| // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. |
| // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style |
| // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. |
| |
| // Package io provides basic interfaces to I/O primitives. |
| // Its primary job is to wrap existing implementations of such primitives, |
| // such as those in package os, into shared public interfaces that |
| // abstract the functionality, plus some other related primitives. |
| // |
| // Because these interfaces and primitives wrap lower-level operations with |
| // various implementations, unless otherwise informed clients should not |
| // assume they are safe for parallel execution. |
| package io |
| |
| import ( |
| "errors" |
| ) |
| |
| // ErrShortWrite means that a write accepted fewer bytes than requested |
| // but failed to return an explicit error. |
| var ErrShortWrite = errors.New("short write") |
| |
| // ErrShortBuffer means that a read required a longer buffer than was provided. |
| var ErrShortBuffer = errors.New("short buffer") |
| |
| // EOF is the error returned by Read when no more input is available. |
| // Functions should return EOF only to signal a graceful end of input. |
| // If the EOF occurs unexpectedly in a structured data stream, |
| // the appropriate error is either ErrUnexpectedEOF or some other error |
| // giving more detail. |
| var EOF = errors.New("EOF") |
| |
| // ErrUnexpectedEOF means that EOF was encountered in the |
| // middle of reading a fixed-size block or data structure. |
| var ErrUnexpectedEOF = errors.New("unexpected EOF") |
| |
| // ErrNoProgress is returned by some clients of an io.Reader when |
| // many calls to Read have failed to return any data or error, |
| // usually the sign of a broken io.Reader implementation. |
| var ErrNoProgress = errors.New("multiple Read calls return no data or error") |
| |
| // Reader is the interface that wraps the basic Read method. |
| // |
| // Read reads up to len(p) bytes into p. It returns the number of bytes |
| // read (0 <= n <= len(p)) and any error encountered. Even if Read |
| // returns n < len(p), it may use all of p as scratch space during the call. |
| // If some data is available but not len(p) bytes, Read conventionally |
| // returns what is available instead of waiting for more. |
| // |
| // When Read encounters an error or end-of-file condition after |
| // successfully reading n > 0 bytes, it returns the number of |
| // bytes read. It may return the (non-nil) error from the same call |
| // or return the error (and n == 0) from a subsequent call. |
| // An instance of this general case is that a Reader returning |
| // a non-zero number of bytes at the end of the input stream may |
| // return either err == EOF or err == nil. The next Read should |
| // return 0, EOF regardless. |
| // |
| // Callers should always process the n > 0 bytes returned before |
| // considering the error err. Doing so correctly handles I/O errors |
| // that happen after reading some bytes and also both of the |
| // allowed EOF behaviors. |
| // |
| // Implementations of Read are discouraged from returning a |
| // zero byte count with a nil error, except when len(p) == 0. |
| // Callers should treat a return of 0 and nil as indicating that |
| // nothing happened; in particular it does not indicate EOF. |
| // |
| // Implementations must not retain p. |
| type Reader interface { |
| Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // Writer is the interface that wraps the basic Write method. |
| // |
| // Write writes len(p) bytes from p to the underlying data stream. |
| // It returns the number of bytes written from p (0 <= n <= len(p)) |
| // and any error encountered that caused the write to stop early. |
| // Write must return a non-nil error if it returns n < len(p). |
| // Write must not modify the slice data, even temporarily. |
| // |
| // Implementations must not retain p. |
| type Writer interface { |
| Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // Closer is the interface that wraps the basic Close method. |
| // |
| // The behavior of Close after the first call is undefined. |
| // Specific implementations may document their own behavior. |
| type Closer interface { |
| Close() error |
| } |
| |
| // Seeker is the interface that wraps the basic Seek method. |
| // |
| // Seek sets the offset for the next Read or Write to offset, |
| // interpreted according to whence: 0 means relative to the origin of |
| // the file, 1 means relative to the current offset, and 2 means |
| // relative to the end. Seek returns the new offset and an error, if |
| // any. |
| // |
| // Seeking to a negative offset is an error. Seeking to any positive |
| // offset is legal, but the behavior of subsequent I/O operations on |
| // the underlying object is implementation-dependent. |
| type Seeker interface { |
| Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error) |
| } |
| |
| // ReadWriter is the interface that groups the basic Read and Write methods. |
| type ReadWriter interface { |
| Reader |
| Writer |
| } |
| |
| // ReadCloser is the interface that groups the basic Read and Close methods. |
| type ReadCloser interface { |
| Reader |
| Closer |
| } |
| |
| // WriteCloser is the interface that groups the basic Write and Close methods. |
| type WriteCloser interface { |
| Writer |
| Closer |
| } |
| |
| // ReadWriteCloser is the interface that groups the basic Read, Write and Close methods. |
| type ReadWriteCloser interface { |
| Reader |
| Writer |
| Closer |
| } |
| |
| // ReadSeeker is the interface that groups the basic Read and Seek methods. |
| type ReadSeeker interface { |
| Reader |
| Seeker |
| } |
| |
| // WriteSeeker is the interface that groups the basic Write and Seek methods. |
| type WriteSeeker interface { |
| Writer |
| Seeker |
| } |
| |
| // ReadWriteSeeker is the interface that groups the basic Read, Write and Seek methods. |
| type ReadWriteSeeker interface { |
| Reader |
| Writer |
| Seeker |
| } |
| |
| // ReaderFrom is the interface that wraps the ReadFrom method. |
| // |
| // ReadFrom reads data from r until EOF or error. |
| // The return value n is the number of bytes read. |
| // Any error except io.EOF encountered during the read is also returned. |
| // |
| // The Copy function uses ReaderFrom if available. |
| type ReaderFrom interface { |
| ReadFrom(r Reader) (n int64, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // WriterTo is the interface that wraps the WriteTo method. |
| // |
| // WriteTo writes data to w until there's no more data to write or |
| // when an error occurs. The return value n is the number of bytes |
| // written. Any error encountered during the write is also returned. |
| // |
| // The Copy function uses WriterTo if available. |
| type WriterTo interface { |
| WriteTo(w Writer) (n int64, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // ReaderAt is the interface that wraps the basic ReadAt method. |
| // |
| // ReadAt reads len(p) bytes into p starting at offset off in the |
| // underlying input source. It returns the number of bytes |
| // read (0 <= n <= len(p)) and any error encountered. |
| // |
| // When ReadAt returns n < len(p), it returns a non-nil error |
| // explaining why more bytes were not returned. In this respect, |
| // ReadAt is stricter than Read. |
| // |
| // Even if ReadAt returns n < len(p), it may use all of p as scratch |
| // space during the call. If some data is available but not len(p) bytes, |
| // ReadAt blocks until either all the data is available or an error occurs. |
| // In this respect ReadAt is different from Read. |
| // |
| // If the n = len(p) bytes returned by ReadAt are at the end of the |
| // input source, ReadAt may return either err == EOF or err == nil. |
| // |
| // If ReadAt is reading from an input source with a seek offset, |
| // ReadAt should not affect nor be affected by the underlying |
| // seek offset. |
| // |
| // Clients of ReadAt can execute parallel ReadAt calls on the |
| // same input source. |
| // |
| // Implementations must not retain p. |
| type ReaderAt interface { |
| ReadAt(p []byte, off int64) (n int, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // WriterAt is the interface that wraps the basic WriteAt method. |
| // |
| // WriteAt writes len(p) bytes from p to the underlying data stream |
| // at offset off. It returns the number of bytes written from p (0 <= n <= len(p)) |
| // and any error encountered that caused the write to stop early. |
| // WriteAt must return a non-nil error if it returns n < len(p). |
| // |
| // If WriteAt is writing to a destination with a seek offset, |
| // WriteAt should not affect nor be affected by the underlying |
| // seek offset. |
| // |
| // Clients of WriteAt can execute parallel WriteAt calls on the same |
| // destination if the ranges do not overlap. |
| // |
| // Implementations must not retain p. |
| type WriterAt interface { |
| WriteAt(p []byte, off int64) (n int, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // ByteReader is the interface that wraps the ReadByte method. |
| // |
| // ReadByte reads and returns the next byte from the input. |
| // If no byte is available, err will be set. |
| type ByteReader interface { |
| ReadByte() (c byte, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // ByteScanner is the interface that adds the UnreadByte method to the |
| // basic ReadByte method. |
| // |
| // UnreadByte causes the next call to ReadByte to return the same byte |
| // as the previous call to ReadByte. |
| // It may be an error to call UnreadByte twice without an intervening |
| // call to ReadByte. |
| type ByteScanner interface { |
| ByteReader |
| UnreadByte() error |
| } |
| |
| // ByteWriter is the interface that wraps the WriteByte method. |
| type ByteWriter interface { |
| WriteByte(c byte) error |
| } |
| |
| // RuneReader is the interface that wraps the ReadRune method. |
| // |
| // ReadRune reads a single UTF-8 encoded Unicode character |
| // and returns the rune and its size in bytes. If no character is |
| // available, err will be set. |
| type RuneReader interface { |
| ReadRune() (r rune, size int, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // RuneScanner is the interface that adds the UnreadRune method to the |
| // basic ReadRune method. |
| // |
| // UnreadRune causes the next call to ReadRune to return the same rune |
| // as the previous call to ReadRune. |
| // It may be an error to call UnreadRune twice without an intervening |
| // call to ReadRune. |
| type RuneScanner interface { |
| RuneReader |
| UnreadRune() error |
| } |
| |
| // stringWriter is the interface that wraps the WriteString method. |
| type stringWriter interface { |
| WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) |
| } |
| |
| // WriteString writes the contents of the string s to w, which accepts an array of bytes. |
| // If w already implements a WriteString method, it is invoked directly. |
| func WriteString(w Writer, s string) (n int, err error) { |
| if sw, ok := w.(stringWriter); ok { |
| return sw.WriteString(s) |
| } |
| return w.Write([]byte(s)) |
| } |
| |
| // ReadAtLeast reads from r into buf until it has read at least min bytes. |
| // It returns the number of bytes copied and an error if fewer bytes were read. |
| // The error is EOF only if no bytes were read. |
| // If an EOF happens after reading fewer than min bytes, |
| // ReadAtLeast returns ErrUnexpectedEOF. |
| // If min is greater than the length of buf, ReadAtLeast returns ErrShortBuffer. |
| // On return, n >= min if and only if err == nil. |
| func ReadAtLeast(r Reader, buf []byte, min int) (n int, err error) { |
| if len(buf) < min { |
| return 0, ErrShortBuffer |
| } |
| for n < min && err == nil { |
| var nn int |
| nn, err = r.Read(buf[n:]) |
| n += nn |
| } |
| if n >= min { |
| err = nil |
| } else if n > 0 && err == EOF { |
| err = ErrUnexpectedEOF |
| } |
| return |
| } |
| |
| // ReadFull reads exactly len(buf) bytes from r into buf. |
| // It returns the number of bytes copied and an error if fewer bytes were read. |
| // The error is EOF only if no bytes were read. |
| // If an EOF happens after reading some but not all the bytes, |
| // ReadFull returns ErrUnexpectedEOF. |
| // On return, n == len(buf) if and only if err == nil. |
| func ReadFull(r Reader, buf []byte) (n int, err error) { |
| return ReadAtLeast(r, buf, len(buf)) |
| } |
| |
| // CopyN copies n bytes (or until an error) from src to dst. |
| // It returns the number of bytes copied and the earliest |
| // error encountered while copying. |
| // On return, written == n if and only if err == nil. |
| // |
| // If dst implements the ReaderFrom interface, |
| // the copy is implemented using it. |
| func CopyN(dst Writer, src Reader, n int64) (written int64, err error) { |
| written, err = Copy(dst, LimitReader(src, n)) |
| if written == n { |
| return n, nil |
| } |
| if written < n && err == nil { |
| // src stopped early; must have been EOF. |
| err = EOF |
| } |
| return |
| } |
| |
| // Copy copies from src to dst until either EOF is reached |
| // on src or an error occurs. It returns the number of bytes |
| // copied and the first error encountered while copying, if any. |
| // |
| // A successful Copy returns err == nil, not err == EOF. |
| // Because Copy is defined to read from src until EOF, it does |
| // not treat an EOF from Read as an error to be reported. |
| // |
| // If src implements the WriterTo interface, |
| // the copy is implemented by calling src.WriteTo(dst). |
| // Otherwise, if dst implements the ReaderFrom interface, |
| // the copy is implemented by calling dst.ReadFrom(src). |
| func Copy(dst Writer, src Reader) (written int64, err error) { |
| // If the reader has a WriteTo method, use it to do the copy. |
| // Avoids an allocation and a copy. |
| if wt, ok := src.(WriterTo); ok { |
| return wt.WriteTo(dst) |
| } |
| // Similarly, if the writer has a ReadFrom method, use it to do the copy. |
| if rt, ok := dst.(ReaderFrom); ok { |
| return rt.ReadFrom(src) |
| } |
| buf := make([]byte, 32*1024) |
| for { |
| nr, er := src.Read(buf) |
| if nr > 0 { |
| nw, ew := dst.Write(buf[0:nr]) |
| if nw > 0 { |
| written += int64(nw) |
| } |
| if ew != nil { |
| err = ew |
| break |
| } |
| if nr != nw { |
| err = ErrShortWrite |
| break |
| } |
| } |
| if er == EOF { |
| break |
| } |
| if er != nil { |
| err = er |
| break |
| } |
| } |
| return written, err |
| } |
| |
| // LimitReader returns a Reader that reads from r |
| // but stops with EOF after n bytes. |
| // The underlying implementation is a *LimitedReader. |
| func LimitReader(r Reader, n int64) Reader { return &LimitedReader{r, n} } |
| |
| // A LimitedReader reads from R but limits the amount of |
| // data returned to just N bytes. Each call to Read |
| // updates N to reflect the new amount remaining. |
| type LimitedReader struct { |
| R Reader // underlying reader |
| N int64 // max bytes remaining |
| } |
| |
| func (l *LimitedReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) { |
| if l.N <= 0 { |
| return 0, EOF |
| } |
| if int64(len(p)) > l.N { |
| p = p[0:l.N] |
| } |
| n, err = l.R.Read(p) |
| l.N -= int64(n) |
| return |
| } |
| |
| // NewSectionReader returns a SectionReader that reads from r |
| // starting at offset off and stops with EOF after n bytes. |
| func NewSectionReader(r ReaderAt, off int64, n int64) *SectionReader { |
| return &SectionReader{r, off, off, off + n} |
| } |
| |
| // SectionReader implements Read, Seek, and ReadAt on a section |
| // of an underlying ReaderAt. |
| type SectionReader struct { |
| r ReaderAt |
| base int64 |
| off int64 |
| limit int64 |
| } |
| |
| func (s *SectionReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) { |
| if s.off >= s.limit { |
| return 0, EOF |
| } |
| if max := s.limit - s.off; int64(len(p)) > max { |
| p = p[0:max] |
| } |
| n, err = s.r.ReadAt(p, s.off) |
| s.off += int64(n) |
| return |
| } |
| |
| var errWhence = errors.New("Seek: invalid whence") |
| var errOffset = errors.New("Seek: invalid offset") |
| |
| func (s *SectionReader) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error) { |
| switch whence { |
| default: |
| return 0, errWhence |
| case 0: |
| offset += s.base |
| case 1: |
| offset += s.off |
| case 2: |
| offset += s.limit |
| } |
| if offset < s.base { |
| return 0, errOffset |
| } |
| s.off = offset |
| return offset - s.base, nil |
| } |
| |
| func (s *SectionReader) ReadAt(p []byte, off int64) (n int, err error) { |
| if off < 0 || off >= s.limit-s.base { |
| return 0, EOF |
| } |
| off += s.base |
| if max := s.limit - off; int64(len(p)) > max { |
| p = p[0:max] |
| n, err = s.r.ReadAt(p, off) |
| if err == nil { |
| err = EOF |
| } |
| return n, err |
| } |
| return s.r.ReadAt(p, off) |
| } |
| |
| // Size returns the size of the section in bytes. |
| func (s *SectionReader) Size() int64 { return s.limit - s.base } |
| |
| // TeeReader returns a Reader that writes to w what it reads from r. |
| // All reads from r performed through it are matched with |
| // corresponding writes to w. There is no internal buffering - |
| // the write must complete before the read completes. |
| // Any error encountered while writing is reported as a read error. |
| func TeeReader(r Reader, w Writer) Reader { |
| return &teeReader{r, w} |
| } |
| |
| type teeReader struct { |
| r Reader |
| w Writer |
| } |
| |
| func (t *teeReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) { |
| n, err = t.r.Read(p) |
| if n > 0 { |
| if n, err := t.w.Write(p[:n]); err != nil { |
| return n, err |
| } |
| } |
| return |
| } |