ssh: report verified signature format to callback

VerifiedPublicKeyCallback currently receives the public-key algorithm
declared in the outer authentication request. For RSA authentication,
that value can differ from the format of the signature that was
successfully verified because compatible RSA algorithm combinations are
accepted.

This can cause post-verification policy or audit decisions to use the
request algorithm instead of the signature format actually verified.

Pass sig.Format to VerifiedPublicKeyCallback so signatureAlgorithm
identifies the successfully verified signature format. Clarify the
callback documentation and add a regression test covering compatible
but different RSA request algorithms and signature formats.

Fixes golang/go#80411

Change-Id: Ib405378d75367a90536e0814c9d26d4dec9aaa25
GitHub-Last-Rev: 1a4acd4e639361be1f2948a4aef1013436a75ecf
GitHub-Pull-Request: golang/crypto#364
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/crypto/+/800740
Reviewed-by: Michael Pratt <mpratt@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Nicola Murino <nicola.murino@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
Auto-Submit: Michael Pratt <mpratt@google.com>
LUCI-TryBot-Result: golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com <golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com>