = %q, want %q", hostname, want)
	}
}

func TestHostname(t *testing.T) {
	// There is no other way to fetch hostname on windows, but via winapi.
	// On Plan 9 it can be taken from #c/sysname as Hostname() does.
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android", "nacl", "plan9":
		t.Skipf("skipping on %s", runtime.GOOS)
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			t.Skipf("skipping on %s/%s, cannot fork", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
		}
	case "windows":
		testWindowsHostname(t)
		return
	}

	// Check internal Hostname() against the output of /bin/hostname.
	// Allow that the internal Hostname returns a Fully Qualified Domain Name
	// and the /bin/hostname only returns the first component
	hostname, err := Hostname()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}
	want := run(t, []string{"/bin/hostname"})
	if hostname != want {
		i := strings.Index(hostname, ".")
		if i < 0 || hostname[0:i] != want {
			t.Errorf("Hostname() = %q, want %q", hostname, want)
		}
	}
}

func TestReadAt(t *testing.T) {
	f := newFile("TestReadAt", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	defer f.Close()

	const data = "hello, world\n"
	io.WriteString(f, data)

	b := make([]byte, 5)
	n, err := f.ReadAt(b, 7)
	if err != nil || n != len(b) {
		t.Fatalf("ReadAt 7: %d, %v", n, err)
	}
	if string(b) != "world" {
		t.Fatalf("ReadAt 7: have %q want %q", string(b), "world")
	}
}

func TestWriteAt(t *testing.T) {
	f := newFile("TestWriteAt", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	defer f.Close()

	const data = "hello, world\n"
	io.WriteString(f, data)

	n, err := f.WriteAt([]byte("WORLD"), 7)
	if err != nil || n != 5 {
		t.Fatalf("WriteAt 7: %d, %v", n, err)
	}

	b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(f.Name())
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("ReadFile %s: %v", f.Name(), err)
	}
	if string(b) != "hello, WORLD\n" {
		t.Fatalf("after write: have %q want %q", string(b), "hello, WORLD\n")
	}
}

func writeFile(t *testing.T, fname string, flag int, text string) string {
	f, err := OpenFile(fname, flag, 0666)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Open: %v", err)
	}
	n, err := io.WriteString(f, text)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("WriteString: %d, %v", n, err)
	}
	f.Close()
	data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fname)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("ReadFile: %v", err)
	}
	return string(data)
}

func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
	defer chtmpdir(t)()
	const f = "append.txt"
	defer Remove(f)
	s := writeFile(t, f, O_CREATE|O_TRUNC|O_RDWR, "new")
	if s != "new" {
		t.Fatalf("writeFile: have %q want %q", s, "new")
	}
	s = writeFile(t, f, O_APPEND|O_RDWR, "|append")
	if s != "new|append" {
		t.Fatalf("writeFile: have %q want %q", s, "new|append")
	}
	s = writeFile(t, f, O_CREATE|O_APPEND|O_RDWR, "|append")
	if s != "new|append|append" {
		t.Fatalf("writeFile: have %q want %q", s, "new|append|append")
	}
	err := Remove(f)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Remove: %v", err)
	}
	s = writeFile(t, f, O_CREATE|O_APPEND|O_RDWR, "new&append")
	if s != "new&append" {
		t.Fatalf("writeFile: after append have %q want %q", s, "new&append")
	}
	s = writeFile(t, f, O_CREATE|O_RDWR, "old")
	if s != "old&append" {
		t.Fatalf("writeFile: after create have %q want %q", s, "old&append")
	}
	s = writeFile(t, f, O_CREATE|O_TRUNC|O_RDWR, "new")
	if s != "new" {
		t.Fatalf("writeFile: after truncate have %q want %q", s, "new")
	}
}

func TestStatDirWithTrailingSlash(t *testing.T) {
	// Create new temporary directory and arrange to clean it up.
	path, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "/_TestStatDirWithSlash_")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("TempDir: %s", err)
	}
	defer RemoveAll(path)

	// Stat of path should succeed.
	_, err = Stat(path)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %s failed: %s", path, err)
	}

	// Stat of path+"/" should succeed too.
	path += "/"
	_, err = Stat(path)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("stat %s failed: %s", path, err)
	}
}

func TestNilProcessStateString(t *testing.T) {
	var ps *ProcessState
	s := ps.String()
	if s != "<nil>" {
		t.Errorf("(*ProcessState)(nil).String() = %q, want %q", s, "<nil>")
	}
}

func TestSameFile(t *testing.T) {
	defer chtmpdir(t)()
	fa, err := Create("a")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Create(a): %v", err)
	}
	defer Remove(fa.Name())
	fa.Close()
	fb, err := Create("b")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Create(b): %v", err)
	}
	defer Remove(fb.Name())
	fb.Close()

	ia1, err := Stat("a")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat(a): %v", err)
	}
	ia2, err := Stat("a")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat(a): %v", err)
	}
	if !SameFile(ia1, ia2) {
		t.Errorf("files should be same")
	}

	ib, err := Stat("b")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat(b): %v", err)
	}
	if SameFile(ia1, ib) {
		t.Errorf("files should be different")
	}
}

func TestDevNullFile(t *testing.T) {
	f, err := Open(DevNull)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Open(%s): %v", DevNull, err)
	}
	defer f.Close()
	fi, err := f.Stat()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat(%s): %v", DevNull, err)
	}
	name := filepath.Base(DevNull)
	if fi.Name() != name {
		t.Fatalf("wrong file name have %v want %v", fi.Name(), name)
	}
	if fi.Size() != 0 {
		t.Fatalf("wrong file size have %d want 0", fi.Size())
	}
}

var testLargeWrite = flag.Bool("large_write", false, "run TestLargeWriteToConsole test that floods console with output")

func TestLargeWriteToConsole(t *testing.T) {
	if !*testLargeWrite {
		t.Skip("skipping console-flooding test; enable with -large_write")
	}
	b := make([]byte, 32000)
	for i := range b {
		b[i] = '.'
	}
	b[len(b)-1] = '\n'
	n, err := Stdout.Write(b)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Write to os.Stdout failed: %v", err)
	}
	if n != len(b) {
		t.Errorf("Write to os.Stdout should return %d; got %d", len(b), n)
	}
	n, err = Stderr.Write(b)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Write to os.Stderr failed: %v", err)
	}
	if n != len(b) {
		t.Errorf("Write to os.Stderr should return %d; got %d", len(b), n)
	}
}

func TestStatDirModeExec(t *testing.T) {
	const mode = 0111

	path, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "go-build")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to create temp directory: %v", err)
	}
	defer RemoveAll(path)

	if err := Chmod(path, 0777); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Chmod %q 0777: %v", path, err)
	}

	dir, err := Stat(path)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Stat %q (looking for mode %#o): %s", path, mode, err)
	}
	if dir.Mode()&mode != mode {
		t.Errorf("Stat %q: mode %#o want %#o", path, dir.Mode()&mode, mode)
	}
}

func TestReadAtEOF(t *testing.T) {
	f := newFile("TestReadAtEOF", t)
	defer Remove(f.Name())
	defer f.Close()

	_, err := f.ReadAt(make([]byte, 10), 0)
	switch err {
	case io.EOF:
		// all good
	case nil:
		t.Fatalf("ReadAt succeeded")
	default:
		t.Fatalf("ReadAt failed: %s", err)
	}
}

func testKillProcess(t *testing.T, processKiller func(p *Process)) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "android", "nacl":
		t.Skipf("skipping on %s", runtime.GOOS)
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			t.Skipf("skipping on %s/%s", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
		}
	}

	// Re-exec the test binary itself to emulate "sleep 1".
	cmd := osexec.Command(Args[0], "-test.run", "TestSleep")
	err := cmd.Start()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to start test process: %v", err)
	}
	go func() {
		time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
		processKiller(cmd.Process)
	}()
	err = cmd.Wait()
	if err == nil {
		t.Errorf("Test process succeeded, but expected to fail")
	}
}

// TestSleep emulates "sleep 1". It is a helper for testKillProcess, so we
// don't have to rely on an external "sleep" command being available.
func TestSleep(t *testing.T) {
	if testing.Short() {
		t.Skip("Skipping in short mode")
	}
	time.Sleep(time.Second)
}

func TestKillStartProcess(t *testing.T) {
	testKillProcess(t, func(p *Process) {
		err := p.Kill()
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Failed to kill test process: %v", err)
		}
	})
}

func TestGetppid(t *testing.T) {
	switch runtime.GOOS {
	case "nacl":
		t.Skip("skipping on nacl")
	case "plan9":
		// TODO: golang.org/issue/8206
		t.Skipf("skipping test on plan9; see issue 8206")
	case "darwin":
		switch runtime.GOARCH {
		case "arm", "arm64":
			t.Skipf("skipping test on %s/%s, no fork", runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
		}
	}

	if Getenv("GO_WANT_HELPER_PROCESS") == "1" {
		fmt.Print(Getppid())
		Exit(0)
	}

	cmd := osexec.Command(Args[0], "-test.run=TestGetppid")
	cmd.Env = append(Environ(), "GO_WANT_HELPER_PROCESS=1")

	// verify that Getppid() from the forked process reports our process id
	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("Failed to spawn child process: %v %q", err, string(output))
	}

	childPpid := string(output)
	ourPid := fmt.Sprintf("%d", Getpid())
	if childPpid != ourPid {
		t.Fatalf("Child process reports parent process id '%v', expected '%v'", childPpid, ourPid)
	}
}

func TestKillFindProcess(t *testing.T) {
	testKillProcess(t, func(p *Process) {
		p2, err := FindProcess(p.Pid)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Failed to find test process: %v", err)
		}
		err = p2.Kill()
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatalf("Failed to kill test process: %v", err)
		}
	})
}

var nilFileMethodTests = []struct {
	name string
	f    func(*File) error
}{
	{"Chdir", func(f *File) error { return f.Chdir() }},
	{"Close", func(f *File) error { return f.Close() }},
	{"Chmod", func(f *File) error { return f.Chmod(0) }},
	{"Chown", func(f *File) error { return f.Chown(0, 0) }},
	{"Read", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.Read(make([]byte, 0)); return err }},
	{"ReadAt", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.ReadAt(make([]byte, 0), 0); return err }},
	{"Readdir", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.Readdir(1); return err }},
	{"Readdirnames", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.Readdirnames(1); return err }},
	{"Seek", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.Seek(0, 0); return err }},
	{"Stat", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.Stat(); return err }},
	{"Sync", func(f *File) error { return f.Sync() }},
	{"Truncate", func(f *File) error { return f.Truncate(0) }},
	{"Write", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.Write(make([]byte, 0)); return err }},
	{"WriteAt", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.WriteAt(make([]byte, 0), 0); return err }},
	{"WriteString", func(f *File) error { _, err := f.WriteString(""); return err }},
}

// Test that all File methods give ErrInvalid if the receiver is nil.
func TestNilFileMethods(t *testing.T) {
	for _, tt := range nilFileMethodTests {
		var file *File
		got := tt.f(file)
		if got != ErrInvalid {
			t.Errorf("%v should fail when f is nil; got %v", tt.name, got)
		}
	}
}

func mkdirTree(t *testing.T, root string, level, max int) {
	if level >= max {
		return
	}
	level++
	for i := 'a'; i < 'c'; i++ {
		dir := filepath.Join(root, string(i))
		if err := Mkdir(dir, 0700); err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		mkdirTree(t, dir, level, max)
	}
}

// Test that simultaneous RemoveAll do not report an error.
// As long as it gets removed, we should be happy.
func TestRemoveAllRace(t *testing.T) {
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		// Windows has very strict rules about things like
		// removing directories while someone else has
		// them open. The racing doesn't work out nicely
		// like it does on Unix.
		t.Skip("skipping on windows")
	}

	n := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(16)
	defer runtime.GOMAXPROCS(n)
	root, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "issue")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	mkdirTree(t, root, 1, 6)
	hold := make(chan struct{})
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
		wg.Add(1)
		go func() {
			defer wg.Done()
			<-hold
			err := RemoveAll(root)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("unexpected error: %T, %q", err, err)
			}
		}()
	}
	close(hold) // let workers race to remove root
	wg.Wait()
}