Try:

$ sudo apt-get install golang-go

... but if that's too old for you, try:

$ sudo apt-get install golang-1.8-go

Or use Go's official (non-Deb) downloads:

https://golang.org/dl/

If you're using Ubuntu 16.04 LTS and are unable to install golang-1.8-go, then you can also use the longsleep/golang-backports PPA:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:longsleep/golang-backports
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install golang-go