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// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Memory allocator.
//
// This was originally based on tcmalloc, but has diverged quite a bit.
// http://goog-perftools.sourceforge.net/doc/tcmalloc.html
// The main allocator works in runs of pages.
// Small allocation sizes (up to and including 32 kB) are
// rounded to one of about 70 size classes, each of which
// has its own free set of objects of exactly that size.
// Any free page of memory can be split into a set of objects
// of one size class, which are then managed using a free bitmap.
//
// The allocator's data structures are:
//
// fixalloc: a free-list allocator for fixed-size off-heap objects,
// used to manage storage used by the allocator.
// mheap: the malloc heap, managed at page (8192-byte) granularity.
// mspan: a run of in-use pages managed by the mheap.
// mcentral: collects all spans of a given size class.
// mcache: a per-P cache of mspans with free space.
// mstats: allocation statistics.
//
// Allocating a small object proceeds up a hierarchy of caches:
//
// 1. Round the size up to one of the small size classes
// and look in the corresponding mspan in this P's mcache.
// Scan the mspan's free bitmap to find a free slot.
// If there is a free slot, allocate it.
// This can all be done without acquiring a lock.
//
// 2. If the mspan has no free slots, obtain a new mspan
// from the mcentral's list of mspans of the required size
// class that have free space.
// Obtaining a whole span amortizes the cost of locking
// the mcentral.
//
// 3. If the mcentral's mspan list is empty, obtain a run
// of pages from the mheap to use for the mspan.
//
// 4. If the mheap is empty or has no page runs large enough,
// allocate a new group of pages (at least 1MB) from the
// operating system. Allocating a large run of pages
// amortizes the cost of talking to the operating system.
//
// Sweeping an mspan and freeing objects on it proceeds up a similar
// hierarchy:
//
// 1. If the mspan is being swept in response to allocation, it
// is returned to the mcache to satisfy the allocation.
//
// 2. Otherwise, if the mspan still has allocated objects in it,
// it is placed on the mcentral free list for the mspan's size
// class.
//
// 3. Otherwise, if all objects in the mspan are free, the mspan's
// pages are returned to the mheap and the mspan is now dead.
//
// Allocating and freeing a large object uses the mheap
// directly, bypassing the mcache and mcentral.
//
// If mspan.needzero is false, then free object slots in the mspan are
// already zeroed. Otherwise if needzero is true, objects are zeroed as
// they are allocated. There are various benefits to delaying zeroing
// this way:
//
// 1. Stack frame allocation can avoid zeroing altogether.
//
// 2. It exhibits better temporal locality, since the program is
// probably about to write to the memory.
//
// 3. We don't zero pages that never get reused.
// Virtual memory layout
//
// The heap consists of a set of arenas, which are 64MB on 64-bit and
// 4MB on 32-bit (heapArenaBytes). Each arena's start address is also
// aligned to the arena size.
//
// Each arena has an associated heapArena object that stores the
// metadata for that arena: the heap bitmap for all words in the arena
// and the span map for all pages in the arena. heapArena objects are
// themselves allocated off-heap.
//
// Since arenas are aligned, the address space can be viewed as a
// series of arena frames. The arena map (mheap_.arenas) maps from
// arena frame number to *heapArena, or nil for parts of the address
// space not backed by the Go heap. The arena map is structured as a
// two-level array consisting of a "L1" arena map and many "L2" arena
// maps; however, since arenas are large, on many architectures, the
// arena map consists of a single, large L2 map.
//
// The arena map covers the entire possible address space, allowing
// the Go heap to use any part of the address space. The allocator
// attempts to keep arenas contiguous so that large spans (and hence
// large objects) can cross arenas.
package runtime
import (
"internal/goarch"
"internal/goexperiment"
"internal/goos"
"internal/runtime/atomic"
"runtime/internal/math"
"runtime/internal/sys"
"unsafe"
)
const (
maxTinySize = _TinySize
tinySizeClass = _TinySizeClass
maxSmallSize = _MaxSmallSize
pageShift = _PageShift
pageSize = _PageSize
_PageSize = 1 << _PageShift
_PageMask = _PageSize - 1
// _64bit = 1 on 64-bit systems, 0 on 32-bit systems
_64bit = 1 << (^uintptr(0) >> 63) / 2
// Tiny allocator parameters, see "Tiny allocator" comment in malloc.go.
_TinySize = 16
_TinySizeClass = int8(2)
_FixAllocChunk = 16 << 10 // Chunk size for FixAlloc
// Per-P, per order stack segment cache size.
_StackCacheSize = 32 * 1024
// Number of orders that get caching. Order 0 is FixedStack
// and each successive order is twice as large.
// We want to cache 2KB, 4KB, 8KB, and 16KB stacks. Larger stacks
// will be allocated directly.
// Since FixedStack is different on different systems, we
// must vary NumStackOrders to keep the same maximum cached size.
// OS | FixedStack | NumStackOrders
// -----------------+------------+---------------
// linux/darwin/bsd | 2KB | 4
// windows/32 | 4KB | 3
// windows/64 | 8KB | 2
// plan9 | 4KB | 3
_NumStackOrders = 4 - goarch.PtrSize/4*goos.IsWindows - 1*goos.IsPlan9
// heapAddrBits is the number of bits in a heap address. On
// amd64, addresses are sign-extended beyond heapAddrBits. On
// other arches, they are zero-extended.
//
// On most 64-bit platforms, we limit this to 48 bits based on a
// combination of hardware and OS limitations.
//
// amd64 hardware limits addresses to 48 bits, sign-extended
// to 64 bits. Addresses where the top 16 bits are not either
// all 0 or all 1 are "non-canonical" and invalid. Because of
// these "negative" addresses, we offset addresses by 1<<47
// (arenaBaseOffset) on amd64 before computing indexes into
// the heap arenas index. In 2017, amd64 hardware added
// support for 57 bit addresses; however, currently only Linux
// supports this extension and the kernel will never choose an
// address above 1<<47 unless mmap is called with a hint
// address above 1<<47 (which we never do).
//
// arm64 hardware (as of ARMv8) limits user addresses to 48
// bits, in the range [0, 1<<48).
//
// ppc64, mips64, and s390x support arbitrary 64 bit addresses
// in hardware. On Linux, Go leans on stricter OS limits. Based
// on Linux's processor.h, the user address space is limited as
// follows on 64-bit architectures:
//
// Architecture Name Maximum Value (exclusive)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
// amd64 TASK_SIZE_MAX 0x007ffffffff000 (47 bit addresses)
// arm64 TASK_SIZE_64 0x01000000000000 (48 bit addresses)
// ppc64{,le} TASK_SIZE_USER64 0x00400000000000 (46 bit addresses)
// mips64{,le} TASK_SIZE64 0x00010000000000 (40 bit addresses)
// s390x TASK_SIZE 1<<64 (64 bit addresses)
//
// These limits may increase over time, but are currently at
// most 48 bits except on s390x. On all architectures, Linux
// starts placing mmap'd regions at addresses that are
// significantly below 48 bits, so even if it's possible to
// exceed Go's 48 bit limit, it's extremely unlikely in
// practice.
//
// On 32-bit platforms, we accept the full 32-bit address
// space because doing so is cheap.
// mips32 only has access to the low 2GB of virtual memory, so
// we further limit it to 31 bits.
//
// On ios/arm64, although 64-bit pointers are presumably
// available, pointers are truncated to 33 bits in iOS <14.
// Furthermore, only the top 4 GiB of the address space are
// actually available to the application. In iOS >=14, more
// of the address space is available, and the OS can now
// provide addresses outside of those 33 bits. Pick 40 bits
// as a reasonable balance between address space usage by the
// page allocator, and flexibility for what mmap'd regions
// we'll accept for the heap. We can't just move to the full
// 48 bits because this uses too much address space for older
// iOS versions.
// TODO(mknyszek): Once iOS <14 is deprecated, promote ios/arm64
// to a 48-bit address space like every other arm64 platform.
//
// WebAssembly currently has a limit of 4GB linear memory.
heapAddrBits = (_64bit*(1-goarch.IsWasm)*(1-goos.IsIos*goarch.IsArm64))*48 + (1-_64bit+goarch.IsWasm)*(32-(goarch.IsMips+goarch.IsMipsle)) + 40*goos.IsIos*goarch.IsArm64
// maxAlloc is the maximum size of an allocation. On 64-bit,
// it's theoretically possible to allocate 1<<heapAddrBits bytes. On
// 32-bit, however, this is one less than 1<<32 because the
// number of bytes in the address space doesn't actually fit
// in a uintptr.
maxAlloc = (1 << heapAddrBits) - (1-_64bit)*1
// The number of bits in a heap address, the size of heap
// arenas, and the L1 and L2 arena map sizes are related by
//
// (1 << addr bits) = arena size * L1 entries * L2 entries
//
// Currently, we balance these as follows:
//
// Platform Addr bits Arena size L1 entries L2 entries
// -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- -----------
// */64-bit 48 64MB 1 4M (32MB)
// windows/64-bit 48 4MB 64 1M (8MB)
// ios/arm64 33 4MB 1 2048 (8KB)
// */32-bit 32 4MB 1 1024 (4KB)
// */mips(le) 31 4MB 1 512 (2KB)
// heapArenaBytes is the size of a heap arena. The heap
// consists of mappings of size heapArenaBytes, aligned to
// heapArenaBytes. The initial heap mapping is one arena.
//
// This is currently 64MB on 64-bit non-Windows and 4MB on
// 32-bit and on Windows. We use smaller arenas on Windows
// because all committed memory is charged to the process,
// even if it's not touched. Hence, for processes with small
// heaps, the mapped arena space needs to be commensurate.
// This is particularly important with the race detector,
// since it significantly amplifies the cost of committed
// memory.
heapArenaBytes = 1 << logHeapArenaBytes
heapArenaWords = heapArenaBytes / goarch.PtrSize
// logHeapArenaBytes is log_2 of heapArenaBytes. For clarity,
// prefer using heapArenaBytes where possible (we need the
// constant to compute some other constants).
logHeapArenaBytes = (6+20)*(_64bit*(1-goos.IsWindows)*(1-goarch.IsWasm)*(1-goos.IsIos*goarch.IsArm64)) + (2+20)*(_64bit*goos.IsWindows) + (2+20)*(1-_64bit) + (2+20)*goarch.IsWasm + (2+20)*goos.IsIos*goarch.IsArm64
// heapArenaBitmapWords is the size of each heap arena's bitmap in uintptrs.
heapArenaBitmapWords = heapArenaWords / (8 * goarch.PtrSize)
pagesPerArena = heapArenaBytes / pageSize
// arenaL1Bits is the number of bits of the arena number
// covered by the first level arena map.
//
// This number should be small, since the first level arena
// map requires PtrSize*(1<<arenaL1Bits) of space in the
// binary's BSS. It can be zero, in which case the first level
// index is effectively unused. There is a performance benefit
// to this, since the generated code can be more efficient,
// but comes at the cost of having a large L2 mapping.
//
// We use the L1 map on 64-bit Windows because the arena size
// is small, but the address space is still 48 bits, and
// there's a high cost to having a large L2.
arenaL1Bits = 6 * (_64bit * goos.IsWindows)
// arenaL2Bits is the number of bits of the arena number
// covered by the second level arena index.
//
// The size of each arena map allocation is proportional to
// 1<<arenaL2Bits, so it's important that this not be too
// large. 48 bits leads to 32MB arena index allocations, which
// is about the practical threshold.
arenaL2Bits = heapAddrBits - logHeapArenaBytes - arenaL1Bits
// arenaL1Shift is the number of bits to shift an arena frame
// number by to compute an index into the first level arena map.
arenaL1Shift = arenaL2Bits
// arenaBits is the total bits in a combined arena map index.
// This is split between the index into the L1 arena map and
// the L2 arena map.
arenaBits = arenaL1Bits + arenaL2Bits
// arenaBaseOffset is the pointer value that corresponds to
// index 0 in the heap arena map.
//
// On amd64, the address space is 48 bits, sign extended to 64
// bits. This offset lets us handle "negative" addresses (or
// high addresses if viewed as unsigned).
//
// On aix/ppc64, this offset allows to keep the heapAddrBits to
// 48. Otherwise, it would be 60 in order to handle mmap addresses
// (in range 0x0a00000000000000 - 0x0afffffffffffff). But in this
// case, the memory reserved in (s *pageAlloc).init for chunks
// is causing important slowdowns.
//
// On other platforms, the user address space is contiguous
// and starts at 0, so no offset is necessary.
arenaBaseOffset = 0xffff800000000000*goarch.IsAmd64 + 0x0a00000000000000*goos.IsAix
// A typed version of this constant that will make it into DWARF (for viewcore).
arenaBaseOffsetUintptr = uintptr(arenaBaseOffset)
// Max number of threads to run garbage collection.
// 2, 3, and 4 are all plausible maximums depending
// on the hardware details of the machine. The garbage
// collector scales well to 32 cpus.
_MaxGcproc = 32
// minLegalPointer is the smallest possible legal pointer.
// This is the smallest possible architectural page size,
// since we assume that the first page is never mapped.
//
// This should agree with minZeroPage in the compiler.
minLegalPointer uintptr = 4096
// minHeapForMetadataHugePages sets a threshold on when certain kinds of
// heap metadata, currently the arenas map L2 entries and page alloc bitmap
// mappings, are allowed to be backed by huge pages. If the heap goal ever
// exceeds this threshold, then huge pages are enabled.
//
// These numbers are chosen with the assumption that huge pages are on the
// order of a few MiB in size.
//
// The kind of metadata this applies to has a very low overhead when compared
// to address space used, but their constant overheads for small heaps would
// be very high if they were to be backed by huge pages (e.g. a few MiB makes
// a huge difference for an 8 MiB heap, but barely any difference for a 1 GiB
// heap). The benefit of huge pages is also not worth it for small heaps,
// because only a very, very small part of the metadata is used for small heaps.
//
// N.B. If the heap goal exceeds the threshold then shrinks to a very small size
// again, then huge pages will still be enabled for this mapping. The reason is that
// there's no point unless we're also returning the physical memory for these
// metadata mappings back to the OS. That would be quite complex to do in general
// as the heap is likely fragmented after a reduction in heap size.
minHeapForMetadataHugePages = 1 << 30
)
// physPageSize is the size in bytes of the OS's physical pages.
// Mapping and unmapping operations must be done at multiples of
// physPageSize.
//
// This must be set by the OS init code (typically in osinit) before
// mallocinit.
var physPageSize uintptr
// physHugePageSize is the size in bytes of the OS's default physical huge
// page size whose allocation is opaque to the application. It is assumed
// and verified to be a power of two.
//
// If set, this must be set by the OS init code (typically in osinit) before
// mallocinit. However, setting it at all is optional, and leaving the default
// value is always safe (though potentially less efficient).
//
// Since physHugePageSize is always assumed to be a power of two,
// physHugePageShift is defined as physHugePageSize == 1 << physHugePageShift.
// The purpose of physHugePageShift is to avoid doing divisions in
// performance critical functions.
var (
physHugePageSize uintptr
physHugePageShift uint
)
func mallocinit() {
if class_to_size[_TinySizeClass] != _TinySize {
throw("bad TinySizeClass")
}
if heapArenaBitmapWords&(heapArenaBitmapWords-1) != 0 {
// heapBits expects modular arithmetic on bitmap
// addresses to work.
throw("heapArenaBitmapWords not a power of 2")
}
// Check physPageSize.
if physPageSize == 0 {
// The OS init code failed to fetch the physical page size.
throw("failed to get system page size")
}
if physPageSize > maxPhysPageSize {
print("system page size (", physPageSize, ") is larger than maximum page size (", maxPhysPageSize, ")\n")
throw("bad system page size")
}
if physPageSize < minPhysPageSize {
print("system page size (", physPageSize, ") is smaller than minimum page size (", minPhysPageSize, ")\n")
throw("bad system page size")
}
if physPageSize&(physPageSize-1) != 0 {
print("system page size (", physPageSize, ") must be a power of 2\n")
throw("bad system page size")
}
if physHugePageSize&(physHugePageSize-1) != 0 {
print("system huge page size (", physHugePageSize, ") must be a power of 2\n")
throw("bad system huge page size")
}
if physHugePageSize > maxPhysHugePageSize {
// physHugePageSize is greater than the maximum supported huge page size.
// Don't throw here, like in the other cases, since a system configured
// in this way isn't wrong, we just don't have the code to support them.
// Instead, silently set the huge page size to zero.
physHugePageSize = 0
}
if physHugePageSize != 0 {
// Since physHugePageSize is a power of 2, it suffices to increase
// physHugePageShift until 1<<physHugePageShift == physHugePageSize.
for 1<<physHugePageShift != physHugePageSize {
physHugePageShift++
}
}
if pagesPerArena%pagesPerSpanRoot != 0 {
print("pagesPerArena (", pagesPerArena, ") is not divisible by pagesPerSpanRoot (", pagesPerSpanRoot, ")\n")
throw("bad pagesPerSpanRoot")
}
if pagesPerArena%pagesPerReclaimerChunk != 0 {
print("pagesPerArena (", pagesPerArena, ") is not divisible by pagesPerReclaimerChunk (", pagesPerReclaimerChunk, ")\n")
throw("bad pagesPerReclaimerChunk")
}
if goexperiment.AllocHeaders {
// Check that the minimum size (exclusive) for a malloc header is also
// a size class boundary. This is important to making sure checks align
// across different parts of the runtime.
minSizeForMallocHeaderIsSizeClass := false
for i := 0; i < len(class_to_size); i++ {
if minSizeForMallocHeader == uintptr(class_to_size[i]) {
minSizeForMallocHeaderIsSizeClass = true
break
}
}
if !minSizeForMallocHeaderIsSizeClass {
throw("min size of malloc header is not a size class boundary")
}
// Check that the pointer bitmap for all small sizes without a malloc header
// fits in a word.
if minSizeForMallocHeader/goarch.PtrSize > 8*goarch.PtrSize {
throw("max pointer/scan bitmap size for headerless objects is too large")
}
}
if minTagBits > taggedPointerBits {
throw("taggedPointerbits too small")
}
// Initialize the heap.
mheap_.init()
mcache0 = allocmcache()
lockInit(&gcBitsArenas.lock, lockRankGcBitsArenas)
lockInit(&profInsertLock, lockRankProfInsert)
lockInit(&profBlockLock, lockRankProfBlock)
lockInit(&profMemActiveLock, lockRankProfMemActive)
for i := range profMemFutureLock {
lockInit(&profMemFutureLock[i], lockRankProfMemFuture)
}
lockInit(&globalAlloc.mutex, lockRankGlobalAlloc)
// Create initial arena growth hints.
if goarch.PtrSize == 8 {
// On a 64-bit machine, we pick the following hints
// because:
//
// 1. Starting from the middle of the address space
// makes it easier to grow out a contiguous range
// without running in to some other mapping.
//
// 2. This makes Go heap addresses more easily
// recognizable when debugging.
//
// 3. Stack scanning in gccgo is still conservative,
// so it's important that addresses be distinguishable
// from other data.
//
// Starting at 0x00c0 means that the valid memory addresses
// will begin 0x00c0, 0x00c1, ...
// In little-endian, that's c0 00, c1 00, ... None of those are valid
// UTF-8 sequences, and they are otherwise as far away from
// ff (likely a common byte) as possible. If that fails, we try other 0xXXc0
// addresses. An earlier attempt to use 0x11f8 caused out of memory errors
// on OS X during thread allocations. 0x00c0 causes conflicts with
// AddressSanitizer which reserves all memory up to 0x0100.
// These choices reduce the odds of a conservative garbage collector
// not collecting memory because some non-pointer block of memory
// had a bit pattern that matched a memory address.
//
// However, on arm64, we ignore all this advice above and slam the
// allocation at 0x40 << 32 because when using 4k pages with 3-level
// translation buffers, the user address space is limited to 39 bits
// On ios/arm64, the address space is even smaller.
//
// On AIX, mmaps starts at 0x0A00000000000000 for 64-bit.
// processes.
//
// Space mapped for user arenas comes immediately after the range
// originally reserved for the regular heap when race mode is not
// enabled because user arena chunks can never be used for regular heap
// allocations and we want to avoid fragmenting the address space.
//
// In race mode we have no choice but to just use the same hints because
// the race detector requires that the heap be mapped contiguously.
for i := 0x7f; i >= 0; i-- {
var p uintptr
switch {
case raceenabled:
// The TSAN runtime requires the heap
// to be in the range [0x00c000000000,
// 0x00e000000000).
p = uintptr(i)<<32 | uintptrMask&(0x00c0<<32)
if p >= uintptrMask&0x00e000000000 {
continue
}
case GOARCH == "arm64" && GOOS == "ios":
p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x0013<<28)
case GOARCH == "arm64":
p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x0040<<32)
case GOOS == "aix":
if i == 0 {
// We don't use addresses directly after 0x0A00000000000000
// to avoid collisions with others mmaps done by non-go programs.
continue
}
p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0xa0<<52)
default:
p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x00c0<<32)
}
// Switch to generating hints for user arenas if we've gone
// through about half the hints. In race mode, take only about
// a quarter; we don't have very much space to work with.
hintList := &mheap_.arenaHints
if (!raceenabled && i > 0x3f) || (raceenabled && i > 0x5f) {
hintList = &mheap_.userArena.arenaHints
}
hint := (*arenaHint)(mheap_.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
hint.addr = p
hint.next, *hintList = *hintList, hint
}
} else {
// On a 32-bit machine, we're much more concerned
// about keeping the usable heap contiguous.
// Hence:
//
// 1. We reserve space for all heapArenas up front so
// they don't get interleaved with the heap. They're
// ~258MB, so this isn't too bad. (We could reserve a
// smaller amount of space up front if this is a
// problem.)
//
// 2. We hint the heap to start right above the end of
// the binary so we have the best chance of keeping it
// contiguous.
//
// 3. We try to stake out a reasonably large initial
// heap reservation.
const arenaMetaSize = (1 << arenaBits) * unsafe.Sizeof(heapArena{})
meta := uintptr(sysReserve(nil, arenaMetaSize))
if meta != 0 {
mheap_.heapArenaAlloc.init(meta, arenaMetaSize, true)
}
// We want to start the arena low, but if we're linked
// against C code, it's possible global constructors
// have called malloc and adjusted the process' brk.
// Query the brk so we can avoid trying to map the
// region over it (which will cause the kernel to put
// the region somewhere else, likely at a high
// address).
procBrk := sbrk0()
// If we ask for the end of the data segment but the
// operating system requires a little more space
// before we can start allocating, it will give out a
// slightly higher pointer. Except QEMU, which is
// buggy, as usual: it won't adjust the pointer
// upward. So adjust it upward a little bit ourselves:
// 1/4 MB to get away from the running binary image.
p := firstmoduledata.end
if p < procBrk {
p = procBrk
}
if mheap_.heapArenaAlloc.next <= p && p < mheap_.heapArenaAlloc.end {
p = mheap_.heapArenaAlloc.end
}
p = alignUp(p+(256<<10), heapArenaBytes)
// Because we're worried about fragmentation on
// 32-bit, we try to make a large initial reservation.
arenaSizes := []uintptr{
512 << 20,
256 << 20,
128 << 20,
}
for _, arenaSize := range arenaSizes {
a, size := sysReserveAligned(unsafe.Pointer(p), arenaSize, heapArenaBytes)
if a != nil {
mheap_.arena.init(uintptr(a), size, false)
p = mheap_.arena.end // For hint below
break
}
}
hint := (*arenaHint)(mheap_.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
hint.addr = p
hint.next, mheap_.arenaHints = mheap_.arenaHints, hint
// Place the hint for user arenas just after the large reservation.
//
// While this potentially competes with the hint above, in practice we probably
// aren't going to be getting this far anyway on 32-bit platforms.
userArenaHint := (*arenaHint)(mheap_.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
userArenaHint.addr = p
userArenaHint.next, mheap_.userArena.arenaHints = mheap_.userArena.arenaHints, userArenaHint
}
// Initialize the memory limit here because the allocator is going to look at it
// but we haven't called gcinit yet and we're definitely going to allocate memory before then.
gcController.memoryLimit.Store(maxInt64)
}
// sysAlloc allocates heap arena space for at least n bytes. The
// returned pointer is always heapArenaBytes-aligned and backed by
// h.arenas metadata. The returned size is always a multiple of
// heapArenaBytes. sysAlloc returns nil on failure.
// There is no corresponding free function.
//
// hintList is a list of hint addresses for where to allocate new
// heap arenas. It must be non-nil.
//
// register indicates whether the heap arena should be registered
// in allArenas.
//
// sysAlloc returns a memory region in the Reserved state. This region must
// be transitioned to Prepared and then Ready before use.
//
// h must be locked.
func (h *mheap) sysAlloc(n uintptr, hintList **arenaHint, register bool) (v unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr) {
assertLockHeld(&h.lock)
n = alignUp(n, heapArenaBytes)
if hintList == &h.arenaHints {
// First, try the arena pre-reservation.
// Newly-used mappings are considered released.
//
// Only do this if we're using the regular heap arena hints.
// This behavior is only for the heap.
v = h.arena.alloc(n, heapArenaBytes, &gcController.heapReleased)
if v != nil {
size = n
goto mapped
}
}
// Try to grow the heap at a hint address.
for *hintList != nil {
hint := *hintList
p := hint.addr
if hint.down {
p -= n
}
if p+n < p {
// We can't use this, so don't ask.
v = nil
} else if arenaIndex(p+n-1) >= 1<<arenaBits {
// Outside addressable heap. Can't use.
v = nil
} else {
v = sysReserve(unsafe.Pointer(p), n)
}
if p == uintptr(v) {
// Success. Update the hint.
if !hint.down {
p += n
}
hint.addr = p
size = n
break
}
// Failed. Discard this hint and try the next.
//
// TODO: This would be cleaner if sysReserve could be
// told to only return the requested address. In
// particular, this is already how Windows behaves, so
// it would simplify things there.
if v != nil {
sysFreeOS(v, n)
}
*hintList = hint.next
h.arenaHintAlloc.free(unsafe.Pointer(hint))
}
if size == 0 {
if raceenabled {
// The race detector assumes the heap lives in
// [0x00c000000000, 0x00e000000000), but we
// just ran out of hints in this region. Give
// a nice failure.
throw("too many address space collisions for -race mode")
}
// All of the hints failed, so we'll take any
// (sufficiently aligned) address the kernel will give
// us.
v, size = sysReserveAligned(nil, n, heapArenaBytes)
if v == nil {
return nil, 0
}
// Create new hints for extending this region.
hint := (*arenaHint)(h.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
hint.addr, hint.down = uintptr(v), true
hint.next, mheap_.arenaHints = mheap_.arenaHints, hint
hint = (*arenaHint)(h.arenaHintAlloc.alloc())
hint.addr = uintptr(v) + size
hint.next, mheap_.arenaHints = mheap_.arenaHints, hint
}
// Check for bad pointers or pointers we can't use.
{
var bad string
p := uintptr(v)
if p+size < p {
bad = "region exceeds uintptr range"
} else if arenaIndex(p) >= 1<<arenaBits {
bad = "base outside usable address space"
} else if arenaIndex(p+size-1) >= 1<<arenaBits {
bad = "end outside usable address space"
}
if bad != "" {
// This should be impossible on most architectures,
// but it would be really confusing to debug.
print("runtime: memory allocated by OS [", hex(p), ", ", hex(p+size), ") not in usable address space: ", bad, "\n")
throw("memory reservation exceeds address space limit")
}
}
if uintptr(v)&(heapArenaBytes-1) != 0 {
throw("misrounded allocation in sysAlloc")
}
mapped:
// Create arena metadata.
for ri := arenaIndex(uintptr(v)); ri <= arenaIndex(uintptr(v)+size-1); ri++ {
l2 := h.arenas[ri.l1()]
if l2 == nil {
// Allocate an L2 arena map.
//
// Use sysAllocOS instead of sysAlloc or persistentalloc because there's no
// statistic we can comfortably account for this space in. With this structure,
// we rely on demand paging to avoid large overheads, but tracking which memory
// is paged in is too expensive. Trying to account for the whole region means
// that it will appear like an enormous memory overhead in statistics, even though
// it is not.
l2 = (*[1 << arenaL2Bits]*heapArena)(sysAllocOS(unsafe.Sizeof(*l2)))
if l2 == nil {
throw("out of memory allocating heap arena map")
}
if h.arenasHugePages {
sysHugePage(unsafe.Pointer(l2), unsafe.Sizeof(*l2))
} else {
sysNoHugePage(unsafe.Pointer(l2), unsafe.Sizeof(*l2))
}
atomic.StorepNoWB(unsafe.Pointer(&h.arenas[ri.l1()]), unsafe.Pointer(l2))
}
if l2[ri.l2()] != nil {
throw("arena already initialized")
}
var r *heapArena
r = (*heapArena)(h.heapArenaAlloc.alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(*r), goarch.PtrSize, &memstats.gcMiscSys))
if r == nil {
r = (*heapArena)(persistentalloc(unsafe.Sizeof(*r), goarch.PtrSize, &memstats.gcMiscSys))
if r == nil {
throw("out of memory allocating heap arena metadata")
}
}
// Register the arena in allArenas if requested.
if register {
if len(h.allArenas) == cap(h.allArenas) {
size := 2 * uintptr(cap(h.allArenas)) * goarch.PtrSize
if size == 0 {
size = physPageSize
}
newArray := (*notInHeap)(persistentalloc(size, goarch.PtrSize, &memstats.gcMiscSys))
if newArray == nil {
throw("out of memory allocating allArenas")
}
oldSlice := h.allArenas
*(*notInHeapSlice)(unsafe.Pointer(&h.allArenas)) = notInHeapSlice{newArray, len(h.allArenas), int(size / goarch.PtrSize)}
copy(h.allArenas, oldSlice)
// Do not free the old backing array because
// there may be concurrent readers. Since we
// double the array each time, this can lead
// to at most 2x waste.
}
h.allArenas = h.allArenas[:len(h.allArenas)+1]
h.allArenas[len(h.allArenas)-1] = ri
}
// Store atomically just in case an object from the
// new heap arena becomes visible before the heap lock
// is released (which shouldn't happen, but there's
// little downside to this).
atomic.StorepNoWB(unsafe.Pointer(&l2[ri.l2()]), unsafe.Pointer(r))
}
// Tell the race detector about the new heap memory.
if raceenabled {
racemapshadow(v, size)
}
return
}
// sysReserveAligned is like sysReserve, but the returned pointer is
// aligned to align bytes. It may reserve either n or n+align bytes,
// so it returns the size that was reserved.
func sysReserveAligned(v unsafe.Pointer, size, align uintptr) (unsafe.Pointer, uintptr) {
// Since the alignment is rather large in uses of this
// function, we're not likely to get it by chance, so we ask
// for a larger region and remove the parts we don't need.
retries := 0
retry:
p := uintptr(sysReserve(v, size+align))
switch {
case p == 0:
return nil, 0
case p&(align-1) == 0:
return unsafe.Pointer(p), size + align
case GOOS == "windows":
// On Windows we can't release pieces of a
// reservation, so we release the whole thing and
// re-reserve the aligned sub-region. This may race,
// so we may have to try again.
sysFreeOS(unsafe.Pointer(p), size+align)
p = alignUp(p, align)
p2 := sysReserve(unsafe.Pointer(p), size)
if p != uintptr(p2) {
// Must have raced. Try again.
sysFreeOS(p2, size)
if retries++; retries == 100 {
throw("failed to allocate aligned heap memory; too many retries")
}
goto retry
}
// Success.
return p2, size
default:
// Trim off the unaligned parts.
pAligned := alignUp(p, align)
sysFreeOS(unsafe.Pointer(p), pAligned-p)
end := pAligned + size
endLen := (p + size + align) - end
if endLen > 0 {
sysFreeOS(unsafe.Pointer(end), endLen)
}
return unsafe.Pointer(pAligned), size
}
}
// enableMetadataHugePages enables huge pages for various sources of heap metadata.
//
// A note on latency: for sufficiently small heaps (<10s of GiB) this function will take constant
// time, but may take time proportional to the size of the mapped heap beyond that.
//
// This function is idempotent.
//
// The heap lock must not be held over this operation, since it will briefly acquire
// the heap lock.
//
// Must be called on the system stack because it acquires the heap lock.
//
//go:systemstack
func (h *mheap) enableMetadataHugePages() {
// Enable huge pages for page structure.
h.pages.enableChunkHugePages()
// Grab the lock and set arenasHugePages if it's not.
//
// Once arenasHugePages is set, all new L2 entries will be eligible for
// huge pages. We'll set all the old entries after we release the lock.
lock(&h.lock)
if h.arenasHugePages {
unlock(&h.lock)
return
}
h.arenasHugePages = true
unlock(&h.lock)
// N.B. The arenas L1 map is quite small on all platforms, so it's fine to
// just iterate over the whole thing.
for i := range h.arenas {
l2 := (*[1 << arenaL2Bits]*heapArena)(atomic.Loadp(unsafe.Pointer(&h.arenas[i])))
if l2 == nil {
continue
}
sysHugePage(unsafe.Pointer(l2), unsafe.Sizeof(*l2))
}
}
// base address for all 0-byte allocations
var zerobase uintptr
// nextFreeFast returns the next free object if one is quickly available.
// Otherwise it returns 0.
func nextFreeFast(s *mspan) gclinkptr {
theBit := sys.TrailingZeros64(s.allocCache) // Is there a free object in the allocCache?
if theBit < 64 {
result := s.freeindex + uint16(theBit)
if result < s.nelems {
freeidx := result + 1
if freeidx%64 == 0 && freeidx != s.nelems {
return 0
}
s.allocCache >>= uint(theBit + 1)
s.freeindex = freeidx
s.allocCount++
return gclinkptr(uintptr(result)*s.elemsize + s.base())
}
}
return 0
}
// nextFree returns the next free object from the cached span if one is available.
// Otherwise it refills the cache with a span with an available object and
// returns that object along with a flag indicating that this was a heavy
// weight allocation. If it is a heavy weight allocation the caller must
// determine whether a new GC cycle needs to be started or if the GC is active
// whether this goroutine needs to assist the GC.
//
// Must run in a non-preemptible context since otherwise the owner of
// c could change.
func (c *mcache) nextFree(spc spanClass) (v gclinkptr, s *mspan, shouldhelpgc bool) {
s = c.alloc[spc]
shouldhelpgc = false
freeIndex := s.nextFreeIndex()
if freeIndex == s.nelems {
// The span is full.
if s.allocCount != s.nelems {
println("runtime: s.allocCount=", s.allocCount, "s.nelems=", s.nelems)
throw("s.allocCount != s.nelems && freeIndex == s.nelems")
}
c.refill(spc)
shouldhelpgc = true
s = c.alloc[spc]
freeIndex = s.nextFreeIndex()
}
if freeIndex >= s.nelems {
throw("freeIndex is not valid")
}
v = gclinkptr(uintptr(freeIndex)*s.elemsize + s.base())
s.allocCount++
if s.allocCount > s.nelems {
println("s.allocCount=", s.allocCount, "s.nelems=", s.nelems)
throw("s.allocCount > s.nelems")
}
return
}
// Allocate an object of size bytes.
// Small objects are allocated from the per-P cache's free lists.
// Large objects (> 32 kB) are allocated straight from the heap.
func mallocgc(size uintptr, typ *_type, needzero bool) unsafe.Pointer {
if gcphase == _GCmarktermination {
throw("mallocgc called with gcphase == _GCmarktermination")
}
if size == 0 {
return unsafe.Pointer(&zerobase)
}
// It's possible for any malloc to trigger sweeping, which may in
// turn queue finalizers. Record this dynamic lock edge.
lockRankMayQueueFinalizer()
userSize := size
if asanenabled {
// Refer to ASAN runtime library, the malloc() function allocates extra memory,
// the redzone, around the user requested memory region. And the redzones are marked
// as unaddressable. We perform the same operations in Go to detect the overflows or
// underflows.
size += computeRZlog(size)
}
if debug.malloc {
if debug.sbrk != 0 {
align := uintptr(16)
if typ != nil {
// TODO(austin): This should be just
// align = uintptr(typ.align)
// but that's only 4 on 32-bit platforms,
// even if there's a uint64 field in typ (see #599).
// This causes 64-bit atomic accesses to panic.
// Hence, we use stricter alignment that matches
// the normal allocator better.
if size&7 == 0 {
align = 8
} else if size&3 == 0 {
align = 4
} else if size&1 == 0 {
align = 2
} else {
align = 1
}
}
return persistentalloc(size, align, &memstats.other_sys)
}
if inittrace.active && inittrace.id == getg().goid {
// Init functions are executed sequentially in a single goroutine.
inittrace.allocs += 1
}
}
// assistG is the G to charge for this allocation, or nil if
// GC is not currently active.
assistG := deductAssistCredit(size)
// Set mp.mallocing to keep from being preempted by GC.
mp := acquirem()
if mp.mallocing != 0 {
throw("malloc deadlock")
}
if mp.gsignal == getg() {
throw("malloc during signal")
}
mp.mallocing = 1
shouldhelpgc := false
dataSize := userSize
c := getMCache(mp)
if c == nil {
throw("mallocgc called without a P or outside bootstrapping")
}
var span *mspan
var header **_type
var x unsafe.Pointer
noscan := typ == nil || !typ.Pointers()
// In some cases block zeroing can profitably (for latency reduction purposes)
// be delayed till preemption is possible; delayedZeroing tracks that state.
delayedZeroing := false
// Determine if it's a 'small' object that goes into a size-classed span.
//
// Note: This comparison looks a little strange, but it exists to smooth out
// the crossover between the largest size class and large objects that have
// their own spans. The small window of object sizes between maxSmallSize-mallocHeaderSize
// and maxSmallSize will be considered large, even though they might fit in
// a size class. In practice this is completely fine, since the largest small
// size class has a single object in it already, precisely to make the transition
// to large objects smooth.
if size <= maxSmallSize-mallocHeaderSize {
if noscan && size < maxTinySize {
// Tiny allocator.
//
// Tiny allocator combines several tiny allocation requests
// into a single memory block. The resulting memory block
// is freed when all subobjects are unreachable. The subobjects
// must be noscan (don't have pointers), this ensures that
// the amount of potentially wasted memory is bounded.
//
// Size of the memory block used for combining (maxTinySize) is tunable.
// Current setting is 16 bytes, which relates to 2x worst case memory
// wastage (when all but one subobjects are unreachable).
// 8 bytes would result in no wastage at all, but provides less
// opportunities for combining.
// 32 bytes provides more opportunities for combining,
// but can lead to 4x worst case wastage.
// The best case winning is 8x regardless of block size.
//
// Objects obtained from tiny allocator must not be freed explicitly.
// So when an object will be freed explicitly, we ensure that
// its size >= maxTinySize.
//
// SetFinalizer has a special case for objects potentially coming
// from tiny allocator, it such case it allows to set finalizers
// for an inner byte of a memory block.
//
// The main targets of tiny allocator are small strings and
// standalone escaping variables. On a json benchmark
// the allocator reduces number of allocations by ~12% and
// reduces heap size by ~20%.
off := c.tinyoffset
// Align tiny pointer for required (conservative) alignment.
if size&7 == 0 {
off = alignUp(off, 8)
} else if goarch.PtrSize == 4 && size == 12 {
// Conservatively align 12-byte objects to 8 bytes on 32-bit
// systems so that objects whose first field is a 64-bit
// value is aligned to 8 bytes and does not cause a fault on
// atomic access. See issue 37262.
// TODO(mknyszek): Remove this workaround if/when issue 36606
// is resolved.
off = alignUp(off, 8)
} else if size&3 == 0 {
off = alignUp(off, 4)
} else if size&1 == 0 {
off = alignUp(off, 2)
}
if off+size <= maxTinySize && c.tiny != 0 {
// The object fits into existing tiny block.
x = unsafe.Pointer(c.tiny + off)
c.tinyoffset = off + size
c.tinyAllocs++
mp.mallocing = 0
releasem(mp)
return x
}
// Allocate a new maxTinySize block.
span = c.alloc[tinySpanClass]
v := nextFreeFast(span)
if v == 0 {
v, span, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(tinySpanClass)
}
x = unsafe.Pointer(v)
(*[2]uint64)(x)[0] = 0
(*[2]uint64)(x)[1] = 0
// See if we need to replace the existing tiny block with the new one
// based on amount of remaining free space.
if !raceenabled && (size < c.tinyoffset || c.tiny == 0) {
// Note: disabled when race detector is on, see comment near end of this function.
c.tiny = uintptr(x)
c.tinyoffset = size
}
size = maxTinySize
} else {
hasHeader := !noscan && !heapBitsInSpan(size)
if goexperiment.AllocHeaders && hasHeader {
size += mallocHeaderSize
}
var sizeclass uint8
if size <= smallSizeMax-8 {
sizeclass = size_to_class8[divRoundUp(size, smallSizeDiv)]
} else {
sizeclass = size_to_class128[divRoundUp(size-smallSizeMax, largeSizeDiv)]
}
size = uintptr(class_to_size[sizeclass])
spc := makeSpanClass(sizeclass, noscan)
span = c.alloc[spc]
v := nextFreeFast(span)
if v == 0 {
v, span, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(spc)
}
x = unsafe.Pointer(v)
if needzero && span.needzero != 0 {
memclrNoHeapPointers(x, size)
}
if goexperiment.AllocHeaders && hasHeader {
header = (**_type)(x)
x = add(x, mallocHeaderSize)
size -= mallocHeaderSize
}
}
} else {
shouldhelpgc = true
// For large allocations, keep track of zeroed state so that
// bulk zeroing can be happen later in a preemptible context.
span = c.allocLarge(size, noscan)
span.freeindex = 1
span.allocCount = 1
size = span.elemsize
x = unsafe.Pointer(span.base())
if needzero && span.needzero != 0 {
if noscan {
delayedZeroing = true
} else {
memclrNoHeapPointers(x, size)
}
}
if goexperiment.AllocHeaders && !noscan {
header = &span.largeType
}
}
if !noscan {
if goexperiment.AllocHeaders {
c.scanAlloc += heapSetType(uintptr(x), dataSize, typ, header, span)
} else {
var scanSize uintptr
heapBitsSetType(uintptr(x), size, dataSize, typ)
if dataSize > typ.Size_ {
// Array allocation. If there are any
// pointers, GC has to scan to the last
// element.
if typ.Pointers() {
scanSize = dataSize - typ.Size_ + typ.PtrBytes
}
} else {
scanSize = typ.PtrBytes
}
c.scanAlloc += scanSize
}
}
// Ensure that the stores above that initialize x to
// type-safe memory and set the heap bits occur before
// the caller can make x observable to the garbage
// collector. Otherwise, on weakly ordered machines,
// the garbage collector could follow a pointer to x,
// but see uninitialized memory or stale heap bits.
publicationBarrier()
// As x and the heap bits are initialized, update
// freeIndexForScan now so x is seen by the GC
// (including conservative scan) as an allocated object.
// While this pointer can't escape into user code as a
// _live_ pointer until we return, conservative scanning
// may find a dead pointer that happens to point into this
// object. Delaying this update until now ensures that
// conservative scanning considers this pointer dead until
// this point.
span.freeIndexForScan = span.freeindex
// Allocate black during GC.
// All slots hold nil so no scanning is needed.
// This may be racing with GC so do it atomically if there can be
// a race marking the bit.
if gcphase != _GCoff {
gcmarknewobject(span, uintptr(x))
}
if raceenabled {
racemalloc(x, size)
}
if msanenabled {
msanmalloc(x, size)
}
if asanenabled {
// We should only read/write the memory with the size asked by the user.
// The rest of the allocated memory should be poisoned, so that we can report
// errors when accessing poisoned memory.
// The allocated memory is larger than required userSize, it will also include
// redzone and some other padding bytes.
rzBeg := unsafe.Add(x, userSize)
asanpoison(rzBeg, size-userSize)
asanunpoison(x, userSize)
}
// If !goexperiment.AllocHeaders, "size" doesn't include the
// allocation header, so use span.elemsize as the "full" size
// for various computations below.
//
// TODO(mknyszek): We should really count the header as part
// of gc_sys or something, but it's risky to change the
// accounting so much right now. Just pretend its internal
// fragmentation and match the GC's accounting by using the
// whole allocation slot.
fullSize := size
if goexperiment.AllocHeaders {
fullSize = span.elemsize
}
if rate := MemProfileRate; rate > 0 {
// Note cache c only valid while m acquired; see #47302
//
// N.B. Use the full size because that matches how the GC
// will update the mem profile on the "free" side.
if rate != 1 && fullSize < c.nextSample {
c.nextSample -= fullSize
} else {
profilealloc(mp, x, fullSize)
}
}
mp.mallocing = 0
releasem(mp)
// Pointerfree data can be zeroed late in a context where preemption can occur.
// x will keep the memory alive.
if delayedZeroing {
if !noscan {
throw("delayed zeroing on data that may contain pointers")
}
if goexperiment.AllocHeaders && header != nil {
throw("unexpected malloc header in delayed zeroing of large object")
}
// N.B. size == fullSize always in this case.
memclrNoHeapPointersChunked(size, x) // This is a possible preemption point: see #47302
}
if debug.malloc {
if debug.allocfreetrace != 0 {
tracealloc(x, size, typ)
}
if inittrace.active && inittrace.id == getg().goid {
// Init functions are executed sequentially in a single goroutine.
inittrace.bytes += uint64(fullSize)
}
}
if assistG != nil {
// Account for internal fragmentation in the assist
// debt now that we know it.
//
// N.B. Use the full size because that's how the rest
// of the GC accounts for bytes marked.
assistG.gcAssistBytes -= int64(fullSize - dataSize)
}
if shouldhelpgc {
if t := (gcTrigger{kind: gcTriggerHeap}); t.test() {
gcStart(t)
}
}
if raceenabled && noscan && dataSize < maxTinySize {
// Pad tinysize allocations so they are aligned with the end
// of the tinyalloc region. This ensures that any arithmetic
// that goes off the top end of the object will be detectable
// by checkptr (issue 38872).
// Note that we disable tinyalloc when raceenabled for this to work.
// TODO: This padding is only performed when the race detector
// is enabled. It would be nice to enable it if any package
// was compiled with checkptr, but there's no easy way to
// detect that (especially at compile time).
// TODO: enable this padding for all allocations, not just
// tinyalloc ones. It's tricky because of pointer maps.
// Maybe just all noscan objects?
x = add(x, size-dataSize)
}
return x
}
// deductAssistCredit reduces the current G's assist credit
// by size bytes, and assists the GC if necessary.
//
// Caller must be preemptible.
//
// Returns the G for which the assist credit was accounted.
func deductAssistCredit(size uintptr) *g {
var assistG *g
if gcBlackenEnabled != 0 {
// Charge the current user G for this allocation.
assistG = getg()
if assistG.m.curg != nil {
assistG = assistG.m.curg
}
// Charge the allocation against the G. We'll account
// for internal fragmentation at the end of mallocgc.
assistG.gcAssistBytes -= int64(size)
if assistG.gcAssistBytes < 0 {
// This G is in debt. Assist the GC to correct
// this before allocating. This must happen
// before disabling preemption.
gcAssistAlloc(assistG)
}
}
return assistG
}
// memclrNoHeapPointersChunked repeatedly calls memclrNoHeapPointers
// on chunks of the buffer to be zeroed, with opportunities for preemption
// along the way. memclrNoHeapPointers contains no safepoints and also
// cannot be preemptively scheduled, so this provides a still-efficient
// block copy that can also be preempted on a reasonable granularity.
//
// Use this with care; if the data being cleared is tagged to contain
// pointers, this allows the GC to run before it is all cleared.
func memclrNoHeapPointersChunked(size uintptr, x unsafe.Pointer) {
v := uintptr(x)
// got this from benchmarking. 128k is too small, 512k is too large.
const chunkBytes = 256 * 1024
vsize := v + size
for voff := v; voff < vsize; voff = voff + chunkBytes {
if getg().preempt {
// may hold locks, e.g., profiling
goschedguarded()
}
// clear min(avail, lump) bytes
n := vsize - voff
if n > chunkBytes {
n = chunkBytes
}
memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(voff), n)
}
}
// implementation of new builtin
// compiler (both frontend and SSA backend) knows the signature
// of this function.
func newobject(typ *_type) unsafe.Pointer {
return mallocgc(typ.Size_, typ, true)
}
//go:linkname reflect_unsafe_New reflect.unsafe_New
func reflect_unsafe_New(typ *_type) unsafe.Pointer {
return mallocgc(typ.Size_, typ, true)
}
//go:linkname reflectlite_unsafe_New internal/reflectlite.unsafe_New
func reflectlite_unsafe_New(typ *_type) unsafe.Pointer {
return mallocgc(typ.Size_, typ, true)
}
// newarray allocates an array of n elements of type typ.
func newarray(typ *_type, n int) unsafe.Pointer {
if n == 1 {
return mallocgc(typ.Size_, typ, true)
}
mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(typ.Size_, uintptr(n))
if overflow || mem > maxAlloc || n < 0 {
panic(plainError("runtime: allocation size out of range"))
}
return mallocgc(mem, typ, true)
}
//go:linkname reflect_unsafe_NewArray reflect.unsafe_NewArray
func reflect_unsafe_NewArray(typ *_type, n int) unsafe.Pointer {
return newarray(typ, n)
}
func profilealloc(mp *m, x unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr) {
c := getMCache(mp)
if c == nil {
throw("profilealloc called without a P or outside bootstrapping")
}
c.nextSample = nextSample()
mProf_Malloc(x, size)
}
// nextSample returns the next sampling point for heap profiling. The goal is
// to sample allocations on average every MemProfileRate bytes, but with a
// completely random distribution over the allocation timeline; this
// corresponds to a Poisson process with parameter MemProfileRate. In Poisson
// processes, the distance between two samples follows the exponential
// distribution (exp(MemProfileRate)), so the best return value is a random
// number taken from an exponential distribution whose mean is MemProfileRate.
func nextSample() uintptr {
if MemProfileRate == 1 {
// Callers assign our return value to
// mcache.next_sample, but next_sample is not used
// when the rate is 1. So avoid the math below and
// just return something.
return 0
}
if GOOS == "plan9" {
// Plan 9 doesn't support floating point in note handler.
if gp := getg(); gp == gp.m.gsignal {
return nextSampleNoFP()
}
}
return uintptr(fastexprand(MemProfileRate))
}
// fastexprand returns a random number from an exponential distribution with
// the specified mean.
func fastexprand(mean int) int32 {
// Avoid overflow. Maximum possible step is
// -ln(1/(1<<randomBitCount)) * mean, approximately 20 * mean.
switch {
case mean > 0x7000000:
mean = 0x7000000
case mean == 0:
return 0
}
// Take a random sample of the exponential distribution exp(-mean*x).
// The probability distribution function is mean*exp(-mean*x), so the CDF is
// p = 1 - exp(-mean*x), so
// q = 1 - p == exp(-mean*x)
// log_e(q) = -mean*x
// -log_e(q)/mean = x
// x = -log_e(q) * mean
// x = log_2(q) * (-log_e(2)) * mean ; Using log_2 for efficiency
const randomBitCount = 26
q := cheaprandn(1<<randomBitCount) + 1
qlog := fastlog2(float64(q)) - randomBitCount
if qlog > 0 {
qlog = 0
}
const minusLog2 = -0.6931471805599453 // -ln(2)
return int32(qlog*(minusLog2*float64(mean))) + 1
}
// nextSampleNoFP is similar to nextSample, but uses older,
// simpler code to avoid floating point.
func nextSampleNoFP() uintptr {
// Set first allocation sample size.
rate := MemProfileRate
if rate > 0x3fffffff { // make 2*rate not overflow
rate = 0x3fffffff
}
if rate != 0 {
return uintptr(cheaprandn(uint32(2 * rate)))
}
return 0
}
type persistentAlloc struct {
base *notInHeap
off uintptr
}
var globalAlloc struct {
mutex
persistentAlloc
}
// persistentChunkSize is the number of bytes we allocate when we grow
// a persistentAlloc.
const persistentChunkSize = 256 << 10
// persistentChunks is a list of all the persistent chunks we have
// allocated. The list is maintained through the first word in the
// persistent chunk. This is updated atomically.
var persistentChunks *notInHeap
// Wrapper around sysAlloc that can allocate small chunks.
// There is no associated free operation.
// Intended for things like function/type/debug-related persistent data.
// If align is 0, uses default align (currently 8).
// The returned memory will be zeroed.
// sysStat must be non-nil.
//
// Consider marking persistentalloc'd types not in heap by embedding
// runtime/internal/sys.NotInHeap.
func persistentalloc(size, align uintptr, sysStat *sysMemStat) unsafe.Pointer {
var p *notInHeap
systemstack(func() {
p = persistentalloc1(size, align, sysStat)
})
return unsafe.Pointer(p)
}
// Must run on system stack because stack growth can (re)invoke it.
// See issue 9174.
//
//go:systemstack
func persistentalloc1(size, align uintptr, sysStat *sysMemStat) *notInHeap {
const (
maxBlock = 64 << 10 // VM reservation granularity is 64K on windows
)
if size == 0 {
throw("persistentalloc: size == 0")
}
if align != 0 {
if align&(align-1) != 0 {
throw("persistentalloc: align is not a power of 2")
}
if align > _PageSize {
throw("persistentalloc: align is too large")
}
} else {
align = 8
}
if size >= maxBlock {
return (*notInHeap)(sysAlloc(size, sysStat))
}
mp := acquirem()
var persistent *persistentAlloc
if mp != nil && mp.p != 0 {
persistent = &mp.p.ptr().palloc
} else {
lock(&globalAlloc.mutex)
persistent = &globalAlloc.persistentAlloc
}
persistent.off = alignUp(persistent.off, align)
if persistent.off+size > persistentChunkSize || persistent.base == nil {
persistent.base = (*notInHeap)(sysAlloc(persistentChunkSize, &memstats.other_sys))
if persistent.base == nil {
if persistent == &globalAlloc.persistentAlloc {
unlock(&globalAlloc.mutex)
}
throw("runtime: cannot allocate memory")
}
// Add the new chunk to the persistentChunks list.
for {
chunks := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(persistentChunks))
*(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(persistent.base)) = chunks
if atomic.Casuintptr((*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&persistentChunks)), chunks, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(persistent.base))) {
break
}
}
persistent.off = alignUp(goarch.PtrSize, align)
}
p := persistent.base.add(persistent.off)
persistent.off += size
releasem(mp)
if persistent == &globalAlloc.persistentAlloc {
unlock(&globalAlloc.mutex)
}
if sysStat != &memstats.other_sys {
sysStat.add(int64(size))
memstats.other_sys.add(-int64(size))
}
return p
}
// inPersistentAlloc reports whether p points to memory allocated by
// persistentalloc. This must be nosplit because it is called by the
// cgo checker code, which is called by the write barrier code.
//
//go:nosplit
func inPersistentAlloc(p uintptr) bool {
chunk := atomic.Loaduintptr((*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&persistentChunks)))
for chunk != 0 {
if p >= chunk && p < chunk+persistentChunkSize {
return true
}
chunk = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(chunk))
}
return false
}
// linearAlloc is a simple linear allocator that pre-reserves a region
// of memory and then optionally maps that region into the Ready state
// as needed.
//
// The caller is responsible for locking.
type linearAlloc struct {
next uintptr // next free byte
mapped uintptr // one byte past end of mapped space
end uintptr // end of reserved space
mapMemory bool // transition memory from Reserved to Ready if true
}
func (l *linearAlloc) init(base, size uintptr, mapMemory bool) {
if base+size < base {
// Chop off the last byte. The runtime isn't prepared
// to deal with situations where the bounds could overflow.
// Leave that memory reserved, though, so we don't map it
// later.
size -= 1
}
l.next, l.mapped = base, base
l.end = base + size
l.mapMemory = mapMemory
}
func (l *linearAlloc) alloc(size, align uintptr, sysStat *sysMemStat) unsafe.Pointer {
p := alignUp(l.next, align)
if p+size > l.end {
return nil
}
l.next = p + size
if pEnd := alignUp(l.next-1, physPageSize); pEnd > l.mapped {
if l.mapMemory {
// Transition from Reserved to Prepared to Ready.
n := pEnd - l.mapped
sysMap(unsafe.Pointer(l.mapped), n, sysStat)
sysUsed(unsafe.Pointer(l.mapped), n, n)
}
l.mapped = pEnd
}
return unsafe.Pointer(p)
}
// notInHeap is off-heap memory allocated by a lower-level allocator
// like sysAlloc or persistentAlloc.
//
// In general, it's better to use real types which embed
// runtime/internal/sys.NotInHeap, but this serves as a generic type
// for situations where that isn't possible (like in the allocators).
//
// TODO: Use this as the return type of sysAlloc, persistentAlloc, etc?
type notInHeap struct{ _ sys.NotInHeap }
func (p *notInHeap) add(bytes uintptr) *notInHeap {
return (*notInHeap)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(p)) + bytes))
}
// computeRZlog computes the size of the redzone.
// Refer to the implementation of the compiler-rt.
func computeRZlog(userSize uintptr) uintptr {
switch {
case userSize <= (64 - 16):
return 16 << 0
case userSize <= (128 - 32):
return 16 << 1
case userSize <= (512 - 64):
return 16 << 2
case userSize <= (4096 - 128):
return 16 << 3
case userSize <= (1<<14)-256:
return 16 << 4
case userSize <= (1<<15)-512:
return 16 << 5
case userSize <= (1<<16)-1024:
return 16 << 6
default:
return 16 << 7
}
}