diff --git a/content/static/doc/docs.html b/content/static/doc/docs.html
index 80a4a3f..99a5bcf 100644
--- a/content/static/doc/docs.html
+++ b/content/static/doc/docs.html
@@ -21,14 +21,22 @@
 
 <div id="manual-nav"></div>
 
-<h2>Installing Go</h2>
+<h2 id="getting-started">Getting started</h2>
 
-<h3><a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a></h3>
+<h3 id="installing"><a href="/doc/install">Installing Go</a></h3>
 <p>
-Instructions for downloading and installing the Go compilers, tools, and
-libraries.
+Instructions for downloading and installing Go.
 </p>
 
+<h3 id="get-started-tutorial"><a href="/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html">Tutorial: Getting started</a></h3>
+<p>
+A brief Hello, World tutorial to get started. Learn a bit about Go code, tools, packages, and modules.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="create-module-tutorial"><a href="/doc/tutorial/create-module.html">Tutorial: Create a module</a></h3>
+<p>
+A tutorial of short topics introducing functions, error handling, arrays, maps, unit testing, and compiling.
+</p>
 
 <h2 id="learning">Learning Go</h2>
 
@@ -86,6 +94,11 @@
 Answers to common questions about Go.
 </p>
 
+<h3 id="tutorials"><a href="/doc/tutorial/">Tutorials</a></h3>
+<p>
+A list of tutorials to get started with Go.
+</p>
+
 <h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
 <p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
 
diff --git a/content/static/doc/download.js b/content/static/doc/download.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f463ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/download.js
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+class DownloadsController {
+  constructor() {
+    // Parts of tabbed section.
+    this.tablist = document.querySelector('.js-tabSection');
+    this.tabs = this.tablist.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]');
+    this.panels = document.querySelectorAll('[role="tabpanel"]');
+
+    // OS for which to display download and install steps.
+    this.osName = 'Unknown OS';
+
+    // URL to JSON containing list of installer downloads.
+    const fileListUrl = 'https://golang.org/dl/?mode=json';
+    this.activeTabIndex = 0;
+
+    // Get the install file list, then get names and sizes
+    // for each OS supported on the install page.
+    fetch(fileListUrl)
+      .then((response) => response.json())
+      .then((data) => {
+        const files = data[0]['files'];
+        for (var i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
+          let file = files[i].filename;
+          let fileSize = files[i].size;
+          if (file.match('.linux-amd64.tar.gz$')) {
+            this.linuxFileName = file;
+            this.linuxFileSize = Math.round(fileSize / Math.pow(1024, 2));
+          }
+          if (file.match('.darwin-amd64(-osx10.8)?.pkg$')) {
+            this.macFileName = file;
+            this.macFileSize = Math.round(fileSize / Math.pow(1024, 2));
+          }
+          if (file.match('.windows-amd64.msi$')) {
+            this.windowsFileName = file;
+            this.windowsFileSize = Math.round(fileSize / Math.pow(1024, 2));
+          }
+        }
+        this.detectOS();
+        document.getElementById(this.osName).click();
+        this.setDownloadForOS(this.osName);
+      })
+      .catch(console.error);
+      this.setEventListeners();
+  }
+
+  setEventListeners() {
+    this.tabs.forEach((tabEl) => {
+      tabEl.addEventListener('click', e => this.handleTabClick((e)));
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Set the download button UI for a specific OS.
+  setDownloadForOS(osName) {
+    const baseURL = 'https://golang.org/dl/';
+    let download;
+
+    switch(osName){
+      case 'linux':
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent =
+          'Download Go for Linux';
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+          this.linuxFileName + ' (' + this.linuxFileSize + ' MB)';
+        document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL + this.linuxFileName;
+        break;
+      case 'mac':
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent =
+          'Download Go for Mac';
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+          this.macFileName + ' (' + this.macFileSize + ' MB)';
+        document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL + this.macFileName;
+        break;
+      case 'windows':
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent =
+          'Download Go for Windows';
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+          this.windowsFileName + ' (' + this.windowsFileSize + ' MB)';
+        document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL + this.windowsFileName;
+        break;
+      default:
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent = 'Download Go';
+        document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+          'Visit the downloads page.';
+        document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL;
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Detect the users OS for installation default.
+  detectOS() {
+    if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Linux') !== -1) {
+      this.osName = 'linux';
+    }
+    if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Mac') !== -1) {
+      this.osName = 'mac';
+    }
+    if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('X11') !== -1) {
+      this.osName = 'unix';
+    }
+    if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Win') !== -1) {
+      this.osName = 'windows';
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Activates the tab at the given index.
+  activateTab(index) {
+    this.tabs[this.activeTabIndex].setAttribute('aria-selected', 'false');
+    this.tabs[this.activeTabIndex].setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    this.panels[this.activeTabIndex].setAttribute('hidden', '');
+    this.tabs[index].setAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
+    this.tabs[index].setAttribute('tabindex', '0');
+    this.panels[index].removeAttribute('hidden');
+    this.tabs[index].focus();
+    this.activeTabIndex = index;
+  }
+
+  // Handles clicks on tabs.
+  handleTabClick(e) {
+    const el = (e.target);
+    this.activateTab(Array.prototype.indexOf.call(this.tabs, el));
+    this.setDownloadForOS(el.id);
+  }
+
+}
+
+// Instantiate controller for page event handling.
+new DownloadsController();
diff --git a/content/static/doc/install-source.html b/content/static/doc/install-source.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f7b6c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/install-source.html
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+<!--{
+	"Title": "Installing Go from source",
+	"Path": "/doc/install/source"
+}-->
+
+<p>This topic describes how to build and run Go from source code. To install with an installer, see <a href="/doc/install.html">Download and install</a>.</p>
+
+<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>
+Go is an open source project, distributed under a
+<a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
+This document explains how to check out the sources,
+build them on your own machine, and run them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most users don't need to do this, and will instead install
+from precompiled binary packages as described in
+<a href="/doc/install">Download and install</a>,
+a much simpler process.
+If you want to help develop what goes into those precompiled
+packages, though, read on.
+</p>
+
+<div class="detail">
+
+<p>
+There are two official Go compiler toolchains.
+This document focuses on the <code>gc</code> Go
+compiler and tools.
+For information on how to work on <code>gccgo</code>, a more traditional
+compiler using the GCC back end, see
+<a href="/doc/install/gccgo">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Go compilers support the following instruction sets:
+
+<dl>
+<dt>
+  <code>amd64</code>, <code>386</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+  The <code>x86</code> instruction set, 64- and 32-bit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+  <code>arm64</code>, <code>arm</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+  The <code>ARM</code> instruction set, 64-bit (<code>AArch64</code>) and 32-bit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+  <code>mips64</code>, <code>mips64le</code>, <code>mips</code>,  <code>mipsle</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+  The <code>MIPS</code> instruction set, big- and little-endian, 64- and 32-bit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+  <code>ppc64</code>, <code>ppc64le</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+  The 64-bit PowerPC instruction set, big- and little-endian.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+  <code>riscv64</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+  The 64-bit RISC-V instruction set.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+  <code>s390x</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+  The IBM z/Architecture.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+  <code>wasm</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+  <a href="https://webassembly.org">WebAssembly</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The compilers can target the AIX, Android, DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD,
+Illumos, Linux, macOS/iOS (Darwin), NetBSD, OpenBSD, Plan 9, Solaris,
+and Windows operating systems (although not all operating systems
+support all architectures).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A list of ports which are considered "first class" is available at the
+<a href="/wiki/PortingPolicy#first-class-ports">first class ports</a>
+wiki page.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The full set of supported combinations is listed in the
+discussion of <a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See the main installation page for the <a href="/doc/install#requirements">overall system requirements</a>.
+The following additional constraints apply to systems that can be built only from source:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>For Linux on PowerPC 64-bit, the minimum supported kernel version is 2.6.37, meaning that
+Go does not support CentOS 6 on these systems.
+</li>
+</ul>
+ 
+</div>
+
+<h2 id="go14">Install Go compiler binaries for bootstrap</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Go toolchain is written in Go. To build it, you need a Go compiler installed.
+The scripts that do the initial build of the tools look for a "go" command
+in <code>$PATH</code>, so as long as you have Go installed in your
+system and configured in your <code>$PATH</code>, you are ready to build Go
+from source. 
+Or if you prefer you can set <code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code> to the
+root of a Go installation to use to build the new Go toolchain;
+<code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP/bin/go</code> should be the go command to use.</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromBinaryRelease">Bootstrap toolchain from binary release</h3>
+
+<p>
+To use a binary release as a bootstrap toolchain, see
+<a href="/dl/">the downloads page</a> or use any other
+packaged Go distribution.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromSource">Bootstrap toolchain from source</h3>
+
+<p>
+To build a bootstrap toolchain from source, use
+either the git branch <code>release-branch.go1.4</code> or
+<a href="https://dl.google.com/go/go1.4-bootstrap-20171003.tar.gz">go1.4-bootstrap-20171003.tar.gz</a>,
+which contains the Go 1.4 source code plus accumulated fixes
+to keep the tools running on newer operating systems.
+(Go 1.4 was the last distribution in which the toolchain was written in C.)
+After unpacking the Go 1.4 source, <code>cd</code> to
+the <code>src</code> subdirectory, set <code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> in
+the environment, and run <code>make.bash</code> (or,
+on Windows, <code>make.bat</code>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once the Go 1.4 source has been unpacked into your GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP directory,
+you must keep this git clone instance checked out to branch
+<code>release-branch.go1.4</code>.  Specifically, do not attempt to reuse
+this git clone in the later step named "Fetch the repository."  The go1.4
+bootstrap toolchain <b>must be able</b> to properly traverse the go1.4 sources
+that it assumes are present under this repository root.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromCrosscompiledSource">Bootstrap toolchain from cross-compiled source</h3>
+
+<p>
+To cross-compile a bootstrap toolchain from source, which is
+necessary on systems Go 1.4 did not target (for
+example, <code>linux/ppc64le</code>), install Go on a different system
+and run <a href="/src/bootstrap.bash">bootstrap.bash</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When run as (for example)
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ GOOS=linux GOARCH=ppc64 ./bootstrap.bash
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<code>bootstrap.bash</code> cross-compiles a toolchain for that <code>GOOS/GOARCH</code>
+combination, leaving the resulting tree in <code>../../go-${GOOS}-${GOARCH}-bootstrap</code>.
+That tree can be copied to a machine of the given target type
+and used as <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code> to bootstrap a local build.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromGccgo">Bootstrap toolchain using gccgo</h3>
+
+<p>
+To use gccgo as the bootstrap toolchain, you need to arrange
+for <code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP/bin/go</code> to be the go tool that comes
+as part of gccgo 5. For example on Ubuntu Vivid:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ sudo apt-get install gccgo-5
+$ sudo update-alternatives --set go /usr/bin/go-5
+$ GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP=/usr ./make.bash
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="git">Install Git, if needed</h2>
+
+<p>
+To perform the next step you must have Git installed. (Check that you
+have a <code>git</code> command before proceeding.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you do not have a working Git installation,
+follow the instructions on the
+<a href="https://git-scm.com/downloads">Git downloads</a> page.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="ccompiler">(Optional) Install a C compiler</h2>
+
+<p>
+To build a Go installation
+with <code><a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo</a></code> support, which permits Go
+programs to import C libraries, a C compiler such as <code>gcc</code>
+or <code>clang</code> must be installed first. Do this using whatever
+installation method is standard on the system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To build without <code>cgo</code>, set the environment variable
+<code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> before running <code>all.bash</code> or
+<code>make.bash</code>.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="fetch">Fetch the repository</h2>
+
+<p>Change to the directory where you intend to install Go, and make sure
+the <code>goroot</code> directory does not exist. Then clone the repository
+and check out the latest release tag (<code class="versionTag">go1.12</code>,
+for example):</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go goroot
+$ cd goroot
+$ git checkout <span class="versionTag"><i>&lt;tag&gt;</i></span>
+</pre>
+
+<p class="whereTag">
+Where <code>&lt;tag&gt;</code> is the version string of the release.
+</p>
+
+<p>Go will be installed in the directory where it is checked out. For example,
+if Go is checked out in <code>$HOME/goroot</code>, executables will be installed
+in <code>$HOME/goroot/bin</code>. The directory may have any name, but note
+that if Go is checked out in <code>$HOME/go</code>, it will conflict with
+the default location of <code>$GOPATH</code>.
+See <a href="#gopath"><code>GOPATH</code></a> below.</p>
+
+<p>
+Reminder: If you opted to also compile the bootstrap binaries from source (in an
+earlier section), you still need to <code>git clone</code> again at this point
+(to checkout the latest <code>&lt;tag&gt;</code>), because you must keep your
+go1.4 repository distinct.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="head">(Optional) Switch to the master branch</h2>
+
+<p>If you intend to modify the go source code, and
+<a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribute your changes</a>
+to the project, then move your repository
+off the release branch, and onto the master (development) branch.
+Otherwise, skip this step.</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ git checkout master
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="install">Install Go</h2>
+
+<p>
+To build the Go distribution, run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ cd src
+$ ./all.bash
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(To build under Windows use <code>all.bat</code>.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If all goes well, it will finish by printing output like:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ALL TESTS PASSED
+
+---
+Installed Go for linux/amd64 in /home/you/go.
+Installed commands in /home/you/go/bin.
+*** You need to add /home/you/go/bin to your $PATH. ***
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+where the details on the last few lines reflect the operating system,
+architecture, and root directory used during the install.
+</p>
+
+<div class="detail">
+<p>
+For more information about ways to control the build, see the discussion of
+<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
+<code>all.bash</code> (or <code>all.bat</code>) runs important tests for Go,
+which can take more time than simply building Go. If you do not want to run
+the test suite use <code>make.bash</code> (or <code>make.bat</code>)
+instead.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2 id="testing">Testing your installation</h2>
+
+<p>
+Check that Go is installed correctly by building a simple program.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Create a file named <code>hello.go</code> and put the following program in it:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+	fmt.Printf("hello, world\n")
+}
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Then run it with the <code>go</code> tool:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+hello, world
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If you see the "hello, world" message then Go is installed correctly.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="gopath">Set up your work environment</h2>
+
+<p>
+You're almost done.
+You just need to do a little more setup.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/doc/code.html" class="download" id="start">
+<span class="big">How to Write Go Code</span>
+<span class="desc">Learn how to set up and use the Go tools</span>
+</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document
+provides <b>essential setup instructions</b> for using the Go tools.
+</p>
+
+
+<h2 id="tools">Install additional tools</h2>
+
+<p>
+The source code for several Go tools (including <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>)
+is kept in <a href="https://golang.org/x/tools">the go.tools repository</a>.
+To install one of the tools (<code>godoc</code> in this case):
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To install these tools, the <code>go</code> <code>get</code> command requires
+that <a href="#git">Git</a> be installed locally.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You must also have a workspace (<code>GOPATH</code>) set up;
+see <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for the details.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="community">Community resources</h2>
+
+<p>
+The usual community resources such as
+<code>#go-nuts</code> on the <a href="https://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server
+and the
+<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>
+mailing list have active developers that can help you with problems
+with your installation or your development work.
+For those who wish to keep up to date,
+there is another mailing list, <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">golang-checkins</a>,
+that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bugs can be reported using the <a href="//golang.org/issue/new">Go issue tracker</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<h2 id="releases">Keeping up with releases</h2>
+
+<p>
+New releases are announced on the
+<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
+mailing list.
+Each announcement mentions the latest release tag, for instance,
+<code class="versionTag">go1.9</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To update an existing tree to the latest release, you can run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ cd go/src
+$ git fetch
+$ git checkout <span class="versionTag"><i>&lt;tag&gt;</i></psan>
+$ ./all.bash
+</pre>
+
+<p class="whereTag">
+Where <code>&lt;tag&gt;</code> is the version string of the release.
+</p>
+
+
+<h2 id="environment">Optional environment variables</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Go compilation environment can be customized by environment variables.
+<i>None is required by the build</i>, but you may wish to set some
+to override the defaults.
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><code>$GOROOT</code>
+<p>
+The root of the Go tree, often <code>$HOME/go1.X</code>.
+Its value is built into the tree when it is compiled, and
+defaults to the parent of the directory where <code>all.bash</code> was run.
+There is no need to set this unless you want to switch between multiple
+local copies of the repository.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code>
+<p>
+The value assumed by installed binaries and scripts when
+<code>$GOROOT</code> is not set explicitly.
+It defaults to the value of <code>$GOROOT</code>.
+If you want to build the Go tree in one location
+but move it elsewhere after the build, set
+<code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code> to the eventual location.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li id="gopath"><code>$GOPATH</code>
+<p>
+The directory where Go projects outside the Go distribution are typically
+checked out. For example, <code>golang.org/x/tools</code> might be checked out
+to <code>$GOPATH/src/golang.org/x/tools</code>. Executables outside the
+Go distribution are installed in <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> (or
+<code>$GOBIN</code>, if set). Modules are downloaded and cached in
+<code>$GOPATH/pkg/mod</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>The default location of <code>$GOPATH</code> is <code>$HOME/go</code>,
+and it's not usually necessary to set <code>GOPATH</code> explicitly. However,
+if you have checked out the Go distribution to <code>$HOME/go</code>,
+you must set <code>GOPATH</code> to another location to avoid conflicts.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOBIN</code>
+<p>
+The directory where executables outside the Go distribution are installed
+using the <a href="/cmd/go">go command</a>. For example,
+<code>go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc</code> downloads, builds, and
+installs <code>$GOBIN/godoc</code>. By default, <code>$GOBIN</code> is
+<code>$GOPATH/bin</code> (or <code>$HOME/go/bin</code> if <code>GOPATH</code>
+is not set). After installing, you will want to add this directory to
+your <code>$PATH</code> so you can use installed tools.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that the Go distribution's executables are installed in
+<code>$GOROOT/bin</code> (for executables invoked by people) or
+<code>$GOTOOLDIR</code> (for executables invoked by the go command;
+defaults to <code>$GOROOT/pkg/$GOOS_GOARCH</code>) instead of
+<code>$GOBIN</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code>
+<p>
+The name of the target operating system and compilation architecture.
+These default to the values of <code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and
+<code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> respectively (described below).
+</li>
+
+<p>
+Choices for <code>$GOOS</code> are
+<code>android</code>, <code>darwin</code> (macOS/iOS),
+<code>dragonfly</code>, <code>freebsd</code>, <code>illumos</code>, <code>js</code>,
+<code>linux</code>, <code>netbsd</code>, <code>openbsd</code>,
+<code>plan9</code>, <code>solaris</code> and <code>windows</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Choices for <code>$GOARCH</code> are
+<code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86, the most mature port),
+<code>386</code> (32-bit x86), <code>arm</code> (32-bit ARM), <code>arm64</code> (64-bit ARM),
+<code>ppc64le</code> (PowerPC 64-bit, little-endian), <code>ppc64</code> (PowerPC 64-bit, big-endian),
+<code>mips64le</code> (MIPS 64-bit, little-endian), <code>mips64</code> (MIPS 64-bit, big-endian),
+<code>mipsle</code> (MIPS 32-bit, little-endian), <code>mips</code> (MIPS 32-bit, big-endian),
+<code>s390x</code> (IBM System z 64-bit, big-endian), and
+<code>wasm</code> (WebAssembly 32-bit).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
+<table cellpadding="0">
+<tr>
+<th width="50"></th><th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOOS</code></th> <th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOARCH</code></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>aix</code></td> <td><code>ppc64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>dragonfly</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>illumos</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>js</code></td> <td><code>wasm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>ppc64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>ppc64le</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mipsle</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips64le</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>s390x</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>solaris</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+
+<li><code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code>
+<p>
+The name of the host operating system and compilation architecture.
+These default to the local system's operating system and
+architecture.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<p>
+Valid choices are the same as for <code>$GOOS</code> and
+<code>$GOARCH</code>, listed above.
+The specified values must be compatible with the local system.
+For example, you should not set <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> to
+<code>arm</code> on an x86 system.
+</p>
+
+<li><code>$GO386</code> (for <code>386</code> only, default is auto-detected
+if built on either <code>386</code> or <code>amd64</code>, <code>387</code> otherwise)
+<p>
+This controls the code generated by gc to use either the 387 floating-point unit
+(set to <code>387</code>) or SSE2 instructions (set to <code>sse2</code>) for
+floating point computations.
+</p>
+<ul>
+	<li><code>GO386=387</code>: use x87 for floating point operations; should support all x86 chips (Pentium MMX or later).</li>
+	<li><code>GO386=sse2</code>: use SSE2 for floating point operations; has better performance than 387, but only available on Pentium 4/Opteron/Athlon 64 or later.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOARM</code> (for <code>arm</code> only; default is auto-detected if building
+on the target processor, 6 if not)
+<p>
+This sets the ARM floating point co-processor architecture version the run-time
+should target. If you are compiling on the target system, its value will be auto-detected.
+</p>
+<ul>
+	<li><code>GOARM=5</code>: use software floating point; when CPU doesn't have VFP co-processor</li>
+	<li><code>GOARM=6</code>: use VFPv1 only; default if cross compiling; usually ARM11 or better cores (VFPv2 or better is also supported)</li>
+	<li><code>GOARM=7</code>: use VFPv3; usually Cortex-A cores</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+If in doubt, leave this variable unset, and adjust it if required
+when you first run the Go executable.
+The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/GoArm">GoARM</a> page
+on the <a href="//golang.org/wiki">Go community wiki</a>
+contains further details regarding Go's ARM support.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOMIPS</code> (for <code>mips</code> and <code>mipsle</code> only) <br> <code>$GOMIPS64</code> (for <code>mips64</code> and <code>mips64le</code> only)
+<p>
+	These variables set whether to use floating point instructions. Set to "<code>hardfloat</code>" to use floating point instructions; this is the default.  Set to "<code>softfloat</code>" to use soft floating point.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOPPC64</code> (for <code>ppc64</code> and <code>ppc64le</code> only)
+<p>
+This variable sets the processor level (i.e. Instruction Set Architecture version)
+for which the compiler will target. The default is <code>power8</code>.
+</p>
+<ul>
+	<li><code>GOPPC64=power8</code>: generate ISA v2.07 instructions</li>
+	<li><code>GOPPC64=power9</code>: generate ISA v3.00 instructions</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+
+<li><code>$GOWASM</code> (for <code>wasm</code> only)
+	<p>
+	This variable is a comma separated list of <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/proposals">experimental WebAssembly features</a> that the compiled WebAssembly binary is allowed to use.
+	The default is to use no experimental features.
+	</p>
+	<ul>
+		<li><code>GOWASM=satconv</code>: generate <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/nontrapping-float-to-int-conversions/blob/master/proposals/nontrapping-float-to-int-conversion/Overview.md">saturating (non-trapping) float-to-int conversions</a></li>
+		<li><code>GOWASM=signext</code>: generate <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/sign-extension-ops/blob/master/proposals/sign-extension-ops/Overview.md">sign-extension operators</a></li>
+	</ul>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that <code>$GOARCH</code> and <code>$GOOS</code> identify the
+<em>target</em> environment, not the environment you are running on.
+In effect, you are always cross-compiling.
+By architecture, we mean the kind of binaries
+that the target environment can run:
+an x86-64 system running a 32-bit-only operating system
+must set <code>GOARCH</code> to <code>386</code>,
+not <code>amd64</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you choose to override the defaults,
+set these variables in your shell profile (<code>$HOME/.bashrc</code>,
+<code>$HOME/.profile</code>, or equivalent). The settings might look
+something like this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+export GOARCH=amd64
+export GOOS=linux
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+although, to reiterate, none of these variables needs to be set to build,
+install, and develop the Go tree.
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/install.html b/content/static/doc/install.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86f1bc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/install.html
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Download and install",
+    "Path":  "/doc/install"
+}-->
+<p>
+  Download and install Go quickly with the steps described here.
+</p>
+<p>For other content on installing, you might be interested in:</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <a href="/doc/manage-install.html">Managing Go installations</a> -- How to
+    install multiple versions and uninstall.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <a href="/doc/install-source.html">Installing Go from source</a> -- How to
+    check out the sources, build them on your own machine, and run them.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="download">1. Go download.</h2>
+<p>
+  Click the button below to download the Go installer.
+</p>
+<p>
+  <a href="/dl/" id="start" class="download js-download">
+    <span id="download-button" class="big js-downloadButton">Download Go</span>
+    <span id="download-description" class="desc js-downloadDescription"></span>
+  </a>
+</p>
+<p>
+  Don't see your operating system here? Try one of the
+  <a href="https://golang.org/dl/">other downloads</a>.
+</p>
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> By default, the <code>go</code> command downloads and
+  authenticates modules using the Go module mirror and Go checksum database
+  run by Google. <a href="https://golang.org/dl">Learn more.</a>
+</aside>
+<h2 id="install">2. Go install.</h2>
+<p>
+  Select the tab for your computer's operating system below, then follow its
+  installation instructions.
+</p>
+<div id="os-install-tabs" class="TabSection js-tabSection">
+  <div id="os-install-tablist" class="TabSection-tabList" role="tablist">
+    <button
+      role="tab"
+      aria-selected="true"
+      aria-controls="linux-tab"
+      id="linux"
+      tabindex="0"
+      class="TabSection-tab active"
+    >
+      Linux
+    </button>
+    <button
+      role="tab"
+      aria-selected="false"
+      aria-controls="mac-tab"
+      id="mac"
+      tabindex="-1"
+      class="TabSection-tab"
+    >
+      Mac
+    </button>
+    <button
+      role="tab"
+      aria-selected="false"
+      aria-controls="windows-tab"
+      id="windows"
+      tabindex="-1"
+      class="TabSection-tab"
+    >
+      Windows
+    </button>
+  </div>
+  <div
+    role="tabpanel"
+    id="linux-tab"
+    class="TabSection-tabPanel"
+    aria-labelledby="linux"
+  >
+    <p>
+      If you have a previous version of Go installed, be sure to
+      <a href="manage-install">remove it</a> before installing another.
+    </p>
+    <ol>
+      <li>
+        Download the archive and extract it into /usr/local, creating a Go tree
+        in /usr/local/go.
+        <p>
+          For example, run the following as root or through <code>sudo</code>:
+        </p>
+        <pre>
+tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.14.3.linux-amd64.tar.gz
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Add /usr/local/go/bin to the <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
+        <p>
+          You can do this by adding the following line to your $HOME/.profile or
+          /etc/profile (for a system-wide installation):
+        </p>
+        <pre>
+export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin
+</pre
+        >
+        <p>
+          <strong>Note:</strong> Changes made to a profile file may not apply
+          until the next time you log into your computer. To apply the changes
+          immediately, just run the shell commands directly or execute them from
+          the profile using a command such as
+          <code>source $HOME/.profile</code>.
+        </p>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Verify that you've installed Go by opening a command prompt and typing
+        the following command:
+        <pre>
+$ go version
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+      <li>Confirm that the command prints the installed version of Go.</li>
+    </ol>
+  </div>
+  <div
+    role="tabpanel"
+    id="mac-tab"
+    class="TabSection-tabPanel"
+    aria-labelledby="mac"
+    hidden
+  >
+    <ol>
+      <li>
+        Open the package file you downloaded and follow the prompts to install
+        Go.
+        <p>
+          The package installs the Go distribution to /usr/local/go. The package
+          should put the /usr/local/go/bin directory in your
+          <code>PATH</code> environment variable. You may need to restart any
+          open Terminal sessions for the change to take effect.
+        </p>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Verify that you've installed Go by opening a command prompt and typing
+        the following command:
+        <pre>
+$ go version
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+      <li>Confirm that the command prints the installed version of Go.</li>
+    </ol>
+  </div>
+  <div
+    role="tabpanel"
+    id="windows-tab"
+    class="TabSection-tabPanel"
+    aria-labelledby="windows"
+    hidden
+  >
+    <ol>
+      <li>
+        Open the MSI file you downloaded and follow the prompts to install Go.
+        <p>
+          By default, the installer will install Go to C:\Go. You can change the
+          location as needed. After installing, you will need to close and
+          reopen any open command prompts so that changes to the environment
+          made by the installer are reflected at the command prompt.
+        </p>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Verify that you've installed Go.
+        <ol>
+          <li>
+            In <strong>Windows</strong>, click the <strong>Start</strong> menu.
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            In the menu's search box, type <code>cmd</code>, then press the
+            <strong>Enter</strong> key.
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            In the Command Prompt window that appears, type the following
+            command:
+            <pre>
+$ go version
+</pre
+            >
+          </li>
+          <li>Confirm that the command prints the installed version of Go.</li>
+        </ol>
+      </li>
+    </ol>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="code">3. Go code.</h2>
+<p>
+  You're set up! Visit the
+  <a href="tutorial/getting-started.html">Getting Started tutorial</a> to write
+  some simple Go code. It takes about 10 minutes to complete.
+</p>
+
+<script async src="/doc/download.js"></script>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/content/static/doc/manage-install.html b/content/static/doc/manage-install.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80deef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/manage-install.html
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Managing Go installations",
+    "Path":  "/doc/manage-install"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+This topic describes how to install multiple versions of Go on the same machine, as well as how to uninstall Go.
+</p>
+
+<p>For other content on installing, you might be interested in:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/doc/install.html">Download and install</a> -- The simplest way to get installed and running.</li>
+<li><a href="/doc/install-source.html">Installing Go from source</a> -- How to check out the sources, build them on your own machine, and run them.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="installing-multiple">Installing multiple Go versions</h2>
+
+<p>
+You can install multiple Go versions on the same machine. For example, you might want to test your code on multiple Go versions. For a list of versions you can install this way, see the <a href="https://golang.org/dl/">download page</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>Note:</strong> To install using the method described here, you'll need to have <a href="https://git-scm.com/">git</a> installed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To install additional Go versions, run the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Add_dependencies_to_current_module_and_install_them"><code>go get</code> command</a>, specifying the download location of the version you want to install. The following example illustrates with version 1.10.7:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go get golang.org/dl/go1.10.7
+$ go1.10.7 download
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To run <code>go</code> commands with the newly-downloaded version, append the version number to the <code>go</code> command, as follows:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go1.10.7 version
+go version go1.10.7 linux/amd64
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+When you have multiple versions installed, you can discover where each is installed, look at the version's <code>GOROOT</code> value. For example, run a command such as the following:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go1.10.7 env GOROOT
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To uninstall a downloaded version, just remove the directory specified by its <code>GOROOT</code> environment variable and the goX.Y.Z binary.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="uninstalling">Uninstalling Go</h2>
+
+<p>
+You can remove Go from your system using the steps described in this topic.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="linux-mac-bsd">Linux / macOS / FreeBSD</h3>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>Delete the go directory.
+
+<p>
+This is usually /usr/local/go.
+</p>
+
+</li>
+
+<li>Remove the Go bin directory from your <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
+
+<p>
+Under Linux and FreeBSD, edit /etc/profile or $HOME/.profile. If you installed Go with the macOS package, remove the /etc/paths.d/go file.
+</p>
+
+</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<h3 id="windows">Windows</h3>
+
+<p>
+The simplest way to remove Go is via Add/Remove Programs in the Windows control panel:
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>In Control Panel, double-click <strong>Add/Remove Programs</strong>.</li>
+<li>In <strong>Add/Remove Programs</strong>, select <strong>Go Programming Language,</strong> click Uninstall, then follow the prompts.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+For removing Go with tools, you can also use the command line:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>Uninstall using the command line by running the following command:
+
+<pre>
+msiexec /x go{{version}}.windows-{{cpu-arch}}.msi /q
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+
+<strong>Note:</strong> Using this uninstall process for Windows will automatically remove windows environment variables created by the original installation.
+</p>
+
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d52f3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Add a test",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/add-a-test"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  Now that you've gotten your code to a stable place (nicely done, by the way),
+  add a test. Testing your code during development can expose bugs that find
+  their way in as you make changes. In this topic, you add a test for the
+  <code>Hello</code> function.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+  with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<p>
+  Go's built-in support for unit testing makes it easier to test as you go.
+  Specifically, using naming conventions, Go's <code>testing</code> package, and
+  the <code>go test</code> command, you can quickly write and execute tests.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    In the greetings directory, create a file called greetings_test.go.
+
+    <p>
+      Ending a file's name with _test.go tells the <code>go test</code> command
+      that this file contains test functions.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In greetings_test.go, paste the following code and save the file.
+
+    <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+    "testing"
+    "regexp"
+)
+
+// TestHelloName calls greetings.Hello with a name, checking 
+// for a valid return value.
+func TestHelloName(t *testing.T) {
+    name := "Gladys"
+    want := regexp.MustCompile(`\b`+name+`\b`)
+    msg, err := Hello("Gladys")
+    if !want.MatchString(msg) || err != nil {
+        t.Fatalf(`Hello("Gladys") = %q, %v, want match for %#q, nil`, msg, err, want)
+    }
+}
+
+// TestHelloEmpty calls greetings.Hello with an empty string, 
+// checking for an error.
+func TestHelloEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+    msg, err := Hello("")
+    if msg != "" || err == nil {
+        t.Fatalf(`Hello("") = %q, %v, want "", error`, msg, err)
+    }
+}
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      If this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Implement test functions in the same package as the code you're testing.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Create two test functions to test the
+        <code>greetings.Hello</code> function. Test function names have the form
+        <code>Test<em>Name</em></code
+        >, where <em>Name</em> is specific to the test. Also, test functions
+        take a pointer to the
+        <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/testing/"
+          ><code>testing</code> package's</a
+        >
+        <code>testing.T</code> as a parameter. You use this parameter's methods
+        for reporting and logging from your test.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Implement two tests:
+
+        <ul>
+          <li>
+            <code>TestHelloName</code> calls the <code>Hello</code> function,
+            passing a <code>name</code> value with which the function should be
+            able to return a valid response message. If the call returns an
+            error or an unexpected response message (one that doesn't include
+            the name you passed in), you use the <code>t</code> parameter's
+            <code>Fatalf</code> method to print a message to the console and end
+            execution.
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <code>TestHelloEmpty</code> calls the <code>Hello</code> function
+            with an empty string. This test is designed to confirm that your
+            error handling works. If the call returns a non-empty string or no
+            error, you use the <code>t</code> parameter's
+            <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/testing/#T.Fatalf"
+              ><code>Fatalf</code> method</a
+            >
+            to print a message to the console and end execution.
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    At the command line in the greetings directory, run the
+    <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"
+      ><code>go test</code> command</a
+    >
+    to execute the test.
+
+    <p>
+      The <code>go test</code> command executes test functions (whose names
+      begin with <code>Test</code>) in test files (whose names end with
+      _test.go). You can add the <code>-v</code> flag to get verbose output that
+      lists all of the tests and their results.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      The tests should pass.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go test
+PASS
+ok      example.com/greetings   0.364s
+
+$ go test -v
+=== RUN   TestHelloName
+--- PASS: TestHelloName (0.00s)
+=== RUN   TestHelloEmpty
+--- PASS: TestHelloEmpty (0.00s)
+PASS
+ok      example.com/greetings   0.372s
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Break the <code>greetings.Hello</code> function to view a failing test.
+
+    <p>
+      The <code>TestHelloName</code> test function checks the return value for
+      the name you specified as a <code>Hello</code> function parameter. To view
+      a failing test result, change the <code>greetings.Hello</code> function so
+      that it no longer includes the name.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      In greetings/greetings.go, paste the following code in place of the
+      <code>Hello</code> function. Note that the highlighted lines change the
+      value that the function returns, as if the <code>name</code> argument had
+      been accidentally removed.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+    // If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+    if name == "" {
+        return name, errors.New("empty name")
+    }
+    // Create a message using a random format.
+    <ins>// message := fmt.Sprintf(randomFormat(), name)
+    message := fmt.Sprint(randomFormat())</ins>
+    return message, nil
+}
+</pre>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    At the command line in the greetings directory, run <code>go test</code> to
+    execute the test.
+
+    <p>
+      This time, run <code>go test</code> without the <code>-v</code> flag. The
+      output will include results for only the tests that failed, which can be
+      useful when you have a lot of tests. The <code>TestHelloName</code> test
+      should fail -- <code>TestHelloEmpty</code> still passes.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go test
+--- FAIL: TestHelloName (0.00s)
+    greetings_test.go:15: Hello("Gladys") = "Hail, %v! Well met!", &lt;nil>, want match for `\bGladys\b`, nil
+FAIL
+exit status 1
+FAIL    example.com/greetings   0.182s
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+  This topic introduced Go's built-in support for unit testing. In the
+  tutorial's <a href="compile-install.html">next topic</a>, you'll see how to
+  compile and install your code to run it locally.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+  <a class="Navigation-prev" href="greetings-multiple-people.html"
+    >&lt; Return greetings for multiple people</a
+  >
+  <a class="Navigation-next" href="compile-install.html"
+    >Compile and install the application &gt;</a
+  >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..284a1d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Call your code from another module",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/call-module-code"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  In the <a href="create-module.html">previous section</a>, you created a
+  <code>greetings</code> module. In this section, you'll write code to make
+  calls to the <code>Hello</code> function in the module you just wrote. You'll
+  write code you can execute as an application, and which calls code in the
+  <code>greetings</code> module.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+  with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    Create a <code>hello</code> directory for your Go module source code. This
+    is where you'll write your caller.
+
+    <p>
+      For example, if your current directory in the command prompt is the
+      greetings directory, you could use the following commands:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+cd ..
+mkdir hello
+cd hello
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In your text editor (in the hello directory), create a file in which to
+    write your code and call it hello.go.
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Write code to call the <code>Hello</code> function, then print the
+    function's return value.
+
+    <p>
+      To do that, paste the following code into hello.go.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+package main
+
+import (
+    "fmt"
+
+    "example.com/greetings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    // Get a greeting message and print it.
+    message := greetings.Hello("Gladys")
+    fmt.Println(greeting)
+}
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      In this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Declare a <code>main</code> package. In Go, code executed as an
+        application must go in a <code>main</code> package.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Import two packages: <code>example.com/greetings</code> and
+        <code>fmt</code>. This gives your code access to functions in those
+        packages. Importing <code>example.com/greetings</code> (the package
+        contained in the module you created earlier) gives you access to the
+        <code>Hello</code> function. You also import <code>fmt</code>, with
+        functions for handling input and output text (such as printing text to
+        the console).
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Get a greeting by calling the <code>greetings</code> package’s
+        <code>Hello</code> function.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Create a new module for this hello package.
+
+    <p>
+      From the command line at the hello directory, run the
+      <code>go mod init</code> command, giving it the name of the module your
+      code will be in (here, just use "hello").
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go mod init hello
+go: creating new go.mod: module hello
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Edit the <code>hello</code> module to use the unpublished greetings module.
+
+    <p>
+      For production use, you’d publish your modules on a server, either inside
+      your company or on the internet, and the Go command will download them
+      from there. For now, you need to adapt the caller's module so it can find
+      the greetings code on your local file system.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      To do that, make a small change to <code>hello</code> module’s go.mod
+      file.
+    </p>
+
+    <ol>
+      <li>
+        In the hello directory, open the go.mod file, change it so that it looks
+        like the following, and save the file.
+
+        <pre>
+module hello
+
+go 1.14
+
+<ins>replace example.com/greetings => ../greetings</ins>
+</pre>
+
+        <p>
+          Here, the
+          <a href="https://golang.org/ref/mod#tmp_15"
+            ><code>replace</code> directive</a
+          >
+          tells Go to replace the module path (the URL
+          <code>example.com/greetings</code>) with a path you specify. In this
+          case, that's a greetings directory next to the hello directory.
+        </p>
+      </li>
+
+      <li>
+        In the hello directory, run <code>go build</code> to make Go locate the
+        module and add it as a dependency to the go.mod file.
+
+        <pre>
+$ go build
+go: found example.com/greetings in example.com/greetings v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+
+      <li>
+        Look at go.mod again to see the changes made by <code>go build</code>,
+        including the <code>require</code> directive Go added.
+
+        <pre>
+module hello
+
+go 1.14
+
+replace example.com/greetings => ../greetings
+
+<ins>require example.com/greetings v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000</ins>
+</pre>
+
+        <p>
+          To build the module, Go found the local code in the ../greetings
+          directory, then added a
+          <a href="https://golang.org/ref/mod#tmp_13"
+            ><code>require</code> directive</a
+          >
+          to specify that <code>hello</code> is dependent on (requires)
+          <code>example.com/greetings</code>. You created this dependency when
+          you imported the <code>greetings</code> package (contained in the
+          greetings module) in hello.go. The <code>replace</code> directive
+          tells Go where to find the <code>greetings</code> module, because it
+          isn't published yet.
+        </p>
+
+        <p>
+          To reference a published module, a go.mod file would omit the
+          <code>replace</code> directive and use a
+          <code>require</code> directive with a tagged version number at the
+          end.
+        </p>
+
+        <pre>require example.com/greetings v1.1.0</pre>
+      </li>
+    </ol>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In the <code>hello</code> directory, run the <code>hello</code> executable
+    (created by <code>go build</code>) to confirm that the code works.
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        On Linux or Mac:
+
+        <pre>
+$ ./hello
+Hi, Gladys. Welcome!
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+
+      <li>
+        On Windows:
+
+        <pre>
+$ hello.exe
+Hi, Gladys. Welcome!
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+  Congrats! You've written two functioning modules. In the tutorial's
+  <a href="handle-errors.html">next topic</a>, you'll add some error handling.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+  <a class="Navigation-prev" href="create-module.html"
+    >&lt; Create a Go module</a
+  >
+  <a class="Navigation-next" href="handle-errors.html"
+    >Return and handle an error &gt;</a
+  >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/compile-install.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/compile-install.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5395ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/compile-install.html
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Compile and install the application",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/compile-install"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  In the last section, you'll learn a new <code>go</code> command. While the
+  <code>go run</code> command is a useful shortcut for compiling and running a
+  single-file program, it doesn't generate a binary executable you can easily
+  run again. If you want one of those, a good choice is to run the
+  <a
+    href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"
+    ><code>go install</code> command</a
+  >, which compiles your code and installs the resulting binary executable where
+  you can run it.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+  with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    At the command line, change to the directory that contains hello/hello.go.
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Discover the Go install path, where the <code>go</code> command will install
+    the current package.
+
+    <p>
+      You can discover the install path by running the
+      <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-List_packages_or_modules"
+        ><code>go list</code> command</a
+      >, as in the following example:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+go list -f '{{.Target}}'
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      For example, the command's output might say
+      <code>/home/gopher/bin/hello</code>, meaning that binaries are installed
+      to /home/gopher/bin. This is the install directory you'll need in the next
+      step.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Add the Go install directory to your system's shell path.
+
+    <p>
+      That way, you'll be able to run your program's executable without
+      specifying where the executable is.
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        On Linux or Mac, run the following command:
+
+        <pre>
+export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/your/install/directory
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+
+      <li>
+        On Windows, run the following command:
+
+        <pre>
+set PATH=%PATH%;C:\path\to\your\install\directory
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>
+      As an alternative, if you already have a directory like
+      <code>$HOME/bin</code> in your shell path and you'd like to install your
+      Go programs there, you can change the install target by setting the GOBIN
+      variable using the
+      <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Print_Go_environment_information"
+        ><code>go env</code> command</a
+      >:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+go env -w GOBIN=/path/to/your/bin
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      or
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+go env -w GOBIN=C:\path\to\your\bin
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Once you've updated the shell path, run the <code>go install</code> command
+    to compile and install the package.
+
+    <pre>
+$ go install
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Run your application by simply typing its name.
+
+    <pre>
+$ hello
+map[Darrin:Hail, Darrin! Well met! Gladys:Great to see you, Gladys! Samantha:Hail, Samantha! Well met!]
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+  That wraps up this Go tutorial! For a next step that introduces many more of
+  Go features, check out the
+  <a href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">Tour of Go</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+  <a class="Navigation-prev" href="add-a-test.html">&lt; Add a test</a>
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/create-module.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/create-module.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26f817a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/create-module.html
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Tutorial: Create a Go module",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/create-module"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  This is the first part of a tutorial that introduces a few fundamental
+  features of the Go language. If you're just getting started with Go, be sure
+  to take a look at the
+  <a href="getting-started.html">getting started</a> tutorial, which introduces
+  the <code>go</code> command, Go modules, and very simple Go code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  In this tutorial you'll create two modules. The first is a library which is
+  intended to be imported by other libraries or applications. The second is a
+  caller application which will use the first.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  This tutorial's sequence includes six brief topics that each illustrate a
+  different part of the language.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    Create a module -- Write a small module with functions you can call from
+    another module.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <a href="call-module-code.html">Call your code from another module</a> --
+    Add simple error handling.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <a href="handle-errors.html">Return and handle an error</a> -- Add simple
+    error handling.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <a href="random-greeting.html">Return a random greeting</a> -- Handle data
+    in slices (Go's dynamically-sized arrays).
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <a href="greetings-multiple-people.html"
+      >Return greetings for multiple people</a
+    >
+    -- Store key/value pairs in a map.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <a href="add-a-test.html">Add a test</a> -- Use Go's built-in unit testing
+    features to test your code.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <a href="compile-install.html">Compile and install the application</a> --
+    Compile and install your code locally.
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> For other tutorials, see
+  <a href="index.html">Tutorials</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <strong>Some programming experience.</strong> The code here is pretty
+    simple, but it helps to know something about functions, loops, and arrays.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <strong>A tool to edit your code.</strong> Any text editor you have will
+    work fine. Most text editors have good support for Go. The most popular are
+    VSCode (free), GoLand (paid), and Vim (free).
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <strong>A command terminal.</strong> Go works well using any terminal on
+    Linux and Mac, and on PowerShell or cmd in Windows.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="start">Start a module that others can use</h2>
+
+<p>
+  Start by creating a
+  <a href="https://golang.org/doc/code.html#Organization">Go module</a>. In a
+  module, you collect one or more related packages for a discrete and useful set
+  of functions. For example, you might create a module with packages that have
+  functions for doing financial analysis so that others writing financial
+  applications can use your work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  Go code is grouped into packages, and packages are grouped into modules. Your
+  package's module specifies the context Go needs to run the code, including the
+  Go version the code is written for and the set of other modules it requires.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  As you add or improve functionality in your module, you publish new versions
+  of the module. Developers writing code that calls functions in your module can
+  import the module's updated packages and test with the new version before
+  putting it into production use.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    Open a command prompt and <code>cd</code> to your home directory.
+
+    <p>
+      On Linux or Mac:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+cd
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      On Windows:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+cd %HOMEPATH%
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Create a <code>greetings</code> directory for your Go module source code.
+    This is where you'll write your module code.
+
+    <p>
+      For example, from your home directory use the following commands:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+mkdir greetings
+cd greetings
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Start your module using the
+    <a
+      href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Initialize_new_module_in_current_directory"
+      ><code>go mod init</code> command</a
+    >
+    to create a go.mod file.
+
+    <p>
+      Run the <code>go mod init</code> command, giving it the path of the module
+      your code will be in. Here, use <code>example.com/greetings</code> for the
+      module path -- in production code, this would be the URL from which your
+      module can be downloaded.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go mod init example.com/greetings
+go: creating new go.mod: module example.com/greetings
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      The <code>go mod init</code> command creates a go.mod file that identifies
+      your code as a module that might be used from other code. The file you
+      just created includes only the name of your module and the Go version your
+      code supports. But as you add dependencies -- meaning packages from other
+      modules -- the go.mod file will list the specific module versions to use.
+      This keeps builds reproducible and gives you direct control over which
+      module versions to use.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In your text editor, create a file in which to write your code and call it
+    greetings.go.
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Paste the following code into your greetings.go file and save the file.
+
+    <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) string {
+// Return a greeting that embeds the name in a message.
+    message := fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)
+    return message
+}
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      This is the first code for your module. It returns a greeting to any
+      caller that asks for one. You'll write code that calls this function in
+      the next step.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      In this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Declare a <code>greetings</code> package to collect related functions.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Implement a <code>Hello</code> function to return the greeting.
+        <p>
+          This function takes a <code>name</code> parameter whose type is
+          <code>string</code>, and returns a <code>string</code>. In Go, a
+          function whose name starts with a capital letter can be called by a
+          function not in the same package. This is known in Go as an
+          <a href="https://tour.golang.org/basics/3"><em>exported</em> name</a>.
+        </p>
+        <img src="images/function-syntax.png" width="300px" />
+      </li>
+
+      <li>
+        Declare a <code>message</code> variable to hold your greeting.
+        <p>
+          In Go, the <code>:=</code> operator is a shortcut for declaring and
+          initializing a variable in one line (Go uses the value on the right to
+          determine the variable's type). Taking the long way, you might have
+          written this as:
+        </p>
+        <pre>
+var message string
+message = fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)
+</pre
+        >
+      </li>
+
+      <li>
+        Use the <code>fmt</code> package's <code>Sprintf</code> function to
+        create a greeting message. The first argument is a format string, and
+        <code>Sprintf</code> substitutes the <code>name</code> parameter's value
+        for the <code>%v</code> format verb. Inserting the value of the
+        <code>name</code> parameter completes the greeting text.
+      </li>
+      <li>Return the formatted greeting text to the caller.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+  In the <a href="call-module-code.html">next step</a>, you'll call this
+  function from another module.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+  <a class="Navigation-next" href="call-module-code.html"
+    >Call your code from another module &gt;</a
+  >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Tutorial: Get started with Go",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/getting-started"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  In this tutorial, you'll get a brief introduction to Go programming. Along the
+  way, you will:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>Install Go (if you haven't already).</li>
+  <li>Write some simple "Hello, world" code.</li>
+  <li>Use the <code>go</code> command to run your code.</li>
+  <li>
+    Use the Go package discovery tool to find packages you can use in your own
+    code.
+  </li>
+  <li>Call functions of an external module.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> For other tutorials, see
+  <a href="index.html">Tutorials</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>
+    <strong>Some programming experience.</strong> The code here is pretty
+    simple, but it helps to know something about functions.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <strong>A tool to edit your code.</strong> Any text editor you have will
+    work fine. Most text editors have good support for Go. The most popular are
+    VSCode (free), GoLand (paid), and Vim (free).
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <strong>A command terminal.</strong> Go works well using any terminal on
+    Linux and Mac, and on PowerShell or cmd in Windows.
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="install">Install Go</h2>
+
+<p>Just use the <a href="/doc/install">Download and install</a> steps.</p>
+
+<h2 id="code">Write some code</h2>
+
+<p>
+  Get started with Hello, World.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    Open a command prompt and cd to your home directory.
+
+    <p>
+      On Linux or Mac:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+cd
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      On Windows:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+cd %HOMEPATH%
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Create a hello directory for your first Go source code.
+
+    <p>
+      For example, use the following commands:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+mkdir hello
+cd hello
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In your text editor, create a file hello.go in which to write your code.
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Paste the following code into your hello.go file and save the file.
+
+    <pre>
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+    fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
+}
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      This is your Go code. In this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Declare a <code>main</code> package (a package is a way to group
+        functions).
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Import the popular
+        <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code> package</a>,
+        which contains functions for formatting text, including printing to the
+        console. This package is one of the
+        <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/">standard library</a> packages you got
+        when you installed Go.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Implement a <code>main</code> function to print a message to the
+        console. A <code>main</code> function executes by default when you run
+        code in the file.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Run your code to see the greeting.
+
+    <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+Hello, World!
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      The
+      <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_and_run_Go_program"
+        ><code>go run</code> command</a
+      >
+      is one of many <code>go</code> commands you'll use to get things done with
+      Go. Use the following command to get a list of the others:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go help
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<h2 id="call">Call code in an external package</h2>
+
+<p>
+  When you need your code to do something that might have been implemented by
+  someone else, you can look for a package that has functions you can use in
+  your code.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    Make your printed message a little more interesting with a function from an
+    external module.
+
+    <ol>
+      <li>
+        Visit pkg.go.dev and
+        <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/search?q=quote"
+          >search for a "quote" package</a
+        >.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Locate and click the <code>rsc.io/quote</code> package in search results
+        (if you see <code>rsc.io/quote/v3</code>, ignore it for now).
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        On the <strong>Doc</strong> tab, under <strong>Index</strong>, note the
+        list of functions you can call from your code. You'll use the
+        <code>Go</code> function.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        At the top of this page, note that package <code>quote</code> is
+        included in the <code>rsc.io/quote</code> module.
+      </li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>
+      You can use the pkg.go.dev site to find published modules whose packages
+      have functions you can use in your own code. Packages are published in
+      modules -- like <code>rsc.io/quote</code> -- where others can use them.
+      Modules are improved with new versions over time, and you can upgrade your
+      code to use the improved versions.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In your Go code, import the <code>rsc.io/quote</code> package and add a call
+    to its <code>Go</code> function.
+
+    <p>
+      After adding the highlighted lines, your code should include the
+      following:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+<ins>import "rsc.io/quote"</ins>
+
+func main() {
+    <ins>fmt.Println(quote.Go())</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Put your own code in a module for tracking dependencies.
+
+    <p>
+      When your code imports packages from another module, a go.mod file lists
+      the specific modules and versions providing those packages. That file
+      stays with your code, including in your source code repository.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      To create a go.mod file, run the
+      <a
+        href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Initialize_new_module_in_current_directory"
+        ><code>go mod init</code> command</a
+      >, giving it the name of the module your code will be in (here, just use
+      "hello"):
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go mod init hello
+go: creating new go.mod: module hello
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    Run your code to see the message generated by the function you're calling.
+
+    <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+go: finding module for package rsc.io/quote
+go: found rsc.io/quote in rsc.io/quote v1.5.2
+Don't communicate by sharing memory, share memory by communicating.
+</pre
+    >
+
+    <p>
+      Notice that your code calls the <code>Go</code> function, printing a
+      clever message about communication.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      But before it ran the code, <code>go run</code> located and downloaded the
+      <code>rsc.io/quote</code> module that contains the package you imported.
+      By default, it downloaded the latest version -- v1.5.2. Go build commands
+      are designed to locate the modules required for packages you import.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<h2 id="write-more">Write more code</h2>
+
+<p>
+  With this quick introduction, you got Go installed and learned some of the
+  basics. To write some more code with another tutorial, take a look at
+  <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0ddcf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Return greetings for multiple people",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  In the last changes you'll make to your module's code, you'll add support for
+  getting greetings for multiple people in one request. In other words, you'll
+  handle a multiple-value input and pair values with a multiple-value output.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+  with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<p>
+  To do this, you'll need to pass a set of names to a function that can return a
+  greeting for each of them. Changing the <code>Hello</code> function's
+  parameter from a single name to a set of names would change the function
+  signature. If you had already published the <code>greetings</code> module and
+  users had already written code calling <code>Hello</code>, that change would
+  break their programs. In this situation, a better choice is to give new
+  functionality a new name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  In the last code you'll add with this tutorial, update the code as if you've
+  already published a version of the <code>greetings</code> module. Instead of
+  changing the <code>Hello</code> function, add a new function
+  <code>Hellos</code> that takes a set of names. Then, for the sake of
+  simplicity, have the new function call the existing one. Keeping both
+  functions in the package leaves the original for existing callers (or future
+  callers who only need one greeting) and adds a new one for callers that want
+  the expanded functionality.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    In greetings/greetings.go, change your code so it looks like the following.
+
+    <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+    "errors"
+    "fmt"
+    "math/rand"
+    "time"
+)
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+    // If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+    if name == "" {
+        return name, errors.New("empty name")
+    }
+    // Create a message using a random format.
+    message := fmt.Sprintf(randomFormat(), name)
+    return message, nil
+}
+
+<ins>// Hellos returns a map that associates each of the named people
+// with a greeting message.
+func Hellos(names []string) (map[string]string, error) {
+    // A map to associate names with messages.
+    messages := make(map[string]string)
+    // Loop through the received slice of names, calling
+    // the Hello function to get a message for each name.
+    for _, name := range names {
+        message, err := Hello(name)
+        if err != nil {
+            return nil, err
+        }
+        // In the map, associate the retrieved message with 
+        // the name.
+        messages[name] = message
+    }
+    return messages, nil
+}</ins>
+
+// Init sets initial values for variables used in the function.
+func init() {
+    rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+}
+
+// randomFormat returns one of a set of greeting messages. The returned
+// message is selected at random.
+func randomFormat() string {
+    // A slice of message formats.
+    formats := []string{
+        "Hi, %v. Welcome!",
+        "Great to see you, %v!",
+        "Hail, %v! Well met!",
+    }
+
+    // Return one of the message formats selected at random.
+    return formats[rand.Intn(len(formats))]
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>
+      In this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Add a <code>Hellos</code> function whose parameter is a slice of names
+        rather than a single name. Also, you change one of its return types from
+        a <code>string</code> to a <code>map</code> so you can return names
+        mapped to greeting messages.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Have the new Hellos function call the existing Hello function. This
+        leaves both functions in place.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Create a <code>messages</code>
+        <a href="https://blog.golang.org/maps">map</a> to associate each of the
+        received names (as a key) with a generated message (as a value). In Go,
+        you initialize a map with the following syntax:
+        <code>make(map[<em>key-type</em>]<em>value-type</em>)</code>. You have
+        the <code>Hello</code> function return this map to the caller.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Loop through the names your function received, checking that each has a
+        non-empty value, then associate a message with each. In this
+        <code>for</code> loop, <code>range</code> returns two values: the index
+        of the current item in the loop and a copy of the item's value. You
+        don't need the index, so you use the Go
+        <a href="https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#blank"
+          >blank identifier (an underscore)</a
+        >
+        to ignore it.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In your hello/hello.go calling code, pass a slice of names, then print the
+    contents of the names/messages map you get back.
+
+    <p>
+      In hello.go, change your code so it looks like the following.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+package main
+
+import (
+    "fmt"
+    "log"
+
+    "example.com/greetings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    // Set properties of the predefined Logger, including
+    // the log entry prefix and a flag to disable printing
+    // the time, source file, and line number.
+    log.SetPrefix("greetings: ")
+    log.SetFlags(0)
+
+    <ins>// A slice of names.
+    names := []string{"Gladys", "Samantha", "Darrin"}</ins>
+
+    // Request greeting messages for the names.
+    messages, err := greetings.Hellos(names)
+    if err != nil {
+        log.Fatal(err)
+    }
+    // If no error was returned, print the returned map of
+    // messages to the console.
+    fmt.Println(messages)
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>
+      With these changes, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Create a <code>names</code> variable as a slice type holding three
+        names.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Pass the <code>names</code> variable as the argument to the
+        <code>Hello</code> function.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    At the command line, change to the directory that contains hello/hello.go,
+    then run hello.go to confirm that the code works.
+
+    <p>
+      The output should be a string representation of the map associating names
+      with messages, something like the following:
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+map[Darrin:Hail, Darrin! Well met! Gladys:Hi, Gladys. Welcome! Samantha:Hail, Samantha! Well met!]
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+  This topic introduced maps for representing name/value pairs. It also
+  introduced the idea of
+  <a href="https://blog.golang.org/module-compatibility"
+    >preserving backward compatibility</a
+  >
+  by implementing a new function for new or changed functionality in a module.
+  In the tutorial's <a href="add-a-test.html">next topic</a>, you'll use
+  built-in features to create a unit test for your code.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+  <a class="Navigation-prev" href="random-greeting.html"
+    >&lt; Return a random greeting</a
+  >
+  <a class="Navigation-next" href="add-a-test.html">Add a test &gt;</a>
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/handle-errors.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/handle-errors.html
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+<!--{
+    "Title": "Return and handle an error",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/handle-errors"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  Handling errors is an essential feature of solid code. In this section, you'll
+  add a bit of code to return an error from the greetings module, then handle it
+  in the caller.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+  with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    In greetings/greetings.go, add the code highlighted below.
+
+    <p>
+      There's no sense sending a greeting back if you don't know who to greet.
+      Return an error to the caller if the name is empty. Copy the following
+      code into greetings.go and save the file.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+    <ins>"errors"</ins>
+    "fmt"
+)
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+    <ins>// If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+    if name == "" {
+        return "", errors.New("empty name")
+    }</ins>
+
+    // If a name was received, return a value that embeds the name 
+    // in a greeting message.
+    message := fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)
+    return message, nil
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>
+      In this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Change the function so that it returns two values: a
+        <code>string</code> and an <code>error</code>. Your caller will check
+        the second value to see if an error occurred. (Any Go function can
+        <a href="https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#multiple-returns"
+          >return multiple values</a
+        >.)
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Import the Go standard library <code>errors</code> package so you can
+        use its
+        <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#example_New"
+          ><code>errors.New</code> function</a
+        >.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Add an <code>if</code> statement to check for an invalid request (an
+        empty string where the name should be) and return an error if the
+        request is invalid. The <code>errors.New</code> function returns an
+        <code>error</code> with your message inside.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Add <code>nil</code> (meaning no error) as a second value in the
+        successful return. That way, the caller can see that the function
+        succeeded.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    In your hello/hello.go file, handle the error now returned by the
+    <code>Hello</code> function, along with the non-error value.
+
+    <p>
+      Paste the following code into hello.go.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+package main
+
+import (
+    "fmt"
+    <ins>"log"</ins>
+
+    "example.com/greetings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    <ins>// Set properties of the predefined Logger, including
+    // the log entry prefix and a flag to disable printing
+    // the time, source file, and line number.
+    log.SetPrefix("greetings: ")
+    log.SetFlags(0)</ins>
+
+    // Request a greeting message.
+    message, err := greetings.Hello("")
+    <ins>// If an error was returned, print it to the console and
+    // exit the program.
+    if err != nil {
+        log.Fatal(err)
+    }
+
+    // If no error was returned, print the returned message
+    // to the console.</ins>
+    fmt.Println(message)
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>
+      In this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Configure the
+        <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/log/"><code>log</code> package</a> to
+        print the command name ("greetings: ") at the start of its log messages,
+        without a time stamp or source file information.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Assign both of the <code>Hello</code> return values, including the
+        <code>error</code>, to variables.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Change the <code>Hello</code> argument from Gladys’s name to an empty
+        string, so you can try out your error-handling code.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Look for a non-nil <code>error</code> value. There's no sense continuing
+        in this case.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Use the functions in the standard library's <code>log package</code> to
+        output error information. If you get an error, you use the
+        <code>log</code> package's
+        <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/log?tab=doc#Fatal"
+          ><code>Fatal</code> function</a
+        >
+        to print the error and stop the program.
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    At the command line in the <code>hello</code> directory, run hello.go to
+    confirm that the code works.
+
+    <p>
+      Now that you're passing in an empty name, you'll get an error.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+greetings: empty name
+exit status 1
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+  That's essentially how error handling in Go works: Return an error as a value
+  so the caller can check for it. It's pretty simple. In the tutorial's
+  <a href="random-greeting.html">next topic</a>, you'll use a Go slice to return
+  a randomly-selected greeting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+  <a class="Navigation-prev" href="call-module-code.html"
+    >&lt; Call your code from another module</a
+  >
+  <a class="Navigation-next" href="random-greeting.html"
+    >Return a random greeting &gt;</a
+  >
+</p>
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diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/index.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80f9c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Tutorials",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/"
+}-->
+
+<p>If you're new to a part of Go, take a look at the tutorials linked below.</p>
+
+<p>
+  If you haven't installed Go yet, see
+  <a href="/doc/install">Download and install</a>.
+</p>
+
+<table id="tutorials-list" class="DocTable">
+  <thead>
+    <tr class="DocTable-head">
+      <th class="DocTable-cell" width="20%">Tutorial</th>
+      <th class="DocTable-cell">Description</th>
+    </tr>
+  </thead>
+  <tbody>
+    <tr class="DocTable-row">
+      <td class="DocTable-cell">
+        <a href="getting-started.html">Getting started</a>
+      </td>
+      <td class="DocTable-cell">Say Hello, World with Go.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="DocTable-row">
+      <td class="DocTable-cell">
+        <a href="create-module.html">Create a module</a>
+      </td>
+      <td class="DocTable-cell">
+        A multi-part tutorial that introduces common programming language
+        features from the Go perspective.
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="DocTable-row">
+      <td class="DocTable-cell">
+        <a href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">A Tour of Go</a>
+      </td>
+      <td class="DocTable-cell">
+        An interactive introduction to Go: basic syntax and data structures; methods and interfaces; and Go's concurrency primitives.
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+  </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5a45be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<!--{
+    "Title": "Return a random greeting",
+    "Path":  "/doc/tutorial/random-greeting"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+  In this section, you'll change your code so that instead of returning a single
+  greeting every time, it returns one of several predefined greeting messages.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+  <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+  with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<p>
+  To do this, you'll use a Go slice. A
+  <a href="https://blog.golang.org/slices-intro"><em>slice</em></a> is like an
+  array, except that it's dynamically sized as you add and remove items. It's
+  one of the most useful types in Go. You'll add a small slice to contain three
+  greeting messages, then have your code return one of the messages randomly.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    In greetings/greetings.go, change your code so it looks like the following.
+
+    <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+    "errors"
+    "fmt"
+    <ins>"math/rand"
+    "time"</ins>
+)
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+    // If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+    if name == "" {
+        return name, errors.New("empty name")
+    }
+    // Create a message using a random format.
+    message := fmt.Sprintf(<ins>randomFormat()</ins>, name)
+    return message, nil
+}
+
+<ins>// init sets initial values for variables used in the function.
+func init() {
+    rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+}
+
+// randomFormat returns one of a set of greeting messages. The returned
+// message is selected at random.
+func randomFormat() string {
+    // A slice of message formats.
+    formats := []string{
+        "Hi, %v. Welcome!",
+        "Great to see you, %v!",
+        "Hail, %v! Well met!",
+    }
+
+    // Return a randomly selected message format by specifying
+    // a random index for the slice of formats.
+    return formats[rand.Intn(len(formats))]
+}</ins>
+</pre>
+
+    <p>
+      In this code, you:
+    </p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>
+        Add a <code>randomFormat</code> function that returns a randomly
+        selected format for a greeting message. Note that
+        <code>randomFormat</code> starts with a lowercase letter, making it
+        accessible only to code in its own package (in other words, it's not
+        exported).
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        In <code>randomFormat</code>, declare a <code>formats</code> slice with
+        three message formats. When declaring a slice, you omit its size in the
+        brackets, like this: <code>[]string</code>. This tells Go that the array
+        underlying a slice can be dynamically sized.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Use the
+        <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/math/rand/"
+          ><code>math/rand</code> package</a
+        >
+        to generate a random number for selecting an item from the slice.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        Add an
+        <a href="https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#init"
+          ><code>init</code> function</a
+        >
+        to seed the <code>rand</code> package with the current time. Go executes
+        <code>init</code> functions automatically at program startup, after
+        global variables have been initialized.
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        In <code>Hello</code>, call the <code>randomFormat</code> function to
+        get a format for the message you'll return, then use the format and
+        <code>name</code> value together to create the message.
+      </li>
+      <li>Return the message (or an error) as you did before.</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>
+      Your hello.go needn't change.
+    </p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li>
+    At the command line, change to the hello directory, then run hello.go to
+    confirm that the code works. Run it multiple times, noticing that the
+    greeting changes.
+
+    <p>
+      Oh -- don't forget to add Gladys's name (or a different name, if you like)
+      as an argument to the <code>Hello</code> function call in hello.go:
+      <code>greetings.Hello("Gladys")</code>
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>
+$ go build
+$ ./hello
+Great to see you, Gladys!
+
+$ ./hello
+Hi, Gladys. Welcome!
+
+$ ./hello
+Hail, Gladys! Well met!
+</pre
+    >
+  </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+  That's an introduction to a Go slice. To get even more use out of this type,
+  you'll use a slice to greet multiple people. That's in the tutorial's
+  <a href="greetings-multiple-people.html">next topic</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+  <a class="Navigation-prev" href="handle-errors.html"
+    >&lt; Return and handle an error</a
+  >
+  <a class="Navigation-next" href="greetings-multiple-people.html"
+    >Return greetings for multiple people &gt;</a
+  >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go b/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go
index 0cc170f..456b951 100644
--- a/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go
+++ b/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go
@@ -49,7 +49,11 @@
 	"doc/devel/release.html",
 	"doc/devel/weekly.html",
 	"doc/docs.html",
+	"doc/download.js",
 	"doc/gopath_code.html",
+	"doc/install.html",
+	"doc/install-source.html",
+	"doc/manage-install.html",
 	"doc/mvs/buildlist.svg",
 	"doc/mvs/downgrade.svg",
 	"doc/mvs/exclude.svg",
@@ -57,6 +61,16 @@
 	"doc/mvs/upgrade.svg",
 	"doc/root.html",
 	"doc/security.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/compile-install.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/create-module.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/getting-started.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/handle-errors.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/images/function-syntax.png",
+	"doc/tutorial/index.html",
+	"doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html",
 	"error.html",
 	"example.html",
 	"godoc.html",
diff --git a/content/static/static.go b/content/static/static.go
index 58572a9..21ddc9f 100644
--- a/content/static/static.go
+++ b/content/static/static.go
@@ -59,10 +59,18 @@
 
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"<!--{\x0a\x09\"Title\":\x20\"Documentation\",\x0a\x09\"Path\":\x20\"/doc/\",\x0a\x09\"Template\":\x20true\x0a}-->\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20Go\x20programming\x20language\x20is\x20an\x20open\x20source\x20project\x20to\x20make\x20programmers\x20more\x0aproductive.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aGo\x20is\x20expressive,\x20concise,\x20clean,\x20and\x20efficient.\x20Its\x20concurrency\x0amechanisms\x20make\x20it\x20easy\x20to\x20write\x20programs\x20that\x20get\x20the\x20most\x20out\x20of\x20multicore\x0aand\x20networked\x20machines,\x20while\x20its\x20novel\x20type\x20system\x20enables\x20flexible\x20and\x0amodular\x20program\x20construction.\x20Go\x20compiles\x20quickly\x20to\x20machine\x20code\x20yet\x20has\x20the\x0aconvenience\x20of\x20garbage\x20collection\x20and\x20the\x20power\x20of\x20run-time\x20reflection.\x20It's\x20a\x0afast,\x20statically\x20typed,\x20compiled\x20language\x20that\x20feels\x20like\x20a\x20dynamically\x20typed,\x0ainterpreted\x20language.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<div\x20id=\"manual-nav\"></div>\x0a\x0a<h2>Installing\x20Go</h2>\x0a\x0a<h3><a\x20href=\"/doc/install\">Getting\x20Started</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aInstructions\x20for\x20downloading\x20and\x20installing\x20the\x20Go\x20compilers,\x20tools,\x20and\x0alibraries.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"learning\">Learning\x20Go</h2>\x0a\x0a<img\x20class=\"gopher\"\x20src=\"/doc/gopher/doc.png\"\x20alt=\"\"/>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_tour\">\x0a\x09{{if\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a\x09\x20\x20A\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go\x0a\x09{{else}}\x0a\x09\x20\x20<a\x20href=\"//tour.golang.org/\">A\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go</a>\x0a\x09{{end}}\x0a</h3>\x0a<p>\x0aAn\x20interactive\x20introduction\x20to\x20Go\x20in\x20three\x20sections.\x0aThe\x20first\x20section\x20covers\x20basic\x20syntax\x20and\x20data\x20structures;\x20the\x20second\x20discusses\x0amethods\x20and\x20interfaces;\x20and\x20the\x20third\x20introduces\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives.\x0aEach\x20section\x20concludes\x20with\x20a\x20few\x20exercises\x20so\x20you\x20can\x20practice\x20what\x20you've\x0alearned.\x20You\x20can\x20{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}<a\x20href=\"//tour.golang.org/\">take\x20the\x20tour\x0aonline</a>\x20or{{end}}\x20install\x20it\x20locally\x20with:\x0a</p>\x0a<pre>\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20golang.org/x/tour\x0a</pre>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20will\x20place\x20the\x20<code>tour</code>\x20binary\x20in\x20your\x20workspace's\x20<code>bin</code>\x20directory.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"code\"><a\x20href=\"code.html\">How\x20to\x20write\x20Go\x20code</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20doc\x20explains\x20how\x20to\x20develop\x20a\x20simple\x20set\x20of\x20Go\x20packages\x20inside\x20a\x20module,\x0aand\x20it\x20shows\x20how\x20to\x20use\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/go/\"><code>go</code>&nbsp;command</a>\x0ato\x20build\x20and\x20test\x20packages.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"editors\"><a\x20href=\"editors.html\">Editor\x20plugins\x20and\x20IDEs</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20summarizes\x20commonly\x20used\x20editor\x20plugins\x20and\x20IDEs\x20with\x0aGo\x20support.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"effective_go\"><a\x20href=\"effective_go.html\">Effective\x20Go</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20gives\x20tips\x20for\x20writing\x20clear,\x20idiomatic\x20Go\x20code.\x0aA\x20must\x20read\x20for\x20any\x20new\x20Go\x20programmer.\x20It\x20augments\x20the\x20tour\x20and\x0athe\x20language\x20specification,\x20both\x20of\x20which\x20should\x20be\x20read\x20first.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"diagnostics\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/diagnostics.html\">Diagnostics</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aSummarizes\x20tools\x20and\x20methodologies\x20to\x20diagnose\x20problems\x20in\x20Go\x20programs.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"faq\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/faq\">Frequently\x20Asked\x20Questions\x20(FAQ)</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aAnswers\x20to\x20common\x20questions\x20about\x20Go.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"wiki\"><a\x20href=\"/wiki\">The\x20Go\x20Wiki</a></h3>\x0a<p>A\x20wiki\x20maintained\x20by\x20the\x20Go\x20community.</p>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"learn_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/Learn\">Learn</a>\x20page\x20at\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x0afor\x20more\x20Go\x20learning\x20resources.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"references\">References</h2>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"pkg\"><a\x20href=\"/pkg/\">Package\x20Documentation</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20documentation\x20for\x20the\x20Go\x20standard\x20library.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"cmd\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/cmd\">Command\x20Documentation</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20documentation\x20for\x20the\x20Go\x20tools.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"spec\"><a\x20href=\"/ref/spec\">Language\x20Specification</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20official\x20Go\x20Language\x20specification.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_mem\"><a\x20href=\"/ref/mem\">The\x20Go\x20Memory\x20Model</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20specifies\x20the\x20conditions\x20under\x20which\x20reads\x20of\x20a\x20variable\x20in\x0aone\x20goroutine\x20can\x20be\x20guaranteed\x20to\x20observe\x20values\x20produced\x20by\x20writes\x20to\x20the\x0asame\x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\"/blog/race-detector\">Introducing\x20the\x20Go\x20Race\x20Detector</a>\x20-\x20an\x20introduction\x20to\x20the\x20race\x20detector.</li>\x0a{{end}}\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"articles_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/Articles\">Articles\x20page</a>\x20at\x20the\x0a<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x20for\x20more\x20Go\x20articles.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<h2\x20id=\"talks\">Talks</h2>\x0a\x0a<img\x20class=\"gopher\"\x20src=\"/doc/gopher/talks.png\"\x20alt=\"\"/>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"video_tour_of_go\"><a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/gotour\">A\x20Video\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThree\x20things\x20that\x20make\x20Go\x20fast,\x20fun,\x20and\x20productive:\x0ainterfaces,\x20reflection,\x20and\x20concurrency.\x20Builds\x20a\x20toy\x20web\x20crawler\x20to\x0ademonstrate\x20these.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_code_that_grows\"><a\x20href=\"//vimeo.com/53221560\">Code\x20that\x20grows\x20with\x20grace</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aOne\x20of\x20Go's\x20key\x20design\x20goals\x20is\x20code\x20adaptability;\x20that\x20it\x20should\x20be\x20easy\x20to\x20take\x20a\x20simple\x20design\x20and\x20build\x20upon\x20it\x20in\x20a\x20clean\x20and\x20natural\x20way.\x20In\x20this\x20talk\x20Andrew\x20Gerrand\x20describes\x20a\x20simple\x20\"chat\x20roulette\"\x20server\x20that\x20matches\x20pairs\x20of\x20incoming\x20TCP\x20connections,\x20and\x20then\x20use\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20mechanisms,\x20interfaces,\x20and\x20standard\x20library\x20to\x20extend\x20it\x20with\x20a\x20web\x20interface\x20and\x20other\x20features.\x20While\x20the\x20function\x20of\x20the\x20program\x20changes\x20dramatically,\x20Go's\x20flexibility\x20preserves\x20the\x20original\x20design\x20as\x20it\x20grows.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_concurrency_patterns\"><a\x20href=\"//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs\">Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aConcurrency\x20is\x20the\x20key\x20to\x20designing\x20high\x20performance\x20network\x20services.\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives\x20(goroutines\x20and\x20channels)\x20provide\x20a\x20simple\x20and\x20efficient\x20means\x20of\x20expressing\x20concurrent\x20execution.\x20In\x20this\x20talk\x20we\x20see\x20how\x20tricky\x20concurrency\x20problems\x20can\x20be\x20solved\x20gracefully\x20with\x20simple\x20Go\x20code.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"advanced_go_concurrency_patterns\"><a\x20href=\"//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw\">Advanced\x20Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20talk\x20expands\x20on\x20the\x20<i>Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</i>\x20talk\x20to\x20dive\x20deeper\x20into\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"talks_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/talks\">Go\x20Talks\x20site</a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/GoTalks\">wiki\x20page</a>\x20for\x20more\x20Go\x20talks.\x0a</p>\x0a{{end}}\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"nonenglish\">Non-English\x20Documentation</h2>\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/NonEnglish\">NonEnglish</a>\x20page\x0aat\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x20for\x20localized\x0adocumentation.\x0a</p>\x0a",
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"<!--{\x0a\x09\"Title\":\x20\"Documentation\",\x0a\x09\"Path\":\x20\"/doc/\",\x0a\x09\"Template\":\x20true\x0a}-->\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20Go\x20programming\x20language\x20is\x20an\x20open\x20source\x20project\x20to\x20make\x20programmers\x20more\x0aproductive.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aGo\x20is\x20expressive,\x20concise,\x20clean,\x20and\x20efficient.\x20Its\x20concurrency\x0amechanisms\x20make\x20it\x20easy\x20to\x20write\x20programs\x20that\x20get\x20the\x20most\x20out\x20of\x20multicore\x0aand\x20networked\x20machines,\x20while\x20its\x20novel\x20type\x20system\x20enables\x20flexible\x20and\x0amodular\x20program\x20construction.\x20Go\x20compiles\x20quickly\x20to\x20machine\x20code\x20yet\x20has\x20the\x0aconvenience\x20of\x20garbage\x20collection\x20and\x20the\x20power\x20of\x20run-time\x20reflection.\x20It's\x20a\x0afast,\x20statically\x20typed,\x20compiled\x20language\x20that\x20feels\x20like\x20a\x20dynamically\x20typed,\x0ainterpreted\x20language.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<div\x20id=\"manual-nav\"></div>\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"getting-started\">Getting\x20started</h2>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"installing\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/install\">Installing\x20Go</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aInstructions\x20for\x20downloading\x20and\x20installing\x20Go.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"get-started-tutorial\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html\">Tutorial:\x20Getting\x20started</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20brief\x20Hello,\x20World\x20tutorial\x20to\x20get\x20started.\x20Learn\x20a\x20bit\x20about\x20Go\x20code,\x20tools,\x20packages,\x20and\x20modules.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"create-module-tutorial\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/tutorial/create-module.html\">Tutorial:\x20Create\x20a\x20module</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20tutorial\x20of\x20short\x20topics\x20introducing\x20functions,\x20error\x20handling,\x20arrays,\x20maps,\x20unit\x20testing,\x20and\x20compiling.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"learning\">Learning\x20Go</h2>\x0a\x0a<img\x20class=\"gopher\"\x20src=\"/doc/gopher/doc.png\"\x20alt=\"\"/>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_tour\">\x0a\x09{{if\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a\x09\x20\x20A\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go\x0a\x09{{else}}\x0a\x09\x20\x20<a\x20href=\"//tour.golang.org/\">A\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go</a>\x0a\x09{{end}}\x0a</h3>\x0a<p>\x0aAn\x20interactive\x20introduction\x20to\x20Go\x20in\x20three\x20sections.\x0aThe\x20first\x20section\x20covers\x20basic\x20syntax\x20and\x20data\x20structures;\x20the\x20second\x20discusses\x0amethods\x20and\x20interfaces;\x20and\x20the\x20third\x20introduces\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives.\x0aEach\x20section\x20concludes\x20with\x20a\x20few\x20exercises\x20so\x20you\x20can\x20practice\x20what\x20you've\x0alearned.\x20You\x20can\x20{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}<a\x20href=\"//tour.golang.org/\">take\x20the\x20tour\x0aonline</a>\x20or{{end}}\x20install\x20it\x20locally\x20with:\x0a</p>\x0a<pre>\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20golang.org/x/tour\x0a</pre>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20will\x20place\x20the\x20<code>tour</code>\x20binary\x20in\x20your\x20workspace's\x20<code>bin</code>\x20directory.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"code\"><a\x20href=\"code.html\">How\x20to\x20write\x20Go\x20code</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20doc\x20explains\x20how\x20to\x20develop\x20a\x20simple\x20set\x20of\x20Go\x20packages\x20inside\x20a\x20module,\x0aand\x20it\x20shows\x20how\x20to\x20use\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/go/\"><code>go</code>&nbsp;command</a>\x0ato\x20build\x20and\x20test\x20packages.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"editors\"><a\x20href=\"editors.html\">Editor\x20plugins\x20and\x20IDEs</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20summarizes\x20commonly\x20used\x20editor\x20plugins\x20and\x20IDEs\x20with\x0aGo\x20support.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"effective_go\"><a\x20href=\"effective_go.html\">Effective\x20Go</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20gives\x20tips\x20for\x20writing\x20clear,\x20idiomatic\x20Go\x20code.\x0aA\x20must\x20read\x20for\x20any\x20new\x20Go\x20programmer.\x20It\x20augments\x20the\x20tour\x20and\x0athe\x20language\x20specification,\x20both\x20of\x20which\x20should\x20be\x20read\x20first.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"diagnostics\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/diagnostics.html\">Diagnostics</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aSummarizes\x20tools\x20and\x20methodologies\x20to\x20diagnose\x20problems\x20in\x20Go\x20programs.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"faq\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/faq\">Frequently\x20Asked\x20Questions\x20(FAQ)</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aAnswers\x20to\x20common\x20questions\x20about\x20Go.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"tutorials\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/tutorial/\">Tutorials</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20list\x20of\x20tutorials\x20to\x20get\x20started\x20with\x20Go.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"wiki\"><a\x20href=\"/wiki\">The\x20Go\x20Wiki</a></h3>\x0a<p>A\x20wiki\x20maintained\x20by\x20the\x20Go\x20community.</p>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"learn_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/Learn\">Learn</a>\x20page\x20at\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x0afor\x20more\x20Go\x20learning\x20resources.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"references\">References</h2>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"pkg\"><a\x20href=\"/pkg/\">Package\x20Documentation</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20documentation\x20for\x20the\x20Go\x20standard\x20library.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"cmd\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/cmd\">Command\x20Documentation</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20documentation\x20for\x20the\x20Go\x20tools.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"spec\"><a\x20href=\"/ref/spec\">Language\x20Specification</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20official\x20Go\x20Language\x20specification.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_mem\"><a\x20href=\"/ref/mem\">The\x20Go\x20Memory\x20Model</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20specifies\x20the\x20conditions\x20under\x20which\x20reads\x20of\x20a\x20variable\x20in\x0aone\x20goroutine\x20can\x20be\x20guaranteed\x20to\x20observe\x20values\x20produced\x20by\x20writes\x20to\x20the\x0asame\x20variable\x20in\x20a\x20different\x20goroutine.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"release\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/devel/release.html\">Release\x20History</a></h3>\x0a<p>A\x20summary\x20of\x20the\x20changes\x20between\x20Go\x20releases.</p>\x0a\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"articles\">Articles</h2>\x0a\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<h3\x20id=\"blog\"><a\x20href=\"//blog.golang.org/\">The\x20Go\x20Blog</a></h3>\x0a<p>The\x20official\x20blog\x20of\x20the\x20Go\x20project,\x20featuring\x20news\x20and\x20in-depth\x20articles\x20by\x0athe\x20Go\x20team\x20and\x20guests.</p>\x0a{{end}}\x0a\x0a<h4>Codewalks</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aGuided\x20tours\x20of\x20Go\x20programs.\x0a</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/codewalk/functions\">First-Class\x20Functions\x20in\x20Go</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/codewalk/markov\">Generating\x20arbitrary\x20text:\x20a\x20Markov\x20chain\x20algorithm</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/codewalk/sharemem\">Share\x20Memory\x20by\x20Communicating</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/articles/wiki/\">Writing\x20Web\x20Applications</a>\x20-\x20building\x20a\x20simple\x20web\x20application.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<h4>Language</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/json-rpc-tale-of-interfaces\">JSON-RPC:\x20a\x20tale\x20of\x20interfaces</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/gos-declaration-syntax\">Go's\x20Declaration\x20Syntax</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/defer-panic-and-recover\">Defer,\x20Panic,\x20and\x20Recover</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-concurrency-patterns-timing-out-and\">Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns:\x20Timing\x20out,\x20moving\x20on</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-slices-usage-and-internals\">Go\x20Slices:\x20usage\x20and\x20internals</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces\">A\x20GIF\x20decoder:\x20an\x20exercise\x20in\x20Go\x20interfaces</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/error-handling-and-go\">Error\x20Handling\x20and\x20Go</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/organizing-go-code\">Organizing\x20Go\x20code</a></li>\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a<h4>Packages</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/json-and-go\">JSON\x20and\x20Go</a>\x20-\x20using\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/encoding/json/\">json</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/gobs-of-data\">Gobs\x20of\x20data</a>\x20-\x20the\x20design\x20and\x20use\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/encoding/gob/\">gob</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/laws-of-reflection\">The\x20Laws\x20of\x20Reflection</a>\x20-\x20the\x20fundamentals\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/reflect/\">reflect</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-image-package\">The\x20Go\x20image\x20package</a>\x20-\x20the\x20fundamentals\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/image/\">image</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-imagedraw-package\">The\x20Go\x20image/draw\x20package</a>\x20-\x20the\x20fundamentals\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/image/draw/\">image/draw</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a<h4>Modules</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/using-go-modules\">Using\x20Go\x20Modules</a>\x20-\x20an\x20introduction\x20to\x20using\x20modules\x20in\x20a\x20simple\x20project.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/migrating-to-go-modules\">Migrating\x20to\x20Go\x20Modules</a>\x20-\x20converting\x20an\x20existing\x20project\x20to\x20use\x20modules.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/publishing-go-modules\">Publishing\x20Go\x20Modules</a>\x20-\x20how\x20to\x20make\x20new\x20versions\x20of\x20modules\x20available\x20to\x20others.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/v2-go-modules\">Go\x20Modules:\x20v2\x20and\x20Beyond</a>\x20-\x20creating\x20and\x20publishing\x20major\x20versions\x202\x20and\x20higher.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/module-compatibility\">Keeping\x20Your\x20Modules\x20Compatible</a>\x20-\x20how\x20to\x20keep\x20your\x20modules\x20compatible\x20with\x20prior\x20minor/patch\x20versions.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a{{end}}\x0a\x0a<h4>Tools</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/articles/go_command.html\">About\x20the\x20Go\x20command</a>\x20-\x20why\x20we\x20wrote\x20it,\x20what\x20it\x20is,\x20what\x20it's\x20not,\x20and\x20how\x20to\x20use\x20it.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/gdb\">Debugging\x20Go\x20Code\x20with\x20GDB</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/articles/race_detector.html\">Data\x20Race\x20Detector</a>\x20-\x20a\x20manual\x20for\x20the\x20data\x20race\x20detector.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/asm\">A\x20Quick\x20Guide\x20to\x20Go's\x20Assembler</a>\x20-\x20an\x20introduction\x20to\x20the\x20assembler\x20used\x20by\x20Go.</li>\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/c-go-cgo\">C?\x20Go?\x20Cgo!</a>\x20-\x20linking\x20against\x20C\x20code\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/cgo/\">cgo</a>.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/godoc-documenting-go-code\">Godoc:\x20documenting\x20Go\x20code</a>\x20-\x20writing\x20good\x20documentation\x20for\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/godoc/\">godoc</a>.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/profiling-go-programs\">Profiling\x20Go\x20Programs</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/race-detector\">Introducing\x20the\x20Go\x20Race\x20Detector</a>\x20-\x20an\x20introduction\x20to\x20the\x20race\x20detector.</li>\x0a{{end}}\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"articles_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/Articles\">Articles\x20page</a>\x20at\x20the\x0a<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x20for\x20more\x20Go\x20articles.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<h2\x20id=\"talks\">Talks</h2>\x0a\x0a<img\x20class=\"gopher\"\x20src=\"/doc/gopher/talks.png\"\x20alt=\"\"/>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"video_tour_of_go\"><a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/gotour\">A\x20Video\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThree\x20things\x20that\x20make\x20Go\x20fast,\x20fun,\x20and\x20productive:\x0ainterfaces,\x20reflection,\x20and\x20concurrency.\x20Builds\x20a\x20toy\x20web\x20crawler\x20to\x0ademonstrate\x20these.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_code_that_grows\"><a\x20href=\"//vimeo.com/53221560\">Code\x20that\x20grows\x20with\x20grace</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aOne\x20of\x20Go's\x20key\x20design\x20goals\x20is\x20code\x20adaptability;\x20that\x20it\x20should\x20be\x20easy\x20to\x20take\x20a\x20simple\x20design\x20and\x20build\x20upon\x20it\x20in\x20a\x20clean\x20and\x20natural\x20way.\x20In\x20this\x20talk\x20Andrew\x20Gerrand\x20describes\x20a\x20simple\x20\"chat\x20roulette\"\x20server\x20that\x20matches\x20pairs\x20of\x20incoming\x20TCP\x20connections,\x20and\x20then\x20use\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20mechanisms,\x20interfaces,\x20and\x20standard\x20library\x20to\x20extend\x20it\x20with\x20a\x20web\x20interface\x20and\x20other\x20features.\x20While\x20the\x20function\x20of\x20the\x20program\x20changes\x20dramatically,\x20Go's\x20flexibility\x20preserves\x20the\x20original\x20design\x20as\x20it\x20grows.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_concurrency_patterns\"><a\x20href=\"//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs\">Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aConcurrency\x20is\x20the\x20key\x20to\x20designing\x20high\x20performance\x20network\x20services.\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives\x20(goroutines\x20and\x20channels)\x20provide\x20a\x20simple\x20and\x20efficient\x20means\x20of\x20expressing\x20concurrent\x20execution.\x20In\x20this\x20talk\x20we\x20see\x20how\x20tricky\x20concurrency\x20problems\x20can\x20be\x20solved\x20gracefully\x20with\x20simple\x20Go\x20code.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"advanced_go_concurrency_patterns\"><a\x20href=\"//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw\">Advanced\x20Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20talk\x20expands\x20on\x20the\x20<i>Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</i>\x20talk\x20to\x20dive\x20deeper\x20into\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"talks_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/talks\">Go\x20Talks\x20site</a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/GoTalks\">wiki\x20page</a>\x20for\x20more\x20Go\x20talks.\x0a</p>\x0a{{end}}\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"nonenglish\">Non-English\x20Documentation</h2>\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/NonEnglish\">NonEnglish</a>\x20page\x0aat\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x20for\x20localized\x0adocumentation.\x0a</p>\x0a",
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"<!--{\x0a\x20\x20\"Title\":\x20\"Go\x20Modules\x20Reference\",\x0a\x20\x20\"Subtitle\":\x20\"Version\x20of\x20Feb\x205,\x202019\",\x0a\x20\x20\"Path\":\x20\"/ref/mod\"\x0a}-->\x0a<!--\x20TODO(jayconrod):\x20use\x20<dfn>\x20tags\x20where\x20meaningful.\x0aCurrently,\x20*term*\x20is\x20used\x20instead,\x20which\x20renders\x20to\x20<em>term</em>.\x20-->\x0a<h2\x20id=\"introduction\">Introduction</h2>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"modules-overview\">Modules,\x20packages,\x20and\x20versions</h2>\x0a<p>A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module\"><em>module</em></a>\x20is\x20a\x20collection\x20of\x20packages\x20that\x20are\x20released,\x0aversioned,\x20and\x20distributed\x20together.\x20A\x20module\x20is\x20identified\x20by\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\"><em>module\x0apath</em></a>,\x20which\x20is\x20declared\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-files\"><code>go.mod</code>\x0afile</a>,\x20together\x20with\x20information\x20about\x20the\x20module's\x0adependencies.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-root-directory\"><em>module\x20root\x20directory</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x0adirectory\x20that\x20contains\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\"><em>main\x0amodule</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x20module\x20containing\x20the\x20directory\x20where\x20the\x0a<code>go</code>\x20command\x20is\x20invoked.</p>\x0a<p>Each\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-package\"><em>package</em></a>\x20within\x20a\x20module\x20is\x20a\x20collection\x20of\x20source\x20files\x0ain\x20the\x20same\x20directory\x20that\x20are\x20compiled\x20together.\x20A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-package-path\"><em>package\x0apath</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20joined\x20with\x20the\x20subdirectory\x0acontaining\x20the\x20package\x20(relative\x20to\x20the\x20module\x20root).\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x20module\x0a<code>&quot;golang.org/x/net&quot;</code>\x20contains\x20a\x20package\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20<code>&quot;html&quot;</code>.\x20That\x0apackage's\x20path\x20is\x20<code>&quot;golang.org/x/net/html&quot;</code>.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"module-path\">Module\x20paths</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\"><em>module\x20path</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x20canonical\x20name\x20for\x20a\x20module,\x0adeclared\x20with\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-module\"><code>module</code>\x20directive</a>\x20in\x20the\x20module's\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20file</a>.\x20A\x20module's\x20path\x20is\x20the\x20prefix\x20for\x20package\x0apaths\x20within\x20the\x20module.</p>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20path\x20should\x20describe\x20both\x20what\x20the\x20module\x20does\x20and\x20where\x20to\x20find\x20it.\x0aTypically,\x20a\x20module\x20path\x20consists\x20of\x20a\x20repository\x20root\x20path,\x20a\x20directory\x20within\x0athe\x20repository\x20(usually\x20empty),\x20and\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20(only\x20for\x20major\x0aversion\x202\x20or\x20higher).</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<dfn>repository\x20root\x20path</dfn>\x20is\x20the\x20portion\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20that\x0acorresponds\x20to\x20the\x20root\x20directory\x20of\x20the\x20version\x20control\x20repository\x20where\x20the\x0amodule\x20is\x20developed.\x20Most\x20modules\x20are\x20defined\x20in\x20their\x20repository's\x20root\x0adirectory,\x20so\x20this\x20is\x20usually\x20the\x20entire\x20path.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>golang.org/x/net</code>\x20is\x20the\x20repository\x20root\x20path\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20of\x20the\x20same\x0aname.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-find\">Finding\x20a\x20repository\x20for\x20a\x20module\x20path</a>\x20for\x20information\x0aon\x20how\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20locates\x20a\x20repository\x20using\x20HTTP\x20requests\x20derived\x0afrom\x20a\x20module\x20path.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20the\x20module\x20is\x20not\x20defined\x20in\x20the\x20repository's\x20root\x20directory,\x20the\x0a<dfn>module\x20subdirectory</dfn>\x20is\x20the\x20part\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20that\x20names\x20the\x0adirectory,\x20not\x20including\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix.\x20This\x20also\x20serves\x20as\x20a\x0aprefix\x20for\x20semantic\x20version\x20tags.\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x20module\x0a<code>golang.org/x/tools/gopls</code>\x20is\x20in\x20the\x20<code>gopls</code>\x20subdirectory\x20of\x20the\x20repository\x0awith\x20root\x20path\x20<code>golang.org/x/tools</code>,\x20so\x20it\x20has\x20the\x20module\x20subdirectory\x0a<code>gopls</code>.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x20commits</a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-dir\">Module\x0adirectories\x20within\x20a\x20repository</a>.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20the\x20module\x20is\x20released\x20at\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher,\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20must\x0aend\x20with\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#major-version-suffixes\"><em>major\x20version\x20suffix</em></a>\x20like\x0a<code>/v2</code>.\x20This\x20may\x20or\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20part\x20of\x20the\x20subdirectory\x20name.\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x0amodule\x20with\x20path\x20<code>golang.org/x/repo/sub/v2</code>\x20could\x20be\x20in\x20the\x20<code>/sub</code>\x20or\x0a<code>/sub/v2</code>\x20subdirectory\x20of\x20the\x20repository\x20<code>golang.org/x/repo</code>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20module\x20might\x20be\x20depended\x20on\x20by\x20other\x20modules,\x20these\x20rules\x20must\x20be\x20followed\x0aso\x20that\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20can\x20find\x20and\x20download\x20the\x20module.\x20There\x20are\x20also\x0aseveral\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-ident\">lexical\x20restrictions</a>\x20on\x20characters\x20allowed\x20in\x0amodule\x20paths.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"versions\">Versions</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-version\"><em>version</em></a>\x20identifies\x20an\x20immutable\x20snapshot\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x20which\x0amay\x20be\x20either\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-release-version\">release</a>\x20or\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release</a>.\x20Each\x20version\x20starts\x20with\x20the\x20letter\x0a<code>v</code>,\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20semantic\x20version.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html\">Semantic\x20Versioning\x0a2.0.0</a>\x20for\x20details\x20on\x20how\x20versions\x20are\x0aformatted,\x20interpreted,\x20and\x20compared.</p>\x0a<p>To\x20summarize,\x20a\x20semantic\x20version\x20consists\x20of\x20three\x20non-negative\x20integers\x20(the\x0amajor,\x20minor,\x20and\x20patch\x20versions,\x20from\x20left\x20to\x20right)\x20separated\x20by\x20dots.\x20The\x0apatch\x20version\x20may\x20be\x20followed\x20by\x20an\x20optional\x20pre-release\x20string\x20starting\x20with\x20a\x0ahyphen.\x20The\x20pre-release\x20string\x20or\x20patch\x20version\x20may\x20be\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20build\x0ametadata\x20string\x20starting\x20with\x20a\x20plus.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>v0.0.0</code>,\x20<code>v1.12.134</code>,\x0a<code>v8.0.5-pre</code>,\x20and\x20<code>v2.0.9+meta</code>\x20are\x20valid\x20versions.</p>\x0a<p>Each\x20part\x20of\x20a\x20version\x20indicates\x20whether\x20the\x20version\x20is\x20stable\x20and\x20whether\x20it\x20is\x0acompatible\x20with\x20previous\x20versions.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version\">major\x20version</a>\x20must\x20be\x20incremented\x20and\x20the\x20minor\x0aand\x20patch\x20versions\x20must\x20be\x20set\x20to\x20zero\x20after\x20a\x20backwards\x20incompatible\x20change\x0ais\x20made\x20to\x20the\x20module's\x20public\x20interface\x20or\x20documented\x20functionality,\x20for\x0aexample,\x20after\x20a\x20package\x20is\x20removed.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-minor-version\">minor\x20version</a>\x20must\x20be\x20incremented\x20and\x20the\x20patch\x0aversion\x20set\x20to\x20zero\x20after\x20a\x20backwards\x20compatible\x20change,\x20for\x20example,\x20after\x20a\x0anew\x20function\x20is\x20added.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-patch-version\">patch\x20version</a>\x20must\x20be\x20incremented\x20after\x20a\x20change\x0athat\x20does\x20not\x20affect\x20the\x20module's\x20public\x20interface,\x20such\x20as\x20a\x20bug\x20fix\x20or\x0aoptimization.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20pre-release\x20suffix\x20indicates\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release</a>.\x20Pre-release\x20versions\x20sort\x20before\x0athe\x20corresponding\x20release\x20versions.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>v1.2.3-pre</code>\x20comes\x20before\x0a<code>v1.2.3</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20build\x20metadata\x20suffix\x20is\x20ignored\x20for\x20the\x20purpose\x20of\x20comparing\x20versions.\x0aTags\x20with\x20build\x20metadata\x20are\x20ignored\x20in\x20version\x20control\x20repositories,\x20but\x0abuild\x20metadata\x20is\x20preserved\x20in\x20versions\x20specified\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files.\x20The\x0asuffix\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20denotes\x20a\x20version\x20released\x20before\x20migrating\x20to\x20modules\x0aversion\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20later\x20(see\x20<a\x20href=\"#non-module-compat\">Compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x0arepositories</a>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>A\x20version\x20is\x20considered\x20unstable\x20if\x20its\x20major\x20version\x20is\x200\x20or\x20it\x20has\x20a\x0apre-release\x20suffix.\x20Unstable\x20versions\x20are\x20not\x20subject\x20to\x20compatibility\x0arequirements.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>v0.2.0</code>\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20compatible\x20with\x20<code>v0.1.0</code>,\x20and\x0a<code>v1.5.0-beta</code>\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20compatible\x20with\x20<code>v1.5.0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>Go\x20may\x20access\x20modules\x20in\x20version\x20control\x20systems\x20using\x20tags,\x20branches,\x20or\x0arevisions\x20that\x20don't\x20follow\x20these\x20conventions.\x20However,\x20within\x20the\x20main\x20module,\x0athe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20automatically\x20convert\x20revision\x20names\x20that\x20don't\x20follow\x0athis\x20standard\x20into\x20canonical\x20versions.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20also\x20remove\x20build\x0ametadata\x20suffixes\x20(except\x20for\x20<code>+incompatible</code>)\x20as\x20part\x20of\x20this\x20process.\x20This\x20may\x0aresult\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-pseudo-version\"><em>pseudo-version</em></a>,\x20a\x20pre-release\x20version\x20that\x0aencodes\x20a\x20revision\x20identifier\x20(such\x20as\x20a\x20Git\x20commit\x20hash)\x20and\x20a\x20timestamp\x20from\x20a\x0aversion\x20control\x20system.\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x20command\x20<code>go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/net@daa7c041</code>\x20will\x20convert\x20the\x20commit\x20hash\x20<code>daa7c041</code>\x20into\x20the\x0apseudo-version\x20<code>v0.0.0-20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>.\x20Canonical\x20versions\x20are\x0arequired\x20outside\x20the\x20main\x20module,\x20and\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error\x20if\x20a\x0anon-canonical\x20version\x20like\x20<code>master</code>\x20appears\x20in\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"pseudo-versions\">Pseudo-versions</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<dfn>pseudo-version</dfn>\x20is\x20a\x20specially\x20formatted\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release</a>\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-version\">version</a>\x20that\x20encodes\x0ainformation\x20about\x20a\x20specific\x20revision\x20in\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20repository.\x20For\x0aexample,\x20<code>v0.0.0-20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>\x20is\x20a\x20pseudo-version.</p>\x0a<p>Pseudo-versions\x20may\x20refer\x20to\x20revisions\x20for\x20which\x20no\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-semantic-version-tag\">semantic\x20version\x0atags</a>\x20are\x20available.\x20They\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20test\x0acommits\x20before\x20creating\x20version\x20tags,\x20for\x20example,\x20on\x20a\x20development\x20branch.</p>\x0a<p>Each\x20pseudo-version\x20has\x20three\x20parts:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>A\x20base\x20version\x20prefix\x20(<code>vX.0.0</code>\x20or\x20<code>vX.Y.Z-0</code>),\x20which\x20is\x20either\x20derived\x20from\x20a\x0asemantic\x20version\x20tag\x20that\x20precedes\x20the\x20revision\x20or\x20<code>vX.0.0</code>\x20if\x20there\x20is\x20no\x0asuch\x20tag.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20timestamp\x20(<code>yymmddhhmmss</code>),\x20which\x20is\x20the\x20UTC\x20time\x20the\x20revision\x20was\x20created.\x0aIn\x20Git,\x20this\x20is\x20the\x20commit\x20time,\x20not\x20the\x20author\x20time.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20revision\x20identifier\x20(<code>abcdefabcdef</code>),\x20which\x20is\x20a\x2012-character\x20prefix\x20of\x20the\x0acommit\x20hash,\x20or\x20in\x20Subversion,\x20a\x20zero-padded\x20revision\x20number.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>Each\x20pseudo-version\x20may\x20be\x20in\x20one\x20of\x20three\x20forms,\x20depending\x20on\x20the\x20base\x20version.\x0aThese\x20forms\x20ensure\x20that\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x20compares\x20higher\x20than\x20its\x20base\x20version,\x0abut\x20lower\x20than\x20the\x20next\x20tagged\x20version.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><code>vX.0.0-yyyymmddhhmmss-abcdefabcdef</code>\x20is\x20used\x20when\x20there\x20is\x20no\x20known\x20base\x0aversion.\x20As\x20with\x20all\x20versions,\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20<code>X</code>\x20must\x20match\x20the\x20module's\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-suffix\">major\x20version\x20suffix</a>.</li>\x0a<li><code>vX.Y.Z-pre.0.yyyymmddhhmmss-abcdefabcdef</code>\x20is\x20used\x20when\x20the\x20base\x20version\x20is\x0aa\x20pre-release\x20version\x20like\x20<code>vX.Y.Z-pre</code>.</li>\x0a<li><code>vX.Y.(Z+1)-0.yyyymmddhhmmss-abcdefabcdef</code>\x20is\x20used\x20when\x20the\x20base\x20version\x20is\x0aa\x20release\x20version\x20like\x20<code>vX.Y.Z</code>.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20the\x20base\x20version\x20is\x0a<code>v1.2.3</code>,\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x20might\x20be\x20<code>v1.2.4-0.20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>More\x20than\x20one\x20pseudo-version\x20may\x20refer\x20to\x20the\x20same\x20commit\x20by\x20using\x20different\x0abase\x20versions.\x20This\x20happens\x20naturally\x20when\x20a\x20lower\x20version\x20is\x20tagged\x20after\x20a\x0apseudo-version\x20is\x20written.</p>\x0a<p>These\x20forms\x20give\x20pseudo-versions\x20two\x20useful\x20properties:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>Pseudo-versions\x20with\x20known\x20base\x20versions\x20sort\x20higher\x20than\x20those\x20versions\x20but\x0alower\x20than\x20other\x20pre-release\x20for\x20later\x20versions.</li>\x0a<li>Pseudo-versions\x20with\x20the\x20same\x20base\x20version\x20prefix\x20sort\x20chronologically.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20performs\x20several\x20checks\x20to\x20ensure\x20that\x20module\x20authors\x20have\x0acontrol\x20over\x20how\x20pseudo-versions\x20are\x20compared\x20with\x20other\x20versions\x20and\x20that\x0apseudo-versions\x20refer\x20to\x20revisions\x20that\x20are\x20actually\x20part\x20of\x20a\x20module's\x0acommit\x20history.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>If\x20a\x20base\x20version\x20is\x20specified,\x20there\x20must\x20be\x20a\x20corresponding\x20semantic\x20version\x0atag\x20that\x20is\x20an\x20ancestor\x20of\x20the\x20revision\x20described\x20by\x20the\x20pseudo-version.\x20This\x0aprevents\x20developers\x20from\x20bypassing\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>\x20using\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x20that\x0acompares\x20higher\x20than\x20all\x20tagged\x20versions\x20like\x0a<code>v1.999.999-99999999999999-daa7c04131f5</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20timestamp\x20must\x20match\x20the\x20revision's\x20timestamp.\x20This\x20prevents\x20attackers\x0afrom\x20flooding\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x20proxies</a>\x20with\x20an\x20unbounded\x20number\x0aof\x20otherwise\x20identical\x20pseudo-versions.\x20This\x20also\x20prevents\x20module\x20consumers\x0afrom\x20changing\x20the\x20relative\x20ordering\x20of\x20versions.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20revision\x20must\x20be\x20an\x20ancestor\x20of\x20one\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20repository's\x20branches\x20or\x0atags.\x20This\x20prevents\x20attackers\x20from\x20referring\x20to\x20unapproved\x20changes\x20or\x20pull\x0arequests.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>Pseudo-versions\x20never\x20need\x20to\x20be\x20typed\x20by\x20hand.\x20Many\x20commands\x20accept\x0aa\x20commit\x20hash\x20or\x20a\x20branch\x20name\x20and\x20will\x20translate\x20it\x20into\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x0a(or\x20tagged\x20version\x20if\x20available)\x20automatically.\x20For\x20example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20get\x20-d\x20example.com/mod@master\x0ago\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20example.com/mod@abcd1234\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"major-version-suffixes\">Major\x20version\x20suffixes</h3>\x0a<p>Starting\x20with\x20major\x20version\x202,\x20module\x20paths\x20must\x20have\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-suffix\"><em>major\x20version\x0asuffix</em></a>\x20like\x20<code>/v2</code>\x20that\x20matches\x20the\x20major\x0aversion.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20a\x20module\x20has\x20the\x20path\x20<code>example.com/mod</code>\x20at\x20<code>v1.0.0</code>,\x20it\x0amust\x20have\x20the\x20path\x20<code>example.com/mod/v2</code>\x20at\x20version\x20<code>v2.0.0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>Major\x20version\x20suffixes\x20implement\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/vgo-import\"><em>import\x20compatibility\x0arule</em></a>:</p>\x0a<blockquote>\x0a<p>If\x20an\x20old\x20package\x20and\x20a\x20new\x20package\x20have\x20the\x20same\x20import\x20path,\x0athe\x20new\x20package\x20must\x20be\x20backwards\x20compatible\x20with\x20the\x20old\x20package.</p>\x0a</blockquote>\x0a<p>By\x20definition,\x20packages\x20in\x20a\x20new\x20major\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20are\x20not\x20backwards\x0acompatible\x20with\x20the\x20corresponding\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20previous\x20major\x20version.\x0aConsequently,\x20starting\x20with\x20<code>v2</code>,\x20packages\x20need\x20new\x20import\x20paths.\x20This\x20is\x0aaccomplished\x20by\x20adding\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20to\x20the\x20module\x20path.\x20Since\x20the\x0amodule\x20path\x20is\x20a\x20prefix\x20of\x20the\x20import\x20path\x20for\x20each\x20package\x20within\x20the\x20module,\x0aadding\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20to\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20provides\x20a\x20distinct\x20import\x0apath\x20for\x20each\x20incompatible\x20version.</p>\x0a<p>Major\x20version\x20suffixes\x20are\x20not\x20allowed\x20at\x20major\x20versions\x20<code>v0</code>\x20or\x20<code>v1</code>.\x20There\x20is\x0ano\x20need\x20to\x20change\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20between\x20<code>v0</code>\x20and\x20<code>v1</code>\x20because\x20<code>v0</code>\x20versions\x0aare\x20unstable\x20and\x20have\x20no\x20compatibility\x20guarantee.\x20Additionally,\x20for\x20most\x0amodules,\x20<code>v1</code>\x20is\x20backwards\x20compatible\x20with\x20the\x20last\x20<code>v0</code>\x20version;\x20a\x20<code>v1</code>\x20version\x0aacts\x20as\x20a\x20commitment\x20to\x20compatibility,\x20rather\x20than\x20an\x20indication\x20of\x0aincompatible\x20changes\x20compared\x20with\x20<code>v0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>As\x20a\x20special\x20case,\x20modules\x20paths\x20starting\x20with\x20<code>gopkg.in/</code>\x20must\x20always\x20have\x20a\x0amajor\x20version\x20suffix,\x20even\x20at\x20<code>v0</code>\x20and\x20<code>v1</code>.\x20The\x20suffix\x20must\x20start\x20with\x20a\x20dot\x0arather\x20than\x20a\x20slash\x20(for\x20example,\x20<code>gopkg.in/yaml.v2</code>).</p>\x0a<p>Major\x20version\x20suffixes\x20let\x20multiple\x20major\x20versions\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20coexist\x20in\x20the\x0asame\x20build.\x20This\x20may\x20be\x20necessary\x20due\x20to\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/vgo-import#dependency_story\">diamond\x20dependency\x0aproblem</a>.\x20Ordinarily,\x20if\x0aa\x20module\x20is\x20required\x20at\x20two\x20different\x20versions\x20by\x20transitive\x20dependencies,\x20the\x0ahigher\x20version\x20will\x20be\x20used.\x20However,\x20if\x20the\x20two\x20versions\x20are\x20incompatible,\x0aneither\x20version\x20will\x20satisfy\x20all\x20clients.\x20Since\x20incompatible\x20versions\x20must\x20have\x0adifferent\x20major\x20version\x20numbers,\x20they\x20must\x20also\x20have\x20different\x20module\x20paths\x20due\x0ato\x20major\x20version\x20suffixes.\x20This\x20resolves\x20the\x20conflict:\x20modules\x20with\x20distinct\x0asuffixes\x20are\x20treated\x20as\x20separate\x20modules,\x20and\x20their\x20packages\xe2\x80\x94even\x20packages\x20in\x0asame\x20subdirectory\x20relative\x20to\x20their\x20module\x20roots\xe2\x80\x94are\x20distinct.</p>\x0a<p>Many\x20Go\x20projects\x20released\x20versions\x20at\x20<code>v2</code>\x20or\x20higher\x20without\x20using\x20a\x20major\x0aversion\x20suffix\x20before\x20migrating\x20to\x20modules\x20(perhaps\x20before\x20modules\x20were\x20even\x0aintroduced).\x20These\x20versions\x20are\x20annotated\x20with\x20a\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20build\x20tag\x20(for\x0aexample,\x20<code>v2.0.0+incompatible</code>).\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#non-module-compat\">Compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x0arepositories</a>\x20for\x20more\x20information.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"resolve-pkg-mod\">Resolving\x20a\x20package\x20to\x20a\x20module</h3>\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20loads\x20a\x20package\x20using\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-package-path\">package\x0apath</a>,\x20it\x20needs\x20to\x20determine\x20which\x20module\x20provides\x20the\x0apackage.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20starts\x20by\x20searching\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>\x20for\x0amodules\x20with\x20paths\x20that\x20are\x20prefixes\x20of\x20the\x20package\x20path.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20the\x0apackage\x20<code>example.com/a/b</code>\x20is\x20imported,\x20and\x20the\x20module\x20<code>example.com/a</code>\x20is\x20in\x20the\x0abuild\x20list,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20check\x20whether\x20<code>example.com/a</code>\x20contains\x20the\x0apackage,\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20<code>b</code>.\x20At\x20least\x20one\x20file\x20with\x20the\x20<code>.go</code>\x20extension\x20must\x0abe\x20present\x20in\x20a\x20directory\x20for\x20it\x20to\x20be\x20considered\x20a\x20package.\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints\">Build\x0aconstraints</a>\x20are\x20not\x20applied\x20for\x20this\x0apurpose.\x20If\x20exactly\x20one\x20module\x20in\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20provides\x20the\x20package,\x20that\x0amodule\x20is\x20used.\x20If\x20two\x20or\x20more\x20modules\x20provide\x20the\x20package,\x20an\x20error\x20is\x0areported.\x20If\x20no\x20modules\x20provide\x20the\x20package,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20attempt\x20to\x0afind\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20(unless\x20the\x20flags\x20<code>-mod=readonly</code>\x20or\x20<code>-mod=vendor</code>\x20are\x20used,\x0ain\x20which\x20case,\x20an\x20error\x20is\x20reported).</p>\x0a<!--\x20NOTE(golang.org/issue/27899):\x20the\x20go\x20command\x20reports\x20an\x20error\x20when\x20two\x0aor\x20more\x20modules\x20provide\x20a\x20package\x20with\x20the\x20same\x20path\x20as\x20above.\x20In\x20the\x20future,\x0awe\x20may\x20try\x20to\x20upgrade\x20one\x20(or\x20all)\x20of\x20the\x20colliding\x20modules.\x0a-->\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20looks\x20up\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20for\x20a\x20package\x20path,\x20it\x20checks\x20the\x0a<code>GOPROXY</code>\x20environment\x20variable,\x20which\x20is\x20a\x20comma-separated\x20list\x20of\x20proxy\x20URLs\x20or\x0athe\x20keywords\x20<code>direct</code>\x20or\x20<code>off</code>.\x20A\x20proxy\x20URL\x20indicates\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20should\x0acontact\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x20proxy</a>\x20using\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#goproxy-protocol\"><code>GOPROXY</code>\x0aprotocol</a>.\x20<code>direct</code>\x20indicates\x20that\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20should\x0a<a\x20href=\"#vcs\">communicate\x20with\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20system</a>.\x20<code>off</code>\x20indicates\x20that\x20no\x0acommunication\x20should\x20be\x20attempted.\x20The\x20<code>GOPRIVATE</code>\x20and\x20<code>GONOPROXY</code>\x20<a\x20href=\"#environment-variables\">environment\x0avariables</a>\x20can\x20also\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20control\x20this\x20behavior.</p>\x0a<p>For\x20each\x20entry\x20in\x20the\x20<code>GOPROXY</code>\x20list,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20requests\x20the\x20latest\x0aversion\x20of\x20each\x20module\x20path\x20that\x20might\x20provide\x20the\x20package\x20(that\x20is,\x20each\x20prefix\x0aof\x20the\x20package\x20path).\x20For\x20each\x20successfully\x20requested\x20module\x20path,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x0acommand\x20will\x20download\x20the\x20module\x20at\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x20and\x20check\x20whether\x20the\x0amodule\x20contains\x20the\x20requested\x20package.\x20If\x20one\x20or\x20more\x20modules\x20contain\x20the\x0arequested\x20package,\x20the\x20module\x20with\x20the\x20longest\x20path\x20is\x20used.\x20If\x20one\x20or\x20more\x0amodules\x20are\x20found\x20but\x20none\x20contain\x20the\x20requested\x20package,\x20an\x20error\x20is\x0areported.\x20If\x20no\x20modules\x20are\x20found,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20tries\x20the\x20next\x20entry\x20in\x20the\x0a<code>GOPROXY</code>\x20list.\x20If\x20no\x20entries\x20are\x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wing\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html\">Semantic\x20Versioning\x202.0.0</a>\x0aspecification.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#versions\">Versions</a>\x20for\x20more\x20information.</p>\x0a<p>Most\x20other\x20identifiers\x20and\x20strings\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20as\x20non-canonical\x20versions,\x20though\x0athere\x20are\x20some\x20restrictions\x20to\x20avoid\x20problems\x20with\x20file\x20systems,\x20repositories,\x0aand\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x20proxies</a>.\x20Non-canonical\x20versions\x20are\x20only\x0aallowed\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20attempt\x20to\x0areplace\x20each\x20non-canonical\x20version\x20with\x20an\x20equivalent\x20canonical\x20version\x20when\x20it\x0aautomatically\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-updates\">updates</a>\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<p>In\x20places\x20where\x20a\x20module\x20path\x20is\x20associated\x20with\x20a\x20verison\x20(as\x20in\x20<code>require</code>,\x0a<code>replace</code>,\x20and\x20<code>exclude</code>\x20directives),\x20the\x20final\x20path\x20element\x20must\x20be\x20consistent\x0awith\x20the\x20version.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#major-version-suffixes\">Major\x20version\x20suffixes</a>.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-grammar\">Grammar</h3>\x0a<p><code>go.mod</code>\x20syntax\x20is\x20specified\x20below\x20using\x20Extended\x20Backus-Naur\x20Form\x20(EBNF).\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/ref/spec#Notation\">Notation\x20section\x20in\x20the\x20Go\x20Language\x20Specificiation</a>\x0afor\x20details\x20on\x20EBNF\x20syntax.</p>\x0a<pre><code>GoMod\x20=\x20{\x20Directive\x20}\x20.\x0aDirective\x20=\x20ModuleDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20GoDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20RequireDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20ExcludeDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20ReplaceDirective\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Newlines,\x20identifiers,\x20and\x20strings\x20are\x20denoted\x20with\x20<code>newline</code>,\x20<code>ident</code>,\x20and\x0a<code>string</code>,\x20respectively.</p>\x0a<p>Module\x20paths\x20and\x20versions\x20are\x20denoted\x20with\x20<code>ModulePath</code>\x20and\x20<code>Version</code>.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ModulePath\x20=\x20ident\x20|\x20string\x20.\x20/*\x20see\x20restrictions\x20above\x20*/\x0aVersion\x20=\x20ident\x20|\x20string\x20.\x20\x20\x20\x20/*\x20see\x20restrictions\x20above\x20*/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-module\"><code>module</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>module</code>\x20directive\x20defines\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">path</a>.\x20A\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20must\x20contain\x20exactly\x20one\x20<code>module</code>\x20directive.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ModuleDirective\x20=\x20&quot;module&quot;\x20(\x20ModulePath\x20|\x20&quot;(&quot;\x20newline\x20ModulePath\x20newline\x20&quot;)&quot;\x20newline\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>module\x20golang.org/x/net\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-go\"><code>go</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>go</code>\x20directive\x20sets\x20the\x20expected\x20language\x20version\x20for\x20the\x20module.\x20The\x0aversion\x20must\x20be\x20a\x20valid\x20Go\x20release\x20version:\x20a\x20positive\x20integer\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20dot\x0aand\x20a\x20non-negative\x20integer\x20(for\x20example,\x20<code>1.9</code>,\x20<code>1.14</code>).</p>\x0a<p>The\x20language\x20version\x20determines\x20which\x20language\x20features\x20are\x20available\x20when\x0acompiling\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20module.\x20Language\x20features\x20present\x20in\x20that\x20version\x0awill\x20be\x20available\x20for\x20use.\x20Language\x20features\x20removed\x20in\x20earlier\x20versions,\x0aor\x20added\x20in\x20later\x20versions,\x20will\x20not\x20be\x20available.\x20The\x20language\x20version\x20does\x20not\x0aaffect\x20build\x20tags,\x20which\x20are\x20determined\x20by\x20the\x20Go\x20release\x20being\x20used.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20language\x20version\x20is\x20also\x20used\x20to\x20enable\x20features\x20in\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command.\x20For\x0aexample,\x20automatic\x20<a\x20href=\"#vendoring\">vendoring</a>\x20may\x20be\x20enabled\x20with\x20a\x20<code>go</code>\x20version\x20of\x0a<code>1.14</code>\x20or\x20higher.</p>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20may\x20contain\x20at\x20most\x20one\x20<code>go</code>\x20directive.\x20Most\x20commands\x20will\x20add\x20a\x0a<code>go</code>\x20directive\x20with\x20the\x20current\x20Go\x20version\x20if\x20one\x20is\x20not\x20present.</p>\x0a<pre><code>GoDirective\x20=\x20&quot;go&quot;\x20GoVersion\x20newline\x20.\x0aGoVersion\x20=\x20string\x20|\x20ident\x20.\x20\x20/*\x20valid\x20release\x20version;\x20see\x20above\x20*/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x201.14\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-require\"><code>require</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>require</code>\x20directive\x20declares\x20a\x20minimum\x20required\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20given\x20module\x0adependency.\x20For\x20each\x20required\x20module\x20version,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20loads\x20the\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20for\x20that\x20version\x20and\x20incorporates\x20the\x20requirements\x20from\x20that\x0afile.\x20Once\x20all\x20requirements\x20have\x20been\x20loaded,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20resolves\x20them\x0ausing\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</a>\x20to\x20produce\x0athe\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20automatically\x20adds\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments\x20for\x20some\x0arequirements.\x20An\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comment\x20indicates\x20that\x20no\x20package\x20from\x20the\x0arequired\x20module\x20is\x20directly\x20imported\x20by\x20any\x20package\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x0aThe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20adds\x20an\x20indirect\x20requirement\x20when\x20the\x20selected\x20version\x20of\x20a\x0amodule\x20is\x20higher\x20than\x20what\x20is\x20already\x20implied\x20(transitively)\x20by\x20the\x20main\x0amodule's\x20other\x20dependencies.\x20That\x20may\x20occur\x20because\x20of\x20an\x20explicit\x20upgrade\x0a(<code>go\x20get\x20-u</code>),\x20removal\x20of\x20some\x20other\x20dependency\x20that\x20previously\x20imposed\x20the\x0arequirement\x20(<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>),\x20or\x20a\x20dependency\x20that\x20imports\x20a\x20package\x20without\x0aa\x20corresponding\x20requirement\x20in\x20its\x20own\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20(such\x20as\x20a\x20dependency\x0athat\x20lacks\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20altogether).</p>\x0a<pre><code>RequireDirective\x20=\x20&quot;require&quot;\x20(\x20RequireSpec\x20|\x20&quot;(&quot;\x20newline\x20{\x20RequireSpec\x20}\x20&quot;)&quot;\x20newline\x20)\x20.\x0aRequireSpec\x20=\x20ModulePath\x20Version\x20newline\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>require\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x0a\x0arequire\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/crypto\x20v1.4.5\x20//\x20indirect\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/text\x20v1.6.7\x0a)\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-exclude\"><code>exclude</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>An\x20<code>exclude</code>\x20directive\x20prevents\x20a\x20module\x20version\x20from\x20being\x20loaded\x20by\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x0acommand.\x20If\x20an\x20excluded\x20version\x20is\x20referenced\x20by\x20a\x20<code>require</code>\x20directive\x20in\x20a\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20list\x20available\x20versions\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20(as\x0ashown\x20with\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-versions</code>)\x20and\x20will\x20load\x20the\x20next\x20higher\x20non-excluded\x0aversion\x20instead.\x20Both\x20release\x20and\x20pre-release\x20versions\x20are\x20considered\x20for\x20this\x0apurpose,\x20but\x20pseudo-versions\x20are\x20not.\x20If\x20there\x20are\x20no\x20higher\x20versions,\x0athe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error.\x20Note\x20that\x20this\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/issue/36465\">may\x0achange</a>\x20in\x20Go\x201.15.</p>\x0a<!--\x20TODO(golang.org/issue/36465):\x20update\x20after\x20change\x20-->\x0a<p><code>exclude</code>\x20directives\x20only\x20apply\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20and\x20are\x0aignored\x20in\x20other\x20modules.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">Minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>\x20for\x20details.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ExcludeDirective\x20=\x20&quot;exclude&quot;\x20(\x20ExcludeSpec\x20|\x20&quot;(&quot;\x20newline\x20{\x20ExcludeSpec\x20}\x20&quot;)&quot;\x20)\x20.\x0aExcludeSpec\x20=\x20ModulePath\x20Version\x20newline\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>exclude\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x0a\x0aexclude\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/crypto\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/text\x20v1.6.7\x0a)\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-replace\"><code>replace</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>replace</code>\x20directive\x20replaces\x20the\x20contents\x20of\x20a\x20specific\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x0aor\x20all\x20versions\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x20with\x20contents\x20found\x20elsewhere.\x20The\x20replacement\x0amay\x20be\x20specified\x20with\x20either\x20another\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20version,\x20or\x20a\x0aplatform-specific\x20file\x20path.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20present\x20on\x20the\x20left\x20side\x20of\x20the\x20arrow\x20(<code>=&gt;</code>),\x20only\x20that\x20specific\x0aversion\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20is\x20replaced;\x20other\x20versions\x20will\x20be\x20accessed\x20normally.\x0aIf\x20the\x20left\x20version\x20is\x20omitted,\x20all\x20versions\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20are\x20replaced.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20the\x20path\x20on\x20the\x20right\x20side\x20of\x20the\x20arrow\x20is\x20an\x20absolute\x20or\x20relative\x20path\x0a(beginning\x20with\x20<code>./</code>\x20or\x20<code>../</code>),\x20it\x20is\x20interpreted\x20as\x20the\x20local\x20file\x20path\x20to\x20the\x0areplacement\x20module\x20root\x20directory,\x20which\x20must\x20contain\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x0areplacement\x20version\x20must\x20be\x20omitted\x20in\x20this\x20case.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20the\x20path\x20on\x20the\x20right\x20side\x20is\x20not\x20a\x20local\x20path,\x20it\x20must\x20be\x20a\x20valid\x20module\x0apath.\x20In\x20this\x20case,\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20required.\x20The\x20same\x20module\x20version\x20must\x20not\x0aalso\x20appear\x20in\x20the\x20build\x20list.</p>\x0a<p>Regardless\x20of\x20whether\x20a\x20replacement\x20is\x20specified\x20with\x20a\x20local\x20path\x20or\x20module\x0apath,\x20if\x20the\x20replacement\x20module\x20has\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20its\x20<code>module</code>\x20directive\x0amust\x20match\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20it\x20replaces.</p>\x0a<p><code>replace</code>\x20directives\x20only\x20apply\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x0aand\x20are\x20ignored\x20in\x20other\x20modules.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">Minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>\x20for\x20details.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ReplaceDirective\x20=\x20&quot;replace&quot;\x20(\x20ReplaceSpec\x20|\x20&quot;(&quot;\x20newline\x20{\x20ReplaceSpec\x20}\x20&quot;)&quot;\x20newline\x20&quot;)&quot;\x20)\x20.\x0aReplaceSpec\x20=\x20ModulePath\x20[\x20Version\x20]\x20&quot;=&gt;&quot;\x20FilePath\x20newline\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20|\x20ModulePath\x20[\x20Version\x20]\x20&quot;=&gt;&quot;\x20ModulePath\x20Version\x20newline\x20.\x0aFilePath\x20=\x20/*\x20platform-specific\x20relative\x20or\x20absolute\x20file\x20path\x20*/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>replace\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x20=&gt;\x20example.com/fork/net\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x0areplace\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x20=&gt;\x20example.com/fork/net\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20=&gt;\x20example.com/fork/net\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x20=&gt;\x20./fork/net\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20=&gt;\x20./fork/net\x0a)\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-updates\">Automatic\x20updates</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20automatically\x20updates\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20when\x20it\x20uses\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20if\x0asome\x20information\x20is\x20missing\x20or\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20doesn't\x20accurately\x20reflect\x20reality.\x20\x20For\x0aexample,\x20consider\x20this\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file:</p>\x0a<pre><code>module\x20example.com/M\x0a\x0arequire\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/A\x20v1\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/B\x20v1.0.0\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/C\x20v1.0.0\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/D\x20v1.2.3\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/E\x20dev\x0a)\x0a\x0aexclude\x20example.com/D\x20v1.2.3\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20update\x20rewrites\x20non-canonical\x20version\x20identifiers\x20to\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-canonical-version\">canonical</a>\x20semver\x20form,\x20so\x20<code>example.com/A</code>'s\x20<code>v1</code>\x0abecomes\x20<code>v1.0.0</code>,\x20and\x20<code>example.com/E</code>'s\x20<code>dev</code>\x20becomes\x20the\x20pseudo-version\x20for\x20the\x0alatest\x20commit\x20on\x20the\x20<code>dev</code>\x20branch,\x20perhaps\x20<code>v0.0.0-20180523231146-b3f5c0f6e5f1</code>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20update\x20modifies\x20requirements\x20to\x20respect\x20exclusions,\x20so\x20the\x20requirement\x20on\x0athe\x20excluded\x20<code>example.com/D\x20v1.2.3</code>\x20is\x20updated\x20to\x20use\x20the\x20next\x20available\x20version\x0aof\x20<code>example.com/D</code>,\x20perhaps\x20<code>v1.2.4</code>\x20or\x20<code>v1.3.0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20update\x20removes\x20redundant\x20or\x20misleading\x20requirements.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x0a<code>example.com/A\x20v1.0.0</code>\x20itself\x20requires\x20<code>example.com/B\x20v1.2.0</code>\x20and\x20<code>example.com/C\x20v1.0.0</code>,\x20then\x20<code>go.mod</code>'s\x20requirement\x20of\x20<code>example.com/B\x20v1.0.0</code>\x20is\x20misleading\x0a(superseded\x20by\x20<code>example.com/A</code>'s\x20need\x20for\x20<code>v1.2.0</code>),\x20and\x20its\x20requirement\x20of\x0a<code>example.com/C\x20v1.0.0</code>\x20is\x20redundant\x20(implied\x20by\x20<code>example.com/A</code>'s\x20need\x20for\x20the\x0asame\x20version),\x20so\x20both\x20will\x20be\x20removed.\x20If\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20contains\x20packages\x0athat\x20directly\x20import\x20packages\x20from\x20<code>example.com/B</code>\x20or\x20<code>example.com/C</code>,\x20then\x20the\x0arequirements\x20will\x20be\x20kept\x20but\x20updated\x20to\x20the\x20actual\x20versions\x20being\x20used.</p>\x0a<p>Finally,\x20the\x20update\x20reformats\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20in\x20a\x20canonical\x20formatting,\x20so\x0athat\x20future\x20mechanical\x20changes\x20will\x20result\x20in\x20minimal\x20diffs.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x0awill\x20not\x20update\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20if\x20only\x20formatting\x20changes\x20are\x20needed.</p>\x0a<p>Because\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20defines\x20the\x20meaning\x20of\x20import\x20statements,\x20any\x20commands\x0athat\x20load\x20packages\x20also\x20use\x20and\x20therefore\x20update\x20<code>go.mod</code>,\x20including\x20<code>go\x20build</code>,\x0a<code>go\x20get</code>,\x20<code>go\x20install</code>,\x20<code>go\x20list</code>,\x20<code>go\x20test</code>,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20graph</code>,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>,\x20and\x0a<code>go\x20mod\x20why</code>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-mod=readonly</code>\x20flag\x20prevents\x20commands\x20from\x20automatically\x20updating\x0a<code>go.mod</code>.\x20However,\x20if\x20a\x20command\x20needs\x20to\x20perform\x20an\x20action\x20that\x20would\x0aupdate\x20to\x20<code>go.mod</code>,\x20it\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x0a<code>go\x20build</code>\x20is\x20asked\x20to\x20build\x20a\x20package\x20not\x20provided\x20by\x20any\x20module\x20in\x20the\x20build\x0alist,\x20<code>go\x20build</code>\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error\x20instead\x20of\x20looking\x20up\x20the\x20module\x20and\x0aupdating\x20requirements\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.</p>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"minimal-version-selection\">Minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</h2>\x0a<p>Go\x20uses\x20an\x20algorithm\x20called\x20<dfn>Minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</dfn>\x20to\x20select\x0aa\x20set\x20of\x20module\x20versions\x20to\x20use\x20when\x20building\x20packages.\x20MVS\x20is\x20described\x20in\x0adetail\x20in\x20<a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/vgo-mvs\">Minimal\x20Version\x20Selection</a>\x20by\x0aRuss\x20Cox.</p>\x0a<p>Conceptually,\x20MVS\x20operates\x20on\x20a\x20directed\x20graph\x20of\x20modules,\x20specified\x20with\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20files</a>.\x20Each\x20vertex\x20in\x20the\x20graph\x20represents\x20a\x0amodule\x20version.\x20Each\x20edge\x20represents\x20a\x20minimum\x20required\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20dependency,\x0aspecified\x20using\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-require\"><code>require</code></a>\x0adirective.\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-replace\"><code>replace</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-exclude\"><code>exclude</code></a>\x0adirectives\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20modify\x20the\x20graph.</p>\x0a<p>MVS\x20produces\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>\x20as\x20output,\x20the\x20list\x20of\x20module\x0aversions\x20used\x20for\x20a\x20build.</p>\x0a<p>MVS\x20starts\x20at\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20(a\x20special\x20vertex\x20in\x20the\x20graph\x20that\x20has\x20no\x0aversion)\x20and\x20traverses\x20the\x20graph,\x20tracking\x20the\x20highest\x20required\x20version\x20of\x20each\x0amodule.\x20At\x20the\x20end\x20of\x20the\x20traversal,\x20the\x20highest\x20required\x20versions\x20comprise\x20the\x0abuild\x20list:\x20they\x20are\x20the\x20minimum\x20versions\x20that\x20satisfy\x20all\x20requirements.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20build\x20list\x20may\x20be\x20inspected\x20with\x20the\x20command\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code></a>.\x20Unlike\x20other\x20dependency\x20management\x20systems,\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20is\x0anot\x20saved\x20in\x20a\x20&quot;lock&quot;\x20file.\x20MVS\x20is\x20deterministic,\x20and\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20doesn't\x0achange\x20when\x20new\x20versions\x20of\x20dependencies\x20are\x20released,\x20so\x20MVS\x20is\x20used\x20to\x20compute\x0ait\x20at\x20the\x20beginning\x20of\x20every\x20module-aware\x20command.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20in\x20the\x20diagram\x20below.\x20The\x20main\x20module\x20requires\x20module\x20A\x0aat\x20version\x201.2\x20or\x20higher\x20and\x20module\x20B\x20at\x20version\x201.2\x20or\x20higher.\x20A\x201.2\x20and\x20B\x201.2\x0arequire\x20C\x201.3\x20and\x20C\x201.4,\x20respectively.\x20C\x201.3\x20and\x20C\x201.4\x20both\x20require\x20D\x201.2.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/buildlist.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20visited\x20versions\x20highlighted\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20build\x20list\x20graph\"></p>\x0a<p>MVS\x20visits\x20and\x20loads\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20for\x20each\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x0ahighlighted\x20in\x20blue.\x20At\x20the\x20end\x20of\x20the\x20graph\x20traversal,\x20MVS\x20returns\x20a\x20build\x20list\x0acontaining\x20the\x20bolded\x20versions:\x20A\x201.2,\x20B\x201.2,\x20C\x201.4,\x20and\x20D\x201.2.\x20Note\x20that\x20higher\x0aversions\x20of\x20B\x20and\x20D\x20are\x20available\x20but\x20MVS\x20does\x20not\x20select\x20them,\x20since\x20nothing\x0arequires\x20them.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-replace\">Replacement</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20content\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20(including\x20its\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file)\x20may\x20be\x20replaced\x20using\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-replace\"><code>replace</code>\x20directive</a>\x20in\x20the\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x0aA\x20<code>replace</code>\x20directive\x20may\x20apply\x20to\x20a\x20specific\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20or\x20to\x20all\x0aversions\x20of\x20a\x20module.</p>\x0a<p>Replacements\x20change\x20the\x20module\x20graph,\x20since\x20a\x20replacement\x20module\x20may\x20have\x0adifferent\x20dependencies\x20than\x20replaced\x20versions.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below,\x20where\x20C\x201.4\x20has\x20been\x20replaced\x20with\x20R.\x20R\x20depends\x20on\x20D\x0a1.3\x20instead\x20of\x20D\x201.2,\x20so\x20MVS\x20returns\x20a\x20build\x20list\x20containing\x20A\x201.2,\x20B\x201.2,\x20C\x201.4\x0a(replaced\x20with\x20R),\x20and\x20D\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/replace.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20a\x20replacement\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20replacment\"></p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-exclude\">Exclusion</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20may\x20also\x20be\x20excluded\x20at\x20specific\x20versions\x20using\x20an\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-exclude\"><code>exclude</code>\x0adirective</a>\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<p>Exclusions\x20also\x20change\x20the\x20module\x20graph.\x20When\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20excluded,\x20it\x20is\x0aremoved\x20from\x20the\x20module\x20graph,\x20and\x20requirements\x20on\x20it\x20are\x20redirected\x20to\x20the\x0anext\x20higher\x20version.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below.\x20C\x201.3\x20has\x20been\x20excluded.\x20MVS\x20will\x20act\x20as\x20if\x20A\x201.2\x0arequired\x20C\x201.4\x20(the\x20next\x20higher\x20version)\x20instead\x20of\x20C\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/exclude.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20an\x20exclusion\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20exclude\"></p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-upgrade\">Upgrades</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20command\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20upgrade\x20a\x20set\x20of\x20modules.\x20To\x0aperform\x20an\x20upgrade,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20changes\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20before\x20running\x20MVS\x0aby\x20adding\x20edges\x20from\x20visited\x20versions\x20to\x20upgraded\x20versions.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below.\x20Module\x20B\x20may\x20be\x20upgraded\x20from\x201.2\x20to\x201.3,\x20C\x20may\x20be\x0aupgraded\x20from\x201.3\x20to\x201.4,\x20and\x20D\x20may\x20be\x20upgraded\x20from\x201.2\x20to\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/upgrade.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20upgrades\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20upgrade\"></p>\x0a<p>Upgrades\x20(and\x20downgrades)\x20may\x20add\x20or\x20remove\x20indirect\x20dependencies.\x20In\x20this\x20case,\x0aE\x201.1\x20and\x20F\x201.1\x20appear\x20in\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20after\x20the\x20upgrade,\x20since\x20E\x201.1\x20is\x0arequired\x20by\x20B\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p>To\x20preserve\x20upgrades,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20updates\x20the\x20requirements\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20\x20It\x0awill\x20change\x20the\x20requirement\x20on\x20B\x20to\x20version\x201.3.\x20It\x20will\x20also\x20add\x20requirements\x0aon\x20C\x201.4\x20and\x20D\x201.3\x20with\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments,\x20since\x20those\x20versions\x20would\x20not\x0abe\x20selected\x20otherwise.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-downgrade\">Downgrade</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20command\x20may\x20also\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20downgrade\x20a\x20set\x20of\x0amodules.\x20To\x20perform\x20a\x20downgrade,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20changes\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20by\x0aremoving\x20versions\x20above\x20the\x20downgraded\x20versions.\x20It\x20also\x20removes\x20versions\x20of\x0aother\x20modules\x20that\x20depend\x20on\x20removed\x20versions,\x20since\x20they\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20compatible\x0awith\x20the\x20downgraded\x20versions\x20of\x20their\x20dependencies.\x20If\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20requires\x0aa\x20module\x20version\x20removed\x20by\x20downgrading,\x20the\x20requirement\x20is\x20changed\x20to\x20a\x0aprevious\x20version\x20that\x20has\x20not\x20been\x20removed.\x20If\x20no\x20previous\x20version\x20is\x20available,\x0athe\x20requirement\x20is\x20dropped.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below.\x20Suppose\x20that\x20a\x20problem\x20was\x20found\x20with\x20C\x201.4,\x20so\x20we\x0adowngrade\x20to\x20C\x201.3.\x20C\x201.4\x20is\x20removed\x20from\x20the\x20module\x20graph.\x20B\x201.2\x20is\x20also\x0aremoved,\x20since\x20it\x20requires\x20C\x201.4\x20or\x20higher.\x20The\x20main\x20module's\x20requirement\x20on\x20B\x0ais\x20changed\x20to\x201.1.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/downgrade.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20downgrade\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20downgrade\"></p>\x0a<p><a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20can\x20also\x20remove\x20dependencies\x20entirely,\x20using\x20an\x20<code>@none</code>\x0asuffix\x20after\x20an\x20argument.\x20This\x20works\x20similarly\x20to\x20a\x20downgrade.\x20All\x20versions\x0aof\x20the\x20named\x20module\x20are\x20removed\x20from\x20the\x20module\x20graph.</p>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"non-module-compat\">Compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x20repositories</h2>\x0a<p>To\x20ensure\x20a\x20smooth\x20transition\x20from\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20to\x20modules,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20can\x0adownload\x20and\x20build\x20packages\x20in\x20module-aware\x20mode\x20from\x20repositories\x20that\x20have\x20not\x0amigrated\x20to\x20modules\x20by\x20adding\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20file</a>.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20downloads\x20a\x20module\x20at\x20a\x20given\x20version\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs\">directly</a>\x0afrom\x20a\x20repository,\x20it\x20looks\x20up\x20a\x20repository\x20URL\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20path,\x20maps\x20the\x0aversion\x20to\x20a\x20revision\x20within\x20the\x20repository,\x20then\x20extracts\x20an\x20archive\x20of\x20the\x0arepository\x20at\x20that\x20revision.\x20If\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module's\x20path</a>\x20is\x20equal\x0ato\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-repository-root-path\">repository\x20root\x20path</a>,\x20and\x20the\x20repository\x0aroot\x20directory\x20does\x20not\x20contain\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20synthesizes\x20a\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20that\x20contains\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-module\"><code>module</code>\x0adirective</a>\x20and\x20nothing\x20else.\x20Since\x20synthetic\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20do\x0anot\x20contain\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-require\"><code>require</code>\x20directives</a>\x20for\x20their\x20dependencies,\x0aother\x20modules\x20that\x20depend\x20on\x20them\x20may\x20need\x20additional\x20<code>require</code>\x20directives\x20(with\x0a<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments)\x20to\x20ensure\x20each\x20dependency\x20is\x20fetched\x20at\x20the\x20same\x20version\x0aon\x20every\x20build.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20downloads\x20a\x20module\x20from\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#communicating-with-proxies\">proxy</a>,\x20it\x20downloads\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20separately\x0afrom\x20the\x20rest\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20content.\x20The\x20proxy\x20is\x20expected\x20to\x20serve\x20a\x20synthetic\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20if\x20the\x20original\x20module\x20didn't\x20have\x20one.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"incompatible-versions\"><code>+incompatible</code>\x20versions</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20released\x20at\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher\x20must\x20have\x20a\x20matching\x20<a\x20href=\"#major-version-suffixes\">major\x0aversion\x20suffix</a>\x20on\x20its\x20module\x20path.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20a\x0amodule\x20is\x20released\x20at\x20<code>v2.0.0</code>,\x20its\x20path\x20must\x20have\x20a\x20<code>/v2</code>\x20suffix.\x20This\x20allows\x0athe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20to\x20treat\x20multiple\x20major\x20versions\x20of\x20a\x20project\x20as\x20distinct\x0amodules,\x20even\x20if\x20they're\x20developed\x20in\x20the\x20same\x20repository.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20requirement\x20was\x20introduced\x20when\x20module\x20support\x20was\x0aadded\x20to\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command,\x20and\x20many\x20repositories\x20had\x20already\x20tagged\x20releases\x0awith\x20major\x20version\x20<code>2</code>\x20or\x20higher\x20before\x20that.\x20To\x20maintain\x20compatibility\x20with\x0athese\x20repositories,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20adds\x20an\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20suffix\x20to\x20versions\x0awith\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher\x20without\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x0aindicates\x20that\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20part\x20of\x20the\x20same\x20module\x20as\x20versions\x20with\x20lower\x20major\x0aversion\x20numbers;\x20consequently,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20may\x20automatically\x20upgrade\x20to\x0ahigher\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20versions\x20even\x20though\x20it\x20may\x20break\x20the\x20build.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20requirement\x20below:</p>\x0a<pre><code>require\x20example.com/m\x20v4.1.2+incompatible\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20version\x20<code>v4.1.2+incompatible</code>\x20refers\x20to\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-semantic-version-tag\">semantic\x20version\x0atag</a>\x20<code>v4.1.2</code>\x20in\x20the\x20repository\x20that\x20provides\x20the\x0amodule\x20<code>example.com/m</code>.\x20The\x20module\x20must\x20be\x20in\x20the\x20repository\x20root\x20directory\x0a(that\x20is,\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">repository\x20root\x20path</a>\x20must\x20also\x20be\x0a<code>example.com/m</code>),\x20and\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20must\x20not\x20be\x20present.\x20The\x20module\x20may\x20have\x0aversions\x20with\x20lower\x20major\x20version\x20numbers\x20like\x20<code>v1.5.2</code>,\x20and\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x0amay\x20upgrade\x20automatically\x20to\x20<code>v4.1.2+incompatible</code>\x20from\x20those\x20versions\x20(see\x0a<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</a>\x20for\x20information\x0aon\x20how\x20upgrades\x20work).</p>\x0a<p>A\x20repository\x20that\x20migrates\x20to\x20modules\x20after\x20version\x20<code>v2.0.0</code>\x20is\x20tagged\x20should\x0ausually\x20release\x20a\x20new\x20major\x20version.\x20In\x20the\x20example\x20above,\x20the\x20author\x20should\x0acreate\x20a\x20module\x20with\x20the\x20path\x20<code>example.com/m/v5</code>\x20and\x20should\x20release\x20version\x0a<code>v5.0.0</code>.\x20The\x20author\x20should\x20also\x20update\x20imports\x20of\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20to\x20use\x0athe\x20prefix\x20<code>example.com/m/v5</code>\x20instead\x20of\x20<code>example.com/m</code>.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"https://blog.golang.org/v2-go-modules\">Go\x20Modules:\x20v2\x0aand\x20Beyond</a>\x20for\x20a\x20more\x20detailed\x20example.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20the\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20suffix\x20should\x20not\x20appear\x20on\x20a\x20tag\x20in\x20a\x20repository;\x0aa\x20tag\x20like\x20<code>v4.1.2+incompatible</code>\x20will\x20be\x20ignored.\x20The\x20suffix\x20only\x20appears\x20in\x0aversions\x20used\x20by\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x0acommits</a>\x20for\x20details\x20on\x20the\x20distinction\x20between\x20versions\x20and\x20tags.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20also\x20that\x20the\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20suffix\x20may\x20appear\x20on\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pseudo-version\">pseudo-versions</a>.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>v2.0.1-20200722182040-012345abcdef+incompatible</code>\x20may\x20be\x20a\x20valid\x20pseudo-version.</p>\x0a<!--\x20TODO(jayconrod):\x20Is\x20it\x20appropriate\x0ato\x20link\x20to\x20the\x20blog\x20here?\x20Ideally,\x20we\x20would\x20have\x20a\x20more\x20detailed\x20guide.\x20-->\x0a<h3\x20id=\"minimal-module-compatibility\">Minimal\x20module\x20compatibility</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20released\x20at\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher\x20is\x20required\x20to\x20have\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-suffix\">major\x0aversion\x20suffix</a>\x20on\x20its\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x0apath</a>.\x20The\x20module\x20may\x20or\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20developed\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-subdirectory\">major\x0aversion\x20subdirectory</a>\x20within\x20its\x20repository.\x0aThis\x20has\x20implications\x20for\x20packages\x20that\x20import\x20packages\x20within\x20the\x20module\x20when\x0abuilding\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode.</p>\x0a<p>Normally\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode,\x20a\x20package\x20is\x20stored\x20in\x20a\x20directory\x20matching\x20its\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-repository-root-path\">repository's\x20root\x20path</a>\x20joined\x20with\x20its\x20diretory\x0awithin\x20the\x20repository.\x20For\x20example,\x20a\x20package\x20in\x20the\x20repository\x20with\x20root\x20path\x0a<code>example.com/repo</code>\x20in\x20the\x20subdirectory\x20<code>sub</code>\x20would\x20be\x20stored\x20in\x0a<code>$GOPATH/src/example.com/repo/sub</code>\x20and\x20would\x20be\x20imported\x20as\x0a<code>example.com/repo/sub</code>.</p>\x0a<p>For\x20a\x20module\x20with\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix,\x20one\x20might\x20expect\x20to\x20find\x20the\x20package\x0a<code>example.com/repo/v2/sub</code>\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x0a<code>$GOPATH/src/example.com/repo/v2/sub</code>.\x20This\x20would\x20require\x20the\x20module\x20to\x20be\x0adeveloped\x20in\x20the\x20<code>v2</code>\x20subdirectory\x20of\x20its\x20repository.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20supports\x0athis\x20but\x20does\x20not\x20require\x20it\x20(see\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x20commits</a>).</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20module\x20is\x20<em>not</em>\x20developed\x20in\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20subdirectory,\x20then\x20its\x0adirectory\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20will\x20not\x20contain\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix,\x20and\x20its\x0apackages\x20may\x20be\x20imported\x20without\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix.\x20In\x20the\x20example\x20above,\x0athe\x20package\x20would\x20be\x20found\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20<code>$GOPATH/src/example.com/repo/sub</code>\x0aand\x20would\x20be\x20imported\x20as\x20<code>example.com/repo/sub</code>.</p>\x0a<p>This\x20creates\x20a\x20problem\x20for\x20packages\x20intended\x20to\x20be\x20built\x20in\x20both\x20module\x20mode\x0aand\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode:\x20module\x20mode\x20requires\x20a\x20suffix,\x20while\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode\x20does\x20not.</p>\x0a<p>To\x20fix\x20this,\x20<dfn>minimal\x20module\x20compatibility</dfn>\x20was\x20added\x20in\x20Go\x201.11\x20and\x0awas\x20backported\x20to\x20Go\x201.9.7\x20and\x201.10.3.\x20When\x20an\x20import\x20path\x20is\x20resolved\x20to\x20a\x0adirectory\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>When\x20resolving\x20an\x20import\x20of\x20the\x20form\x20<code>$modpath/$vn/$dir</code>\x20where:\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><code>$modpath</code>\x20is\x20a\x20valid\x20module\x20path,</li>\x0a<li><code>$vn</code>\x20is\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix,</li>\x0a<li><code>$dir</code>\x20is\x20a\x20possibly\x20empty\x20subdirectory,</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a</li>\x0a<li>If\x20all\x20of\x20the\x20following\x20are\x20true:\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20package\x20<code>$modpath/$vn/$dir</code>\x20is\x20not\x20present\x20in\x20any\x20relevant\x20<code>vendor</code>\x0adirectory.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20present\x20in\x20the\x20same\x20directory\x20as\x20the\x20importing\x20file\x0aor\x20in\x20any\x20parent\x20directory\x20up\x20to\x20the\x20<code>$GOPATH/src</code>\x20root,</li>\x0a<li>No\x20<code>$GOPATH[i]/src/$modpath/$vn/$suffix</code>\x20directory\x20exists\x20(for\x20any\x20root\x0a<code>$GOPATH[i]</code>),</li>\x0a<li>The\x20file\x20<code>$GOPATH[d]/src/$modpath/go.mod</code>\x20exists\x20(for\x20some\x20root\x0a<code>$GOPATH[d]</code>)\x20and\x20declares\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20as\x20<code>$modpath/$vn</code>,</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a</li>\x0a<li>Then\x20the\x20import\x20of\x20<code>$modpath/$vn/$dir</code>\x20is\x20resolved\x20to\x20the\x20directory\x0a<code>$GOPATH[d]/src/$modpath/$dir</code>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>This\x20rules\x20allow\x20packages\x20that\x20have\x20been\x20migrated\x20to\x20modules\x20to\x20import\x20other\x0apackages\x20that\x20have\x20been\x20migrated\x20to\x20modules\x20when\x20built\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode\x20even\x0awhen\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20subdirectory\x20was\x20not\x20used.</p>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"mod-commands\">Module-aware\x20commands</h2>\x0a<p>Most\x20<code>go</code>\x20commands\x20may\x20run\x20in\x20<em>Module-aware\x20mode</em>\x20or\x20<em><code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode</em>.\x20In\x0amodule-aware\x20mode,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20uses\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20to\x20find\x20versioned\x0adependencies,\x20and\x20it\x20typically\x20loads\x20packages\x20out\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x0acache</a>,\x20downloading\x20modules\x20if\x20they\x20are\x20missing.\x20In\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x0amode,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20ignores\x20modules;\x20it\x20looks\x20in\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directories\x20and\x20in\x0a<code>GOPATH</code>\x20to\x20find\x20dependencies.</p>\x0a<p>Module-aware\x20mode\x20is\x20active\x20by\x20default\x20whenever\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20found\x20in\x20the\x0acurrent\x20directory\x20or\x20in\x20any\x20parent\x20directory.\x20For\x20more\x20fine-grained\x20control,\x20the\x0a<code>GO111MODULE</code>\x20environment\x20variable\x20may\x20be\x20set\x20to\x20one\x20of\x20three\x20values:\x20<code>on</code>,\x0a<code>off</code>,\x20or\x20<code>auto</code>.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>If\x20<code>GO111MODULE=off</code>,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20ignores\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20and\x20runs\x20in\x0a<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20<code>GO111MODULE=on</code>,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20runs\x20in\x20module-aware\x20mode,\x20even\x20when\x0ano\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20present.\x20Not\x20all\x20commands\x20work\x20without\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file:\x0asee\x20<a\x20href=\"#commands-outside\">Module\x20commands\x20outside\x20a\x20module</a>.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20<code>GO111MODULE=auto</code>\x20or\x20is\x20unset,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20runs\x20in\x20module-aware\x0amode\x20if\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20present\x20in\x20the\x20current\x20directory\x20or\x20any\x20parent\x0adirectory\x20(the\x20default\x20behavior).</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>In\x20module-aware\x20mode,\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20no\x20longer\x20defines\x20the\x20meaning\x20of\x20imports\x20during\x20a\x0abuild,\x20but\x20it\x20still\x20stores\x20downloaded\x20dependencies\x20(in\x20<code>GOPATH/pkg/mod</code>;\x20see\x0a<a\x20href=\"#module-cache\">Module\x20cache</a>)\x20and\x20installed\x20commands\x20(in\x20<code>GOPATH/bin</code>,\x20unless\x0a<code>GOBIN</code>\x20is\x20set).</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"build-commands\">Build\x20commands</h3>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"vendoring\">Vendoring</h3>\x0a<p>When\x20using\x20modules,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20typically\x20satisfies\x20dependencies\x20by\x0adownloading\x20modules\x20from\x20their\x20sources\x20into\x20the\x20module\x20cache,\x20then\x20loading\x0apackages\x20from\x20those\x20downloaded\x20copies.\x20<em>Vendoring</em>\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20allow\x0ainteroperation\x20with\x20older\x20versions\x20of\x20Go,\x20or\x20to\x20ensure\x20that\x20all\x20files\x20used\x20for\x20a\x0abuild\x20are\x20stored\x20in\x20a\x20single\x20file\x20tree.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20command\x20constructs\x20a\x20directory\x20named\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule's</a>\x20root\x20directory\x20containing\x20copies\x20of\x20all\x20packages\x0aneeded\x20to\x20build\x20and\x20test\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20Packages\x20that\x20are\x20only\x0aimported\x20by\x20tests\x20of\x20packages\x20outside\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20are\x20not\x20included.\x20As\x20with\x0a<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20and\x20other\x20module\x20commands,\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-constraint\">build\x0aconstraints</a>\x20except\x20for\x20<code>ignore</code>\x20are\x20not\x20considered\x20when\x0aconstructing\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20also\x20creates\x20the\x20file\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20that\x20contains\x20a\x20list\x0aof\x20vendored\x20packages\x20and\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20they\x20were\x20copied\x20from.\x20When\x0avendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20this\x20manifest\x20is\x20used\x20as\x20a\x20source\x20of\x20module\x20version\x0ainformation,\x20as\x20reported\x20by\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-version-m\"><code>go\x20version\x20-m</code></a>.\x20When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20reads\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>,\x20it\x20checks\x0athat\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20are\x20consistent\x20with\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20If\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20has\x20changed\x0asince\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20was\x20generated,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error.\x0a<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20should\x20be\x20run\x20again\x20to\x20update\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20is\x20present\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20root\x20directory,\x20it\x0awill\x20be\x20used\x20automatically\x20if\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-go\"><code>go</code>\x20version</a>\x20in\x20the\x20main\x0amodule's\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20file</a>\x20is\x20<code>1.14</code>\x20or\x20higher.\x20To\x20explicitly\x0aenable\x20vendoring,\x20invoke\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20with\x20the\x20flag\x20<code>-mod=vendor</code>.\x20To\x0adisable\x20vendoring,\x20use\x20the\x20flag\x20<code>-mod=mod</code>.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20vendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20<a\x20href=\"#build-commands\">build\x20commands</a>\x20like\x20<code>go\x20build</code>\x20and\x0a<code>go\x20test</code>\x20load\x20packages\x20from\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20instead\x20of\x20accessing\x20the\x0anetwork\x20or\x20the\x20local\x20module\x20cache.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>\x20command\x20only\x0aprints\x20information\x20about\x20modules\x20listed\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20<code>go\x20mod</code>\x20commands\x20such\x20as\x0a<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-download\"><code>go\x20mod\x20download</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20do\x20not\x0awork\x20differently\x20when\x20vendoring\x20is\x20enabled\x20and\x20will\x20still\x20download\x20modules\x20and\x0aaccess\x20the\x20module\x20cache.\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20also\x20does\x20not\x20work\x20differently\x20when\x0avendoring\x20is\x20enabled.</p>\x0a<p>Unlike\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/s/go15vendor\">vendoring\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code></a>,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x0acommand\x20ignores\x20vendor\x20directories\x20in\x20locations\x20other\x20than\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x0aroot\x20directory.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20get\x20[-d]\x20[-t]\x20[-u]\x20[build\x20flags]\x20[packages]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Examples:</p>\x0a<pre><code>#\x20Install\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20tool.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports\x0a\x0a#\x20Upgrade\x20a\x20specific\x20module.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/net\x0a\x0a#\x20Upgrade\x20modules\x20that\x20provide\x20packages\x20imported\x20by\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20-u\x20./...\x0a\x0a#\x20Upgrade\x20or\x20downgrade\x20to\x20a\x20specific\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/text@v0.3.2\x0a\x0a#\x20Update\x20to\x20the\x20commit\x20on\x20the\x20module's\x20master\x20branch.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/text@master\x0a\x0a#\x20Remove\x20a\x20dependency\x20on\x20a\x20module\x20and\x20downgrade\x20modules\x20that\x20require\x20it\x0a#\x20to\x20versions\x20that\x20don't\x20require\x20it.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/text@none\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20command\x20updates\x20module\x20dependencies\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-files\"><code>go.mod</code>\x0afile</a>\x20for\x20the\x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x20a\x0aspecial\x20kind\x20of\x20downgrade.\x20Modules\x20that\x20depend\x20on\x20the\x20removed\x20module\x20will\x20be\x0adowngraded\x20or\x20removed\x20as\x20needed.\x20A\x20module\x20requirement\x20may\x20be\x20removed\x20even\x20if\x20one\x0aor\x20more\x20of\x20its\x20packages\x20are\x20imported\x20by\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20In\x20this\x0acase,\x20the\x20next\x20build\x20command\x20may\x20add\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20requirement.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20module\x20is\x20needed\x20at\x20two\x20different\x20versions\x20(specified\x20explicitly\x20in\x20command\x0aline\x20arguments\x20or\x20to\x20satisfy\x20upgrades\x20and\x20downgrades),\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20report\x20an\x0aerror.</p>\x0a<p>After\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20updates\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20it\x20builds\x20the\x20packages\x20named\x0aon\x20the\x20command\x20line.\x20Executables\x20will\x20be\x20installed\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20named\x20by\x0athe\x20<code>GOBIN</code>\x20environment\x20variable,\x20which\x20defaults\x20to\x20<code>$GOPATH/bin</code>\x20or\x0a<code>$HOME/go/bin</code>\x20if\x20the\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20environment\x20variable\x20is\x20not\x20set.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20get</code>\x20supports\x20the\x20following\x20flags:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-d</code>\x20flag\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20not\x20to\x20build\x20or\x20install\x20packages.\x20When\x20<code>-d</code>\x20is\x0aused,\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20only\x20manage\x20dependencies\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-u</code>\x20flag\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20upgrade\x20modules\x20providing\x20packages\x0aimported\x20directly\x20or\x20indirectly\x20by\x20packages\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line.\x0aEach\x20module\x20selected\x20by\x20<code>-u</code>\x20will\x20be\x20upgraded\x20to\x20its\x20latest\x20version\x20unless\x0ait\x20is\x20already\x20required\x20at\x20a\x20higher\x20version\x20(a\x20pre-release).</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-u=patch</code>\x20flag\x20(not\x20<code>-u\x20patch</code>)\x20also\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20upgrade\x0adependencies,\x20but\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20upgrade\x20each\x20dependency\x20to\x20the\x20latest\x20patch\x0aversion\x20(similar\x20to\x20the\x20<code>@patch</code>\x20version\x20query).</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-t</code>\x20flag\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20consider\x20modules\x20needed\x20to\x20build\x20tests\x0aof\x20packages\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line.\x20When\x20<code>-t</code>\x20and\x20<code>-u</code>\x20are\x20used\x20together,\x0a<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20update\x20test\x20dependencies\x20as\x20well.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-insecure</code>\x20flag\x20should\x20no\x20longer\x20be\x20used.\x20It\x20permits\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20resolve\x0acustom\x20import\x20paths\x20and\x20fetch\x20from\x20repositories\x20and\x20module\x20proxies\x20using\x0ainsecure\x20schemes\x20such\x20as\x20HTTP.\x20The\x20<code>GOINSECURE</code>\x20<a\x20href=\"#environment-variables\">environment\x0avariable</a>\x20provides\x20more\x20fine-grained\x20control\x20and\x0ashould\x20be\x20used\x20instead.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20[-u]\x20[-versions]\x20[list\x20flags]\x20[modules]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>$\x20go\x20list\x20-m\x20all\x0a$\x20go\x20list\x20-m\x20-versions\x20example.com/m\x0a$\x20go\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20example.com/m@latest\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-m</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20list</code>\x20to\x20list\x20modules\x20instead\x20of\x20packages.\x20In\x20this\x0amode,\x20the\x20arguments\x20to\x20<code>go\x20list</code>\x20may\x20be\x20modules,\x20module\x20patterns\x20(containing\x20the\x0a<code>...</code>\x20wildcard),\x20<a\x20href=\"#version-queries\">version\x20queries</a>,\x20or\x20the\x20special\x20pattern\x0a<code>all</code>,\x20which\x20matches\x20all\x20modules\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>.\x20If\x20no\x0aarguments\x20are\x20specified,\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x20module</a>\x20is\x20listed.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20listing\x20modules,\x20the\x20<code>-f</code>\x20flag\x20still\x20specifies\x20a\x20format\x20template\x20applied\x0ato\x20a\x20Go\x20struct,\x20but\x20now\x20a\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct:</p>\x0a<pre><code>type\x20Module\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20module\x20path\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20module\x20version\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Versions\x20\x20[]string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20available\x20module\x20versions\x20(with\x20-versions)\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Replace\x20\x20\x20*Module\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20replaced\x20by\x20this\x20module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Time\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20*time.Time\x20\x20\x20//\x20time\x20version\x20was\x20created\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Update\x20\x20\x20\x20*Module\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20available\x20update,\x20if\x20any\x20(with\x20-u)\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Main\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20bool\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20is\x20this\x20the\x20main\x20module?\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Indirect\x20\x20bool\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20is\x20this\x20module\x20only\x20an\x20indirect\x20dependency\x20of\x20main\x20module?\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Dir\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20directory\x20holding\x20files\x20for\x20this\x20module,\x20if\x20any\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoMod\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20path\x20to\x20go.mod\x20file\x20for\x20this\x20module,\x20if\x20any\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoVersion\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20go\x20version\x20used\x20in\x20module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Error\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20*ModuleError\x20//\x20error\x20loading\x20module\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20ModuleError\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Err\x20string\x20//\x20the\x20error\x20itself\x0a}\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20default\x20output\x20is\x20to\x20print\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20then\x20information\x20about\x20the\x0aversion\x20and\x20replacement\x20if\x20any.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code>\x20might\x20print:</p>\x0a<pre><code>example.com/main/module\x0agolang.org/x/text\x20v0.3.0\x20=&gt;\x20/tmp/text\x0arsc.io/pdf\x20v0.1.1\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct\x20has\x20a\x20<code>String</code>\x20method\x20that\x20formats\x20this\x20line\x20of\x20output,\x20so\x0athat\x20the\x20default\x20format\x20is\x20equivalent\x20to\x20<code>-f\x20'{{.String}}'</code>.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20when\x20a\x20module\x20has\x20been\x20replaced,\x20its\x20<code>Replace</code>\x20field\x20describes\x20the\x0areplacement\x20module\x20module,\x20and\x20its\x20<code>Dir</code>\x20field\x20is\x20set\x20to\x20the\x20replacement\x0amodule's\x20source\x20code,\x20if\x20present.\x20(That\x20is,\x20if\x20<code>Replace</code>\x20is\x20non-nil,\x20then\x20<code>Dir</code>\x0ais\x20set\x20to\x20<code>Replace.Dir</code>,\x20with\x20no\x20access\x20to\x20the\x20replaced\x20source\x20code.)</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-u</code>\x20flag\x20adds\x20information\x20about\x20available\x20upgrades.\x20When\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x0aof\x20a\x20given\x20module\x20is\x20newer\x20than\x20the\x20current\x20one,\x20<code>list\x20-u</code>\x20sets\x20the\x20module's\x0a<code>Update</code>\x20field\x20to\x20information\x20about\x20the\x20newer\x20module.\x20The\x20module's\x20<code>String</code>\x0amethod\x20indicates\x20an\x20available\x20upgrade\x20by\x20formatting\x20the\x20newer\x20version\x20in\x0abrackets\x20after\x20the\x20current\x20version.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-u\x20all</code>\x20might\x0aprint:</p>\x0a<pre><code>example.com/main/module\x0agolang.org/x/text\x20v0.3.0\x20[v0.4.0]\x20=&gt;\x20/tmp/text\x0arsc.io/pdf\x20v0.1.1\x20[v0.1.2]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>(For\x20tools,\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-u\x20-json\x20all</code>\x20may\x20be\x20more\x20convenient\x20to\x20parse.)</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-versions</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>list</code>\x20to\x20set\x20the\x20module's\x20<code>Versions</code>\x20field\x20to\x20a\x0alist\x20of\x20all\x20known\x20versions\x20of\x20that\x20module,\x20ordered\x20according\x20to\x20semantic\x0aversioning,\x20lowest\x20to\x20highest.\x20The\x20flag\x20also\x20changes\x20the\x20default\x20output\x20format\x0ato\x20display\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20followed\x20by\x20the\x20space-separated\x20version\x20list.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20template\x20function\x20<code>module</code>\x20takes\x20a\x20single\x20string\x20argument\x20that\x20must\x20be\x20a\x0amodule\x20path\x20or\x20query\x20and\x20returns\x20the\x20specified\x20module\x20as\x20a\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct.\x20If\x0aan\x20error\x20occurs,\x20the\x20result\x20will\x20be\x20a\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct\x20with\x20a\x20non-nil\x20<code>Error</code>\x0afield.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-download\"><code>go\x20mod\x20download</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20download\x20[-json]\x20[-x]\x20[modules]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>$\x20go\x20mod\x20download\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20download\x20golang.org/x/mod@v0.2.0\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20download</code>\x20command\x20downloads\x20the\x20named\x20modules\x20into\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x0acache</a>.\x20Arguments\x20can\x20be\x20module\x20paths\x20or\x20module\x0apatterns\x20selecting\x20dependencies\x20of\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20or\x20<a\x20href=\"#version-queries\">version\x0aqueries</a>\x20of\x20the\x20form\x20<code>path@version</code>.\x20With\x20no\x20arguments,\x0a<code>download</code>\x20applies\x20to\x20all\x20dependencies\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x20module</a>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20automatically\x20download\x20modules\x20as\x20needed\x20during\x20ordinary\x0aexecution.\x20The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20download</code>\x20command\x20is\x20useful\x20mainly\x20for\x20pre-filling\x20the\x0amodule\x20cache\x20or\x20for\x20loading\x20data\x20to\x20be\x20served\x20by\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x0aproxy</a>.</p>\x0a<p>By\x20default,\x20<code>download</code>\x20writes\x20nothing\x20to\x20standard\x20output.\x20It\x20prints\x20progress\x0amessages\x20and\x20errors\x20to\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-json</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>download</code>\x20to\x20print\x20a\x20sequence\x20of\x20JSON\x20objects\x20to\x0astandard\x20output,\x20describing\x20each\x20downloaded\x20module\x20(or\x20failure),\x20corresponding\x0ato\x20this\x20Go\x20struct:</p>\x0a<pre><code>type\x20Module\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20module\x20path\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20\x20string\x20//\x20module\x20version\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Error\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20error\x20loading\x20module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Info\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20.info\x20file\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoMod\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20.mod\x20file\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Zip\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20.zip\x20file\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Dir\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20source\x20root\x20directory\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Sum\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20checksum\x20for\x20path,\x20version\x20(as\x20in\x20go.sum)\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoModSum\x20string\x20//\x20checksum\x20for\x20go.mod\x20(as\x20in\x20go.sum)\x0a}\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-x</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>download</code>\x20to\x20print\x20the\x20commands\x20<code>download</code>\x20executes\x0ato\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-edit\"><code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20edit\x20[editing\x20flags]\x20[-fmt|-print|-json]\x20[go.mod]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>#\x20Add\x20a\x20replace\x20directive.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-replace\x20example.com/a@v1.0.0=./a\x0a\x0a#\x20Remove\x20a\x20replace\x20directive.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-dropreplace\x20example.com/a@v1.0.0\x0a\x0a#\x20Set\x20the\x20go\x20version,\x20add\x20a\x20requirement,\x20and\x20print\x20the\x20file\x0a#\x20instead\x20of\x20writing\x20it\x20to\x20disk.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-go=1.14\x20-require=example.com/m@v1.0.0\x20-print\x0a\x0a#\x20Format\x20the\x20go.mod\x20file.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-fmt\x0a\x0a#\x20Format\x20and\x20print\x20a\x20different\x20.mod\x20file.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-print\x20tools.mod\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20a\x20JSON\x20representation\x20of\x20the\x20go.mod\x20file.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-json\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20command\x20provides\x20a\x20command-line\x20interface\x20for\x20editing\x20and\x0aformatting\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files,\x20for\x20use\x20primarily\x20by\x20tools\x20and\x20scripts.\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x0areads\x20only\x20one\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file;\x20it\x20does\x20not\x20look\x20up\x20information\x20about\x20other\x0amodules.\x20By\x20default,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20reads\x20and\x20writes\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20of\x20the\x0amain\x20module,\x20but\x20a\x20different\x20target\x20file\x20can\x20be\x20specified\x20after\x20the\x20editing\x0aflags.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20editing\x20flags\x20specify\x20a\x20sequence\x20of\x20editing\x20operations.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-module</code>\x20flag\x20changes\x20the\x20module's\x20path\x20(the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file's\x20module\x0aline).</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-go=version</code>\x20flag\x20sets\x20the\x20expected\x20Go\x20language\x20version.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-require=path@version</code>\x20and\x20<code>-droprequire=path</code>\x20flags\x20add\x20and\x20drop\x20a\x0arequirement\x20on\x20the\x20given\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20version.\x20Note\x20that\x20<code>-require</code>\x0aoverrides\x20any\x20existing\x20requirements\x20on\x20<code>path</code>.\x20These\x20flags\x20are\x20mainly\x20for\x0atools\x20that\x20understand\x20the\x20module\x20graph.\x20Users\x20should\x20prefer\x20<code>go\x20get\x20path@version</code>\x20or\x20<code>go\x20get\x20path@none</code>,\x20which\x20make\x20other\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20adjustments\x20as\x0aneeded\x20to\x20satisfy\x20constraints\x20imposed\x20by\x20other\x20modules.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-exclude=path@version</code>\x20and\x20<code>-dropexclude=path@version</code>\x20flags\x20add\x20and\x20drop\x0aan\x20exclusion\x20for\x20the\x20given\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20version.\x20Note\x20that\x0a<code>-exclude=path@version</code>\x20is\x20a\x20no-op\x20if\x20that\x20exclusion\x20already\x20exists.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-replace=old[@v]=new[@v]</code>\x20flag\x20adds\x20a\x20replacement\x20of\x20the\x20given\x20module\x0apath\x20and\x20version\x20pair.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20in\x20<code>old@v</code>\x20is\x20omitted,\x20a\x20replacement\x0awithout\x20a\x20version\x20on\x20the\x20left\x20side\x20is\x20added,\x20which\x20applies\x20to\x20all\x20versions\x20of\x0athe\x20old\x20module\x20path.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20in\x20<code>new@v</code>\x20is\x20omitted,\x20the\x20new\x20path\x20should\x20be\x0aa\x20local\x20module\x20root\x20directory,\x20not\x20a\x20module\x20path.\x20Note\x20that\x20<code>-replace</code>\x0aoverrides\x20any\x20redundant\x20replacements\x20for\x20<code>old[@v]</code>,\x20so\x20omitting\x20<code>@v</code>\x20will\x20drop\x0areplacements\x20for\x20specific\x20versions.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-dropreplace=old[@v]</code>\x20flag\x20drops\x20a\x20replacement\x20of\x20the\x20given\x20module\x20path\x0aand\x20version\x20pair.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20is\x20provided,\x20a\x20replacement\x20with\x20the\x20given\x0aversion\x20is\x20dropped.\x20An\x20existing\x20replacement\x20without\x20a\x20version\x20on\x20the\x20left\x20side\x0amay\x20still\x20replace\x20the\x20module.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20is\x20omitted,\x20a\x20replacement\x20without\x20a\x0aversion\x20is\x20dropped.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>The\x20editing\x20flags\x20may\x20be\x20repeated.\x20The\x20changes\x20are\x20applied\x20in\x20the\x20order\x20given.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20has\x20additional\x20flags\x20that\x20control\x20its\x20output.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-fmt</code>\x20flag\x20reformats\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20without\x20making\x20other\x20changes.\x0aThis\x20reformatting\x20is\x20also\x20implied\x20by\x20any\x20other\x20modifications\x20that\x20use\x20or\x0arewrite\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x20only\x20time\x20this\x20flag\x20is\x20needed\x20is\x20if\x20no\x0aother\x20flags\x20are\x20specified,\x20as\x20in\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-fmt</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-print</code>\x20flag\x20prints\x20the\x20final\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20in\x20its\x20text\x20format\x20instead\x20of\x0awriting\x20it\x20back\x20to\x20disk.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-json</code>\x20flag\x20prints\x20the\x20final\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20in\x20JSON\x20format\x20instead\x20of\x20writing\x0ait\x20back\x20to\x20disk\x20in\x20text\x20format.\x20The\x20JSON\x20output\x20corresponds\x20to\x20these\x20Go\x20types:</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<pre><code>type\x20Module\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20string\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20GoMod\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Module\x20\x20Module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Go\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Require\x20[]Require\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Exclude\x20[]Module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Replace\x20[]Replace\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20Require\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Indirect\x20bool\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20Replace\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Old\x20Module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20New\x20Module\x0a}\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20this\x20only\x20describes\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20itself,\x20not\x20other\x20modules\x0areferred\x20to\x20indirectly.\x20For\x20the\x20full\x20set\x20of\x20modules\x20available\x20to\x20a\x20build,\x0ause\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20all</code>.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>.</p>\x0a<p>For\x20example,\x20a\x20tool\x20can\x20obtain\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20as\x20a\x20data\x20structure\x20by\x0aparsing\x20the\x20output\x20of\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-json</code>\x20and\x20can\x20then\x20make\x20changes\x20by\x20invoking\x0a<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20with\x20<code>-require</code>,\x20<code>-exclude</code>,\x20and\x20so\x20on.</p>\x0a<p>Tools\x20may\x20also\x20use\x20the\x20package\x0a<a\x20href=\"https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/mod/modfile?tab=doc\"><code>golang.org/x/mod/modfile</code></a>\x0ato\x20parse,\x20edit,\x20and\x20format\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-init\"><code>go\x20mod\x20init</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20init\x20[module-path]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20init\x0ago\x20mod\x20init\x20example.com/m\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20init</code>\x20command\x20initializes\x20and\x20writes\x20a\x20new\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20in\x20the\x0acurrent\x20directory,\x20in\x20effect\x20creating\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20rooted\x20at\x20the\x20current\x0adirectory.\x20The\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20must\x20not\x20already\x20exist.</p>\x0a<p><code>init</code>\x20accepts\x20one\x20optional\x20argument,\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x20path</a>\x20for\x0athe\x20new\x20module.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#module-path\">Module\x20paths</a>\x20for\x20instructions\x20on\x20choosing\x0aa\x20module\x20path.\x20If\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20argument\x20is\x20omitted,\x20<code>init</code>\x20will\x20attempt\x0ato\x20infer\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20using\x20import\x20comments\x20in\x20<code>.go</code>\x20files,\x20vendoring\x20tool\x0aconfiguration\x20files,\x20and\x20the\x20current\x20directory\x20(if\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>).</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20configuration\x20file\x20for\x20a\x20vendoring\x20tool\x20is\x20present,\x20<code>init</code>\x20will\x20attempt\x20to\x0aimport\x20module\x20requirements\x20from\x20it.\x20<code>init</code>\x20supports\x20the\x20following\x20configuration\x0afiles.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><code>GLOCKFILE</code>\x20(Glock)</li>\x0a<li><code>Godeps/Godeps.json</code>\x20(Godeps)</li>\x0a<li><code>Gopkg.lock</code>\x20(dep)</li>\x0a<li><code>dependencies.tsv</code>\x20(godeps)</li>\x0a<li><code>glide.lock</code>\x20(glide)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor.conf</code>\x20(trash)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor.yml</code>\x20(govend)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor/manifest</code>\x20(gvt)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor/vendor.json</code>\x20(govendor)</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>Vendoring\x20tool\x20configuration\x20files\x20can't\x20always\x20be\x20translated\x20with\x20perfect\x0afidelity.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20multiple\x20packages\x20within\x20the\x20same\x20repository\x20are\x0aimported\x20at\x20different\x20versions,\x20and\x20the\x20repository\x20only\x20contains\x20one\x20module,\x20the\x0aimported\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20can\x20only\x20require\x20the\x20module\x20at\x20one\x20version.\x20You\x20may\x20wish\x20to\x0arun\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code></a>\x20to\x20check\x20all\x20versions\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x0alist</a>,\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20to\x20add\x20missing\x0arequirements\x20and\x20to\x20drop\x20unused\x20requirements.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy\x20[-v]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20ensures\x20that\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20matches\x20the\x20source\x20code\x20in\x20the\x0amodule.\x20It\x20adds\x20any\x20missing\x20module\x20requirements\x20necessary\x20to\x20build\x20the\x20current\x0amodule's\x20packages\x20and\x20dependencies,\x20and\x20it\x20removes\x20requirements\x20on\x20modules\x20that\x0adon't\x20provide\x20any\x20relevant\x20packages.\x20It\x20also\x20adds\x20any\x20missing\x20entries\x20to\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20and\x20removes\x20unnecessary\x20entries.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-v</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20to\x20print\x20information\x20about\x20removed\x20modules\x0ato\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20works\x20by\x20loading\x20all\x20of\x20the\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule</a>\x20and\x20all\x20of\x20the\x20packages\x20they\x20import,\x0arecursively.\x20This\x20includes\x20packages\x20imported\x20by\x20tests\x20(including\x20tests\x20in\x20other\x0amodules).\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20acts\x20as\x20if\x20all\x20build\x20tags\x20are\x20enabled,\x20so\x20it\x20will\x0aconsider\x20platform-specific\x20source\x20files\x20and\x20files\x20that\x20require\x20custom\x20build\x0atags,\x20even\x20if\x20those\x20source\x20files\x20wouldn't\x20normally\x20be\x20built.\x20There\x20is\x20one\x0aexception:\x20the\x20<code>ignore</code>\x20build\x20tag\x20is\x20not\x20enabled,\x20so\x20a\x20file\x20with\x20the\x20build\x0aconstraint\x20<code>//\x20+build\x20ignore</code>\x20will\x20not\x20be\x20considered.\x20Note\x20that\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x0awill\x20not\x20consider\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20in\x20directories\x20named\x20<code>testdata</code>\x20or\x0awith\x20names\x20that\x20start\x20with\x20<code>.</code>\x20or\x20<code>_</code>\x20unless\x20those\x20packages\x20are\x20explicitly\x0aimported\x20by\x20other\x20packages.</p>\x0a<p>Once\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20has\x20loaded\x20this\x20set\x20of\x20packages,\x20it\x20ensures\x20that\x20each\x20module\x0athat\x20provides\x20one\x20or\x20more\x20packages\x20either\x20has\x20a\x20<code>require</code>\x20directive\x20in\x20the\x20main\x0amodule's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20or\x20is\x20required\x20by\x20another\x20required\x20module.\x20\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x0awill\x20add\x20a\x20requirement\x20on\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x20on\x20each\x20missing\x20module\x20(see\x0a<a\x20href=\"#version-queries\">Version\x20queries</a>\x20for\x20the\x20definition\x20of\x20the\x20<code>latest</code>\x0aversion).\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20will\x20remove\x20<code>require</code>\x20directives\x20for\x20modules\x20that\x20don't\x0aprovide\x20any\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20set\x20described\x20above.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20may\x20also\x20add\x20or\x20remove\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments\x20on\x20<code>require</code>\x0adirectives.\x20An\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comment\x20denotes\x20a\x20module\x20that\x20does\x20not\x20provide\x0apackages\x20imported\x20by\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20These\x20requirements\x20will\x20be\x0apresent\x20if\x20the\x20module\x20that\x20imports\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20indirect\x20dependency\x20has\x0ano\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20They\x20may\x20also\x20be\x20present\x20if\x20the\x20indirect\x20dependency\x20is\x0arequired\x20at\x20a\x20higher\x20version\x20than\x20is\x20implied\x20by\x20the\x20module\x20graph;\x20this\x20usually\x0ahappens\x20after\x20running\x20a\x20command\x20like\x20<code>go\x20get\x20-u\x20./...</code>.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-vendor\"><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor\x20[-v]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20command\x20constructs\x20a\x20directory\x20named\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule's</a>\x20root\x20directory\x20that\x20contains\x20copies\x20of\x20all\x20packages\x0aneeded\x20to\x20support\x20builds\x20and\x20tests\x20of\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20Packages\x0athat\x20are\x20only\x20imported\x20by\x20tests\x20of\x20packages\x20outside\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20are\x20not\x0aincluded.\x20As\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20and\x20other\x20module\x20commands,\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-constraint\">build\x20constraints</a>\x20except\x20for\x20<code>ignore</code>\x20are\x20not\x0aconsidered\x20when\x20constructing\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20vendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20load\x20packages\x20from\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x0adirectory\x20instead\x20of\x20downloading\x20modules\x20from\x20their\x20sources\x20into\x20the\x20module\x0acache\x20and\x20using\x20packages\x20those\x20downloaded\x20copies.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vendoring\">Vendoring</a>\x0afor\x20more\x20information.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20also\x20creates\x20the\x20file\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20that\x20contains\x20a\x20list\x0aof\x20vendored\x20packages\x20and\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20they\x20were\x20copied\x20from.\x20When\x0avendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20this\x20manifest\x20is\x20used\x20as\x20a\x20source\x20of\x20module\x20version\x0ainformation,\x20as\x20reported\x20by\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-version-m\"><code>go\x20version\x20-m</code></a>.\x20When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20reads\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>,\x20it\x20checks\x0athat\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20are\x20consistent\x20with\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20If\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20changed\x20since\x0a<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20was\x20generated,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20should\x20be\x20run\x20again.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20removes\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20if\x20it\x20exists\x20before\x0are-constructing\x20it.\x20Local\x20changes\x20should\x20not\x20be\x20made\x20to\x20vendored\x20packages.\x0aThe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20does\x20not\x20check\x20that\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20have\x0anot\x20been\x20modified,\x20but\x20one\x20can\x20verify\x20the\x20integrity\x20of\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x0aby\x20running\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20and\x20checking\x20that\x20no\x20changes\x20were\x20made.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-v</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20to\x20print\x20the\x20names\x20of\x20vendored\x20modules\x0aand\x20packages\x20to\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-verify\"><code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20verify\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20checks\x20that\x20dependencies\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x20module</a>\x0astored\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x20cache</a>\x20have\x20not\x20been\x20modified\x20since\x0athey\x20were\x20downloaded.\x20To\x20perform\x20this\x20check,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20hashes\x20each\x0adownloaded\x20module\x20<a\x20href=\"#zip-files\"><code>.zip</code>\x20file</a>\x20and\x20extracted\x20directory,\x20then\x0acompares\x20those\x20hashes\x20with\x20a\x20hash\x20recorded\x20when\x20the\x20module\x20was\x20first\x0adownloaded.\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20checks\x20each\x20module\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x0alist</a>\x20(which\x20may\x20be\x20printed\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code></a>).</p>\x0a<p>If\x20all\x20the\x20modules\x20are\x20unmodified,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20prints\x20&quot;all\x20modules\x0averified&quot;.\x20Otherwise,\x20it\x20reports\x20which\x20modules\x20have\x20been\x20changed\x20and\x20exits\x20with\x0aa\x20non-zero\x20status.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20all\x20module-aware\x20commands\x20verify\x20that\x20hashes\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20file\x20match\x20hashes\x20recorded\x20for\x20modules\x20downloaded\x20into\x20the\x20module\x0acache.\x20If\x20a\x20hash\x20is\x20missing\x20from\x20<code>go.sum</code>\x20(for\x20example,\x20because\x20the\x20module\x20is\x0abeing\x20used\x20for\x20the\x20first\x20time),\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20verifies\x20its\x20hash\x20using\x20the\x0a<a\x20href=\"#checksum-database\">checksum\x20database</a>\x20(unless\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20is\x20matched\x20by\x0a<code>GOPRIVATE</code>\x20or\x20<code>GONOSUMDB</code>).\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#authenticating\">Authenticating\x20modules</a>\x20for\x0adetails.</p>\x0a<p>In\x20contrast,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20checks\x20that\x20module\x20<code>.zip</code>\x20files\x20and\x20their\x20extracted\x0adirectories\x20have\x20hashes\x20that\x20match\x20hashes\x20recorded\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20when\x20they\x0awere\x20first\x20downloaded.\x20This\x20is\x20useful\x20for\x20detecting\x20changes\x20to\x20files\x20in\x20the\x0amodule\x20cache\x20<em>after</em>\x20a\x20module\x20has\x20been\x20downloaded\x20and\x20verified.\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x0adoes\x20not\x20download\x20content\x20for\x20modules\x20not\x20in\x20the\x20cache,\x20and\x20it\x20does\x20not\x20use\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20files\x20to\x20verify\x20module\x20content.\x20However,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20may\x20download\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20in\x20order\x20to\x20perform\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>.\x20It\x20will\x20use\x20<code>go.sum</code>\x20to\x20verify\x20those\x0afiles,\x20and\x20it\x20may\x20add\x20<code>go.sum</code>\x20entries\x20for\x20missing\x20hashes.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-version-m\"><code>go\x20version\x20-m</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20version\x20[-m]\x20[-v]\x20[file\x20...]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20go.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20a\x20specific\x20executable.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x20~/go/bin/gopls\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20and\x20module\x20versions\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20a\x20specific\x20executable.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x20-m\x20~/go/bin/gopls\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20and\x20module\x20versions\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20executables\x20in\x20a\x20directory.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x20-m\x20~/go/bin/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>go\x20version</code>\x20reports\x20the\x20Go\x20version\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20each\x20executable\x20file\x20named\x0aon\x20the\x20command\x20line.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20no\x20files\x20are\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line,\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20prints\x20its\x20own\x20version\x0ainformation.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20directory\x20is\x20named,\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20walks\x20that\x20directory,\x20recursively,\x20looking\x0afor\x20recognized\x20Go\x20binaries\x20and\x20reporting\x20their\x20versions.\x20By\x20default,\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20does\x20not\x20report\x20unrecognized\x20files\x20found\x20during\x20a\x20directory\x20scan.\x20The\x0a<code>-v</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20it\x20to\x20report\x20unrecognized\x20files.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-m</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20to\x20print\x20each\x20executable's\x20embedded\x20module\x0aversion\x20information,\x20when\x20available.\x20For\x20each\x20executable,\x20<code>go\x20version\x20-m</code>\x20prints\x0aa\x20table\x20with\x20tab-separated\x20columns\x20like\x20the\x20one\x20below.</p>\x0a<pre><code>$\x20go\x20version\x20-m\x20~/go/bin/goimports\x0a/home/jrgopher/go/bin/goimports:\x20go1.14.3\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20path\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20mod\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/tools\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20v0.0.0-20200518203908-8018eb2c26ba\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20h1:0Lcy64USfQQL6GAJma8BdHCgeofcchQj+Z7j0SXYAzU=\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20dep\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/mod\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20v0.2.0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20h1:KU7oHjnv3XNWfa5COkzUifxZmxp1TyI7ImMXqFxLwvQ=\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20dep\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/xerrors\x20\x20\x20\x20v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20h1:E7g+9GITq07hpfrRu66IVDexMakfv52eLZ2CXBWiKr4=\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20format\x20of\x20the\x20table\x20may\x20change\x20in\x20the\x20future.\x20The\x20same\x20information\x20may\x20be\x0aobtained\x20from\x0a<a\x20href=\"https://pkg.go.dev/runtime/debug?tab=doc#ReadBuildInfo\"><code>runtime/debug.ReadBuildInfo</code></a>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20meaning\x20of\x20each\x20row\x20in\x20the\x20table\x20is\x20determined\x20by\x20the\x20word\x20in\x20the\x20first\x0acolumn.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><strong><code>path</code></strong>:\x20the\x20path\x20of\x20the\x20<code>main</code>\x20package\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20the\x20executable.</li>\x0a<li><strong><code>mod</code></strong>:\x20the\x20module\x20containing\x20the\x20<code>main</code>\x20package.\x20The\x20columns\x20are\x20the\x0amodule\x20path,\x20version,\x20and\x20sum,\x20respectively.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule</a>\x20has\x20the\x20version\x20<code>(devel)</code>\x20and\x20no\x20sum.</li>\x0a<li><strong><code>dep</code></strong>:\x20a\x20module\x20that\x20provided\x20one\x20or\x20more\x20packages\x20linked\x20into\x20the\x0aexecutable.\x20Same\x20format\x20as\x20<code>mod</code>.</li>\x0a<li><strong><code>=&gt;</code></strong>:\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-replace\">replacement</a>\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20on\x20the\x20previous\x0aline.\x20If\x20the\x20replacement\x20is\x20a\x20local\x20directory,\x20only\x20the\x20directory\x20path\x20is\x0alisted\x20(no\x20version\x20or\x20sum).\x20If\x20the\x20replacement\x20is\x20a\x20module\x20version,\x20the\x20path,\x0aversion,\x20and\x20sum\x20are\x20listed,\x20as\x20with\x20<code>mod</code>\x20and\x20<code>dep</code>.\x20A\x20replaced\x20module\x20has\x0ano\x20sum.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-clean-modcache\"><code>go\x20clean\x20-modcache</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20clean\x20[-modcache]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-modcache</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/go/#hdr-Remove_object_files_and_cached_files\"><code>go\x20clean</code></a>\x20to\x20remove\x20the\x20entire\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x20cache</a>,\x20including\x20unpacked\x20source\x20code\x20of\x20versioned\x0adependencies.</p>\x0a<p>This\x20is\x20usually\x20the\x20best\x20way\x20to\x20remove\x20the\x20module\x20cache.\x20By\x20default,\x20most\x20files\x0aand\x20directories\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20are\x20read-only\x20to\x20prevent\x20tests\x20and\x20editors\x0afrom\x20unintentionally\x20changing\x20files\x20after\x20they've\x20been\x0a<a\x20href=\"#authenticating\">authenticated</a>.\x20Unfortunately,\x20this\x20causes\x20commands\x20like\x0a<code>rm\x20-r</code>\x20to\x20fail,\x20since\x20files\x20can't\x20be\x20removed\x20without\x20first\x20making\x20their\x20parent\x0adirectories\x20writable.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-modcacherw</code>\x20flag\x20(accepted\x20by\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_packages_and_dependencies\"><code>go\x20build</code></a>\x20and\x0aother\x20module-aware\x20commands)\x20causes\x20new\x20directories\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20to\x0abe\x20writable.\x20To\x20pass\x20<code>-modcacherw</code>\x20to\x20all\x20module-aware\x20commands,\x20add\x20it\x20to\x20the\x0a<code>GOFLAGS</code>\x20variable.\x20<code>GOFLAGS</code>\x20may\x20be\x20set\x20in\x20the\x20environment\x20or\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Print_Go_environment_information\"><code>go\x20env\x20-w</code></a>.\x20For\x0aexample,\x20the\x20command\x20below\x20sets\x20it\x20permanently:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20env\x20-w\x20GOFLAGS=-modcacherw\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>-modcacherw</code>\x20should\x20be\x20used\x20with\x20caution;\x20developers\x20should\x20be\x20careful\x20not\x0ato\x20make\x20changes\x20to\x20files\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache.\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-verify\"><code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code></a>\x0amay\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20check\x20that\x20files\x20in\x20the\x20cache\x20match\x20hashes\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"version-queries\">Version\x20queries</h3>\x0a<p>Several\x20commands\x20allow\x20you\x20to\x20specify\x20a\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20using\x20a\x20<em>version\x0aquery</em>,\x20which\x20appears\x20after\x20an\x20<code>@</code>\x20character\x20following\x20a\x20module\x20or\x20package\x20path\x0aon\x20the\x20command\x20line.</p>\x0a<p>Examples:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20get\x20example.com/m@latest\x0ago\x20mod\x20download\x20example.com/m@master\x0ago\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20example.com/m@e3702bed2\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>A\x20version\x20query\x20may\x20be\x20one\x20of\x20the\x20following:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>A\x20fully-specified\x20semantic\x20version,\x20such\x20as\x20<code>v1.2.3</code>,\x20which\x20selects\x20a\x0aspecific\x20version.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#versions\">Versions</a>\x20for\x20syntax.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20semantic\x20version\x20prefix,\x20such\x20as\x20<code>v1</code>\x20or\x20<code>v1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#glos-module-path\">module\x20path</a>\x20after\x0athe\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-repository-root-path\">repository\x20root\x20path</a>\x20that\x20indicates\x20the\x0asubdirectory\x20where\x20the\x20module\x20is\x20defined.\x20When\x20non-empty,\x20the\x20module\x0asubdirectory\x20is\x20also\x20a\x20prefix\x20for\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-semantic-version-tag\">semantic\x20version\x0atags</a>.\x20The\x20module\x20subdirectory\x20does\x20not\x20include\x20the\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-suffix\">major\x20version\x20suffix</a>,\x20if\x20there\x20is\x20one,\x20even\x20if\x20the\x0amodule\x20is\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-subdirectory\">major\x20version\x20subdirectory</a>.\x0aSee\x20<a\x20href=\"#module-path\">Module\x20paths</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-package\"></a>\x0a<strong>package:</strong>\x20A\x20collection\x20of\x20source\x20files\x20in\x20the\x20same\x20directory\x20that\x20are\x0acompiled\x20together.\x20See\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/ref/spec#Packages\">Packages\x20section</a>\x20in\x20the\x20Go\x0aLanguage\x20Specification.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-package-path\"></a>\x0a<strong>package\x20path:</strong>\x20The\x20path\x20that\x20uniquely\x20identifies\x20a\x20package.\x20A\x20package\x20path\x20is\x0aa\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x20path</a>\x20joined\x20with\x20a\x20subdirectory\x20within\x20the\x20module.\x0aFor\x20example\x20<code>&quot;golang.org/x/net/html&quot;</code>\x20is\x20the\x20package\x20path\x20for\x20the\x20package\x20in\x20the\x0amodule\x20<code>&quot;golang.org/x/net&quot;</code>\x20in\x20the\x20<code>&quot;html&quot;</code>\x20subdirectory.\x20Synonym\x20of\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-import-path\">import\x20path</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-patch-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>patch\x20version:</strong>\x20The\x20third\x20number\x20in\x20a\x20semantic\x20version\x20(<code>3</code>\x20in\x20<code>v1.2.3</code>).\x20In\x0aa\x20release\x20with\x20no\x20changes\x20to\x20the\x20module's\x20public\x20interface,\x20the\x20patch\x20version\x0amust\x20be\x20incremented.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-pre-release-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>pre-release\x20version:</strong>\x20A\x20version\x20with\x20a\x20dash\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20series\x20of\x0adot-separated\x20identifiers\x20immediately\x20following\x20the\x20patch\x20version,\x20for\x20example,\x0a<code>v1.2.3-beta4</code>.\x20Pre-release\x20versions\x20are\x20considered\x20unstable\x20and\x20are\x20not\x0aassumed\x20to\x20be\x20compatible\x20with\x20other\x20versions.\x20A\x20pre-release\x20version\x20sorts\x20before\x0athe\x20corresponding\x20release\x20version:\x20<code>v1.2.3-pre</code>\x20comes\x20before\x20<code>v1.2.3</code>.\x20See\x20also\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-release-version\">release\x20version</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-pseudo-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>pseudo-version:</strong>\x20A\x20version\x20that\x20encodes\x20a\x20revision\x20identifier\x20(such\x20as\x20a\x20Git\x0acommit\x20hash)\x20and\x20a\x20timestamp\x20from\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20system.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>v0.0.0-20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>.\x20Used\x20for\x20<a\x20href=\"#non-module-compat\">compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x0arepositories</a>\x20and\x20in\x20other\x20situations\x20when\x20a\x20tagged\x0aversion\x20is\x20not\x20available.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-release-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>release\x20version:</strong>\x20A\x20version\x20without\x20a\x20pre-release\x20suffix.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>v1.2.3</code>,\x20not\x20<code>v1.2.3-pre</code>.\x20See\x20also\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release\x0aversion</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-repository-root-path\"></a>\x0a<strong>repository\x20root\x20path:</strong>\x20The\x20portion\x20of\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x20path</a>\x20that\x0acorresponds\x20to\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20repository's\x20root\x20directory.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#module-path\">Module\x0apaths</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-semantic-version-tag\"></a>\x0a<strong>semantic\x20version\x20tag:</strong>\x20A\x20tag\x20in\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20repository\x20that\x20maps\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-version\">version</a>\x20to\x20a\x20specific\x20revision.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x0acommits</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>version:</strong>\x20An\x20identifier\x20for\x20an\x20immutable\x20snapshot\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x20written\x20as\x20the\x0aletter\x20<code>v</code>\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20semantic\x20version.\x20See\x20the\x20section\x20on\x0a<a\x20href=\"#versions\">Versions</a>.</p>\x0a",
 }
diff --git a/content/static/style.css b/content/static/style.css
index 0a3eb1c..1adea2d 100644
--- a/content/static/style.css
+++ b/content/static/style.css
@@ -1,10 +1,87 @@
 body {
-  margin: 0;
-  font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
   background-color: #fff;
-  line-height: 1.3;
-  text-align: center;
   color: #3e4042;
+  font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+  line-height: 1.3;
+  margin: 0;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+.Note {
+  /* For styling "Note" sections. */
+  background-color: rgb(224, 235, 245);
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  margin: 1.25rem;
+  max-width: 50rem;
+  padding: 0.5rem 0.5rem 0.5rem 0.625rem;
+}
+/* Tabs */
+.TabSection {
+  background: #fff;
+  border: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+  border-radius: 0.3125rem;
+  box-shadow: none;
+  max-width: 50rem;
+}
+.TabSection-tabList {
+  flex-shrink: 0;
+  position: relative;
+  border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+}
+.TabSection-tab {
+  background: #fff;
+  border: none;
+  line-height: 3rem;
+  padding: 0 1.125rem;
+  position: relative;
+}
+.TabSection-tab[aria-selected='true'] {
+  outline: 0;
+  background-color: #e0ebf5;
+}
+.TabSection-tab:focus {
+  outline: 0;
+  background-color: #e0ebf5;
+}
+.TabSection-tabPanel {
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+}
+/* Tutorial previous and next links */
+.Navigation {
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+}
+.Navigation-prev {
+  float: left;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+.Navigation-next {
+  float: right;
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+/* Table in doc topics. */
+.DocTable {
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  margin: 1.25rem;
+  max-width: 50rem;
+}
+.DocTable-row {
+  border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+  height: 3rem;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+}
+.DocTable-head {
+  background: #e8eaed;
+  border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+  border-top: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+  height: 3rem;
+}
+.DocTable-cell {
+  padding: 0rem 0.4375rem;
+}
+.DocTable-row--highlighted {
+  background: #f0f0f0;
+  border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+  height: 3rem;
 }
 textarea {
   /* Inherit text color from body avoiding illegible text in the case where the
@@ -16,6 +93,11 @@
   font-family: Menlo, monospace;
   font-size: 0.875rem;
 }
+code {
+  /* Reduce spacing between words in code inline with text. Monospace font
+   * spaces tend to be wider than proportional font spaces. */
+  word-spacing: -0.3em;
+}
 pre {
   line-height: 1.4;
   overflow-x: auto;
@@ -37,6 +119,12 @@
   color: #999;
   background: #efefef;
 }
+pre ins {
+  /* For styling highlighted code in examples. */
+  color: rgb(0, 125, 156);
+  font-weight: bold;
+  text-decoration: none;
+}
 .ln {
   user-select: none;
 
@@ -48,7 +136,6 @@
   display: inline-block;
   width: 8ch;
 }
-
 .search-nav {
   margin-left: 1.25rem;
   font-size: 0.875rem;
@@ -56,11 +143,9 @@
   column-fill: auto;
   column-width: 14rem;
 }
-
 .search-nav .indent {
   margin-left: 1.25rem;
 }
-
 a,
 .exampleHeading .text,
 .expandAll {
@@ -78,14 +163,12 @@
 .article .title a {
   text-decoration: none;
 }
-
 .permalink {
   display: none;
 }
 :hover > .permalink {
   display: inline;
 }
-
 p,
 li {
   max-width: 50rem;
@@ -102,7 +185,6 @@
   padding: 0.625rem;
   border-radius: 0.3125rem;
 }
-
 h1,
 h2,
 h3,
@@ -143,7 +225,6 @@
 h4 {
   font-size: 1rem;
 }
-
 h2 > span,
 h3 > span {
   float: right;
@@ -151,7 +232,6 @@
   font-weight: normal;
   color: #5279c7;
 }
-
 dl {
   margin: 1.25rem;
 }
@@ -165,7 +245,6 @@
 div#nav table td {
   vertical-align: top;
 }
-
 .ModTable {
   border-collapse: collapse;
   margin: 1.25rem;
@@ -186,7 +265,6 @@
 .ModTable td p:last-child {
   margin-bottom: 0;
 }
-
 #pkg-index h3 {
   font-size: 1rem;
 }
@@ -203,21 +281,17 @@
 .alert {
   color: #aa0000;
 }
-
 #pkg-examples h3 {
   float: left;
 }
-
 #pkg-examples dl {
   clear: both;
 }
-
 .expandAll {
   cursor: pointer;
   float: left;
   margin: 1.25rem 0;
 }
-
 .Site {
   display: flex;
   flex-direction: column;
@@ -246,13 +320,11 @@
 .Footer--wide {
   max-width: none;
 }
-
 div#playground .buttons a {
   background: #375eab;
   border: 0.0625rem solid #757575;
   color: white;
 }
-
 /* Style download button on doc/install page */
 a#start {
   background: #e0ebf5;
@@ -275,11 +347,9 @@
   font-weight: normal;
   margin-top: 0.3125rem;
 }
-
 .download {
   width: 9.375rem;
 }
-
 ::-webkit-input-placeholder {
   color: #7f7f7f;
   opacity: 1;
@@ -288,7 +358,6 @@
   color: #7f7f7f;
   opacity: 1;
 }
-
 .Header {
   align-items: center;
   box-sizing: border-box;
@@ -426,7 +495,8 @@
   display: block;
   flex: 1;
   font: inherit;
-  font-size: 16px; /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
+  font-size: 16px;
+  /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
   margin: 0;
   padding: 0.5rem;
 }
@@ -524,7 +594,6 @@
     font-size: 1rem;
   }
 }
-
 .Button,
 .Button:link,
 .Button:visited {
@@ -562,7 +631,6 @@
   height: 4rem;
   justify-content: center;
 }
-
 .HomeContainer {
   align-items: top;
   display: flex;
@@ -572,7 +640,6 @@
 .HomeContainer * {
   box-sizing: border-box;
 }
-
 .HomeSection {
   flex: 0 0 100%;
   margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
@@ -585,7 +652,6 @@
   padding: 0;
   font-weight: bold;
 }
-
 .Hero-header {
   font: 1.5rem Roboto, sans-serif;
   line-height: inherit;
@@ -596,7 +662,8 @@
   background-position: center top;
   display: block;
   height: 9.688rem;
-  max-height: 200px; /* Setting in px to prevent the gopher from blowing up in very high default font-sizes */
+  max-height: 200px;
+  /* Setting in px to prevent the gopher from blowing up in very high default font-sizes */
 }
 .HeroDownloadButton,
 .Hero-description {
@@ -628,7 +695,6 @@
     margin-top: 1rem;
   }
 }
-
 .Playground-headerContainer {
   align-items: baseline;
   display: flex;
@@ -703,7 +769,8 @@
   border: 0.0625rem solid #979797;
   color: inherit;
   font-family: inherit;
-  font-size: 16px; /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
+  font-size: 16px;
+  /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
   height: 2.375rem;
   margin: 0 0 0.5rem 0;
   width: 100%;
@@ -726,7 +793,6 @@
     width: auto;
   }
 }
-
 .Blog-title {
   display: block;
   font-size: 1.25rem;
@@ -745,7 +811,6 @@
 .Blog-footer {
   text-align: right;
 }
-
 @supports (--c: 0) {
   [style*='--aspect-ratio-padding:'] {
     position: relative;
@@ -760,7 +825,6 @@
     height: 100%;
   }
 }
-
 .Footer {
   margin: 2rem auto 0;
   padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
@@ -817,7 +881,6 @@
     margin-top: 0;
   }
 }
-
 .toggleButton {
   cursor: pointer;
 }
@@ -833,7 +896,6 @@
 .toggleVisible > .expanded {
   display: block;
 }
-
 table.codetable {
   margin-left: auto;
   margin-right: auto;
@@ -846,7 +908,6 @@
   border-style: none;
   border-top: 0.0625rem solid black;
 }
-
 img.gopher {
   float: right;
   margin-left: 0.625rem;
@@ -856,7 +917,6 @@
 h2 {
   clear: right;
 }
-
 div.play {
   padding: 0 1.25rem 2.5rem 1.25rem;
 }
@@ -929,7 +989,6 @@
 .output .system {
   color: #999;
 }
-
 /* drop-down playground */
 div#playground {
   /* start hidden; revealed by javascript */
@@ -957,7 +1016,6 @@
 div#playground .output {
   height: 6.25rem;
 }
-
 /* Inline runnable snippets (play.js/initPlayground) */
 #content .code pre,
 #content .playground pre,
@@ -1023,52 +1081,44 @@
   border-bottom-right-radius: 0.25rem;
   border-top-left-radius: 0.25rem;
   border-top-right-radius: 0.25rem;
-  padding: 0.125rem 0.25rem 0.125rem 0.25rem; /* TRBL */
+  padding: 0.125rem 0.25rem 0.125rem 0.25rem;
+  /* TRBL */
 }
-
 .downloading {
   background: #f9f9be;
   padding: 0.625rem;
   text-align: center;
   border-radius: 0.3125rem;
 }
-
 @media (max-width: 43.75em) {
   body {
     font-size: 0.9375rem;
   }
-
   div#playground {
     left: 0;
     right: 0;
   }
-
   pre,
   code {
     font-size: 0.866rem;
   }
-
   #page > .container,
   .Header-nav {
     padding: 0 0.625rem;
   }
-
   p,
   pre,
   ul,
   ol {
     margin: 0.625rem;
   }
-
   .pkg-synopsis {
     display: none;
   }
-
   img.gopher {
     display: none;
   }
 }
-
 @media print {
   pre {
     background: #fff;
@@ -1076,4 +1126,4 @@
     white-space: pre-wrap;
     page-break-inside: avoid;
   }
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file