src/math/big/prime.go - go - Git at Google

 // Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

 package big

 import "math/rand"

 // ProbablyPrime reports whether x is probably prime,
 // applying the Miller-Rabin test with n pseudorandomly chosen bases
 // as well as a Baillie-PSW test.
 //
 // If x is prime, ProbablyPrime returns true.
 // If x is chosen randomly and not prime, ProbablyPrime probably returns false.
 // The probability of returning true for a randomly chosen non-prime is at most ¼ⁿ.
 //
 // ProbablyPrime is 100% accurate for inputs less than 2⁶⁴.
 // See Menezes et al., Handbook of Applied Cryptography, 1997, pp. 145-149,
 // and FIPS 186-4 Appendix F for further discussion of the error probabilities.
 //
 // ProbablyPrime is not suitable for judging primes that an adversary may
 // have crafted to fool the test.
 //
 // As of Go 1.8, ProbablyPrime(0) is allowed and applies only a Baillie-PSW test.
 // Before Go 1.8, ProbablyPrime applied only the Miller-Rabin tests, and ProbablyPrime(0) panicked.
 func (x *Int) ProbablyPrime(n int) bool {
 	// Note regarding the doc comment above:
 	// It would be more precise to say that the Baillie-PSW test uses the
 	// extra strong Lucas test as its Lucas test, but since no one knows
 	// how to tell any of the Lucas tests apart inside a Baillie-PSW test
 	// (they all work equally well empirically), that detail need not be
 	// documented or implicitly guaranteed.
 	// The comment does avoid saying "the" Baillie-PSW test
 	// because of this general ambiguity.

 	if n < 0 {
 		panic("negative n for ProbablyPrime")
 	}
 	if x.neg || len(x.abs) == 0 {
 		return false
 	}

 	// primeBitMask records the primes < 64.
 	const primeBitMask uint64 = 1<<2 | 1<<3 | 1<<5 | 1<<7 |
 		1<<11 | 1<<13 | 1<<17 | 1<<19 | 1<<23 | 1<<29 | 1<<31 |
 		1<<37 | 1<<41 | 1<<43 | 1<<47 | 1<<53 | 1<<59 | 1<<61

 	w := x.abs[0]
 	if len(x.abs) == 1 && w < 64 {
 		return primeBitMask&(1<<w) != 0
 	}

 	if w&1 == 0 {
 		return false // x is even
 	}

 	const primesA = 3 * 5 * 7 * 11 * 13 * 17 * 19 * 23 * 37
 	const primesB = 29 * 31 * 41 * 43 * 47 * 53

 	var rA, rB uint32
 	switch _W {
 	case 32:
 		rA = uint32(x.abs.modW(primesA))
 		rB = uint32(x.abs.modW(primesB))
 	case 64:
 		r := x.abs.modW((primesA * primesB) & _M)
 		rA = uint32(r % primesA)
 		rB = uint32(r % primesB)
 	default:
 		panic("math/big: invalid word size")
 	}

 	if rA%3 == 0 || rA%5 == 0 || rA%7 == 0 || rA%11 == 0 || rA%13 == 0 || rA%17 == 0 || rA%19 == 0 || rA%23 == 0 || rA%37 == 0 ||
 		rB%29 == 0 || rB%31 == 0 || rB%41 == 0 || rB%43 == 0 || rB%47 == 0 || rB%53 == 0 {
 		return false
 	}

 	return x.abs.probablyPrimeMillerRabin(n+1, true) && x.abs.probablyPrimeLucas()
 }

 // probablyPrimeMillerRabin reports whether n passes reps rounds of the
 // Miller-Rabin primality test, using pseudo-randomly chosen bases.
 // If force2 is true, one of the rounds is forced to use base 2.
 // See Handbook of Applied Cryptography, p. 139, Algorithm 4.24.
 // The number n is known to be non-zero.
 func (n nat) probablyPrimeMillerRabin(reps int, force2 bool) bool {
 	nm1 := nat(nil).sub(n, natOne)
 	// determine q, k such that nm1 = q << k
 	k := nm1.trailingZeroBits()
 	q := nat(nil).shr(nm1, k)

 	nm3 := nat(nil).sub(nm1, natTwo)
 	rand := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(n[0])))

 	var x, y, quotient nat
 	nm3Len := nm3.bitLen()

 NextRandom:
 	for i := 0; i < reps; i++ {
 		if i == reps-1 && force2 {
 			x = x.set(natTwo)
 		} else {
 			x = x.random(rand, nm3, nm3Len)
 			x = x.add(x, natTwo)
 		}
 		y = y.expNN(x, q, n, false)
 		if y.cmp(natOne) == 0 || y.cmp(nm1) == 0 {
 			continue
 		}
 		for j := uint(1); j < k; j++ {
 			y = y.sqr(y)
 			quotient, y = quotient.div(y, y, n)
 			if y.cmp(nm1) == 0 {
 				continue NextRandom
 			}
 			if y.cmp(natOne) == 0 {
 				return false
 			}
 		}
 		return false
 	}

 	return true
 }

 // probablyPrimeLucas reports whether n passes the "almost extra strong" Lucas probable prime test,
 // using Baillie-OEIS parameter selection. This corresponds to "AESLPSP" on Jacobsen's tables (link below).
 // The combination of this test and a Miller-Rabin/Fermat test with base 2 gives a Baillie-PSW test.
 //
 // References:
 //
 // Baillie and Wagstaff, "Lucas Pseudoprimes", Mathematics of Computation 35(152),
 // October 1980, pp. 1391-1417, especially page 1401.
 // https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1980-35-152/S0025-5718-1980-0583518-6/S0025-5718-1980-0583518-6.pdf
 //
 // Grantham, "Frobenius Pseudoprimes", Mathematics of Computation 70(234),
 // March 2000, pp. 873-891.
 // https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/2001-70-234/S0025-5718-00-01197-2/S0025-5718-00-01197-2.pdf
 //
 // Baillie, "Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes", OEIS A217719, https://oeis.org/A217719.
 //
 // Jacobsen, "Pseudoprime Statistics, Tables, and Data", http://ntheory.org/pseudoprimes.html.
 //
 // Nicely, "The Baillie-PSW Primality Test", https://web.archive.org/web/20191121062007/http://www.trnicely.net/misc/bpsw.html.
 // (Note that Nicely's definition of the "extra strong" test gives the wrong Jacobi condition,
 // as pointed out by Jacobsen.)
 //
 // Crandall and Pomerance, Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective, 2nd ed.
 // Springer, 2005.
 func (n nat) probablyPrimeLucas() bool {
 	// Discard 0, 1.
 	if len(n) == 0 || n.cmp(natOne) == 0 {
 		return false
 	}
 	// Two is the only even prime.
 	// Already checked by caller, but here to allow testing in isolation.
 	if n[0]&1 == 0 {
 		return n.cmp(natTwo) == 0
 	}

 	// Baillie-OEIS "method C" for choosing D, P, Q,
 	// as in https://oeis.org/A217719/a217719.txt:
 	// try increasing P ≥ 3 such that D = P² - 4 (so Q = 1)
 	// until Jacobi(D, n) = -1.
 	// The search is expected to succeed for non-square n after just a few trials.
 	// After more than expected failures, check whether n is square
 	// (which would cause Jacobi(D, n) = 1 for all D not dividing n).
 	p := Word(3)
 	d := nat{1}
 	t1 := nat(nil) // temp
 	intD := &Int{abs: d}
 	intN := &Int{abs: n}
 	for ; ; p++ {
 		if p > 10000 {
 			// This is widely believed to be impossible.
 			// If we get a report, we'll want the exact number n.
 			panic("math/big: internal error: cannot find (D/n) = -1 for " + intN.String())
 		}
 		d[0] = p*p - 4
 		j := Jacobi(intD, intN)
 		if j == -1 {
 			break
 		}
 		if j == 0 {
 			// d = p²-4 = (p-2)(p+2).
 			// If (d/n) == 0 then d shares a prime factor with n.
 			// Since the loop proceeds in increasing p and starts with p-2==1,
 			// the shared prime factor must be p+2.
 			// If p+2 == n, then n is prime; otherwise p+2 is a proper factor of n.
 			return len(n) == 1 && n[0] == p+2
 		}
 		if p == 40 {
 			// We'll never find (d/n) = -1 if n is a square.
 			// If n is a non-square we expect to find a d in just a few attempts on average.
 			// After 40 attempts, take a moment to check if n is indeed a square.
 			t1 = t1.sqrt(n)
 			t1 = t1.sqr(t1)
 			if t1.cmp(n) == 0 {
 				return false
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	// Grantham definition of "extra strong Lucas pseudoprime", after Thm 2.3 on p. 876
 	// (D, P, Q above have become Δ, b, 1):
 	//
 	// Let U_n = U_n(b, 1), V_n = V_n(b, 1), and Δ = b²-4.
 	// An extra strong Lucas pseudoprime to base b is a composite n = 2^r s + Jacobi(Δ, n),
 	// where s is odd and gcd(n, 2*Δ) = 1, such that either (i) U_s ≡ 0 mod n and V_s ≡ ±2 mod n,
 	// or (ii) V_{2^t s} ≡ 0 mod n for some 0 ≤ t < r-1.
 	//
 	// We know gcd(n, Δ) = 1 or else we'd have found Jacobi(d, n) == 0 above.
 	// We know gcd(n, 2) = 1 because n is odd.
 	//
 	// Arrange s = (n - Jacobi(Δ, n)) / 2^r = (n+1) / 2^r.
 	s := nat(nil).add(n, natOne)
 	r := int(s.trailingZeroBits())
 	s = s.shr(s, uint(r))
 	nm2 := nat(nil).sub(n, natTwo) // n-2

 	// We apply the "almost extra strong" test, which checks the above conditions
 	// except for U_s ≡ 0 mod n, which allows us to avoid computing any U_k values.
 	// Jacobsen points out that maybe we should just do the full extra strong test:
 	// "It is also possible to recover U_n using Crandall and Pomerance equation 3.13:
 	// U_n = D^-1 (2V_{n+1} - PV_n) allowing us to run the full extra-strong test
 	// at the cost of a single modular inversion. This computation is easy and fast in GMP,
 	// so we can get the full extra-strong test at essentially the same performance as the
 	// almost extra strong test."

 	// Compute Lucas sequence V_s(b, 1), where:
 	//
 	//	V(0) = 2
 	//	V(1) = P
 	//	V(k) = P V(k-1) - Q V(k-2).
 	//
 	// (Remember that due to method C above, P = b, Q = 1.)
 	//
 	// In general V(k) = α^k + β^k, where α and β are roots of x² - Px + Q.
 	// Crandall and Pomerance (p.147) observe that for 0 ≤ j ≤ k,
 	//
 	//	V(j+k) = V(j)V(k) - V(k-j).
 	//
 	// So in particular, to quickly double the subscript:
 	//
 	//	V(2k) = V(k)² - 2
 	//	V(2k+1) = V(k) V(k+1) - P
 	//
 	// We can therefore start with k=0 and build up to k=s in log₂(s) steps.
 	natP := nat(nil).setWord(p)
 	vk := nat(nil).setWord(2)
 	vk1 := nat(nil).setWord(p)
 	t2 := nat(nil) // temp
 	for i := int(s.bitLen()); i >= 0; i-- {
 		if s.bit(uint(i)) != 0 {
 			// k' = 2k+1
 			// V(k') = V(2k+1) = V(k) V(k+1) - P.
 			t1 = t1.mul(vk, vk1)
 			t1 = t1.add(t1, n)
 			t1 = t1.sub(t1, natP)
 			t2, vk = t2.div(vk, t1, n)
 			// V(k'+1) = V(2k+2) = V(k+1)² - 2.
 			t1 = t1.sqr(vk1)
 			t1 = t1.add(t1, nm2)
 			t2, vk1 = t2.div(vk1, t1, n)
 		} else {
 			// k' = 2k
 			// V(k'+1) = V(2k+1) = V(k) V(k+1) - P.
 			t1 = t1.mul(vk, vk1)
 			t1 = t1.add(t1, n)
 			t1 = t1.sub(t1, natP)
 			t2, vk1 = t2.div(vk1, t1, n)
 			// V(k') = V(2k) = V(k)² - 2
 			t1 = t1.sqr(vk)
 			t1 = t1.add(t1, nm2)
 			t2, vk = t2.div(vk, t1, n)
 		}
 	}

 	// Now k=s, so vk = V(s). Check V(s) ≡ ±2 (mod n).
 	if vk.cmp(natTwo) == 0 || vk.cmp(nm2) == 0 {
 		// Check U(s) ≡ 0.
 		// As suggested by Jacobsen, apply Crandall and Pomerance equation 3.13:
 		//
 		//	U(k) = D⁻¹ (2 V(k+1) - P V(k))
 		//
 		// Since we are checking for U(k) == 0 it suffices to check 2 V(k+1) == P V(k) mod n,
 		// or P V(k) - 2 V(k+1) == 0 mod n.
 		t1 := t1.mul(vk, natP)
 		t2 := t2.shl(vk1, 1)
 		if t1.cmp(t2) < 0 {
 			t1, t2 = t2, t1
 		}
 		t1 = t1.sub(t1, t2)
 		t3 := vk1 // steal vk1, no longer needed below
 		vk1 = nil
 		_ = vk1
 		t2, t3 = t2.div(t3, t1, n)
 		if len(t3) == 0 {
 			return true
 		}
 	}

 	// Check V(2^t s) ≡ 0 mod n for some 0 ≤ t < r-1.
 	for t := 0; t < r-1; t++ {
 		if len(vk) == 0 { // vk == 0
 			return true
 		}
 		// Optimization: V(k) = 2 is a fixed point for V(k') = V(k)² - 2,
 		// so if V(k) = 2, we can stop: we will never find a future V(k) == 0.
 		if len(vk) == 1 && vk[0] == 2 { // vk == 2
 			return false
 		}
 		// k' = 2k
 		// V(k') = V(2k) = V(k)² - 2
 		t1 = t1.sqr(vk)
 		t1 = t1.sub(t1, natTwo)
 		t2, vk = t2.div(vk, t1, n)
 	}
 	return false
 }
	// Copyright 2016 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
	// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
	// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

	package big

	import "math/rand"

	// ProbablyPrime reports whether x is probably prime,
	// applying the Miller-Rabin test with n pseudorandomly chosen bases
	// as well as a Baillie-PSW test.
	//
	// If x is prime, ProbablyPrime returns true.
	// If x is chosen randomly and not prime, ProbablyPrime probably returns false.
	// The probability of returning true for a randomly chosen non-prime is at most ¼ⁿ.
	//
	// ProbablyPrime is 100% accurate for inputs less than 2⁶⁴.
	// See Menezes et al., Handbook of Applied Cryptography, 1997, pp. 145-149,
	// and FIPS 186-4 Appendix F for further discussion of the error probabilities.
	//
	// ProbablyPrime is not suitable for judging primes that an adversary may
	// have crafted to fool the test.
	//
	// As of Go 1.8, ProbablyPrime(0) is allowed and applies only a Baillie-PSW test.
	// Before Go 1.8, ProbablyPrime applied only the Miller-Rabin tests, and ProbablyPrime(0) panicked.
	func (x *Int) ProbablyPrime(n int) bool {
	// Note regarding the doc comment above:
	// It would be more precise to say that the Baillie-PSW test uses the
	// extra strong Lucas test as its Lucas test, but since no one knows
	// how to tell any of the Lucas tests apart inside a Baillie-PSW test
	// (they all work equally well empirically), that detail need not be
	// documented or implicitly guaranteed.
	// The comment does avoid saying "the" Baillie-PSW test
	// because of this general ambiguity.

	if n < 0 {
	panic("negative n for ProbablyPrime")
	}
	if x.neg \|\| len(x.abs) == 0 {
	return false
	}

	// primeBitMask records the primes < 64.
	const primeBitMask uint64 = 1<<2 \| 1<<3 \| 1<<5 \| 1<<7 \|
	1<<11 \| 1<<13 \| 1<<17 \| 1<<19 \| 1<<23 \| 1<<29 \| 1<<31 \|
	1<<37 \| 1<<41 \| 1<<43 \| 1<<47 \| 1<<53 \| 1<<59 \| 1<<61

	w := x.abs[0]
	if len(x.abs) == 1 && w < 64 {
	return primeBitMask&(1<<w) != 0
	}

	if w&1 == 0 {
	return false // x is even
	}

	const primesA = 3 * 5 * 7 * 11 * 13 * 17 * 19 * 23 * 37
	const primesB = 29 * 31 * 41 * 43 * 47 * 53

	var rA, rB uint32
	switch _W {
	case 32:
	rA = uint32(x.abs.modW(primesA))
	rB = uint32(x.abs.modW(primesB))
	case 64:
	r := x.abs.modW((primesA * primesB) & _M)
	rA = uint32(r % primesA)
	rB = uint32(r % primesB)
	default:
	panic("math/big: invalid word size")
	}

	if rA%3 == 0 \|\| rA%5 == 0 \|\| rA%7 == 0 \|\| rA%11 == 0 \|\| rA%13 == 0 \|\| rA%17 == 0 \|\| rA%19 == 0 \|\| rA%23 == 0 \|\| rA%37 == 0 \|\|
	rB%29 == 0 \|\| rB%31 == 0 \|\| rB%41 == 0 \|\| rB%43 == 0 \|\| rB%47 == 0 \|\| rB%53 == 0 {
	return false
	}

	return x.abs.probablyPrimeMillerRabin(n+1, true) && x.abs.probablyPrimeLucas()
	}

	// probablyPrimeMillerRabin reports whether n passes reps rounds of the
	// Miller-Rabin primality test, using pseudo-randomly chosen bases.
	// If force2 is true, one of the rounds is forced to use base 2.
	// See Handbook of Applied Cryptography, p. 139, Algorithm 4.24.
	// The number n is known to be non-zero.
	func (n nat) probablyPrimeMillerRabin(reps int, force2 bool) bool {
	nm1 := nat(nil).sub(n, natOne)
	// determine q, k such that nm1 = q << k
	k := nm1.trailingZeroBits()
	q := nat(nil).shr(nm1, k)

	nm3 := nat(nil).sub(nm1, natTwo)
	rand := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(n[0])))

	var x, y, quotient nat
	nm3Len := nm3.bitLen()

	NextRandom:
	for i := 0; i < reps; i++ {
	if i == reps-1 && force2 {
	x = x.set(natTwo)
	} else {
	x = x.random(rand, nm3, nm3Len)
	x = x.add(x, natTwo)
	}
	y = y.expNN(x, q, n, false)
	if y.cmp(natOne) == 0 \|\| y.cmp(nm1) == 0 {
	continue
	}
	for j := uint(1); j < k; j++ {
	y = y.sqr(y)
	quotient, y = quotient.div(y, y, n)
	if y.cmp(nm1) == 0 {
	continue NextRandom
	}
	if y.cmp(natOne) == 0 {
	return false
	}
	}
	return false
	}

	return true
	}

	// probablyPrimeLucas reports whether n passes the "almost extra strong" Lucas probable prime test,
	// using Baillie-OEIS parameter selection. This corresponds to "AESLPSP" on Jacobsen's tables (link below).
	// The combination of this test and a Miller-Rabin/Fermat test with base 2 gives a Baillie-PSW test.
	//
	// References:
	//
	// Baillie and Wagstaff, "Lucas Pseudoprimes", Mathematics of Computation 35(152),
	// October 1980, pp. 1391-1417, especially page 1401.
	// https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1980-35-152/S0025-5718-1980-0583518-6/S0025-5718-1980-0583518-6.pdf
	//
	// Grantham, "Frobenius Pseudoprimes", Mathematics of Computation 70(234),
	// March 2000, pp. 873-891.
	// https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/2001-70-234/S0025-5718-00-01197-2/S0025-5718-00-01197-2.pdf
	//
	// Baillie, "Extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes", OEIS A217719, https://oeis.org/A217719.
	//
	// Jacobsen, "Pseudoprime Statistics, Tables, and Data", http://ntheory.org/pseudoprimes.html.
	//
	// Nicely, "The Baillie-PSW Primality Test", https://web.archive.org/web/20191121062007/http://www.trnicely.net/misc/bpsw.html.
	// (Note that Nicely's definition of the "extra strong" test gives the wrong Jacobi condition,
	// as pointed out by Jacobsen.)
	//
	// Crandall and Pomerance, Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective, 2nd ed.
	// Springer, 2005.
	func (n nat) probablyPrimeLucas() bool {
	// Discard 0, 1.
	if len(n) == 0 \|\| n.cmp(natOne) == 0 {
	return false
	}
	// Two is the only even prime.
	// Already checked by caller, but here to allow testing in isolation.
	if n[0]&1 == 0 {
	return n.cmp(natTwo) == 0
	}

	// Baillie-OEIS "method C" for choosing D, P, Q,
	// as in https://oeis.org/A217719/a217719.txt:
	// try increasing P ≥ 3 such that D = P² - 4 (so Q = 1)
	// until Jacobi(D, n) = -1.
	// The search is expected to succeed for non-square n after just a few trials.
	// After more than expected failures, check whether n is square
	// (which would cause Jacobi(D, n) = 1 for all D not dividing n).
	p := Word(3)
	d := nat{1}
	t1 := nat(nil) // temp
	intD := &Int{abs: d}
	intN := &Int{abs: n}
	for ; ; p++ {
	if p > 10000 {
	// This is widely believed to be impossible.
	// If we get a report, we'll want the exact number n.
	panic("math/big: internal error: cannot find (D/n) = -1 for " + intN.String())
	}
	d[0] = p*p - 4
	j := Jacobi(intD, intN)
	if j == -1 {
	break
	}
	if j == 0 {
	// d = p²-4 = (p-2)(p+2).
	// If (d/n) == 0 then d shares a prime factor with n.
	// Since the loop proceeds in increasing p and starts with p-2==1,
	// the shared prime factor must be p+2.
	// If p+2 == n, then n is prime; otherwise p+2 is a proper factor of n.
	return len(n) == 1 && n[0] == p+2
	}
	if p == 40 {
	// We'll never find (d/n) = -1 if n is a square.
	// If n is a non-square we expect to find a d in just a few attempts on average.
	// After 40 attempts, take a moment to check if n is indeed a square.
	t1 = t1.sqrt(n)
	t1 = t1.sqr(t1)
	if t1.cmp(n) == 0 {
	return false
	}
	}
	}

	// Grantham definition of "extra strong Lucas pseudoprime", after Thm 2.3 on p. 876
	// (D, P, Q above have become Δ, b, 1):
	//
	// Let U_n = U_n(b, 1), V_n = V_n(b, 1), and Δ = b²-4.
	// An extra strong Lucas pseudoprime to base b is a composite n = 2^r s + Jacobi(Δ, n),
	// where s is odd and gcd(n, 2*Δ) = 1, such that either (i) U_s ≡ 0 mod n and V_s ≡ ±2 mod n,
	// or (ii) V_{2^t s} ≡ 0 mod n for some 0 ≤ t < r-1.
	//
	// We know gcd(n, Δ) = 1 or else we'd have found Jacobi(d, n) == 0 above.
	// We know gcd(n, 2) = 1 because n is odd.
	//
	// Arrange s = (n - Jacobi(Δ, n)) / 2^r = (n+1) / 2^r.
	s := nat(nil).add(n, natOne)
	r := int(s.trailingZeroBits())
	s = s.shr(s, uint(r))
	nm2 := nat(nil).sub(n, natTwo) // n-2

	// We apply the "almost extra strong" test, which checks the above conditions
	// except for U_s ≡ 0 mod n, which allows us to avoid computing any U_k values.
	// Jacobsen points out that maybe we should just do the full extra strong test:
	// "It is also possible to recover U_n using Crandall and Pomerance equation 3.13:
	// U_n = D^-1 (2V_{n+1} - PV_n) allowing us to run the full extra-strong test
	// at the cost of a single modular inversion. This computation is easy and fast in GMP,
	// so we can get the full extra-strong test at essentially the same performance as the
	// almost extra strong test."

	// Compute Lucas sequence V_s(b, 1), where:
	//
	// V(0) = 2
	// V(1) = P
	// V(k) = P V(k-1) - Q V(k-2).
	//
	// (Remember that due to method C above, P = b, Q = 1.)
	//
	// In general V(k) = α^k + β^k, where α and β are roots of x² - Px + Q.
	// Crandall and Pomerance (p.147) observe that for 0 ≤ j ≤ k,
	//
	// V(j+k) = V(j)V(k) - V(k-j).
	//
	// So in particular, to quickly double the subscript:
	//
	// V(2k) = V(k)² - 2
	// V(2k+1) = V(k) V(k+1) - P
	//
	// We can therefore start with k=0 and build up to k=s in log₂(s) steps.
	natP := nat(nil).setWord(p)
	vk := nat(nil).setWord(2)
	vk1 := nat(nil).setWord(p)
	t2 := nat(nil) // temp
	for i := int(s.bitLen()); i >= 0; i-- {
	if s.bit(uint(i)) != 0 {
	// k' = 2k+1
	// V(k') = V(2k+1) = V(k) V(k+1) - P.
	t1 = t1.mul(vk, vk1)
	t1 = t1.add(t1, n)
	t1 = t1.sub(t1, natP)
	t2, vk = t2.div(vk, t1, n)
	// V(k'+1) = V(2k+2) = V(k+1)² - 2.
	t1 = t1.sqr(vk1)
	t1 = t1.add(t1, nm2)
	t2, vk1 = t2.div(vk1, t1, n)
	} else {
	// k' = 2k
	// V(k'+1) = V(2k+1) = V(k) V(k+1) - P.
	t1 = t1.mul(vk, vk1)
	t1 = t1.add(t1, n)
	t1 = t1.sub(t1, natP)
	t2, vk1 = t2.div(vk1, t1, n)
	// V(k') = V(2k) = V(k)² - 2
	t1 = t1.sqr(vk)
	t1 = t1.add(t1, nm2)
	t2, vk = t2.div(vk, t1, n)
	}
	}

	// Now k=s, so vk = V(s). Check V(s) ≡ ±2 (mod n).
	if vk.cmp(natTwo) == 0 \|\| vk.cmp(nm2) == 0 {
	// Check U(s) ≡ 0.
	// As suggested by Jacobsen, apply Crandall and Pomerance equation 3.13:
	//
	// U(k) = D⁻¹ (2 V(k+1) - P V(k))
	//
	// Since we are checking for U(k) == 0 it suffices to check 2 V(k+1) == P V(k) mod n,
	// or P V(k) - 2 V(k+1) == 0 mod n.
	t1 := t1.mul(vk, natP)
	t2 := t2.shl(vk1, 1)
	if t1.cmp(t2) < 0 {
	t1, t2 = t2, t1
	}
	t1 = t1.sub(t1, t2)
	t3 := vk1 // steal vk1, no longer needed below
	vk1 = nil
	_ = vk1
	t2, t3 = t2.div(t3, t1, n)
	if len(t3) == 0 {
	return true
	}
	}

	// Check V(2^t s) ≡ 0 mod n for some 0 ≤ t < r-1.
	for t := 0; t < r-1; t++ {
	if len(vk) == 0 { // vk == 0
	return true
	}
	// Optimization: V(k) = 2 is a fixed point for V(k') = V(k)² - 2,
	// so if V(k) = 2, we can stop: we will never find a future V(k) == 0.
	if len(vk) == 1 && vk[0] == 2 { // vk == 2
	return false
	}
	// k' = 2k
	// V(k') = V(2k) = V(k)² - 2
	t1 = t1.sqr(vk)
	t1 = t1.sub(t1, natTwo)
	t2, vk = t2.div(vk, t1, n)
	}
	return false
	}