WebAssembly
===========
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# Introduction

Go 1.11 added an experimental port to WebAssembly.  Go 1.12 has
improved some parts of it, with further improvements expected in Go
1.13.

WebAssembly is described on its https://webassembly.org[home page] as:

> WebAssembly (abbreviated _Wasm_) is a binary instruction format for
> a stack-based virtual machine. Wasm is designed as a portable
> target for compilation of high-level languages like C/C++/Rust,
> enabling deployment on the web for client and server applications.

**********************************************************************
If you're new to WebAssembly read the https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/WebAssembly#getting-started[Getting Started] section, watch some of the https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/WebAssembly#go-webassembly-talks[Go WebAssembly talks],
then take a look at the https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/WebAssembly#further-examples[Further examples] below.
**********************************************************************


# Getting Started

This page assumes a functional Go 1.11 or newer installation. For
troubleshooting, see the https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/InstallTroubleshooting[Install Troubleshooting]
page.

> If you are on Windows, we suggest to follow this tutorial using a BASH emulation system such as Git Bash. 

To compile a basic Go package for the web:

```go
package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	fmt.Println("Hello, WebAssembly!")
}
```

Set `GOOS=js` and `GOARCH=wasm` environment variables to compile
for WebAssembly:

```sh
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go build -o main.wasm
```

That will build the package and produce an executable WebAssembly
module file named main.wasm. The .wasm file extension will make it
easier to serve it over HTTP with the correct Content-Type header
later on.

Note that you can only compile main packages. Otherwise, you will get an object file that cannot be run in WebAssembly. If you have a package that you want to be able to use with WebAssembly, convert it to a main package and build a binary.

To execute main.wasm in a browser, we'll also need a JavaScript
support file, and a HTML page to connect everything together.

Copy the JavaScript support file:

```sh
cp "$(go env GOROOT)/misc/wasm/wasm_exec.js" .
```

Create an `index.html` file:

```HTML
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8"/>
		<script src="wasm_exec.js"></script>
		<script>
			const go = new Go();
			WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch("main.wasm"), go.importObject).then((result) => {
				go.run(result.instance);
			});
		</script>
	</head>
	<body></body>
</html>
```

If your browser doesn't yet support `WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming`,
you can use a https://github.com/golang/go/blob/b2fcfc1a50fbd46556f7075f7f1fbf600b5c9e5d/misc/wasm/wasm_exec.html#L17-L22[polyfill].

Then serve the three files (`index.html`, `wasm_exec.js`, and
`main.wasm`) from a web server. For example, with
https://github.com/shurcooL/goexec#goexec[`goexec`]:

```sh
# install goexec: go install github.com/shurcooL/goexec
goexec 'http.ListenAndServe(`:8080`, http.FileServer(http.Dir(`.`)))'
```

Or use your own https://play.golang.org/p/pZ1f5pICVbV[basic HTTP server command].

Note: for the `goexec` command to work on Unix-like systems, you must https://go.dev/doc/install#tarball[add the path environment variable] for Go to your shell's `profile`. Go's getting started guide explains this:

> Add /usr/local/go/bin to the PATH environment variable. You can do this by adding this line to your /etc/profile (for a system-wide installation) or $HOME/.profile:

> `export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin`

> Note: changes made to a profile file may not apply until the next time you log into your computer

Finally, navigate to http://localhost:8080/index.html, open the
JavaScript debug console, and you should see the output. You can
modify the program, rebuild `main.wasm`, and refresh to see new
output.

# Executing WebAssembly with Node.js

It's possible to execute compiled WebAssembly modules using Node.js
rather than a browser, which can be useful for testing and automation.

First, make sure Node is installed and in your `PATH`.

Then, add `$(go env GOROOT)/misc/wasm` to your `PATH`.
This will allow `go run` and `go test` find `go_js_wasm_exec` in a `PATH` search
and use it to just work for `js/wasm`:

```console
$ export PATH="$PATH:$(go env GOROOT)/misc/wasm"
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go run .
Hello, WebAssembly!
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go test
PASS
ok  	example.org/my/pkg	0.800s
```

If you're running working on Go itself, this will also allow you to run `run.bash`
seamlessly.

`go_js_wasm_exec` is a wrapper that allows running Go Wasm binaries in Node. By default,
it may be found in the `misc/wasm` directory of your Go installation.

If you'd rather not add anything to your `PATH`, you may also set the `-exec` flag to
the location of `go_js_wasm_exec` when you execute `go run` or `go test` manually.

```console
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go run -exec="$(go env GOROOT)/misc/wasm/go_js_wasm_exec" .
Hello, WebAssembly!
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go test -exec="$(go env GOROOT)/misc/wasm/go_js_wasm_exec"
PASS
ok  	example.org/my/pkg	0.800s
```

Finally, the wrapper may also be used to directly execute a Go Wasm binary:

```console
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go build -o mybin .
$ $(go env GOROOT)/misc/wasm/go_js_wasm_exec ./mybin
Hello, WebAssembly!
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go test -c
$ $(go env GOROOT)/misc/wasm/go_js_wasm_exec ./pkg.test
PASS
ok  	example.org/my/pkg	0.800s
```

## Running tests in the browser

You can also use https://github.com/agnivade/wasmbrowsertest[wasmbrowsertest] to run tests inside your browser. It automates the job of spinning up a webserver and uses headless Chrome to run the tests inside it and relays the logs to your console.

Same as before, just `go get github.com/agnivade/wasmbrowsertest` to get a binary. Rename that to `go_js_wasm_exec` and place it to your `PATH`

```console
$ mv $GOPATH/bin/wasmbrowsertest $GOPATH/bin/go_js_wasm_exec
$ export PATH="$PATH:$GOPATH/bin"
$ GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go test
PASS
ok  	example.org/my/pkg	0.800s
```

Alternatively, use the `exec` test flag.
```sh
GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go test -exec="$GOPATH/bin/wasmbrowsertest"
```

# Go WebAssembly talks

* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kBvvk2Bzis[Building a Calculator with Go and WebAssembly] (https://tutorialedge.net/golang/go-webassembly-tutorial/[Source code])
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iTrx0BbUXI4[Get Going with WebAssembly]
* https://talks.godoc.org/github.com/chai2010/awesome-go-zh/chai2010/chai2010-golang-wasm.slide[Go&WebAssembly简介 - by chai2010] (Chinese)
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8lptDqPP-0[Go for frontend]

# Interacting with the DOM

See https://pkg.go.dev/syscall/js.

Also:

* https://github.com/maxence-charriere/app[`app`]: A PWA-compatible, React-based framework with custom tooling.

* https://github.com/dennwc/dom[`dom`]: A library for streamlining DOM manipulation
is in development.

* https://pkg.go.dev/honnef.co/go/js/dom/v2[`dom`]: Go bindings for the JavaScript DOM APIs.

* https://github.com/reusee/domui[`domui`]: A pure Go framework for creating complete GUI application.

* https://github.com/gascore/gas[`gas`]: Components based framework for WebAssembly applications.

* https://github.com/bgokden/gowebian[GoWebian]: A library to build pages with pure Go and add WebAssembly bindings.

* https://github.com/hexops/vecty[VECTY]: Build responsive and dynamic web frontends in Go using WebAssembly, competing with modern web frameworks like React & VueJS.

* https://github.com/norunners/vert[`vert`]: WebAssembly interop between Go and JS values.

* https://github.com/norunners/vue[`vue`]: The progressive framework for WebAssembly applications.

* https://github.com/vugu/vugu[Vugu]: A wasm web UI library featuring HTML layout with Go for app logic, single-file components, rapid dev and prototyping workflow.

* https://gowebapi.github.io/[`webapi`]: A binding generator and generated bindings for DOM, HTML, WebGL, and more.

* https://github.com/littleroot/webgen[`webgen`]: Define components in HTML and generate Go types and constructor functions for them using https://github.com/gowebapi/webapi[`webapi`].

## Canvas

* A new https://github.com/markfarnan/go-canvas[canvas drawing library] - seems pretty efficient.
** https://markfarnan.github.io/go-canvas/[Simple demo]

# Configuring fetch options while using net/http

You can use the net/http library to make HTTP requests from Go, and they will be converted to https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API[fetch] calls. However, there isn't a direct mapping between the fetch https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/fetch#Parameters[options] and the http https://pkg.go.dev/net/http/#Client[client] options. To achieve this, we have some special header values that are recognized as fetch options. They are -

- `js.fetch:mode`: An option to the Fetch API mode setting. Valid values are: "cors", "no-cors", "same-origin", navigate". The default is "same-origin".

- `js.fetch:credentials`: An option to the Fetch API credentials setting. Valid values are: "omit", "same-origin", "include". The default is "same-origin".

- `js.fetch:redirect`: An option to the Fetch API redirect setting. Valid values are: "follow", "error", "manual". The default is "follow".

So as an example, if we want to set the mode as "cors" while making a request, it will be something like:

```go
req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "http://localhost:8080", nil)
req.Header.Add("js.fetch:mode", "cors")
if err != nil {
  fmt.Println(err)
  return
}
resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
if err != nil {
  fmt.Println(err)
  return
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
// handle the response
```

Please feel free to subscribe to https://github.com/golang/go/issues/26769[#26769] for more context and possibly newer information.

# Editor configuration

* https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Configuring-GoLand-for-WebAssembly[Configuring GoLand and Intellij Ultimate for WebAssembly] - Shows the exact steps needed for getting Wasm working in GoLand and Intellij Ultimate


# WebAssembly in Chrome

If you run a newer version of Chrome there is a flag (`chrome://flags/#enable-webassembly-baseline`) to enable Liftoff, their new compiler, which should significantly improve load times.  Further info https://chinagdg.org/2018/08/liftoff-a-new-baseline-compiler-for-webassembly-in-v8/[here].


# Debugging

WebAssembly doesn't *yet* have any support for debuggers, so you'll
need to use the good 'ol `println()` approach for now to display
output on the JavaScript console.

An official https://github.com/WebAssembly/debugging[WebAssembly Debugging Subgroup]
has been created to address this, with some initial investigation and
proposals under way:

* https://fitzgen.github.io/wasm-debugging-capabilities/[WebAssembly Debugging Capabilities Living Standard]
  (https://github.com/fitzgen/wasm-debugging-capabilities[source code for the doc])
* https://yurydelendik.github.io/webassembly-dwarf/[DWARF for WebAssembly Target]
  (https://github.com/yurydelendik/webassembly-dwarf/[source code for the doc])

Please get involved and help drive this if you're interested in the Debugger side of things. :smile:

## Analysing the structure of a WebAssembly file

https://wasdk.github.io/wasmcodeexplorer/[WebAssembly Code Explorer] is useful for visualising the structure of a WebAssembly file.

* Clicking on a hex value to the left will highlight the section it is part of, and the corresponding text representation on the right
* Clicking a line on the right will highlight the hex byte representations for it on the left

# Known bug(s)

Go releases prior to 1.11.2 https://github.com/golang/go/issues/27961[have a bug] which can generate incorrect wasm code in some (rare) circumstances.

If your Go code compiles to wasm without problem, but produces an error like this when run in the browser:

```
CompileError: wasm validation error: at offset 1269295: type mismatch: expression has type i64 but expected f64
```

Then you're probably hitting this error.

The solution is to upgrade to Go 1.11.2 or later.


# Further examples

## General
* https://github.com/agnivade/shimmer[Shimmer] - Image transformation in wasm using Go. Live https://agniva.me/shimmer[DEMO].
* https://wasm-webcam.herokuapp.com[Video filtering] - Filters for video from webcam (https://github.com/aarushik93/webcam-go[source code])
* https://github.com/XD-DENG/handytools-go-webassembly[HandyTools] - Provide tools like
base64 encoding/decoding, convert Unix time, etc (live https://handytools.xd-deng.com/[DEMO])

## Canvas (2D)
* https://github.com/stdiopt/gowasm-experiments[GoWasm Experiments] - Demonstrates
  working code for several common call types
** https://stdiopt.github.io/gowasm-experiments/bouncy[bouncy]
** https://stdiopt.github.io/gowasm-experiments/rainbow-mouse[rainbow-mouse]
** https://stdiopt.github.io/gowasm-experiments/repulsion[repulsion]
** https://stdiopt.github.io/gowasm-experiments/bumpy[bumpy] - Uses the 2d canvas, and a 2d physics engine.  Click around on the screen to create objects then watch as gravity takes hold!
** https://stdiopt.github.io/gowasm-experiments/arty/client[arty]
** https://stdiopt.github.io/gowasm-experiments/hexy[hexy] (**new**)
* https://github.com/djhworld/gomeboycolor-wasm[Gomeboycolor-wasm]
** WASM port of an experimental Gameboy Color emulator.  The https://djhworld.github.io/post/2018/09/21/i-ported-my-gameboy-color-emulator-to-webassembly/[matching blog post]
  contains some interesting technical insights.
* https://justinclift.github.io/tinygo_canvas2/[TinyGo canvas]
** This is compiled with https://tinygo.org[TinyGo] instead of standard go, resulting in a **19.37kB (compressed)** wasm file.
* https://car-and-mouse.web.app/[Car and Mouse]
** A game where you gain points by leading a small canvas drawn car with your cursor

## Database
* https://github.com/pingcap/tidb/pull/13069[TiDB-Wasm] - Running TiDB, a golang database in the browser on Wasm.
** https://tour.tidb.io/[DEMO on running TiDB SQL statements].

## WebGL canvas (3D)
* https://bobcob7.github.io/wasm-basic-triangle/[Basic triangle] (https://github.com/bobcob7/wasm-basic-triangle[source code]) - Creates a basic triangle in WebGL
** https://justinclift.github.io/tinygo-wasm-basic-triangle/[Same thing, ported to TinyGo] (https://github.com/justinclift/tinygo-wasm-basic-triangle[source code]) - ~14kB compressed (3% of the size of mainline Go version)
* https://bobcob7.github.io/wasm-rotating-cube/[Rotating cube] (https://github.com/bobcob7/wasm-rotating-cube[source code]) - Creates a rotating cube in WebGL
** https://justinclift.github.io/tinygo-wasm-rotating-cube/[Same thing, ported to TinyGo] (https://github.com/justinclift/tinygo-wasm-rotating-cube[source code]) - ~23kB compressed (4% of the size of mainline Go version)
* https://stdiopt.github.io/gowasm-experiments/splashy[Splashy] (https://github.com/stdiopt/gowasm-experiments/tree/master/splashy[source code]) - Click around on the screen to generate paint...

# Reducing the size of Wasm files

At present, Go generates large Wasm files, with the smallest possible size being around ~2MB.  If your Go code imports libraries, this file size can increase dramatically.  10MB+ is common.

There are two main ways (for now) to reduce this file size:

1. Manually compress the .wasm file.
   a. Using `gz` compression reduces the ~2MB (minimum file size) example WASM file down to around 500kB.  It may be better to use https://github.com/google/zopfli[Zopfli] to do the gzip compression, as it gives better results than `gzip --best`, however it does take much longer to run.
   b. Using https://github.com/google/brotli[Brotli] for compression, the file sizes are markedly better than both Zopfli and `gzip --best`, and compression time is somewhere in between the two, too.  This https://github.com/andybalholm/brotli[(new) Brotli compressor] looks reasonable.

Examples from https://github.com/johanbrandhorst[@johanbrandhorst]

**Example 1**
[width="25%",cols="^m,e,e",frame="topbot",options="header"]]
|=======
| Size | Command | Compression time
|16M | (uncompressed size) | N/A
|2.4M | `brotli -o test.wasm.br test.wasm` | 53.6s
|3.3M | `go-zopfli test.wasm` | 3m 2.6s
|3.4M | `gzip --best test.wasm` | 2.5s
|3.4M | `gzip test.wasm` | 0.8s
|=======

**Example 2**
[width="25%",cols="^m,e,e",frame="topbot",options="header"]]
|=======
| Size | Command | Compression time
|2.3M | (uncompressed size) | N/A
|496K | `brotli -o main.wasm.br main.wasm` | 5.7s
|640K | `go-zopfli main.wasm` | 16.2s
|660K | `gzip --best main.wasm` | 0.2s
|668K | `gzip main.wasm` | 0.2s
|=======

Use something like https://github.com/lpar/gzipped to automatically serve compressed files with correct headers, when available.

**2.** Use https://github.com/tinygo-org/tinygo[TinyGo] to generate the Wasm file instead.

TinyGo supports a subset of the Go language targeted for embedded devices, and has a WebAssembly output target.

While it does have limitations (not yet a full Go implementation), it is still fairly capable and the generated Wasm files are... tiny.  ~10kB isn't unusual.  The "Hello world" example is 575 bytes.  If you `gz -6` that, it drops down to 408 bytes. :wink:

This project is also very actively developed, so its capabilities are expanding out quickly. See https://tinygo.org/docs/guides/webassembly/ for more information on using WebAssembly with TinyGo.

# Other WebAssembly resources

* https://github.com/mbasso/awesome-wasm[Awesome-Wasm] - An extensive list of further Wasm resources.  Not Go specific.