content/static/doc: improve getting started docs with install topic and tutorials
The existing install topic includes content that is likely not needed by
most new users, including system requirements, content on installing
multiple versions, and so on. This change separates the most common install
case content into its own topic and moves some of the less commonly used
content into a separate topic.
This change also includes an introductory tutorial that might be useful for
new users, particularly those coming from a different language. A second
multi-part tutorial continues the introduction with fundamental programming
topics connected by a narrative thread and featuring links to other related
parts of the docs.
This change includes:
- A simpler "Download and install" topic that replaces Getting started.
Topic is designed to help users focus on what they need for a given OS.
- A new "Managing Go installations" topic that holds content about
installing that is likely not in the most common workflow (including
uninstall, multiple versions).
- A minor change that adds a link to the install-source topic.
- A single-page Hello World tutorial.
- A multi-part tutorial that introduces fundamental programming concepts
from a Go perspective (functions, loops, errors, slices, maps, and so on).
- An index file that lists the tutorials.
- CSS to style "Note" sections, tabbed sections, table, and highlighted
code.
- A JavaScript file with code for the install page.
This change also creates on golang/website a version of install.html and
install-source.html, which would be deleted from the golang/go repository
(effectively moving the files).
For golang/go#40496
Change-Id: I2af6f5fbbcfcf887c8698919666155cc40ce0d03
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/website/+/246499
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/docs.html b/content/static/doc/docs.html
index 80a4a3f..99a5bcf 100644
--- a/content/static/doc/docs.html
+++ b/content/static/doc/docs.html
@@ -21,14 +21,22 @@
<div id="manual-nav"></div>
-<h2>Installing Go</h2>
+<h2 id="getting-started">Getting started</h2>
-<h3><a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a></h3>
+<h3 id="installing"><a href="/doc/install">Installing Go</a></h3>
<p>
-Instructions for downloading and installing the Go compilers, tools, and
-libraries.
+Instructions for downloading and installing Go.
</p>
+<h3 id="get-started-tutorial"><a href="/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html">Tutorial: Getting started</a></h3>
+<p>
+A brief Hello, World tutorial to get started. Learn a bit about Go code, tools, packages, and modules.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="create-module-tutorial"><a href="/doc/tutorial/create-module.html">Tutorial: Create a module</a></h3>
+<p>
+A tutorial of short topics introducing functions, error handling, arrays, maps, unit testing, and compiling.
+</p>
<h2 id="learning">Learning Go</h2>
@@ -86,6 +94,11 @@
Answers to common questions about Go.
</p>
+<h3 id="tutorials"><a href="/doc/tutorial/">Tutorials</a></h3>
+<p>
+A list of tutorials to get started with Go.
+</p>
+
<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/download.js b/content/static/doc/download.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f463ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/download.js
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+class DownloadsController {
+ constructor() {
+ // Parts of tabbed section.
+ this.tablist = document.querySelector('.js-tabSection');
+ this.tabs = this.tablist.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]');
+ this.panels = document.querySelectorAll('[role="tabpanel"]');
+
+ // OS for which to display download and install steps.
+ this.osName = 'Unknown OS';
+
+ // URL to JSON containing list of installer downloads.
+ const fileListUrl = 'https://golang.org/dl/?mode=json';
+ this.activeTabIndex = 0;
+
+ // Get the install file list, then get names and sizes
+ // for each OS supported on the install page.
+ fetch(fileListUrl)
+ .then((response) => response.json())
+ .then((data) => {
+ const files = data[0]['files'];
+ for (var i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
+ let file = files[i].filename;
+ let fileSize = files[i].size;
+ if (file.match('.linux-amd64.tar.gz$')) {
+ this.linuxFileName = file;
+ this.linuxFileSize = Math.round(fileSize / Math.pow(1024, 2));
+ }
+ if (file.match('.darwin-amd64(-osx10.8)?.pkg$')) {
+ this.macFileName = file;
+ this.macFileSize = Math.round(fileSize / Math.pow(1024, 2));
+ }
+ if (file.match('.windows-amd64.msi$')) {
+ this.windowsFileName = file;
+ this.windowsFileSize = Math.round(fileSize / Math.pow(1024, 2));
+ }
+ }
+ this.detectOS();
+ document.getElementById(this.osName).click();
+ this.setDownloadForOS(this.osName);
+ })
+ .catch(console.error);
+ this.setEventListeners();
+ }
+
+ setEventListeners() {
+ this.tabs.forEach((tabEl) => {
+ tabEl.addEventListener('click', e => this.handleTabClick((e)));
+ });
+ }
+
+ // Set the download button UI for a specific OS.
+ setDownloadForOS(osName) {
+ const baseURL = 'https://golang.org/dl/';
+ let download;
+
+ switch(osName){
+ case 'linux':
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent =
+ 'Download Go for Linux';
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+ this.linuxFileName + ' (' + this.linuxFileSize + ' MB)';
+ document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL + this.linuxFileName;
+ break;
+ case 'mac':
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent =
+ 'Download Go for Mac';
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+ this.macFileName + ' (' + this.macFileSize + ' MB)';
+ document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL + this.macFileName;
+ break;
+ case 'windows':
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent =
+ 'Download Go for Windows';
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+ this.windowsFileName + ' (' + this.windowsFileSize + ' MB)';
+ document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL + this.windowsFileName;
+ break;
+ default:
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadButton').textContent = 'Download Go';
+ document.querySelector('.js-downloadDescription').textContent =
+ 'Visit the downloads page.';
+ document.querySelector('.js-download').href = baseURL;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Detect the users OS for installation default.
+ detectOS() {
+ if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Linux') !== -1) {
+ this.osName = 'linux';
+ }
+ if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Mac') !== -1) {
+ this.osName = 'mac';
+ }
+ if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('X11') !== -1) {
+ this.osName = 'unix';
+ }
+ if (navigator.appVersion.indexOf('Win') !== -1) {
+ this.osName = 'windows';
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Activates the tab at the given index.
+ activateTab(index) {
+ this.tabs[this.activeTabIndex].setAttribute('aria-selected', 'false');
+ this.tabs[this.activeTabIndex].setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+ this.panels[this.activeTabIndex].setAttribute('hidden', '');
+ this.tabs[index].setAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
+ this.tabs[index].setAttribute('tabindex', '0');
+ this.panels[index].removeAttribute('hidden');
+ this.tabs[index].focus();
+ this.activeTabIndex = index;
+ }
+
+ // Handles clicks on tabs.
+ handleTabClick(e) {
+ const el = (e.target);
+ this.activateTab(Array.prototype.indexOf.call(this.tabs, el));
+ this.setDownloadForOS(el.id);
+ }
+
+}
+
+// Instantiate controller for page event handling.
+new DownloadsController();
diff --git a/content/static/doc/install-source.html b/content/static/doc/install-source.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f7b6c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/install-source.html
@@ -0,0 +1,755 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Installing Go from source",
+ "Path": "/doc/install/source"
+}-->
+
+<p>This topic describes how to build and run Go from source code. To install with an installer, see <a href="/doc/install.html">Download and install</a>.</p>
+
+<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>
+Go is an open source project, distributed under a
+<a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
+This document explains how to check out the sources,
+build them on your own machine, and run them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most users don't need to do this, and will instead install
+from precompiled binary packages as described in
+<a href="/doc/install">Download and install</a>,
+a much simpler process.
+If you want to help develop what goes into those precompiled
+packages, though, read on.
+</p>
+
+<div class="detail">
+
+<p>
+There are two official Go compiler toolchains.
+This document focuses on the <code>gc</code> Go
+compiler and tools.
+For information on how to work on <code>gccgo</code>, a more traditional
+compiler using the GCC back end, see
+<a href="/doc/install/gccgo">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Go compilers support the following instruction sets:
+
+<dl>
+<dt>
+ <code>amd64</code>, <code>386</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ The <code>x86</code> instruction set, 64- and 32-bit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+ <code>arm64</code>, <code>arm</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ The <code>ARM</code> instruction set, 64-bit (<code>AArch64</code>) and 32-bit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+ <code>mips64</code>, <code>mips64le</code>, <code>mips</code>, <code>mipsle</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ The <code>MIPS</code> instruction set, big- and little-endian, 64- and 32-bit.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+ <code>ppc64</code>, <code>ppc64le</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ The 64-bit PowerPC instruction set, big- and little-endian.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+ <code>riscv64</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ The 64-bit RISC-V instruction set.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+ <code>s390x</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ The IBM z/Architecture.
+</dd>
+<dt>
+ <code>wasm</code>
+</dt>
+<dd>
+ <a href="https://webassembly.org">WebAssembly</a>.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The compilers can target the AIX, Android, DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD,
+Illumos, Linux, macOS/iOS (Darwin), NetBSD, OpenBSD, Plan 9, Solaris,
+and Windows operating systems (although not all operating systems
+support all architectures).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A list of ports which are considered "first class" is available at the
+<a href="/wiki/PortingPolicy#first-class-ports">first class ports</a>
+wiki page.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The full set of supported combinations is listed in the
+discussion of <a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+See the main installation page for the <a href="/doc/install#requirements">overall system requirements</a>.
+The following additional constraints apply to systems that can be built only from source:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>For Linux on PowerPC 64-bit, the minimum supported kernel version is 2.6.37, meaning that
+Go does not support CentOS 6 on these systems.
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<h2 id="go14">Install Go compiler binaries for bootstrap</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Go toolchain is written in Go. To build it, you need a Go compiler installed.
+The scripts that do the initial build of the tools look for a "go" command
+in <code>$PATH</code>, so as long as you have Go installed in your
+system and configured in your <code>$PATH</code>, you are ready to build Go
+from source.
+Or if you prefer you can set <code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code> to the
+root of a Go installation to use to build the new Go toolchain;
+<code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP/bin/go</code> should be the go command to use.</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromBinaryRelease">Bootstrap toolchain from binary release</h3>
+
+<p>
+To use a binary release as a bootstrap toolchain, see
+<a href="/dl/">the downloads page</a> or use any other
+packaged Go distribution.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromSource">Bootstrap toolchain from source</h3>
+
+<p>
+To build a bootstrap toolchain from source, use
+either the git branch <code>release-branch.go1.4</code> or
+<a href="https://dl.google.com/go/go1.4-bootstrap-20171003.tar.gz">go1.4-bootstrap-20171003.tar.gz</a>,
+which contains the Go 1.4 source code plus accumulated fixes
+to keep the tools running on newer operating systems.
+(Go 1.4 was the last distribution in which the toolchain was written in C.)
+After unpacking the Go 1.4 source, <code>cd</code> to
+the <code>src</code> subdirectory, set <code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> in
+the environment, and run <code>make.bash</code> (or,
+on Windows, <code>make.bat</code>).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Once the Go 1.4 source has been unpacked into your GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP directory,
+you must keep this git clone instance checked out to branch
+<code>release-branch.go1.4</code>. Specifically, do not attempt to reuse
+this git clone in the later step named "Fetch the repository." The go1.4
+bootstrap toolchain <b>must be able</b> to properly traverse the go1.4 sources
+that it assumes are present under this repository root.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromCrosscompiledSource">Bootstrap toolchain from cross-compiled source</h3>
+
+<p>
+To cross-compile a bootstrap toolchain from source, which is
+necessary on systems Go 1.4 did not target (for
+example, <code>linux/ppc64le</code>), install Go on a different system
+and run <a href="/src/bootstrap.bash">bootstrap.bash</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When run as (for example)
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ GOOS=linux GOARCH=ppc64 ./bootstrap.bash
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<code>bootstrap.bash</code> cross-compiles a toolchain for that <code>GOOS/GOARCH</code>
+combination, leaving the resulting tree in <code>../../go-${GOOS}-${GOARCH}-bootstrap</code>.
+That tree can be copied to a machine of the given target type
+and used as <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code> to bootstrap a local build.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="bootstrapFromGccgo">Bootstrap toolchain using gccgo</h3>
+
+<p>
+To use gccgo as the bootstrap toolchain, you need to arrange
+for <code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP/bin/go</code> to be the go tool that comes
+as part of gccgo 5. For example on Ubuntu Vivid:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ sudo apt-get install gccgo-5
+$ sudo update-alternatives --set go /usr/bin/go-5
+$ GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP=/usr ./make.bash
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="git">Install Git, if needed</h2>
+
+<p>
+To perform the next step you must have Git installed. (Check that you
+have a <code>git</code> command before proceeding.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you do not have a working Git installation,
+follow the instructions on the
+<a href="https://git-scm.com/downloads">Git downloads</a> page.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="ccompiler">(Optional) Install a C compiler</h2>
+
+<p>
+To build a Go installation
+with <code><a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo</a></code> support, which permits Go
+programs to import C libraries, a C compiler such as <code>gcc</code>
+or <code>clang</code> must be installed first. Do this using whatever
+installation method is standard on the system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To build without <code>cgo</code>, set the environment variable
+<code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> before running <code>all.bash</code> or
+<code>make.bash</code>.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="fetch">Fetch the repository</h2>
+
+<p>Change to the directory where you intend to install Go, and make sure
+the <code>goroot</code> directory does not exist. Then clone the repository
+and check out the latest release tag (<code class="versionTag">go1.12</code>,
+for example):</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go goroot
+$ cd goroot
+$ git checkout <span class="versionTag"><i><tag></i></span>
+</pre>
+
+<p class="whereTag">
+Where <code><tag></code> is the version string of the release.
+</p>
+
+<p>Go will be installed in the directory where it is checked out. For example,
+if Go is checked out in <code>$HOME/goroot</code>, executables will be installed
+in <code>$HOME/goroot/bin</code>. The directory may have any name, but note
+that if Go is checked out in <code>$HOME/go</code>, it will conflict with
+the default location of <code>$GOPATH</code>.
+See <a href="#gopath"><code>GOPATH</code></a> below.</p>
+
+<p>
+Reminder: If you opted to also compile the bootstrap binaries from source (in an
+earlier section), you still need to <code>git clone</code> again at this point
+(to checkout the latest <code><tag></code>), because you must keep your
+go1.4 repository distinct.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="head">(Optional) Switch to the master branch</h2>
+
+<p>If you intend to modify the go source code, and
+<a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribute your changes</a>
+to the project, then move your repository
+off the release branch, and onto the master (development) branch.
+Otherwise, skip this step.</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ git checkout master
+</pre>
+
+<h2 id="install">Install Go</h2>
+
+<p>
+To build the Go distribution, run
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ cd src
+$ ./all.bash
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+(To build under Windows use <code>all.bat</code>.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If all goes well, it will finish by printing output like:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+ALL TESTS PASSED
+
+---
+Installed Go for linux/amd64 in /home/you/go.
+Installed commands in /home/you/go/bin.
+*** You need to add /home/you/go/bin to your $PATH. ***
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+where the details on the last few lines reflect the operating system,
+architecture, and root directory used during the install.
+</p>
+
+<div class="detail">
+<p>
+For more information about ways to control the build, see the discussion of
+<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
+<code>all.bash</code> (or <code>all.bat</code>) runs important tests for Go,
+which can take more time than simply building Go. If you do not want to run
+the test suite use <code>make.bash</code> (or <code>make.bat</code>)
+instead.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h2 id="testing">Testing your installation</h2>
+
+<p>
+Check that Go is installed correctly by building a simple program.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Create a file named <code>hello.go</code> and put the following program in it:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+ fmt.Printf("hello, world\n")
+}
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Then run it with the <code>go</code> tool:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+hello, world
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If you see the "hello, world" message then Go is installed correctly.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="gopath">Set up your work environment</h2>
+
+<p>
+You're almost done.
+You just need to do a little more setup.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/doc/code.html" class="download" id="start">
+<span class="big">How to Write Go Code</span>
+<span class="desc">Learn how to set up and use the Go tools</span>
+</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document
+provides <b>essential setup instructions</b> for using the Go tools.
+</p>
+
+
+<h2 id="tools">Install additional tools</h2>
+
+<p>
+The source code for several Go tools (including <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>)
+is kept in <a href="https://golang.org/x/tools">the go.tools repository</a>.
+To install one of the tools (<code>godoc</code> in this case):
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To install these tools, the <code>go</code> <code>get</code> command requires
+that <a href="#git">Git</a> be installed locally.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You must also have a workspace (<code>GOPATH</code>) set up;
+see <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for the details.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="community">Community resources</h2>
+
+<p>
+The usual community resources such as
+<code>#go-nuts</code> on the <a href="https://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server
+and the
+<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>
+mailing list have active developers that can help you with problems
+with your installation or your development work.
+For those who wish to keep up to date,
+there is another mailing list, <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">golang-checkins</a>,
+that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Bugs can be reported using the <a href="//golang.org/issue/new">Go issue tracker</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<h2 id="releases">Keeping up with releases</h2>
+
+<p>
+New releases are announced on the
+<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
+mailing list.
+Each announcement mentions the latest release tag, for instance,
+<code class="versionTag">go1.9</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To update an existing tree to the latest release, you can run:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ cd go/src
+$ git fetch
+$ git checkout <span class="versionTag"><i><tag></i></psan>
+$ ./all.bash
+</pre>
+
+<p class="whereTag">
+Where <code><tag></code> is the version string of the release.
+</p>
+
+
+<h2 id="environment">Optional environment variables</h2>
+
+<p>
+The Go compilation environment can be customized by environment variables.
+<i>None is required by the build</i>, but you may wish to set some
+to override the defaults.
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><code>$GOROOT</code>
+<p>
+The root of the Go tree, often <code>$HOME/go1.X</code>.
+Its value is built into the tree when it is compiled, and
+defaults to the parent of the directory where <code>all.bash</code> was run.
+There is no need to set this unless you want to switch between multiple
+local copies of the repository.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code>
+<p>
+The value assumed by installed binaries and scripts when
+<code>$GOROOT</code> is not set explicitly.
+It defaults to the value of <code>$GOROOT</code>.
+If you want to build the Go tree in one location
+but move it elsewhere after the build, set
+<code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code> to the eventual location.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li id="gopath"><code>$GOPATH</code>
+<p>
+The directory where Go projects outside the Go distribution are typically
+checked out. For example, <code>golang.org/x/tools</code> might be checked out
+to <code>$GOPATH/src/golang.org/x/tools</code>. Executables outside the
+Go distribution are installed in <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> (or
+<code>$GOBIN</code>, if set). Modules are downloaded and cached in
+<code>$GOPATH/pkg/mod</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>The default location of <code>$GOPATH</code> is <code>$HOME/go</code>,
+and it's not usually necessary to set <code>GOPATH</code> explicitly. However,
+if you have checked out the Go distribution to <code>$HOME/go</code>,
+you must set <code>GOPATH</code> to another location to avoid conflicts.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOBIN</code>
+<p>
+The directory where executables outside the Go distribution are installed
+using the <a href="/cmd/go">go command</a>. For example,
+<code>go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc</code> downloads, builds, and
+installs <code>$GOBIN/godoc</code>. By default, <code>$GOBIN</code> is
+<code>$GOPATH/bin</code> (or <code>$HOME/go/bin</code> if <code>GOPATH</code>
+is not set). After installing, you will want to add this directory to
+your <code>$PATH</code> so you can use installed tools.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that the Go distribution's executables are installed in
+<code>$GOROOT/bin</code> (for executables invoked by people) or
+<code>$GOTOOLDIR</code> (for executables invoked by the go command;
+defaults to <code>$GOROOT/pkg/$GOOS_GOARCH</code>) instead of
+<code>$GOBIN</code>.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code>
+<p>
+The name of the target operating system and compilation architecture.
+These default to the values of <code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and
+<code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> respectively (described below).
+</li>
+
+<p>
+Choices for <code>$GOOS</code> are
+<code>android</code>, <code>darwin</code> (macOS/iOS),
+<code>dragonfly</code>, <code>freebsd</code>, <code>illumos</code>, <code>js</code>,
+<code>linux</code>, <code>netbsd</code>, <code>openbsd</code>,
+<code>plan9</code>, <code>solaris</code> and <code>windows</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Choices for <code>$GOARCH</code> are
+<code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86, the most mature port),
+<code>386</code> (32-bit x86), <code>arm</code> (32-bit ARM), <code>arm64</code> (64-bit ARM),
+<code>ppc64le</code> (PowerPC 64-bit, little-endian), <code>ppc64</code> (PowerPC 64-bit, big-endian),
+<code>mips64le</code> (MIPS 64-bit, little-endian), <code>mips64</code> (MIPS 64-bit, big-endian),
+<code>mipsle</code> (MIPS 32-bit, little-endian), <code>mips</code> (MIPS 32-bit, big-endian),
+<code>s390x</code> (IBM System z 64-bit, big-endian), and
+<code>wasm</code> (WebAssembly 32-bit).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
+<table cellpadding="0">
+<tr>
+<th width="50"></th><th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOOS</code></th> <th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOARCH</code></th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>aix</code></td> <td><code>ppc64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>dragonfly</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>illumos</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>js</code></td> <td><code>wasm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>ppc64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>ppc64le</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mipsle</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips64le</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>s390x</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>solaris</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<br>
+
+<li><code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code>
+<p>
+The name of the host operating system and compilation architecture.
+These default to the local system's operating system and
+architecture.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<p>
+Valid choices are the same as for <code>$GOOS</code> and
+<code>$GOARCH</code>, listed above.
+The specified values must be compatible with the local system.
+For example, you should not set <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> to
+<code>arm</code> on an x86 system.
+</p>
+
+<li><code>$GO386</code> (for <code>386</code> only, default is auto-detected
+if built on either <code>386</code> or <code>amd64</code>, <code>387</code> otherwise)
+<p>
+This controls the code generated by gc to use either the 387 floating-point unit
+(set to <code>387</code>) or SSE2 instructions (set to <code>sse2</code>) for
+floating point computations.
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><code>GO386=387</code>: use x87 for floating point operations; should support all x86 chips (Pentium MMX or later).</li>
+ <li><code>GO386=sse2</code>: use SSE2 for floating point operations; has better performance than 387, but only available on Pentium 4/Opteron/Athlon 64 or later.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOARM</code> (for <code>arm</code> only; default is auto-detected if building
+on the target processor, 6 if not)
+<p>
+This sets the ARM floating point co-processor architecture version the run-time
+should target. If you are compiling on the target system, its value will be auto-detected.
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><code>GOARM=5</code>: use software floating point; when CPU doesn't have VFP co-processor</li>
+ <li><code>GOARM=6</code>: use VFPv1 only; default if cross compiling; usually ARM11 or better cores (VFPv2 or better is also supported)</li>
+ <li><code>GOARM=7</code>: use VFPv3; usually Cortex-A cores</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+If in doubt, leave this variable unset, and adjust it if required
+when you first run the Go executable.
+The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/GoArm">GoARM</a> page
+on the <a href="//golang.org/wiki">Go community wiki</a>
+contains further details regarding Go's ARM support.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOMIPS</code> (for <code>mips</code> and <code>mipsle</code> only) <br> <code>$GOMIPS64</code> (for <code>mips64</code> and <code>mips64le</code> only)
+<p>
+ These variables set whether to use floating point instructions. Set to "<code>hardfloat</code>" to use floating point instructions; this is the default. Set to "<code>softfloat</code>" to use soft floating point.
+</p>
+</li>
+
+<li><code>$GOPPC64</code> (for <code>ppc64</code> and <code>ppc64le</code> only)
+<p>
+This variable sets the processor level (i.e. Instruction Set Architecture version)
+for which the compiler will target. The default is <code>power8</code>.
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><code>GOPPC64=power8</code>: generate ISA v2.07 instructions</li>
+ <li><code>GOPPC64=power9</code>: generate ISA v3.00 instructions</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+
+<li><code>$GOWASM</code> (for <code>wasm</code> only)
+ <p>
+ This variable is a comma separated list of <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/proposals">experimental WebAssembly features</a> that the compiled WebAssembly binary is allowed to use.
+ The default is to use no experimental features.
+ </p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><code>GOWASM=satconv</code>: generate <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/nontrapping-float-to-int-conversions/blob/master/proposals/nontrapping-float-to-int-conversion/Overview.md">saturating (non-trapping) float-to-int conversions</a></li>
+ <li><code>GOWASM=signext</code>: generate <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/sign-extension-ops/blob/master/proposals/sign-extension-ops/Overview.md">sign-extension operators</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Note that <code>$GOARCH</code> and <code>$GOOS</code> identify the
+<em>target</em> environment, not the environment you are running on.
+In effect, you are always cross-compiling.
+By architecture, we mean the kind of binaries
+that the target environment can run:
+an x86-64 system running a 32-bit-only operating system
+must set <code>GOARCH</code> to <code>386</code>,
+not <code>amd64</code>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you choose to override the defaults,
+set these variables in your shell profile (<code>$HOME/.bashrc</code>,
+<code>$HOME/.profile</code>, or equivalent). The settings might look
+something like this:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+export GOARCH=amd64
+export GOOS=linux
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+although, to reiterate, none of these variables needs to be set to build,
+install, and develop the Go tree.
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/install.html b/content/static/doc/install.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86f1bc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/install.html
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Download and install",
+ "Path": "/doc/install"
+}-->
+<p>
+ Download and install Go quickly with the steps described here.
+</p>
+<p>For other content on installing, you might be interested in:</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <a href="/doc/manage-install.html">Managing Go installations</a> -- How to
+ install multiple versions and uninstall.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="/doc/install-source.html">Installing Go from source</a> -- How to
+ check out the sources, build them on your own machine, and run them.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+<h2 id="download">1. Go download.</h2>
+<p>
+ Click the button below to download the Go installer.
+</p>
+<p>
+ <a href="/dl/" id="start" class="download js-download">
+ <span id="download-button" class="big js-downloadButton">Download Go</span>
+ <span id="download-description" class="desc js-downloadDescription"></span>
+ </a>
+</p>
+<p>
+ Don't see your operating system here? Try one of the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/dl/">other downloads</a>.
+</p>
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> By default, the <code>go</code> command downloads and
+ authenticates modules using the Go module mirror and Go checksum database
+ run by Google. <a href="https://golang.org/dl">Learn more.</a>
+</aside>
+<h2 id="install">2. Go install.</h2>
+<p>
+ Select the tab for your computer's operating system below, then follow its
+ installation instructions.
+</p>
+<div id="os-install-tabs" class="TabSection js-tabSection">
+ <div id="os-install-tablist" class="TabSection-tabList" role="tablist">
+ <button
+ role="tab"
+ aria-selected="true"
+ aria-controls="linux-tab"
+ id="linux"
+ tabindex="0"
+ class="TabSection-tab active"
+ >
+ Linux
+ </button>
+ <button
+ role="tab"
+ aria-selected="false"
+ aria-controls="mac-tab"
+ id="mac"
+ tabindex="-1"
+ class="TabSection-tab"
+ >
+ Mac
+ </button>
+ <button
+ role="tab"
+ aria-selected="false"
+ aria-controls="windows-tab"
+ id="windows"
+ tabindex="-1"
+ class="TabSection-tab"
+ >
+ Windows
+ </button>
+ </div>
+ <div
+ role="tabpanel"
+ id="linux-tab"
+ class="TabSection-tabPanel"
+ aria-labelledby="linux"
+ >
+ <p>
+ If you have a previous version of Go installed, be sure to
+ <a href="manage-install">remove it</a> before installing another.
+ </p>
+ <ol>
+ <li>
+ Download the archive and extract it into /usr/local, creating a Go tree
+ in /usr/local/go.
+ <p>
+ For example, run the following as root or through <code>sudo</code>:
+ </p>
+ <pre>
+tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.14.3.linux-amd64.tar.gz
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Add /usr/local/go/bin to the <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
+ <p>
+ You can do this by adding the following line to your $HOME/.profile or
+ /etc/profile (for a system-wide installation):
+ </p>
+ <pre>
+export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin
+</pre
+ >
+ <p>
+ <strong>Note:</strong> Changes made to a profile file may not apply
+ until the next time you log into your computer. To apply the changes
+ immediately, just run the shell commands directly or execute them from
+ the profile using a command such as
+ <code>source $HOME/.profile</code>.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Verify that you've installed Go by opening a command prompt and typing
+ the following command:
+ <pre>
+$ go version
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+ <li>Confirm that the command prints the installed version of Go.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+ <div
+ role="tabpanel"
+ id="mac-tab"
+ class="TabSection-tabPanel"
+ aria-labelledby="mac"
+ hidden
+ >
+ <ol>
+ <li>
+ Open the package file you downloaded and follow the prompts to install
+ Go.
+ <p>
+ The package installs the Go distribution to /usr/local/go. The package
+ should put the /usr/local/go/bin directory in your
+ <code>PATH</code> environment variable. You may need to restart any
+ open Terminal sessions for the change to take effect.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Verify that you've installed Go by opening a command prompt and typing
+ the following command:
+ <pre>
+$ go version
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+ <li>Confirm that the command prints the installed version of Go.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+ <div
+ role="tabpanel"
+ id="windows-tab"
+ class="TabSection-tabPanel"
+ aria-labelledby="windows"
+ hidden
+ >
+ <ol>
+ <li>
+ Open the MSI file you downloaded and follow the prompts to install Go.
+ <p>
+ By default, the installer will install Go to C:\Go. You can change the
+ location as needed. After installing, you will need to close and
+ reopen any open command prompts so that changes to the environment
+ made by the installer are reflected at the command prompt.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Verify that you've installed Go.
+ <ol>
+ <li>
+ In <strong>Windows</strong>, click the <strong>Start</strong> menu.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ In the menu's search box, type <code>cmd</code>, then press the
+ <strong>Enter</strong> key.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ In the Command Prompt window that appears, type the following
+ command:
+ <pre>
+$ go version
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+ <li>Confirm that the command prints the installed version of Go.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="code">3. Go code.</h2>
+<p>
+ You're set up! Visit the
+ <a href="tutorial/getting-started.html">Getting Started tutorial</a> to write
+ some simple Go code. It takes about 10 minutes to complete.
+</p>
+
+<script async src="/doc/download.js"></script>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/content/static/doc/manage-install.html b/content/static/doc/manage-install.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80deef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/manage-install.html
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Managing Go installations",
+ "Path": "/doc/manage-install"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+This topic describes how to install multiple versions of Go on the same machine, as well as how to uninstall Go.
+</p>
+
+<p>For other content on installing, you might be interested in:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/doc/install.html">Download and install</a> -- The simplest way to get installed and running.</li>
+<li><a href="/doc/install-source.html">Installing Go from source</a> -- How to check out the sources, build them on your own machine, and run them.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="installing-multiple">Installing multiple Go versions</h2>
+
+<p>
+You can install multiple Go versions on the same machine. For example, you might want to test your code on multiple Go versions. For a list of versions you can install this way, see the <a href="https://golang.org/dl/">download page</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>Note:</strong> To install using the method described here, you'll need to have <a href="https://git-scm.com/">git</a> installed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To install additional Go versions, run the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Add_dependencies_to_current_module_and_install_them"><code>go get</code> command</a>, specifying the download location of the version you want to install. The following example illustrates with version 1.10.7:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go get golang.org/dl/go1.10.7
+$ go1.10.7 download
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To run <code>go</code> commands with the newly-downloaded version, append the version number to the <code>go</code> command, as follows:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go1.10.7 version
+go version go1.10.7 linux/amd64
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+When you have multiple versions installed, you can discover where each is installed, look at the version's <code>GOROOT</code> value. For example, run a command such as the following:
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+$ go1.10.7 env GOROOT
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+To uninstall a downloaded version, just remove the directory specified by its <code>GOROOT</code> environment variable and the goX.Y.Z binary.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="uninstalling">Uninstalling Go</h2>
+
+<p>
+You can remove Go from your system using the steps described in this topic.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="linux-mac-bsd">Linux / macOS / FreeBSD</h3>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>Delete the go directory.
+
+<p>
+This is usually /usr/local/go.
+</p>
+
+</li>
+
+<li>Remove the Go bin directory from your <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
+
+<p>
+Under Linux and FreeBSD, edit /etc/profile or $HOME/.profile. If you installed Go with the macOS package, remove the /etc/paths.d/go file.
+</p>
+
+</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<h3 id="windows">Windows</h3>
+
+<p>
+The simplest way to remove Go is via Add/Remove Programs in the Windows control panel:
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>In Control Panel, double-click <strong>Add/Remove Programs</strong>.</li>
+<li>In <strong>Add/Remove Programs</strong>, select <strong>Go Programming Language,</strong> click Uninstall, then follow the prompts.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+For removing Go with tools, you can also use the command line:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li>Uninstall using the command line by running the following command:
+
+<pre>
+msiexec /x go{{version}}.windows-{{cpu-arch}}.msi /q
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+
+<strong>Note:</strong> Using this uninstall process for Windows will automatically remove windows environment variables created by the original installation.
+</p>
+
+</li>
+
+</ul>
+
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d52f3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Add a test",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/add-a-test"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ Now that you've gotten your code to a stable place (nicely done, by the way),
+ add a test. Testing your code during development can expose bugs that find
+ their way in as you make changes. In this topic, you add a test for the
+ <code>Hello</code> function.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+ with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<p>
+ Go's built-in support for unit testing makes it easier to test as you go.
+ Specifically, using naming conventions, Go's <code>testing</code> package, and
+ the <code>go test</code> command, you can quickly write and execute tests.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ In the greetings directory, create a file called greetings_test.go.
+
+ <p>
+ Ending a file's name with _test.go tells the <code>go test</code> command
+ that this file contains test functions.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In greetings_test.go, paste the following code and save the file.
+
+ <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+ "testing"
+ "regexp"
+)
+
+// TestHelloName calls greetings.Hello with a name, checking
+// for a valid return value.
+func TestHelloName(t *testing.T) {
+ name := "Gladys"
+ want := regexp.MustCompile(`\b`+name+`\b`)
+ msg, err := Hello("Gladys")
+ if !want.MatchString(msg) || err != nil {
+ t.Fatalf(`Hello("Gladys") = %q, %v, want match for %#q, nil`, msg, err, want)
+ }
+}
+
+// TestHelloEmpty calls greetings.Hello with an empty string,
+// checking for an error.
+func TestHelloEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+ msg, err := Hello("")
+ if msg != "" || err == nil {
+ t.Fatalf(`Hello("") = %q, %v, want "", error`, msg, err)
+ }
+}
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ If this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Implement test functions in the same package as the code you're testing.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Create two test functions to test the
+ <code>greetings.Hello</code> function. Test function names have the form
+ <code>Test<em>Name</em></code
+ >, where <em>Name</em> is specific to the test. Also, test functions
+ take a pointer to the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/testing/"
+ ><code>testing</code> package's</a
+ >
+ <code>testing.T</code> as a parameter. You use this parameter's methods
+ for reporting and logging from your test.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Implement two tests:
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ <code>TestHelloName</code> calls the <code>Hello</code> function,
+ passing a <code>name</code> value with which the function should be
+ able to return a valid response message. If the call returns an
+ error or an unexpected response message (one that doesn't include
+ the name you passed in), you use the <code>t</code> parameter's
+ <code>Fatalf</code> method to print a message to the console and end
+ execution.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <code>TestHelloEmpty</code> calls the <code>Hello</code> function
+ with an empty string. This test is designed to confirm that your
+ error handling works. If the call returns a non-empty string or no
+ error, you use the <code>t</code> parameter's
+ <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/testing/#T.Fatalf"
+ ><code>Fatalf</code> method</a
+ >
+ to print a message to the console and end execution.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ At the command line in the greetings directory, run the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"
+ ><code>go test</code> command</a
+ >
+ to execute the test.
+
+ <p>
+ The <code>go test</code> command executes test functions (whose names
+ begin with <code>Test</code>) in test files (whose names end with
+ _test.go). You can add the <code>-v</code> flag to get verbose output that
+ lists all of the tests and their results.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The tests should pass.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go test
+PASS
+ok example.com/greetings 0.364s
+
+$ go test -v
+=== RUN TestHelloName
+--- PASS: TestHelloName (0.00s)
+=== RUN TestHelloEmpty
+--- PASS: TestHelloEmpty (0.00s)
+PASS
+ok example.com/greetings 0.372s
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Break the <code>greetings.Hello</code> function to view a failing test.
+
+ <p>
+ The <code>TestHelloName</code> test function checks the return value for
+ the name you specified as a <code>Hello</code> function parameter. To view
+ a failing test result, change the <code>greetings.Hello</code> function so
+ that it no longer includes the name.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ In greetings/greetings.go, paste the following code in place of the
+ <code>Hello</code> function. Note that the highlighted lines change the
+ value that the function returns, as if the <code>name</code> argument had
+ been accidentally removed.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+ // If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+ if name == "" {
+ return name, errors.New("empty name")
+ }
+ // Create a message using a random format.
+ <ins>// message := fmt.Sprintf(randomFormat(), name)
+ message := fmt.Sprint(randomFormat())</ins>
+ return message, nil
+}
+</pre>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ At the command line in the greetings directory, run <code>go test</code> to
+ execute the test.
+
+ <p>
+ This time, run <code>go test</code> without the <code>-v</code> flag. The
+ output will include results for only the tests that failed, which can be
+ useful when you have a lot of tests. The <code>TestHelloName</code> test
+ should fail -- <code>TestHelloEmpty</code> still passes.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go test
+--- FAIL: TestHelloName (0.00s)
+ greetings_test.go:15: Hello("Gladys") = "Hail, %v! Well met!", <nil>, want match for `\bGladys\b`, nil
+FAIL
+exit status 1
+FAIL example.com/greetings 0.182s
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+ This topic introduced Go's built-in support for unit testing. In the
+ tutorial's <a href="compile-install.html">next topic</a>, you'll see how to
+ compile and install your code to run it locally.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+ <a class="Navigation-prev" href="greetings-multiple-people.html"
+ >< Return greetings for multiple people</a
+ >
+ <a class="Navigation-next" href="compile-install.html"
+ >Compile and install the application ></a
+ >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..284a1d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Call your code from another module",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/call-module-code"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ In the <a href="create-module.html">previous section</a>, you created a
+ <code>greetings</code> module. In this section, you'll write code to make
+ calls to the <code>Hello</code> function in the module you just wrote. You'll
+ write code you can execute as an application, and which calls code in the
+ <code>greetings</code> module.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+ with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ Create a <code>hello</code> directory for your Go module source code. This
+ is where you'll write your caller.
+
+ <p>
+ For example, if your current directory in the command prompt is the
+ greetings directory, you could use the following commands:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+cd ..
+mkdir hello
+cd hello
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In your text editor (in the hello directory), create a file in which to
+ write your code and call it hello.go.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Write code to call the <code>Hello</code> function, then print the
+ function's return value.
+
+ <p>
+ To do that, paste the following code into hello.go.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+package main
+
+import (
+ "fmt"
+
+ "example.com/greetings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+ // Get a greeting message and print it.
+ message := greetings.Hello("Gladys")
+ fmt.Println(greeting)
+}
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ In this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Declare a <code>main</code> package. In Go, code executed as an
+ application must go in a <code>main</code> package.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Import two packages: <code>example.com/greetings</code> and
+ <code>fmt</code>. This gives your code access to functions in those
+ packages. Importing <code>example.com/greetings</code> (the package
+ contained in the module you created earlier) gives you access to the
+ <code>Hello</code> function. You also import <code>fmt</code>, with
+ functions for handling input and output text (such as printing text to
+ the console).
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Get a greeting by calling the <code>greetings</code> package’s
+ <code>Hello</code> function.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Create a new module for this hello package.
+
+ <p>
+ From the command line at the hello directory, run the
+ <code>go mod init</code> command, giving it the name of the module your
+ code will be in (here, just use "hello").
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go mod init hello
+go: creating new go.mod: module hello
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Edit the <code>hello</code> module to use the unpublished greetings module.
+
+ <p>
+ For production use, you’d publish your modules on a server, either inside
+ your company or on the internet, and the Go command will download them
+ from there. For now, you need to adapt the caller's module so it can find
+ the greetings code on your local file system.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ To do that, make a small change to <code>hello</code> module’s go.mod
+ file.
+ </p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>
+ In the hello directory, open the go.mod file, change it so that it looks
+ like the following, and save the file.
+
+ <pre>
+module hello
+
+go 1.14
+
+<ins>replace example.com/greetings => ../greetings</ins>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ Here, the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/ref/mod#tmp_15"
+ ><code>replace</code> directive</a
+ >
+ tells Go to replace the module path (the URL
+ <code>example.com/greetings</code>) with a path you specify. In this
+ case, that's a greetings directory next to the hello directory.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In the hello directory, run <code>go build</code> to make Go locate the
+ module and add it as a dependency to the go.mod file.
+
+ <pre>
+$ go build
+go: found example.com/greetings in example.com/greetings v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Look at go.mod again to see the changes made by <code>go build</code>,
+ including the <code>require</code> directive Go added.
+
+ <pre>
+module hello
+
+go 1.14
+
+replace example.com/greetings => ../greetings
+
+<ins>require example.com/greetings v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000</ins>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ To build the module, Go found the local code in the ../greetings
+ directory, then added a
+ <a href="https://golang.org/ref/mod#tmp_13"
+ ><code>require</code> directive</a
+ >
+ to specify that <code>hello</code> is dependent on (requires)
+ <code>example.com/greetings</code>. You created this dependency when
+ you imported the <code>greetings</code> package (contained in the
+ greetings module) in hello.go. The <code>replace</code> directive
+ tells Go where to find the <code>greetings</code> module, because it
+ isn't published yet.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ To reference a published module, a go.mod file would omit the
+ <code>replace</code> directive and use a
+ <code>require</code> directive with a tagged version number at the
+ end.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>require example.com/greetings v1.1.0</pre>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In the <code>hello</code> directory, run the <code>hello</code> executable
+ (created by <code>go build</code>) to confirm that the code works.
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ On Linux or Mac:
+
+ <pre>
+$ ./hello
+Hi, Gladys. Welcome!
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ On Windows:
+
+ <pre>
+$ hello.exe
+Hi, Gladys. Welcome!
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+ Congrats! You've written two functioning modules. In the tutorial's
+ <a href="handle-errors.html">next topic</a>, you'll add some error handling.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+ <a class="Navigation-prev" href="create-module.html"
+ >< Create a Go module</a
+ >
+ <a class="Navigation-next" href="handle-errors.html"
+ >Return and handle an error ></a
+ >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/compile-install.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/compile-install.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5395ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/compile-install.html
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Compile and install the application",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/compile-install"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ In the last section, you'll learn a new <code>go</code> command. While the
+ <code>go run</code> command is a useful shortcut for compiling and running a
+ single-file program, it doesn't generate a binary executable you can easily
+ run again. If you want one of those, a good choice is to run the
+ <a
+ href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"
+ ><code>go install</code> command</a
+ >, which compiles your code and installs the resulting binary executable where
+ you can run it.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+ with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ At the command line, change to the directory that contains hello/hello.go.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Discover the Go install path, where the <code>go</code> command will install
+ the current package.
+
+ <p>
+ You can discover the install path by running the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-List_packages_or_modules"
+ ><code>go list</code> command</a
+ >, as in the following example:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+go list -f '{{.Target}}'
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ For example, the command's output might say
+ <code>/home/gopher/bin/hello</code>, meaning that binaries are installed
+ to /home/gopher/bin. This is the install directory you'll need in the next
+ step.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Add the Go install directory to your system's shell path.
+
+ <p>
+ That way, you'll be able to run your program's executable without
+ specifying where the executable is.
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ On Linux or Mac, run the following command:
+
+ <pre>
+export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/your/install/directory
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ On Windows, run the following command:
+
+ <pre>
+set PATH=%PATH%;C:\path\to\your\install\directory
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>
+ As an alternative, if you already have a directory like
+ <code>$HOME/bin</code> in your shell path and you'd like to install your
+ Go programs there, you can change the install target by setting the GOBIN
+ variable using the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Print_Go_environment_information"
+ ><code>go env</code> command</a
+ >:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+go env -w GOBIN=/path/to/your/bin
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ or
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+go env -w GOBIN=C:\path\to\your\bin
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Once you've updated the shell path, run the <code>go install</code> command
+ to compile and install the package.
+
+ <pre>
+$ go install
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Run your application by simply typing its name.
+
+ <pre>
+$ hello
+map[Darrin:Hail, Darrin! Well met! Gladys:Great to see you, Gladys! Samantha:Hail, Samantha! Well met!]
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+ That wraps up this Go tutorial! For a next step that introduces many more of
+ Go features, check out the
+ <a href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">Tour of Go</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+ <a class="Navigation-prev" href="add-a-test.html">< Add a test</a>
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/create-module.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/create-module.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26f817a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/create-module.html
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Tutorial: Create a Go module",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/create-module"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ This is the first part of a tutorial that introduces a few fundamental
+ features of the Go language. If you're just getting started with Go, be sure
+ to take a look at the
+ <a href="getting-started.html">getting started</a> tutorial, which introduces
+ the <code>go</code> command, Go modules, and very simple Go code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ In this tutorial you'll create two modules. The first is a library which is
+ intended to be imported by other libraries or applications. The second is a
+ caller application which will use the first.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ This tutorial's sequence includes six brief topics that each illustrate a
+ different part of the language.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ Create a module -- Write a small module with functions you can call from
+ another module.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="call-module-code.html">Call your code from another module</a> --
+ Add simple error handling.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="handle-errors.html">Return and handle an error</a> -- Add simple
+ error handling.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="random-greeting.html">Return a random greeting</a> -- Handle data
+ in slices (Go's dynamically-sized arrays).
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="greetings-multiple-people.html"
+ >Return greetings for multiple people</a
+ >
+ -- Store key/value pairs in a map.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="add-a-test.html">Add a test</a> -- Use Go's built-in unit testing
+ features to test your code.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="compile-install.html">Compile and install the application</a> --
+ Compile and install your code locally.
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> For other tutorials, see
+ <a href="index.html">Tutorials</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <strong>Some programming experience.</strong> The code here is pretty
+ simple, but it helps to know something about functions, loops, and arrays.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <strong>A tool to edit your code.</strong> Any text editor you have will
+ work fine. Most text editors have good support for Go. The most popular are
+ VSCode (free), GoLand (paid), and Vim (free).
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <strong>A command terminal.</strong> Go works well using any terminal on
+ Linux and Mac, and on PowerShell or cmd in Windows.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="start">Start a module that others can use</h2>
+
+<p>
+ Start by creating a
+ <a href="https://golang.org/doc/code.html#Organization">Go module</a>. In a
+ module, you collect one or more related packages for a discrete and useful set
+ of functions. For example, you might create a module with packages that have
+ functions for doing financial analysis so that others writing financial
+ applications can use your work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Go code is grouped into packages, and packages are grouped into modules. Your
+ package's module specifies the context Go needs to run the code, including the
+ Go version the code is written for and the set of other modules it requires.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ As you add or improve functionality in your module, you publish new versions
+ of the module. Developers writing code that calls functions in your module can
+ import the module's updated packages and test with the new version before
+ putting it into production use.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ Open a command prompt and <code>cd</code> to your home directory.
+
+ <p>
+ On Linux or Mac:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+cd
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ On Windows:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+cd %HOMEPATH%
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Create a <code>greetings</code> directory for your Go module source code.
+ This is where you'll write your module code.
+
+ <p>
+ For example, from your home directory use the following commands:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+mkdir greetings
+cd greetings
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Start your module using the
+ <a
+ href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Initialize_new_module_in_current_directory"
+ ><code>go mod init</code> command</a
+ >
+ to create a go.mod file.
+
+ <p>
+ Run the <code>go mod init</code> command, giving it the path of the module
+ your code will be in. Here, use <code>example.com/greetings</code> for the
+ module path -- in production code, this would be the URL from which your
+ module can be downloaded.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go mod init example.com/greetings
+go: creating new go.mod: module example.com/greetings
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ The <code>go mod init</code> command creates a go.mod file that identifies
+ your code as a module that might be used from other code. The file you
+ just created includes only the name of your module and the Go version your
+ code supports. But as you add dependencies -- meaning packages from other
+ modules -- the go.mod file will list the specific module versions to use.
+ This keeps builds reproducible and gives you direct control over which
+ module versions to use.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In your text editor, create a file in which to write your code and call it
+ greetings.go.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Paste the following code into your greetings.go file and save the file.
+
+ <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) string {
+// Return a greeting that embeds the name in a message.
+ message := fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)
+ return message
+}
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ This is the first code for your module. It returns a greeting to any
+ caller that asks for one. You'll write code that calls this function in
+ the next step.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ In this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Declare a <code>greetings</code> package to collect related functions.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Implement a <code>Hello</code> function to return the greeting.
+ <p>
+ This function takes a <code>name</code> parameter whose type is
+ <code>string</code>, and returns a <code>string</code>. In Go, a
+ function whose name starts with a capital letter can be called by a
+ function not in the same package. This is known in Go as an
+ <a href="https://tour.golang.org/basics/3"><em>exported</em> name</a>.
+ </p>
+ <img src="images/function-syntax.png" width="300px" />
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Declare a <code>message</code> variable to hold your greeting.
+ <p>
+ In Go, the <code>:=</code> operator is a shortcut for declaring and
+ initializing a variable in one line (Go uses the value on the right to
+ determine the variable's type). Taking the long way, you might have
+ written this as:
+ </p>
+ <pre>
+var message string
+message = fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Use the <code>fmt</code> package's <code>Sprintf</code> function to
+ create a greeting message. The first argument is a format string, and
+ <code>Sprintf</code> substitutes the <code>name</code> parameter's value
+ for the <code>%v</code> format verb. Inserting the value of the
+ <code>name</code> parameter completes the greeting text.
+ </li>
+ <li>Return the formatted greeting text to the caller.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+ In the <a href="call-module-code.html">next step</a>, you'll call this
+ function from another module.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+ <a class="Navigation-next" href="call-module-code.html"
+ >Call your code from another module ></a
+ >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/getting-started.html
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Tutorial: Get started with Go",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/getting-started"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ In this tutorial, you'll get a brief introduction to Go programming. Along the
+ way, you will:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Install Go (if you haven't already).</li>
+ <li>Write some simple "Hello, world" code.</li>
+ <li>Use the <code>go</code> command to run your code.</li>
+ <li>
+ Use the Go package discovery tool to find packages you can use in your own
+ code.
+ </li>
+ <li>Call functions of an external module.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> For other tutorials, see
+ <a href="index.html">Tutorials</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<h2 id="prerequisites">Prerequisites</h2>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <strong>Some programming experience.</strong> The code here is pretty
+ simple, but it helps to know something about functions.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <strong>A tool to edit your code.</strong> Any text editor you have will
+ work fine. Most text editors have good support for Go. The most popular are
+ VSCode (free), GoLand (paid), and Vim (free).
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <strong>A command terminal.</strong> Go works well using any terminal on
+ Linux and Mac, and on PowerShell or cmd in Windows.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h2 id="install">Install Go</h2>
+
+<p>Just use the <a href="/doc/install">Download and install</a> steps.</p>
+
+<h2 id="code">Write some code</h2>
+
+<p>
+ Get started with Hello, World.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ Open a command prompt and cd to your home directory.
+
+ <p>
+ On Linux or Mac:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+cd
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ On Windows:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+cd %HOMEPATH%
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Create a hello directory for your first Go source code.
+
+ <p>
+ For example, use the following commands:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+mkdir hello
+cd hello
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In your text editor, create a file hello.go in which to write your code.
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Paste the following code into your hello.go file and save the file.
+
+ <pre>
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func main() {
+ fmt.Println("Hello, World!")
+}
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ This is your Go code. In this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Declare a <code>main</code> package (a package is a way to group
+ functions).
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Import the popular
+ <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code> package</a>,
+ which contains functions for formatting text, including printing to the
+ console. This package is one of the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/">standard library</a> packages you got
+ when you installed Go.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Implement a <code>main</code> function to print a message to the
+ console. A <code>main</code> function executes by default when you run
+ code in the file.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Run your code to see the greeting.
+
+ <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+Hello, World!
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ The
+ <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_and_run_Go_program"
+ ><code>go run</code> command</a
+ >
+ is one of many <code>go</code> commands you'll use to get things done with
+ Go. Use the following command to get a list of the others:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go help
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<h2 id="call">Call code in an external package</h2>
+
+<p>
+ When you need your code to do something that might have been implemented by
+ someone else, you can look for a package that has functions you can use in
+ your code.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ Make your printed message a little more interesting with a function from an
+ external module.
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>
+ Visit pkg.go.dev and
+ <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/search?q=quote"
+ >search for a "quote" package</a
+ >.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Locate and click the <code>rsc.io/quote</code> package in search results
+ (if you see <code>rsc.io/quote/v3</code>, ignore it for now).
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ On the <strong>Doc</strong> tab, under <strong>Index</strong>, note the
+ list of functions you can call from your code. You'll use the
+ <code>Go</code> function.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ At the top of this page, note that package <code>quote</code> is
+ included in the <code>rsc.io/quote</code> module.
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>
+ You can use the pkg.go.dev site to find published modules whose packages
+ have functions you can use in your own code. Packages are published in
+ modules -- like <code>rsc.io/quote</code> -- where others can use them.
+ Modules are improved with new versions over time, and you can upgrade your
+ code to use the improved versions.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In your Go code, import the <code>rsc.io/quote</code> package and add a call
+ to its <code>Go</code> function.
+
+ <p>
+ After adding the highlighted lines, your code should include the
+ following:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+package main
+
+import "fmt"
+
+<ins>import "rsc.io/quote"</ins>
+
+func main() {
+ <ins>fmt.Println(quote.Go())</ins>
+}
+</pre>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Put your own code in a module for tracking dependencies.
+
+ <p>
+ When your code imports packages from another module, a go.mod file lists
+ the specific modules and versions providing those packages. That file
+ stays with your code, including in your source code repository.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ To create a go.mod file, run the
+ <a
+ href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Initialize_new_module_in_current_directory"
+ ><code>go mod init</code> command</a
+ >, giving it the name of the module your code will be in (here, just use
+ "hello"):
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go mod init hello
+go: creating new go.mod: module hello
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ Run your code to see the message generated by the function you're calling.
+
+ <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+go: finding module for package rsc.io/quote
+go: found rsc.io/quote in rsc.io/quote v1.5.2
+Don't communicate by sharing memory, share memory by communicating.
+</pre
+ >
+
+ <p>
+ Notice that your code calls the <code>Go</code> function, printing a
+ clever message about communication.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ But before it ran the code, <code>go run</code> located and downloaded the
+ <code>rsc.io/quote</code> module that contains the package you imported.
+ By default, it downloaded the latest version -- v1.5.2. Go build commands
+ are designed to locate the modules required for packages you import.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<h2 id="write-more">Write more code</h2>
+
+<p>
+ With this quick introduction, you got Go installed and learned some of the
+ basics. To write some more code with another tutorial, take a look at
+ <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0ddcf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Return greetings for multiple people",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ In the last changes you'll make to your module's code, you'll add support for
+ getting greetings for multiple people in one request. In other words, you'll
+ handle a multiple-value input and pair values with a multiple-value output.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+ with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<p>
+ To do this, you'll need to pass a set of names to a function that can return a
+ greeting for each of them. Changing the <code>Hello</code> function's
+ parameter from a single name to a set of names would change the function
+ signature. If you had already published the <code>greetings</code> module and
+ users had already written code calling <code>Hello</code>, that change would
+ break their programs. In this situation, a better choice is to give new
+ functionality a new name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ In the last code you'll add with this tutorial, update the code as if you've
+ already published a version of the <code>greetings</code> module. Instead of
+ changing the <code>Hello</code> function, add a new function
+ <code>Hellos</code> that takes a set of names. Then, for the sake of
+ simplicity, have the new function call the existing one. Keeping both
+ functions in the package leaves the original for existing callers (or future
+ callers who only need one greeting) and adds a new one for callers that want
+ the expanded functionality.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ In greetings/greetings.go, change your code so it looks like the following.
+
+ <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+ "errors"
+ "fmt"
+ "math/rand"
+ "time"
+)
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+ // If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+ if name == "" {
+ return name, errors.New("empty name")
+ }
+ // Create a message using a random format.
+ message := fmt.Sprintf(randomFormat(), name)
+ return message, nil
+}
+
+<ins>// Hellos returns a map that associates each of the named people
+// with a greeting message.
+func Hellos(names []string) (map[string]string, error) {
+ // A map to associate names with messages.
+ messages := make(map[string]string)
+ // Loop through the received slice of names, calling
+ // the Hello function to get a message for each name.
+ for _, name := range names {
+ message, err := Hello(name)
+ if err != nil {
+ return nil, err
+ }
+ // In the map, associate the retrieved message with
+ // the name.
+ messages[name] = message
+ }
+ return messages, nil
+}</ins>
+
+// Init sets initial values for variables used in the function.
+func init() {
+ rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+}
+
+// randomFormat returns one of a set of greeting messages. The returned
+// message is selected at random.
+func randomFormat() string {
+ // A slice of message formats.
+ formats := []string{
+ "Hi, %v. Welcome!",
+ "Great to see you, %v!",
+ "Hail, %v! Well met!",
+ }
+
+ // Return one of the message formats selected at random.
+ return formats[rand.Intn(len(formats))]
+}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ In this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Add a <code>Hellos</code> function whose parameter is a slice of names
+ rather than a single name. Also, you change one of its return types from
+ a <code>string</code> to a <code>map</code> so you can return names
+ mapped to greeting messages.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Have the new Hellos function call the existing Hello function. This
+ leaves both functions in place.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Create a <code>messages</code>
+ <a href="https://blog.golang.org/maps">map</a> to associate each of the
+ received names (as a key) with a generated message (as a value). In Go,
+ you initialize a map with the following syntax:
+ <code>make(map[<em>key-type</em>]<em>value-type</em>)</code>. You have
+ the <code>Hello</code> function return this map to the caller.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Loop through the names your function received, checking that each has a
+ non-empty value, then associate a message with each. In this
+ <code>for</code> loop, <code>range</code> returns two values: the index
+ of the current item in the loop and a copy of the item's value. You
+ don't need the index, so you use the Go
+ <a href="https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#blank"
+ >blank identifier (an underscore)</a
+ >
+ to ignore it.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In your hello/hello.go calling code, pass a slice of names, then print the
+ contents of the names/messages map you get back.
+
+ <p>
+ In hello.go, change your code so it looks like the following.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+package main
+
+import (
+ "fmt"
+ "log"
+
+ "example.com/greetings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+ // Set properties of the predefined Logger, including
+ // the log entry prefix and a flag to disable printing
+ // the time, source file, and line number.
+ log.SetPrefix("greetings: ")
+ log.SetFlags(0)
+
+ <ins>// A slice of names.
+ names := []string{"Gladys", "Samantha", "Darrin"}</ins>
+
+ // Request greeting messages for the names.
+ messages, err := greetings.Hellos(names)
+ if err != nil {
+ log.Fatal(err)
+ }
+ // If no error was returned, print the returned map of
+ // messages to the console.
+ fmt.Println(messages)
+}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ With these changes, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Create a <code>names</code> variable as a slice type holding three
+ names.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Pass the <code>names</code> variable as the argument to the
+ <code>Hello</code> function.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ At the command line, change to the directory that contains hello/hello.go,
+ then run hello.go to confirm that the code works.
+
+ <p>
+ The output should be a string representation of the map associating names
+ with messages, something like the following:
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+map[Darrin:Hail, Darrin! Well met! Gladys:Hi, Gladys. Welcome! Samantha:Hail, Samantha! Well met!]
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+ This topic introduced maps for representing name/value pairs. It also
+ introduced the idea of
+ <a href="https://blog.golang.org/module-compatibility"
+ >preserving backward compatibility</a
+ >
+ by implementing a new function for new or changed functionality in a module.
+ In the tutorial's <a href="add-a-test.html">next topic</a>, you'll use
+ built-in features to create a unit test for your code.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+ <a class="Navigation-prev" href="random-greeting.html"
+ >< Return a random greeting</a
+ >
+ <a class="Navigation-next" href="add-a-test.html">Add a test ></a>
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/handle-errors.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/handle-errors.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/handle-errors.html
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Return and handle an error",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/handle-errors"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ Handling errors is an essential feature of solid code. In this section, you'll
+ add a bit of code to return an error from the greetings module, then handle it
+ in the caller.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+ with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ In greetings/greetings.go, add the code highlighted below.
+
+ <p>
+ There's no sense sending a greeting back if you don't know who to greet.
+ Return an error to the caller if the name is empty. Copy the following
+ code into greetings.go and save the file.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+ <ins>"errors"</ins>
+ "fmt"
+)
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+ <ins>// If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+ if name == "" {
+ return "", errors.New("empty name")
+ }</ins>
+
+ // If a name was received, return a value that embeds the name
+ // in a greeting message.
+ message := fmt.Sprintf("Hi, %v. Welcome!", name)
+ return message, nil
+}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ In this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Change the function so that it returns two values: a
+ <code>string</code> and an <code>error</code>. Your caller will check
+ the second value to see if an error occurred. (Any Go function can
+ <a href="https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#multiple-returns"
+ >return multiple values</a
+ >.)
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Import the Go standard library <code>errors</code> package so you can
+ use its
+ <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/errors/#example_New"
+ ><code>errors.New</code> function</a
+ >.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Add an <code>if</code> statement to check for an invalid request (an
+ empty string where the name should be) and return an error if the
+ request is invalid. The <code>errors.New</code> function returns an
+ <code>error</code> with your message inside.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Add <code>nil</code> (meaning no error) as a second value in the
+ successful return. That way, the caller can see that the function
+ succeeded.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ In your hello/hello.go file, handle the error now returned by the
+ <code>Hello</code> function, along with the non-error value.
+
+ <p>
+ Paste the following code into hello.go.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+package main
+
+import (
+ "fmt"
+ <ins>"log"</ins>
+
+ "example.com/greetings"
+)
+
+func main() {
+ <ins>// Set properties of the predefined Logger, including
+ // the log entry prefix and a flag to disable printing
+ // the time, source file, and line number.
+ log.SetPrefix("greetings: ")
+ log.SetFlags(0)</ins>
+
+ // Request a greeting message.
+ message, err := greetings.Hello("")
+ <ins>// If an error was returned, print it to the console and
+ // exit the program.
+ if err != nil {
+ log.Fatal(err)
+ }
+
+ // If no error was returned, print the returned message
+ // to the console.</ins>
+ fmt.Println(message)
+}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ In this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Configure the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/log/"><code>log</code> package</a> to
+ print the command name ("greetings: ") at the start of its log messages,
+ without a time stamp or source file information.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Assign both of the <code>Hello</code> return values, including the
+ <code>error</code>, to variables.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Change the <code>Hello</code> argument from Gladys’s name to an empty
+ string, so you can try out your error-handling code.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Look for a non-nil <code>error</code> value. There's no sense continuing
+ in this case.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Use the functions in the standard library's <code>log package</code> to
+ output error information. If you get an error, you use the
+ <code>log</code> package's
+ <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/log?tab=doc#Fatal"
+ ><code>Fatal</code> function</a
+ >
+ to print the error and stop the program.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ At the command line in the <code>hello</code> directory, run hello.go to
+ confirm that the code works.
+
+ <p>
+ Now that you're passing in an empty name, you'll get an error.
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go run hello.go
+greetings: empty name
+exit status 1
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+ That's essentially how error handling in Go works: Return an error as a value
+ so the caller can check for it. It's pretty simple. In the tutorial's
+ <a href="random-greeting.html">next topic</a>, you'll use a Go slice to return
+ a randomly-selected greeting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+ <a class="Navigation-prev" href="call-module-code.html"
+ >< Call your code from another module</a
+ >
+ <a class="Navigation-next" href="random-greeting.html"
+ >Return a random greeting ></a
+ >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/images/function-syntax.graffle b/content/static/doc/tutorial/images/function-syntax.graffle
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diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/index.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/index.html
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Tutorials",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/"
+}-->
+
+<p>If you're new to a part of Go, take a look at the tutorials linked below.</p>
+
+<p>
+ If you haven't installed Go yet, see
+ <a href="/doc/install">Download and install</a>.
+</p>
+
+<table id="tutorials-list" class="DocTable">
+ <thead>
+ <tr class="DocTable-head">
+ <th class="DocTable-cell" width="20%">Tutorial</th>
+ <th class="DocTable-cell">Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr class="DocTable-row">
+ <td class="DocTable-cell">
+ <a href="getting-started.html">Getting started</a>
+ </td>
+ <td class="DocTable-cell">Say Hello, World with Go.</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr class="DocTable-row">
+ <td class="DocTable-cell">
+ <a href="create-module.html">Create a module</a>
+ </td>
+ <td class="DocTable-cell">
+ A multi-part tutorial that introduces common programming language
+ features from the Go perspective.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr class="DocTable-row">
+ <td class="DocTable-cell">
+ <a href="https://tour.golang.org/welcome/1">A Tour of Go</a>
+ </td>
+ <td class="DocTable-cell">
+ An interactive introduction to Go: basic syntax and data structures; methods and interfaces; and Go's concurrency primitives.
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
diff --git a/content/static/doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html b/content/static/doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5a45be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/content/static/doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<!--{
+ "Title": "Return a random greeting",
+ "Path": "/doc/tutorial/random-greeting"
+}-->
+
+<p>
+ In this section, you'll change your code so that instead of returning a single
+ greeting every time, it returns one of several predefined greeting messages.
+</p>
+
+<aside class="Note">
+ <strong>Note:</strong> This topic is part of a multi-part tutorial that begins
+ with <a href="create-module.html">Create a Go module</a>.
+</aside>
+
+<p>
+ To do this, you'll use a Go slice. A
+ <a href="https://blog.golang.org/slices-intro"><em>slice</em></a> is like an
+ array, except that it's dynamically sized as you add and remove items. It's
+ one of the most useful types in Go. You'll add a small slice to contain three
+ greeting messages, then have your code return one of the messages randomly.
+</p>
+
+<ol>
+ <li>
+ In greetings/greetings.go, change your code so it looks like the following.
+
+ <pre>
+package greetings
+
+import (
+ "errors"
+ "fmt"
+ <ins>"math/rand"
+ "time"</ins>
+)
+
+// Hello returns a greeting for the named person.
+func Hello(name string) (string, error) {
+ // If no name was given, return an error with a message.
+ if name == "" {
+ return name, errors.New("empty name")
+ }
+ // Create a message using a random format.
+ message := fmt.Sprintf(<ins>randomFormat()</ins>, name)
+ return message, nil
+}
+
+<ins>// init sets initial values for variables used in the function.
+func init() {
+ rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
+}
+
+// randomFormat returns one of a set of greeting messages. The returned
+// message is selected at random.
+func randomFormat() string {
+ // A slice of message formats.
+ formats := []string{
+ "Hi, %v. Welcome!",
+ "Great to see you, %v!",
+ "Hail, %v! Well met!",
+ }
+
+ // Return a randomly selected message format by specifying
+ // a random index for the slice of formats.
+ return formats[rand.Intn(len(formats))]
+}</ins>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>
+ In this code, you:
+ </p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ Add a <code>randomFormat</code> function that returns a randomly
+ selected format for a greeting message. Note that
+ <code>randomFormat</code> starts with a lowercase letter, making it
+ accessible only to code in its own package (in other words, it's not
+ exported).
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ In <code>randomFormat</code>, declare a <code>formats</code> slice with
+ three message formats. When declaring a slice, you omit its size in the
+ brackets, like this: <code>[]string</code>. This tells Go that the array
+ underlying a slice can be dynamically sized.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Use the
+ <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/math/rand/"
+ ><code>math/rand</code> package</a
+ >
+ to generate a random number for selecting an item from the slice.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ Add an
+ <a href="https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#init"
+ ><code>init</code> function</a
+ >
+ to seed the <code>rand</code> package with the current time. Go executes
+ <code>init</code> functions automatically at program startup, after
+ global variables have been initialized.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ In <code>Hello</code>, call the <code>randomFormat</code> function to
+ get a format for the message you'll return, then use the format and
+ <code>name</code> value together to create the message.
+ </li>
+ <li>Return the message (or an error) as you did before.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>
+ Your hello.go needn't change.
+ </p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ At the command line, change to the hello directory, then run hello.go to
+ confirm that the code works. Run it multiple times, noticing that the
+ greeting changes.
+
+ <p>
+ Oh -- don't forget to add Gladys's name (or a different name, if you like)
+ as an argument to the <code>Hello</code> function call in hello.go:
+ <code>greetings.Hello("Gladys")</code>
+ </p>
+
+ <pre>
+$ go build
+$ ./hello
+Great to see you, Gladys!
+
+$ ./hello
+Hi, Gladys. Welcome!
+
+$ ./hello
+Hail, Gladys! Well met!
+</pre
+ >
+ </li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+ That's an introduction to a Go slice. To get even more use out of this type,
+ you'll use a slice to greet multiple people. That's in the tutorial's
+ <a href="greetings-multiple-people.html">next topic</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="Navigation">
+ <a class="Navigation-prev" href="handle-errors.html"
+ >< Return and handle an error</a
+ >
+ <a class="Navigation-next" href="greetings-multiple-people.html"
+ >Return greetings for multiple people ></a
+ >
+</p>
diff --git a/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go b/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go
index 0cc170f..456b951 100644
--- a/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go
+++ b/content/static/internal/gen/gen.go
@@ -49,7 +49,11 @@
"doc/devel/release.html",
"doc/devel/weekly.html",
"doc/docs.html",
+ "doc/download.js",
"doc/gopath_code.html",
+ "doc/install.html",
+ "doc/install-source.html",
+ "doc/manage-install.html",
"doc/mvs/buildlist.svg",
"doc/mvs/downgrade.svg",
"doc/mvs/exclude.svg",
@@ -57,6 +61,16 @@
"doc/mvs/upgrade.svg",
"doc/root.html",
"doc/security.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/add-a-test.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/call-module-code.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/compile-install.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/create-module.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/getting-started.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/greetings-multiple-people.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/handle-errors.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/images/function-syntax.png",
+ "doc/tutorial/index.html",
+ "doc/tutorial/random-greeting.html",
"error.html",
"example.html",
"godoc.html",
diff --git a/content/static/static.go b/content/static/static.go
index 58572a9..21ddc9f 100644
--- a/content/static/static.go
+++ b/content/static/static.go
@@ -59,10 +59,18 @@
"doc/devel/weekly.html": 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"<!--{\x0a\x09\"Title\":\x20\"Documentation\",\x0a\x09\"Path\":\x20\"/doc/\",\x0a\x09\"Template\":\x20true\x0a}-->\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20Go\x20programming\x20language\x20is\x20an\x20open\x20source\x20project\x20to\x20make\x20programmers\x20more\x0aproductive.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aGo\x20is\x20expressive,\x20concise,\x20clean,\x20and\x20efficient.\x20Its\x20concurrency\x0amechanisms\x20make\x20it\x20easy\x20to\x20write\x20programs\x20that\x20get\x20the\x20most\x20out\x20of\x20multicore\x0aand\x20networked\x20machines,\x20while\x20its\x20novel\x20type\x20system\x20enables\x20flexible\x20and\x0amodular\x20program\x20construction.\x20Go\x20compiles\x20quickly\x20to\x20machine\x20code\x20yet\x20has\x20the\x0aconvenience\x20of\x20garbage\x20collection\x20and\x20the\x20power\x20of\x20run-time\x20reflection.\x20It's\x20a\x0afast,\x20statically\x20typed,\x20compiled\x20language\x20that\x20feels\x20like\x20a\x20dynamically\x20typed,\x0ainterpreted\x20language.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<div\x20id=\"manual-nav\"></div>\x0a\x0a<h2>Installing\x20Go</h2>\x0a\x0a<h3><a\x20href=\"/doc/install\">Getting\x20Started</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aInstructions\x20for\x20downloading\x20and\x20installing\x20the\x20Go\x20compilers,\x20tools,\x20and\x0alibraries.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"learning\">Learning\x20Go</h2>\x0a\x0a<img\x20class=\"gopher\"\x20src=\"/doc/gopher/doc.png\"\x20alt=\"\"/>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_tour\">\x0a\x09{{if\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a\x09\x20\x20A\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go\x0a\x09{{else}}\x0a\x09\x20\x20<a\x20href=\"//tour.golang.org/\">A\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go</a>\x0a\x09{{end}}\x0a</h3>\x0a<p>\x0aAn\x20interactive\x20introduction\x20to\x20Go\x20in\x20three\x20sections.\x0aThe\x20first\x20section\x20covers\x20basic\x20syntax\x20and\x20data\x20structures;\x20the\x20second\x20discusses\x0amethods\x20and\x20interfaces;\x20and\x20the\x20third\x20introduces\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives.\x0aEach\x20section\x20concludes\x20with\x20a\x20few\x20exercises\x20so\x20you\x20can\x20practice\x20what\x20you've\x0alearned.\x20You\x20can\x20{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}<a\x20href=\"//tour.golang.org/\">take\x20the\x20tour\x0aonline</a>\x20or{{end}}\x20install\x20it\x20locally\x20with:\x0a</p>\x0a<pre>\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20golang.org/x/tour\x0a</pre>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20will\x20place\x20the\x20<code>tour</code>\x20binary\x20in\x20your\x20workspace's\x20<code>bin</code>\x20directory.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"code\"><a\x20href=\"code.html\">How\x20to\x20write\x20Go\x20code</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20doc\x20explains\x20how\x20to\x20develop\x20a\x20simple\x20set\x20of\x20Go\x20packages\x20inside\x20a\x20module,\x0aand\x20it\x20shows\x20how\x20to\x20use\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/go/\"><code>go</code> command</a>\x0ato\x20build\x20and\x20test\x20packages.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"editors\"><a\x20href=\"editors.html\">Editor\x20plugins\x20and\x20IDEs</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20summarizes\x20commonly\x20used\x20editor\x20plugins\x20and\x20IDEs\x20with\x0aGo\x20support.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"effective_go\"><a\x20href=\"effective_go.html\">Effective\x20Go</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20gives\x20tips\x20for\x20writing\x20clear,\x20idiomatic\x20Go\x20code.\x0aA\x20must\x20read\x20for\x20any\x20new\x20Go\x20programmer.\x20It\x20augments\x20the\x20tour\x20and\x0athe\x20language\x20specification,\x20both\x20of\x20which\x20should\x20be\x20read\x20first.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"diagnostics\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/diagnostics.html\">Diagnostics</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aSummarizes\x20tools\x20and\x20methodologies\x20to\x20diagnose\x20problems\x20in\x20Go\x20programs.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"faq\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/faq\">Frequently\x20Asked\x20Questions\x20(FAQ)</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aAnswers\x20to\x20common\x20questions\x20about\x20Go.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"wiki\"><a\x20href=\"/wiki\">The\x20Go\x20Wiki</a></h3>\x0a<p>A\x20wiki\x20maintained\x20by\x20the\x20Go\x20community.</p>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"learn_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/Learn\">Learn</a>\x20page\x20at\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x0afor\x20more\x20Go\x20learning\x20resources.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"references\">References</h2>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"pkg\"><a\x20href=\"/pkg/\">Package\x20Documentation</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20documentation\x20for\x20the\x20Go\x20standard\x20library.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"cmd\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/cmd\">Command\x20Documentation</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20documentation\x20for\x20the\x20Go\x20tools.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"spec\"><a\x20href=\"/ref/spec\">Language\x20Specification</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThe\x20official\x20Go\x20Language\x20specification.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_mem\"><a\x20href=\"/ref/mem\">The\x20Go\x20Memory\x20Model</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aA\x20document\x20that\x20specifies\x20the\x20conditions\x20under\x20which\x20reads\x20of\x20a\x20variable\x20in\x0aone\x20goroutine\x20can\x20be\x20guaranteed\x20to\x20observe\x20values\x20produced\x20by\x20writes\x20to\x20the\x0asame\x20variable\x20in\x20a\x20different\x20goroutine.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"release\"><a\x20href=\"/doc/devel/release.html\">Release\x20History</a></h3>\x0a<p>A\x20summary\x20of\x20the\x20changes\x20between\x20Go\x20releases.</p>\x0a\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"articles\">Articles</h2>\x0a\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<h3\x20id=\"blog\"><a\x20href=\"//blog.golang.org/\">The\x20Go\x20Blog</a></h3>\x0a<p>The\x20official\x20blog\x20of\x20the\x20Go\x20project,\x20featuring\x20news\x20and\x20in-depth\x20articles\x20by\x0athe\x20Go\x20team\x20and\x20guests.</p>\x0a{{end}}\x0a\x0a<h4>Codewalks</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aGuided\x20tours\x20of\x20Go\x20programs.\x0a</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/codewalk/functions\">First-Class\x20Functions\x20in\x20Go</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/codewalk/markov\">Generating\x20arbitrary\x20text:\x20a\x20Markov\x20chain\x20algorithm</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/codewalk/sharemem\">Share\x20Memory\x20by\x20Communicating</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/articles/wiki/\">Writing\x20Web\x20Applications</a>\x20-\x20building\x20a\x20simple\x20web\x20application.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<h4>Language</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/json-rpc-tale-of-interfaces\">JSON-RPC:\x20a\x20tale\x20of\x20interfaces</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/gos-declaration-syntax\">Go's\x20Declaration\x20Syntax</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/defer-panic-and-recover\">Defer,\x20Panic,\x20and\x20Recover</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-concurrency-patterns-timing-out-and\">Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns:\x20Timing\x20out,\x20moving\x20on</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-slices-usage-and-internals\">Go\x20Slices:\x20usage\x20and\x20internals</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces\">A\x20GIF\x20decoder:\x20an\x20exercise\x20in\x20Go\x20interfaces</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/error-handling-and-go\">Error\x20Handling\x20and\x20Go</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/organizing-go-code\">Organizing\x20Go\x20code</a></li>\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a<h4>Packages</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/json-and-go\">JSON\x20and\x20Go</a>\x20-\x20using\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/encoding/json/\">json</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/gobs-of-data\">Gobs\x20of\x20data</a>\x20-\x20the\x20design\x20and\x20use\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/encoding/gob/\">gob</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/laws-of-reflection\">The\x20Laws\x20of\x20Reflection</a>\x20-\x20the\x20fundamentals\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/reflect/\">reflect</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-image-package\">The\x20Go\x20image\x20package</a>\x20-\x20the\x20fundamentals\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/image/\">image</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/go-imagedraw-package\">The\x20Go\x20image/draw\x20package</a>\x20-\x20the\x20fundamentals\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/image/draw/\">image/draw</a>\x20package.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a<h4>Modules</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/using-go-modules\">Using\x20Go\x20Modules</a>\x20-\x20an\x20introduction\x20to\x20using\x20modules\x20in\x20a\x20simple\x20project.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/migrating-to-go-modules\">Migrating\x20to\x20Go\x20Modules</a>\x20-\x20converting\x20an\x20existing\x20project\x20to\x20use\x20modules.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/publishing-go-modules\">Publishing\x20Go\x20Modules</a>\x20-\x20how\x20to\x20make\x20new\x20versions\x20of\x20modules\x20available\x20to\x20others.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/v2-go-modules\">Go\x20Modules:\x20v2\x20and\x20Beyond</a>\x20-\x20creating\x20and\x20publishing\x20major\x20versions\x202\x20and\x20higher.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/module-compatibility\">Keeping\x20Your\x20Modules\x20Compatible</a>\x20-\x20how\x20to\x20keep\x20your\x20modules\x20compatible\x20with\x20prior\x20minor/patch\x20versions.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a{{end}}\x0a\x0a<h4>Tools</h4>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/articles/go_command.html\">About\x20the\x20Go\x20command</a>\x20-\x20why\x20we\x20wrote\x20it,\x20what\x20it\x20is,\x20what\x20it's\x20not,\x20and\x20how\x20to\x20use\x20it.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/gdb\">Debugging\x20Go\x20Code\x20with\x20GDB</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/articles/race_detector.html\">Data\x20Race\x20Detector</a>\x20-\x20a\x20manual\x20for\x20the\x20data\x20race\x20detector.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/doc/asm\">A\x20Quick\x20Guide\x20to\x20Go's\x20Assembler</a>\x20-\x20an\x20introduction\x20to\x20the\x20assembler\x20used\x20by\x20Go.</li>\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/c-go-cgo\">C?\x20Go?\x20Cgo!</a>\x20-\x20linking\x20against\x20C\x20code\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/cgo/\">cgo</a>.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/godoc-documenting-go-code\">Godoc:\x20documenting\x20Go\x20code</a>\x20-\x20writing\x20good\x20documentation\x20for\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/godoc/\">godoc</a>.</li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/profiling-go-programs\">Profiling\x20Go\x20Programs</a></li>\x0a<li><a\x20href=\"/blog/race-detector\">Introducing\x20the\x20Go\x20Race\x20Detector</a>\x20-\x20an\x20introduction\x20to\x20the\x20race\x20detector.</li>\x0a{{end}}\x0a</ul>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"articles_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/Articles\">Articles\x20page</a>\x20at\x20the\x0a<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x20for\x20more\x20Go\x20articles.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a{{if\x20not\x20$.GoogleCN}}\x0a<h2\x20id=\"talks\">Talks</h2>\x0a\x0a<img\x20class=\"gopher\"\x20src=\"/doc/gopher/talks.png\"\x20alt=\"\"/>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"video_tour_of_go\"><a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/gotour\">A\x20Video\x20Tour\x20of\x20Go</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThree\x20things\x20that\x20make\x20Go\x20fast,\x20fun,\x20and\x20productive:\x0ainterfaces,\x20reflection,\x20and\x20concurrency.\x20Builds\x20a\x20toy\x20web\x20crawler\x20to\x0ademonstrate\x20these.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_code_that_grows\"><a\x20href=\"//vimeo.com/53221560\">Code\x20that\x20grows\x20with\x20grace</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aOne\x20of\x20Go's\x20key\x20design\x20goals\x20is\x20code\x20adaptability;\x20that\x20it\x20should\x20be\x20easy\x20to\x20take\x20a\x20simple\x20design\x20and\x20build\x20upon\x20it\x20in\x20a\x20clean\x20and\x20natural\x20way.\x20In\x20this\x20talk\x20Andrew\x20Gerrand\x20describes\x20a\x20simple\x20\"chat\x20roulette\"\x20server\x20that\x20matches\x20pairs\x20of\x20incoming\x20TCP\x20connections,\x20and\x20then\x20use\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20mechanisms,\x20interfaces,\x20and\x20standard\x20library\x20to\x20extend\x20it\x20with\x20a\x20web\x20interface\x20and\x20other\x20features.\x20While\x20the\x20function\x20of\x20the\x20program\x20changes\x20dramatically,\x20Go's\x20flexibility\x20preserves\x20the\x20original\x20design\x20as\x20it\x20grows.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go_concurrency_patterns\"><a\x20href=\"//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs\">Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aConcurrency\x20is\x20the\x20key\x20to\x20designing\x20high\x20performance\x20network\x20services.\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives\x20(goroutines\x20and\x20channels)\x20provide\x20a\x20simple\x20and\x20efficient\x20means\x20of\x20expressing\x20concurrent\x20execution.\x20In\x20this\x20talk\x20we\x20see\x20how\x20tricky\x20concurrency\x20problems\x20can\x20be\x20solved\x20gracefully\x20with\x20simple\x20Go\x20code.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h3\x20id=\"advanced_go_concurrency_patterns\"><a\x20href=\"//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw\">Advanced\x20Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</a></h3>\x0a<p>\x0aThis\x20talk\x20expands\x20on\x20the\x20<i>Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</i>\x20talk\x20to\x20dive\x20deeper\x20into\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"talks_more\">More</h4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x20<i>Go\x20Concurrency\x20Patterns</i>\x20talk\x20to\x20dive\x20deeper\x20into\x20Go's\x20concurrency\x20primitives.\x0a</p>\x0a\x0a<h4\x20id=\"talks_more\">More</h4>\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/talks\">Go\x20Talks\x20site</a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/GoTalks\">wiki\x20page</a>\x20for\x20more\x20Go\x20talks.\x0a</p>\x0a{{end}}\x0a\x0a<h2\x20id=\"nonenglish\">Non-English\x20Documentation</h2>\x0a\x0a<p>\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki/NonEnglish\">NonEnglish</a>\x20page\x0aat\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/wiki\">Wiki</a>\x20for\x20localized\x0adocumentation.\x0a</p>\x0a",
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"<!--{\x0a\x20\x20\"Title\":\x20\"Go\x20Modules\x20Reference\",\x0a\x20\x20\"Subtitle\":\x20\"Version\x20of\x20Feb\x205,\x202019\",\x0a\x20\x20\"Path\":\x20\"/ref/mod\"\x0a}-->\x0a<!--\x20TODO(jayconrod):\x20use\x20<dfn>\x20tags\x20where\x20meaningful.\x0aCurrently,\x20*term*\x20is\x20used\x20instead,\x20which\x20renders\x20to\x20<em>term</em>.\x20-->\x0a<h2\x20id=\"introduction\">Introduction</h2>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"modules-overview\">Modules,\x20packages,\x20and\x20versions</h2>\x0a<p>A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module\"><em>module</em></a>\x20is\x20a\x20collection\x20of\x20packages\x20that\x20are\x20released,\x0aversioned,\x20and\x20distributed\x20together.\x20A\x20module\x20is\x20identified\x20by\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\"><em>module\x0apath</em></a>,\x20which\x20is\x20declared\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-files\"><code>go.mod</code>\x0afile</a>,\x20together\x20with\x20information\x20about\x20the\x20module's\x0adependencies.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-root-directory\"><em>module\x20root\x20directory</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x0adirectory\x20that\x20contains\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\"><em>main\x0amodule</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x20module\x20containing\x20the\x20directory\x20where\x20the\x0a<code>go</code>\x20command\x20is\x20invoked.</p>\x0a<p>Each\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-package\"><em>package</em></a>\x20within\x20a\x20module\x20is\x20a\x20collection\x20of\x20source\x20files\x0ain\x20the\x20same\x20directory\x20that\x20are\x20compiled\x20together.\x20A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-package-path\"><em>package\x0apath</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20joined\x20with\x20the\x20subdirectory\x0acontaining\x20the\x20package\x20(relative\x20to\x20the\x20module\x20root).\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x20module\x0a<code>"golang.org/x/net"</code>\x20contains\x20a\x20package\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20<code>"html"</code>.\x20That\x0apackage's\x20path\x20is\x20<code>"golang.org/x/net/html"</code>.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"module-path\">Module\x20paths</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\"><em>module\x20path</em></a>\x20is\x20the\x20canonical\x20name\x20for\x20a\x20module,\x0adeclared\x20with\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-module\"><code>module</code>\x20directive</a>\x20in\x20the\x20module's\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20file</a>.\x20A\x20module's\x20path\x20is\x20the\x20prefix\x20for\x20package\x0apaths\x20within\x20the\x20module.</p>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20path\x20should\x20describe\x20both\x20what\x20the\x20module\x20does\x20and\x20where\x20to\x20find\x20it.\x0aTypically,\x20a\x20module\x20path\x20consists\x20of\x20a\x20repository\x20root\x20path,\x20a\x20directory\x20within\x0athe\x20repository\x20(usually\x20empty),\x20and\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20(only\x20for\x20major\x0aversion\x202\x20or\x20higher).</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<dfn>repository\x20root\x20path</dfn>\x20is\x20the\x20portion\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20that\x0acorresponds\x20to\x20the\x20root\x20directory\x20of\x20the\x20version\x20control\x20repository\x20where\x20the\x0amodule\x20is\x20developed.\x20Most\x20modules\x20are\x20defined\x20in\x20their\x20repository's\x20root\x0adirectory,\x20so\x20this\x20is\x20usually\x20the\x20entire\x20path.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>golang.org/x/net</code>\x20is\x20the\x20repository\x20root\x20path\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20of\x20the\x20same\x0aname.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-find\">Finding\x20a\x20repository\x20for\x20a\x20module\x20path</a>\x20for\x20information\x0aon\x20how\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20locates\x20a\x20repository\x20using\x20HTTP\x20requests\x20derived\x0afrom\x20a\x20module\x20path.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20the\x20module\x20is\x20not\x20defined\x20in\x20the\x20repository's\x20root\x20directory,\x20the\x0a<dfn>module\x20subdirectory</dfn>\x20is\x20the\x20part\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20that\x20names\x20the\x0adirectory,\x20not\x20including\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix.\x20This\x20also\x20serves\x20as\x20a\x0aprefix\x20for\x20semantic\x20version\x20tags.\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x20module\x0a<code>golang.org/x/tools/gopls</code>\x20is\x20in\x20the\x20<code>gopls</code>\x20subdirectory\x20of\x20the\x20repository\x0awith\x20root\x20path\x20<code>golang.org/x/tools</code>,\x20so\x20it\x20has\x20the\x20module\x20subdirectory\x0a<code>gopls</code>.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x20commits</a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-dir\">Module\x0adirectories\x20within\x20a\x20repository</a>.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20the\x20module\x20is\x20released\x20at\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher,\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20must\x0aend\x20with\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#major-version-suffixes\"><em>major\x20version\x20suffix</em></a>\x20like\x0a<code>/v2</code>.\x20This\x20may\x20or\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20part\x20of\x20the\x20subdirectory\x20name.\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x0amodule\x20with\x20path\x20<code>golang.org/x/repo/sub/v2</code>\x20could\x20be\x20in\x20the\x20<code>/sub</code>\x20or\x0a<code>/sub/v2</code>\x20subdirectory\x20of\x20the\x20repository\x20<code>golang.org/x/repo</code>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20module\x20might\x20be\x20depended\x20on\x20by\x20other\x20modules,\x20these\x20rules\x20must\x20be\x20followed\x0aso\x20that\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20can\x20find\x20and\x20download\x20the\x20module.\x20There\x20are\x20also\x0aseveral\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-ident\">lexical\x20restrictions</a>\x20on\x20characters\x20allowed\x20in\x0amodule\x20paths.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"versions\">Versions</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-version\"><em>version</em></a>\x20identifies\x20an\x20immutable\x20snapshot\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x20which\x0amay\x20be\x20either\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-release-version\">release</a>\x20or\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release</a>.\x20Each\x20version\x20starts\x20with\x20the\x20letter\x0a<code>v</code>,\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20semantic\x20version.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html\">Semantic\x20Versioning\x0a2.0.0</a>\x20for\x20details\x20on\x20how\x20versions\x20are\x0aformatted,\x20interpreted,\x20and\x20compared.</p>\x0a<p>To\x20summarize,\x20a\x20semantic\x20version\x20consists\x20of\x20three\x20non-negative\x20integers\x20(the\x0amajor,\x20minor,\x20and\x20patch\x20versions,\x20from\x20left\x20to\x20right)\x20separated\x20by\x20dots.\x20The\x0apatch\x20version\x20may\x20be\x20followed\x20by\x20an\x20optional\x20pre-release\x20string\x20starting\x20with\x20a\x0ahyphen.\x20The\x20pre-release\x20string\x20or\x20patch\x20version\x20may\x20be\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20build\x0ametadata\x20string\x20starting\x20with\x20a\x20plus.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>v0.0.0</code>,\x20<code>v1.12.134</code>,\x0a<code>v8.0.5-pre</code>,\x20and\x20<code>v2.0.9+meta</code>\x20are\x20valid\x20versions.</p>\x0a<p>Each\x20part\x20of\x20a\x20version\x20indicates\x20whether\x20the\x20version\x20is\x20stable\x20and\x20whether\x20it\x20is\x0acompatible\x20with\x20previous\x20versions.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version\">major\x20version</a>\x20must\x20be\x20incremented\x20and\x20the\x20minor\x0aand\x20patch\x20versions\x20must\x20be\x20set\x20to\x20zero\x20after\x20a\x20backwards\x20incompatible\x20change\x0ais\x20made\x20to\x20the\x20module's\x20public\x20interface\x20or\x20documented\x20functionality,\x20for\x0aexample,\x20after\x20a\x20package\x20is\x20removed.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-minor-version\">minor\x20version</a>\x20must\x20be\x20incremented\x20and\x20the\x20patch\x0aversion\x20set\x20to\x20zero\x20after\x20a\x20backwards\x20compatible\x20change,\x20for\x20example,\x20after\x20a\x0anew\x20function\x20is\x20added.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-patch-version\">patch\x20version</a>\x20must\x20be\x20incremented\x20after\x20a\x20change\x0athat\x20does\x20not\x20affect\x20the\x20module's\x20public\x20interface,\x20such\x20as\x20a\x20bug\x20fix\x20or\x0aoptimization.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20pre-release\x20suffix\x20indicates\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release</a>.\x20Pre-release\x20versions\x20sort\x20before\x0athe\x20corresponding\x20release\x20versions.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>v1.2.3-pre</code>\x20comes\x20before\x0a<code>v1.2.3</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20build\x20metadata\x20suffix\x20is\x20ignored\x20for\x20the\x20purpose\x20of\x20comparing\x20versions.\x0aTags\x20with\x20build\x20metadata\x20are\x20ignored\x20in\x20version\x20control\x20repositories,\x20but\x0abuild\x20metadata\x20is\x20preserved\x20in\x20versions\x20specified\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files.\x20The\x0asuffix\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20denotes\x20a\x20version\x20released\x20before\x20migrating\x20to\x20modules\x0aversion\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20later\x20(see\x20<a\x20href=\"#non-module-compat\">Compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x0arepositories</a>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>A\x20version\x20is\x20considered\x20unstable\x20if\x20its\x20major\x20version\x20is\x200\x20or\x20it\x20has\x20a\x0apre-release\x20suffix.\x20Unstable\x20versions\x20are\x20not\x20subject\x20to\x20compatibility\x0arequirements.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>v0.2.0</code>\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20compatible\x20with\x20<code>v0.1.0</code>,\x20and\x0a<code>v1.5.0-beta</code>\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20compatible\x20with\x20<code>v1.5.0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>Go\x20may\x20access\x20modules\x20in\x20version\x20control\x20systems\x20using\x20tags,\x20branches,\x20or\x0arevisions\x20that\x20don't\x20follow\x20these\x20conventions.\x20However,\x20within\x20the\x20main\x20module,\x0athe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20automatically\x20convert\x20revision\x20names\x20that\x20don't\x20follow\x0athis\x20standard\x20into\x20canonical\x20versions.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20also\x20remove\x20build\x0ametadata\x20suffixes\x20(except\x20for\x20<code>+incompatible</code>)\x20as\x20part\x20of\x20this\x20process.\x20This\x20may\x0aresult\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-pseudo-version\"><em>pseudo-version</em></a>,\x20a\x20pre-release\x20version\x20that\x0aencodes\x20a\x20revision\x20identifier\x20(such\x20as\x20a\x20Git\x20commit\x20hash)\x20and\x20a\x20timestamp\x20from\x20a\x0aversion\x20control\x20system.\x20For\x20example,\x20the\x20command\x20<code>go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/net@daa7c041</code>\x20will\x20convert\x20the\x20commit\x20hash\x20<code>daa7c041</code>\x20into\x20the\x0apseudo-version\x20<code>v0.0.0-20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>.\x20Canonical\x20versions\x20are\x0arequired\x20outside\x20the\x20main\x20module,\x20and\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error\x20if\x20a\x0anon-canonical\x20version\x20like\x20<code>master</code>\x20appears\x20in\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"pseudo-versions\">Pseudo-versions</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<dfn>pseudo-version</dfn>\x20is\x20a\x20specially\x20formatted\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release</a>\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-version\">version</a>\x20that\x20encodes\x0ainformation\x20about\x20a\x20specific\x20revision\x20in\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20repository.\x20For\x0aexample,\x20<code>v0.0.0-20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>\x20is\x20a\x20pseudo-version.</p>\x0a<p>Pseudo-versions\x20may\x20refer\x20to\x20revisions\x20for\x20which\x20no\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-semantic-version-tag\">semantic\x20version\x0atags</a>\x20are\x20available.\x20They\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20test\x0acommits\x20before\x20creating\x20version\x20tags,\x20for\x20example,\x20on\x20a\x20development\x20branch.</p>\x0a<p>Each\x20pseudo-version\x20has\x20three\x20parts:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>A\x20base\x20version\x20prefix\x20(<code>vX.0.0</code>\x20or\x20<code>vX.Y.Z-0</code>),\x20which\x20is\x20either\x20derived\x20from\x20a\x0asemantic\x20version\x20tag\x20that\x20precedes\x20the\x20revision\x20or\x20<code>vX.0.0</code>\x20if\x20there\x20is\x20no\x0asuch\x20tag.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20timestamp\x20(<code>yymmddhhmmss</code>),\x20which\x20is\x20the\x20UTC\x20time\x20the\x20revision\x20was\x20created.\x0aIn\x20Git,\x20this\x20is\x20the\x20commit\x20time,\x20not\x20the\x20author\x20time.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20revision\x20identifier\x20(<code>abcdefabcdef</code>),\x20which\x20is\x20a\x2012-character\x20prefix\x20of\x20the\x0acommit\x20hash,\x20or\x20in\x20Subversion,\x20a\x20zero-padded\x20revision\x20number.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>Each\x20pseudo-version\x20may\x20be\x20in\x20one\x20of\x20three\x20forms,\x20depending\x20on\x20the\x20base\x20version.\x0aThese\x20forms\x20ensure\x20that\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x20compares\x20higher\x20than\x20its\x20base\x20version,\x0abut\x20lower\x20than\x20the\x20next\x20tagged\x20version.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><code>vX.0.0-yyyymmddhhmmss-abcdefabcdef</code>\x20is\x20used\x20when\x20there\x20is\x20no\x20known\x20base\x0aversion.\x20As\x20with\x20all\x20versions,\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20<code>X</code>\x20must\x20match\x20the\x20module's\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-suffix\">major\x20version\x20suffix</a>.</li>\x0a<li><code>vX.Y.Z-pre.0.yyyymmddhhmmss-abcdefabcdef</code>\x20is\x20used\x20when\x20the\x20base\x20version\x20is\x0aa\x20pre-release\x20version\x20like\x20<code>vX.Y.Z-pre</code>.</li>\x0a<li><code>vX.Y.(Z+1)-0.yyyymmddhhmmss-abcdefabcdef</code>\x20is\x20used\x20when\x20the\x20base\x20version\x20is\x0aa\x20release\x20version\x20like\x20<code>vX.Y.Z</code>.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20the\x20base\x20version\x20is\x0a<code>v1.2.3</code>,\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x20might\x20be\x20<code>v1.2.4-0.20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>More\x20than\x20one\x20pseudo-version\x20may\x20refer\x20to\x20the\x20same\x20commit\x20by\x20using\x20different\x0abase\x20versions.\x20This\x20happens\x20naturally\x20when\x20a\x20lower\x20version\x20is\x20tagged\x20after\x20a\x0apseudo-version\x20is\x20written.</p>\x0a<p>These\x20forms\x20give\x20pseudo-versions\x20two\x20useful\x20properties:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>Pseudo-versions\x20with\x20known\x20base\x20versions\x20sort\x20higher\x20than\x20those\x20versions\x20but\x0alower\x20than\x20other\x20pre-release\x20for\x20later\x20versions.</li>\x0a<li>Pseudo-versions\x20with\x20the\x20same\x20base\x20version\x20prefix\x20sort\x20chronologically.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20performs\x20several\x20checks\x20to\x20ensure\x20that\x20module\x20authors\x20have\x0acontrol\x20over\x20how\x20pseudo-versions\x20are\x20compared\x20with\x20other\x20versions\x20and\x20that\x0apseudo-versions\x20refer\x20to\x20revisions\x20that\x20are\x20actually\x20part\x20of\x20a\x20module's\x0acommit\x20history.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>If\x20a\x20base\x20version\x20is\x20specified,\x20there\x20must\x20be\x20a\x20corresponding\x20semantic\x20version\x0atag\x20that\x20is\x20an\x20ancestor\x20of\x20the\x20revision\x20described\x20by\x20the\x20pseudo-version.\x20This\x0aprevents\x20developers\x20from\x20bypassing\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>\x20using\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x20that\x0acompares\x20higher\x20than\x20all\x20tagged\x20versions\x20like\x0a<code>v1.999.999-99999999999999-daa7c04131f5</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20timestamp\x20must\x20match\x20the\x20revision's\x20timestamp.\x20This\x20prevents\x20attackers\x0afrom\x20flooding\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x20proxies</a>\x20with\x20an\x20unbounded\x20number\x0aof\x20otherwise\x20identical\x20pseudo-versions.\x20This\x20also\x20prevents\x20module\x20consumers\x0afrom\x20changing\x20the\x20relative\x20ordering\x20of\x20versions.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20revision\x20must\x20be\x20an\x20ancestor\x20of\x20one\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20repository's\x20branches\x20or\x0atags.\x20This\x20prevents\x20attackers\x20from\x20referring\x20to\x20unapproved\x20changes\x20or\x20pull\x0arequests.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>Pseudo-versions\x20never\x20need\x20to\x20be\x20typed\x20by\x20hand.\x20Many\x20commands\x20accept\x0aa\x20commit\x20hash\x20or\x20a\x20branch\x20name\x20and\x20will\x20translate\x20it\x20into\x20a\x20pseudo-version\x0a(or\x20tagged\x20version\x20if\x20available)\x20automatically.\x20For\x20example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20get\x20-d\x20example.com/mod@master\x0ago\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20example.com/mod@abcd1234\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"major-version-suffixes\">Major\x20version\x20suffixes</h3>\x0a<p>Starting\x20with\x20major\x20version\x202,\x20module\x20paths\x20must\x20have\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-suffix\"><em>major\x20version\x0asuffix</em></a>\x20like\x20<code>/v2</code>\x20that\x20matches\x20the\x20major\x0aversion.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20a\x20module\x20has\x20the\x20path\x20<code>example.com/mod</code>\x20at\x20<code>v1.0.0</code>,\x20it\x0amust\x20have\x20the\x20path\x20<code>example.com/mod/v2</code>\x20at\x20version\x20<code>v2.0.0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>Major\x20version\x20suffixes\x20implement\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/vgo-import\"><em>import\x20compatibility\x0arule</em></a>:</p>\x0a<blockquote>\x0a<p>If\x20an\x20old\x20package\x20and\x20a\x20new\x20package\x20have\x20the\x20same\x20import\x20path,\x0athe\x20new\x20package\x20must\x20be\x20backwards\x20compatible\x20with\x20the\x20old\x20package.</p>\x0a</blockquote>\x0a<p>By\x20definition,\x20packages\x20in\x20a\x20new\x20major\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20are\x20not\x20backwards\x0acompatible\x20with\x20the\x20corresponding\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20previous\x20major\x20version.\x0aConsequently,\x20starting\x20with\x20<code>v2</code>,\x20packages\x20need\x20new\x20import\x20paths.\x20This\x20is\x0aaccomplished\x20by\x20adding\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20to\x20the\x20module\x20path.\x20Since\x20the\x0amodule\x20path\x20is\x20a\x20prefix\x20of\x20the\x20import\x20path\x20for\x20each\x20package\x20within\x20the\x20module,\x0aadding\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20to\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20provides\x20a\x20distinct\x20import\x0apath\x20for\x20each\x20incompatible\x20version.</p>\x0a<p>Major\x20version\x20suffixes\x20are\x20not\x20allowed\x20at\x20major\x20versions\x20<code>v0</code>\x20or\x20<code>v1</code>.\x20There\x20is\x0ano\x20need\x20to\x20change\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20between\x20<code>v0</code>\x20and\x20<code>v1</code>\x20because\x20<code>v0</code>\x20versions\x0aare\x20unstable\x20and\x20have\x20no\x20compatibility\x20guarantee.\x20Additionally,\x20for\x20most\x0amodules,\x20<code>v1</code>\x20is\x20backwards\x20compatible\x20with\x20the\x20last\x20<code>v0</code>\x20version;\x20a\x20<code>v1</code>\x20version\x0aacts\x20as\x20a\x20commitment\x20to\x20compatibility,\x20rather\x20than\x20an\x20indication\x20of\x0aincompatible\x20changes\x20compared\x20with\x20<code>v0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>As\x20a\x20special\x20case,\x20modules\x20paths\x20starting\x20with\x20<code>gopkg.in/</code>\x20must\x20always\x20have\x20a\x0amajor\x20version\x20suffix,\x20even\x20at\x20<code>v0</code>\x20and\x20<code>v1</code>.\x20The\x20suffix\x20must\x20start\x20with\x20a\x20dot\x0arather\x20than\x20a\x20slash\x20(for\x20example,\x20<code>gopkg.in/yaml.v2</code>).</p>\x0a<p>Major\x20version\x20suffixes\x20let\x20multiple\x20major\x20versions\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20coexist\x20in\x20the\x0asame\x20build.\x20This\x20may\x20be\x20necessary\x20due\x20to\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/vgo-import#dependency_story\">diamond\x20dependency\x0aproblem</a>.\x20Ordinarily,\x20if\x0aa\x20module\x20is\x20required\x20at\x20two\x20different\x20versions\x20by\x20transitive\x20dependencies,\x20the\x0ahigher\x20version\x20will\x20be\x20used.\x20However,\x20if\x20the\x20two\x20versions\x20are\x20incompatible,\x0aneither\x20version\x20will\x20satisfy\x20all\x20clients.\x20Since\x20incompatible\x20versions\x20must\x20have\x0adifferent\x20major\x20version\x20numbers,\x20they\x20must\x20also\x20have\x20different\x20module\x20paths\x20due\x0ato\x20major\x20version\x20suffixes.\x20This\x20resolves\x20the\x20conflict:\x20modules\x20with\x20distinct\x0asuffixes\x20are\x20treated\x20as\x20separate\x20modules,\x20and\x20their\x20packages\xe2\x80\x94even\x20packages\x20in\x0asame\x20subdirectory\x20relative\x20to\x20their\x20module\x20roots\xe2\x80\x94are\x20distinct.</p>\x0a<p>Many\x20Go\x20projects\x20released\x20versions\x20at\x20<code>v2</code>\x20or\x20higher\x20without\x20using\x20a\x20major\x0aversion\x20suffix\x20before\x20migrating\x20to\x20modules\x20(perhaps\x20before\x20modules\x20were\x20even\x0aintroduced).\x20These\x20versions\x20are\x20annotated\x20with\x20a\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20build\x20tag\x20(for\x0aexample,\x20<code>v2.0.0+incompatible</code>).\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#non-module-compat\">Compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x0arepositories</a>\x20for\x20more\x20information.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"resolve-pkg-mod\">Resolving\x20a\x20package\x20to\x20a\x20module</h3>\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20loads\x20a\x20package\x20using\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-package-path\">package\x0apath</a>,\x20it\x20needs\x20to\x20determine\x20which\x20module\x20provides\x20the\x0apackage.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20starts\x20by\x20searching\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>\x20for\x0amodules\x20with\x20paths\x20that\x20are\x20prefixes\x20of\x20the\x20package\x20path.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20the\x0apackage\x20<code>example.com/a/b</code>\x20is\x20imported,\x20and\x20the\x20module\x20<code>example.com/a</code>\x20is\x20in\x20the\x0abuild\x20list,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20check\x20whether\x20<code>example.com/a</code>\x20contains\x20the\x0apackage,\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20<code>b</code>.\x20At\x20least\x20one\x20file\x20with\x20the\x20<code>.go</code>\x20extension\x20must\x0abe\x20present\x20in\x20a\x20directory\x20for\x20it\x20to\x20be\x20considered\x20a\x20package.\x20<a\x20href=\"/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints\">Build\x0aconstraints</a>\x20are\x20not\x20applied\x20for\x20this\x0apurpose.\x20If\x20exactly\x20one\x20module\x20in\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20provides\x20the\x20package,\x20that\x0amodule\x20is\x20used.\x20If\x20two\x20or\x20more\x20modules\x20provide\x20the\x20package,\x20an\x20error\x20is\x0areported.\x20If\x20no\x20modules\x20provide\x20the\x20package,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20attempt\x20to\x0afind\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20(unless\x20the\x20flags\x20<code>-mod=readonly</code>\x20or\x20<code>-mod=vendor</code>\x20are\x20used,\x0ain\x20which\x20case,\x20an\x20error\x20is\x20reported).</p>\x0a<!--\x20NOTE(golang.org/issue/27899):\x20the\x20go\x20command\x20reports\x20an\x20error\x20when\x20two\x0aor\x20more\x20modules\x20provide\x20a\x20package\x20with\x20the\x20same\x20path\x20as\x20above.\x20In\x20the\x20future,\x0awe\x20may\x20try\x20to\x20upgrade\x20one\x20(or\x20all)\x20of\x20the\x20colliding\x20modules.\x0a-->\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20looks\x20up\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20for\x20a\x20package\x20path,\x20it\x20checks\x20the\x0a<code>GOPROXY</code>\x20environment\x20variable,\x20which\x20is\x20a\x20comma-separated\x20list\x20of\x20proxy\x20URLs\x20or\x0athe\x20keywords\x20<code>direct</code>\x20or\x20<code>off</code>.\x20A\x20proxy\x20URL\x20indicates\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20should\x0acontact\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x20proxy</a>\x20using\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#goproxy-protocol\"><code>GOPROXY</code>\x0aprotocol</a>.\x20<code>direct</code>\x20indicates\x20that\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20should\x0a<a\x20href=\"#vcs\">communicate\x20with\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20system</a>.\x20<code>off</code>\x20indicates\x20that\x20no\x0acommunication\x20should\x20be\x20attempted.\x20The\x20<code>GOPRIVATE</code>\x20and\x20<code>GONOPROXY</code>\x20<a\x20href=\"#environment-variables\">environment\x0avariables</a>\x20can\x20also\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20control\x20this\x20behavior.</p>\x0a<p>For\x20each\x20entry\x20in\x20the\x20<code>GOPROXY</code>\x20list,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20requests\x20the\x20latest\x0aversion\x20of\x20each\x20module\x20path\x20that\x20might\x20provide\x20the\x20package\x20(that\x20is,\x20each\x20prefix\x0aof\x20the\x20package\x20path).\x20For\x20each\x20successfully\x20requested\x20module\x20path,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x0acommand\x20will\x20download\x20the\x20module\x20at\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x20and\x20check\x20whether\x20the\x0amodule\x20contains\x20the\x20requested\x20package.\x20If\x20one\x20or\x20more\x20modules\x20contain\x20the\x0arequested\x20package,\x20the\x20module\x20with\x20the\x20longest\x20path\x20is\x20used.\x20If\x20one\x20or\x20more\x0amodules\x20are\x20found\x20but\x20none\x20contain\x20the\x20requested\x20package,\x20an\x20error\x20is\x0areported.\x20If\x20no\x20modules\x20are\x20found,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20tries\x20the\x20next\x20entry\x20in\x20the\x0a<code>GOPROXY</code>\x20list.\x20If\x20no\x20entries\x20are\x20left,\x20an\x20error\x20is\x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html\">Semantic\x20Versioning\x202.0.0</a>\x0aspecification.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#versions\">Versions</a>\x20for\x20more\x20information.</p>\x0a<p>Most\x20other\x20identifiers\x20and\x20strings\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20as\x20non-canonical\x20versions,\x20though\x0athere\x20are\x20some\x20restrictions\x20to\x20avoid\x20problems\x20with\x20file\x20systems,\x20repositories,\x0aand\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x20proxies</a>.\x20Non-canonical\x20versions\x20are\x20only\x0aallowed\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20attempt\x20to\x0areplace\x20each\x20non-canonical\x20version\x20with\x20an\x20equivalent\x20canonical\x20version\x20when\x20it\x0aautomatically\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-updates\">updates</a>\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<p>In\x20places\x20where\x20a\x20module\x20path\x20is\x20associated\x20with\x20a\x20verison\x20(as\x20in\x20<code>require</code>,\x0a<code>replace</code>,\x20and\x20<code>exclude</code>\x20directives),\x20the\x20final\x20path\x20element\x20must\x20be\x20consistent\x0awith\x20the\x20version.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#major-version-suffixes\">Major\x20version\x20suffixes</a>.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-grammar\">Grammar</h3>\x0a<p><code>go.mod</code>\x20syntax\x20is\x20specified\x20below\x20using\x20Extended\x20Backus-Naur\x20Form\x20(EBNF).\x0aSee\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/ref/spec#Notation\">Notation\x20section\x20in\x20the\x20Go\x20Language\x20Specificiation</a>\x0afor\x20details\x20on\x20EBNF\x20syntax.</p>\x0a<pre><code>GoMod\x20=\x20{\x20Directive\x20}\x20.\x0aDirective\x20=\x20ModuleDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20GoDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20RequireDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20ExcludeDirective\x20|\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20ReplaceDirective\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Newlines,\x20identifiers,\x20and\x20strings\x20are\x20denoted\x20with\x20<code>newline</code>,\x20<code>ident</code>,\x20and\x0a<code>string</code>,\x20respectively.</p>\x0a<p>Module\x20paths\x20and\x20versions\x20are\x20denoted\x20with\x20<code>ModulePath</code>\x20and\x20<code>Version</code>.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ModulePath\x20=\x20ident\x20|\x20string\x20.\x20/*\x20see\x20restrictions\x20above\x20*/\x0aVersion\x20=\x20ident\x20|\x20string\x20.\x20\x20\x20\x20/*\x20see\x20restrictions\x20above\x20*/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-module\"><code>module</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>module</code>\x20directive\x20defines\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">path</a>.\x20A\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20must\x20contain\x20exactly\x20one\x20<code>module</code>\x20directive.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ModuleDirective\x20=\x20"module"\x20(\x20ModulePath\x20|\x20"("\x20newline\x20ModulePath\x20newline\x20")"\x20newline\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>module\x20golang.org/x/net\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-go\"><code>go</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>go</code>\x20directive\x20sets\x20the\x20expected\x20language\x20version\x20for\x20the\x20module.\x20The\x0aversion\x20must\x20be\x20a\x20valid\x20Go\x20release\x20version:\x20a\x20positive\x20integer\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20dot\x0aand\x20a\x20non-negative\x20integer\x20(for\x20example,\x20<code>1.9</code>,\x20<code>1.14</code>).</p>\x0a<p>The\x20language\x20version\x20determines\x20which\x20language\x20features\x20are\x20available\x20when\x0acompiling\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20module.\x20Language\x20features\x20present\x20in\x20that\x20version\x0awill\x20be\x20available\x20for\x20use.\x20Language\x20features\x20removed\x20in\x20earlier\x20versions,\x0aor\x20added\x20in\x20later\x20versions,\x20will\x20not\x20be\x20available.\x20The\x20language\x20version\x20does\x20not\x0aaffect\x20build\x20tags,\x20which\x20are\x20determined\x20by\x20the\x20Go\x20release\x20being\x20used.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20language\x20version\x20is\x20also\x20used\x20to\x20enable\x20features\x20in\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command.\x20For\x0aexample,\x20automatic\x20<a\x20href=\"#vendoring\">vendoring</a>\x20may\x20be\x20enabled\x20with\x20a\x20<code>go</code>\x20version\x20of\x0a<code>1.14</code>\x20or\x20higher.</p>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20may\x20contain\x20at\x20most\x20one\x20<code>go</code>\x20directive.\x20Most\x20commands\x20will\x20add\x20a\x0a<code>go</code>\x20directive\x20with\x20the\x20current\x20Go\x20version\x20if\x20one\x20is\x20not\x20present.</p>\x0a<pre><code>GoDirective\x20=\x20"go"\x20GoVersion\x20newline\x20.\x0aGoVersion\x20=\x20string\x20|\x20ident\x20.\x20\x20/*\x20valid\x20release\x20version;\x20see\x20above\x20*/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x201.14\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-require\"><code>require</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>require</code>\x20directive\x20declares\x20a\x20minimum\x20required\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20given\x20module\x0adependency.\x20For\x20each\x20required\x20module\x20version,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20loads\x20the\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20for\x20that\x20version\x20and\x20incorporates\x20the\x20requirements\x20from\x20that\x0afile.\x20Once\x20all\x20requirements\x20have\x20been\x20loaded,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20resolves\x20them\x0ausing\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</a>\x20to\x20produce\x0athe\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20automatically\x20adds\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments\x20for\x20some\x0arequirements.\x20An\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comment\x20indicates\x20that\x20no\x20package\x20from\x20the\x0arequired\x20module\x20is\x20directly\x20imported\x20by\x20any\x20package\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x0aThe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20adds\x20an\x20indirect\x20requirement\x20when\x20the\x20selected\x20version\x20of\x20a\x0amodule\x20is\x20higher\x20than\x20what\x20is\x20already\x20implied\x20(transitively)\x20by\x20the\x20main\x0amodule's\x20other\x20dependencies.\x20That\x20may\x20occur\x20because\x20of\x20an\x20explicit\x20upgrade\x0a(<code>go\x20get\x20-u</code>),\x20removal\x20of\x20some\x20other\x20dependency\x20that\x20previously\x20imposed\x20the\x0arequirement\x20(<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>),\x20or\x20a\x20dependency\x20that\x20imports\x20a\x20package\x20without\x0aa\x20corresponding\x20requirement\x20in\x20its\x20own\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20(such\x20as\x20a\x20dependency\x0athat\x20lacks\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20altogether).</p>\x0a<pre><code>RequireDirective\x20=\x20"require"\x20(\x20RequireSpec\x20|\x20"("\x20newline\x20{\x20RequireSpec\x20}\x20")"\x20newline\x20)\x20.\x0aRequireSpec\x20=\x20ModulePath\x20Version\x20newline\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>require\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x0a\x0arequire\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/crypto\x20v1.4.5\x20//\x20indirect\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/text\x20v1.6.7\x0a)\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-exclude\"><code>exclude</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>An\x20<code>exclude</code>\x20directive\x20prevents\x20a\x20module\x20version\x20from\x20being\x20loaded\x20by\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x0acommand.\x20If\x20an\x20excluded\x20version\x20is\x20referenced\x20by\x20a\x20<code>require</code>\x20directive\x20in\x20a\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20list\x20available\x20versions\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20(as\x0ashown\x20with\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-versions</code>)\x20and\x20will\x20load\x20the\x20next\x20higher\x20non-excluded\x0aversion\x20instead.\x20Both\x20release\x20and\x20pre-release\x20versions\x20are\x20considered\x20for\x20this\x0apurpose,\x20but\x20pseudo-versions\x20are\x20not.\x20If\x20there\x20are\x20no\x20higher\x20versions,\x0athe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error.\x20Note\x20that\x20this\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/issue/36465\">may\x0achange</a>\x20in\x20Go\x201.15.</p>\x0a<!--\x20TODO(golang.org/issue/36465):\x20update\x20after\x20change\x20-->\x0a<p><code>exclude</code>\x20directives\x20only\x20apply\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20and\x20are\x0aignored\x20in\x20other\x20modules.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">Minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>\x20for\x20details.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ExcludeDirective\x20=\x20"exclude"\x20(\x20ExcludeSpec\x20|\x20"("\x20newline\x20{\x20ExcludeSpec\x20}\x20")"\x20)\x20.\x0aExcludeSpec\x20=\x20ModulePath\x20Version\x20newline\x20.\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>exclude\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x0a\x0aexclude\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/crypto\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/text\x20v1.6.7\x0a)\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-replace\"><code>replace</code>\x20directive</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20<code>replace</code>\x20directive\x20replaces\x20the\x20contents\x20of\x20a\x20specific\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x0aor\x20all\x20versions\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x20with\x20contents\x20found\x20elsewhere.\x20The\x20replacement\x0amay\x20be\x20specified\x20with\x20either\x20another\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20version,\x20or\x20a\x0aplatform-specific\x20file\x20path.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20present\x20on\x20the\x20left\x20side\x20of\x20the\x20arrow\x20(<code>=></code>),\x20only\x20that\x20specific\x0aversion\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20is\x20replaced;\x20other\x20versions\x20will\x20be\x20accessed\x20normally.\x0aIf\x20the\x20left\x20version\x20is\x20omitted,\x20all\x20versions\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20are\x20replaced.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20the\x20path\x20on\x20the\x20right\x20side\x20of\x20the\x20arrow\x20is\x20an\x20absolute\x20or\x20relative\x20path\x0a(beginning\x20with\x20<code>./</code>\x20or\x20<code>../</code>),\x20it\x20is\x20interpreted\x20as\x20the\x20local\x20file\x20path\x20to\x20the\x0areplacement\x20module\x20root\x20directory,\x20which\x20must\x20contain\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x0areplacement\x20version\x20must\x20be\x20omitted\x20in\x20this\x20case.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20the\x20path\x20on\x20the\x20right\x20side\x20is\x20not\x20a\x20local\x20path,\x20it\x20must\x20be\x20a\x20valid\x20module\x0apath.\x20In\x20this\x20case,\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20required.\x20The\x20same\x20module\x20version\x20must\x20not\x0aalso\x20appear\x20in\x20the\x20build\x20list.</p>\x0a<p>Regardless\x20of\x20whether\x20a\x20replacement\x20is\x20specified\x20with\x20a\x20local\x20path\x20or\x20module\x0apath,\x20if\x20the\x20replacement\x20module\x20has\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20its\x20<code>module</code>\x20directive\x0amust\x20match\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20it\x20replaces.</p>\x0a<p><code>replace</code>\x20directives\x20only\x20apply\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x0aand\x20are\x20ignored\x20in\x20other\x20modules.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">Minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>\x20for\x20details.</p>\x0a<pre><code>ReplaceDirective\x20=\x20"replace"\x20(\x20ReplaceSpec\x20|\x20"("\x20newline\x20{\x20ReplaceSpec\x20}\x20")"\x20newline\x20")"\x20)\x20.\x0aReplaceSpec\x20=\x20ModulePath\x20[\x20Version\x20]\x20"=>"\x20FilePath\x20newline\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20|\x20ModulePath\x20[\x20Version\x20]\x20"=>"\x20ModulePath\x20Version\x20newline\x20.\x0aFilePath\x20=\x20/*\x20platform-specific\x20relative\x20or\x20absolute\x20file\x20path\x20*/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>replace\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x20=>\x20example.com/fork/net\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x0areplace\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x20=>\x20example.com/fork/net\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20=>\x20example.com/fork/net\x20v1.4.5\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20v1.2.3\x20=>\x20./fork/net\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/net\x20=>\x20./fork/net\x0a)\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go\"\x20class=\"mod-updates\">Automatic\x20updates</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20automatically\x20updates\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20when\x20it\x20uses\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20if\x0asome\x20information\x20is\x20missing\x20or\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20doesn't\x20accurately\x20reflect\x20reality.\x20\x20For\x0aexample,\x20consider\x20this\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file:</p>\x0a<pre><code>module\x20example.com/M\x0a\x0arequire\x20(\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/A\x20v1\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/B\x20v1.0.0\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/C\x20v1.0.0\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/D\x20v1.2.3\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20example.com/E\x20dev\x0a)\x0a\x0aexclude\x20example.com/D\x20v1.2.3\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20update\x20rewrites\x20non-canonical\x20version\x20identifiers\x20to\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-canonical-version\">canonical</a>\x20semver\x20form,\x20so\x20<code>example.com/A</code>'s\x20<code>v1</code>\x0abecomes\x20<code>v1.0.0</code>,\x20and\x20<code>example.com/E</code>'s\x20<code>dev</code>\x20becomes\x20the\x20pseudo-version\x20for\x20the\x0alatest\x20commit\x20on\x20the\x20<code>dev</code>\x20branch,\x20perhaps\x20<code>v0.0.0-20180523231146-b3f5c0f6e5f1</code>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20update\x20modifies\x20requirements\x20to\x20respect\x20exclusions,\x20so\x20the\x20requirement\x20on\x0athe\x20excluded\x20<code>example.com/D\x20v1.2.3</code>\x20is\x20updated\x20to\x20use\x20the\x20next\x20available\x20version\x0aof\x20<code>example.com/D</code>,\x20perhaps\x20<code>v1.2.4</code>\x20or\x20<code>v1.3.0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20update\x20removes\x20redundant\x20or\x20misleading\x20requirements.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x0a<code>example.com/A\x20v1.0.0</code>\x20itself\x20requires\x20<code>example.com/B\x20v1.2.0</code>\x20and\x20<code>example.com/C\x20v1.0.0</code>,\x20then\x20<code>go.mod</code>'s\x20requirement\x20of\x20<code>example.com/B\x20v1.0.0</code>\x20is\x20misleading\x0a(superseded\x20by\x20<code>example.com/A</code>'s\x20need\x20for\x20<code>v1.2.0</code>),\x20and\x20its\x20requirement\x20of\x0a<code>example.com/C\x20v1.0.0</code>\x20is\x20redundant\x20(implied\x20by\x20<code>example.com/A</code>'s\x20need\x20for\x20the\x0asame\x20version),\x20so\x20both\x20will\x20be\x20removed.\x20If\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20contains\x20packages\x0athat\x20directly\x20import\x20packages\x20from\x20<code>example.com/B</code>\x20or\x20<code>example.com/C</code>,\x20then\x20the\x0arequirements\x20will\x20be\x20kept\x20but\x20updated\x20to\x20the\x20actual\x20versions\x20being\x20used.</p>\x0a<p>Finally,\x20the\x20update\x20reformats\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20in\x20a\x20canonical\x20formatting,\x20so\x0athat\x20future\x20mechanical\x20changes\x20will\x20result\x20in\x20minimal\x20diffs.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x0awill\x20not\x20update\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20if\x20only\x20formatting\x20changes\x20are\x20needed.</p>\x0a<p>Because\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20defines\x20the\x20meaning\x20of\x20import\x20statements,\x20any\x20commands\x0athat\x20load\x20packages\x20also\x20use\x20and\x20therefore\x20update\x20<code>go.mod</code>,\x20including\x20<code>go\x20build</code>,\x0a<code>go\x20get</code>,\x20<code>go\x20install</code>,\x20<code>go\x20list</code>,\x20<code>go\x20test</code>,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20graph</code>,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>,\x20and\x0a<code>go\x20mod\x20why</code>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-mod=readonly</code>\x20flag\x20prevents\x20commands\x20from\x20automatically\x20updating\x0a<code>go.mod</code>.\x20However,\x20if\x20a\x20command\x20needs\x20to\x20perform\x20an\x20action\x20that\x20would\x0aupdate\x20to\x20<code>go.mod</code>,\x20it\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x0a<code>go\x20build</code>\x20is\x20asked\x20to\x20build\x20a\x20package\x20not\x20provided\x20by\x20any\x20module\x20in\x20the\x20build\x0alist,\x20<code>go\x20build</code>\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error\x20instead\x20of\x20looking\x20up\x20the\x20module\x20and\x0aupdating\x20requirements\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.</p>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"minimal-version-selection\">Minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</h2>\x0a<p>Go\x20uses\x20an\x20algorithm\x20called\x20<dfn>Minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</dfn>\x20to\x20select\x0aa\x20set\x20of\x20module\x20versions\x20to\x20use\x20when\x20building\x20packages.\x20MVS\x20is\x20described\x20in\x0adetail\x20in\x20<a\x20href=\"https://research.swtch.com/vgo-mvs\">Minimal\x20Version\x20Selection</a>\x20by\x0aRuss\x20Cox.</p>\x0a<p>Conceptually,\x20MVS\x20operates\x20on\x20a\x20directed\x20graph\x20of\x20modules,\x20specified\x20with\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20files</a>.\x20Each\x20vertex\x20in\x20the\x20graph\x20represents\x20a\x0amodule\x20version.\x20Each\x20edge\x20represents\x20a\x20minimum\x20required\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20dependency,\x0aspecified\x20using\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-require\"><code>require</code></a>\x0adirective.\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-replace\"><code>replace</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-exclude\"><code>exclude</code></a>\x0adirectives\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20modify\x20the\x20graph.</p>\x0a<p>MVS\x20produces\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>\x20as\x20output,\x20the\x20list\x20of\x20module\x0aversions\x20used\x20for\x20a\x20build.</p>\x0a<p>MVS\x20starts\x20at\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20(a\x20special\x20vertex\x20in\x20the\x20graph\x20that\x20has\x20no\x0aversion)\x20and\x20traverses\x20the\x20graph,\x20tracking\x20the\x20highest\x20required\x20version\x20of\x20each\x0amodule.\x20At\x20the\x20end\x20of\x20the\x20traversal,\x20the\x20highest\x20required\x20versions\x20comprise\x20the\x0abuild\x20list:\x20they\x20are\x20the\x20minimum\x20versions\x20that\x20satisfy\x20all\x20requirements.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20build\x20list\x20may\x20be\x20inspected\x20with\x20the\x20command\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code></a>.\x20Unlike\x20other\x20dependency\x20management\x20systems,\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20is\x0anot\x20saved\x20in\x20a\x20"lock"\x20file.\x20MVS\x20is\x20deterministic,\x20and\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20doesn't\x0achange\x20when\x20new\x20versions\x20of\x20dependencies\x20are\x20released,\x20so\x20MVS\x20is\x20used\x20to\x20compute\x0ait\x20at\x20the\x20beginning\x20of\x20every\x20module-aware\x20command.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20in\x20the\x20diagram\x20below.\x20The\x20main\x20module\x20requires\x20module\x20A\x0aat\x20version\x201.2\x20or\x20higher\x20and\x20module\x20B\x20at\x20version\x201.2\x20or\x20higher.\x20A\x201.2\x20and\x20B\x201.2\x0arequire\x20C\x201.3\x20and\x20C\x201.4,\x20respectively.\x20C\x201.3\x20and\x20C\x201.4\x20both\x20require\x20D\x201.2.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/buildlist.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20visited\x20versions\x20highlighted\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20build\x20list\x20graph\"></p>\x0a<p>MVS\x20visits\x20and\x20loads\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20for\x20each\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x0ahighlighted\x20in\x20blue.\x20At\x20the\x20end\x20of\x20the\x20graph\x20traversal,\x20MVS\x20returns\x20a\x20build\x20list\x0acontaining\x20the\x20bolded\x20versions:\x20A\x201.2,\x20B\x201.2,\x20C\x201.4,\x20and\x20D\x201.2.\x20Note\x20that\x20higher\x0aversions\x20of\x20B\x20and\x20D\x20are\x20available\x20but\x20MVS\x20does\x20not\x20select\x20them,\x20since\x20nothing\x0arequires\x20them.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-replace\">Replacement</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20content\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20(including\x20its\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file)\x20may\x20be\x20replaced\x20using\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-replace\"><code>replace</code>\x20directive</a>\x20in\x20the\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x0aA\x20<code>replace</code>\x20directive\x20may\x20apply\x20to\x20a\x20specific\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20or\x20to\x20all\x0aversions\x20of\x20a\x20module.</p>\x0a<p>Replacements\x20change\x20the\x20module\x20graph,\x20since\x20a\x20replacement\x20module\x20may\x20have\x0adifferent\x20dependencies\x20than\x20replaced\x20versions.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below,\x20where\x20C\x201.4\x20has\x20been\x20replaced\x20with\x20R.\x20R\x20depends\x20on\x20D\x0a1.3\x20instead\x20of\x20D\x201.2,\x20so\x20MVS\x20returns\x20a\x20build\x20list\x20containing\x20A\x201.2,\x20B\x201.2,\x20C\x201.4\x0a(replaced\x20with\x20R),\x20and\x20D\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/replace.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20a\x20replacement\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20replacment\"></p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-exclude\">Exclusion</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20may\x20also\x20be\x20excluded\x20at\x20specific\x20versions\x20using\x20an\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-exclude\"><code>exclude</code>\x0adirective</a>\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<p>Exclusions\x20also\x20change\x20the\x20module\x20graph.\x20When\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20excluded,\x20it\x20is\x0aremoved\x20from\x20the\x20module\x20graph,\x20and\x20requirements\x20on\x20it\x20are\x20redirected\x20to\x20the\x0anext\x20higher\x20version.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below.\x20C\x201.3\x20has\x20been\x20excluded.\x20MVS\x20will\x20act\x20as\x20if\x20A\x201.2\x0arequired\x20C\x201.4\x20(the\x20next\x20higher\x20version)\x20instead\x20of\x20C\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/exclude.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20an\x20exclusion\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20exclude\"></p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-upgrade\">Upgrades</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20command\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20upgrade\x20a\x20set\x20of\x20modules.\x20To\x0aperform\x20an\x20upgrade,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20changes\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20before\x20running\x20MVS\x0aby\x20adding\x20edges\x20from\x20visited\x20versions\x20to\x20upgraded\x20versions.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below.\x20Module\x20B\x20may\x20be\x20upgraded\x20from\x201.2\x20to\x201.3,\x20C\x20may\x20be\x0aupgraded\x20from\x201.3\x20to\x201.4,\x20and\x20D\x20may\x20be\x20upgraded\x20from\x201.2\x20to\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/upgrade.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20upgrades\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20upgrade\"></p>\x0a<p>Upgrades\x20(and\x20downgrades)\x20may\x20add\x20or\x20remove\x20indirect\x20dependencies.\x20In\x20this\x20case,\x0aE\x201.1\x20and\x20F\x201.1\x20appear\x20in\x20the\x20build\x20list\x20after\x20the\x20upgrade,\x20since\x20E\x201.1\x20is\x0arequired\x20by\x20B\x201.3.</p>\x0a<p>To\x20preserve\x20upgrades,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20updates\x20the\x20requirements\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20\x20It\x0awill\x20change\x20the\x20requirement\x20on\x20B\x20to\x20version\x201.3.\x20It\x20will\x20also\x20add\x20requirements\x0aon\x20C\x201.4\x20and\x20D\x201.3\x20with\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments,\x20since\x20those\x20versions\x20would\x20not\x0abe\x20selected\x20otherwise.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"mvs-downgrade\">Downgrade</h3>\x0a<p>The\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20command\x20may\x20also\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20downgrade\x20a\x20set\x20of\x0amodules.\x20To\x20perform\x20a\x20downgrade,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20changes\x20the\x20module\x20graph\x20by\x0aremoving\x20versions\x20above\x20the\x20downgraded\x20versions.\x20It\x20also\x20removes\x20versions\x20of\x0aother\x20modules\x20that\x20depend\x20on\x20removed\x20versions,\x20since\x20they\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20compatible\x0awith\x20the\x20downgraded\x20versions\x20of\x20their\x20dependencies.\x20If\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20requires\x0aa\x20module\x20version\x20removed\x20by\x20downgrading,\x20the\x20requirement\x20is\x20changed\x20to\x20a\x0aprevious\x20version\x20that\x20has\x20not\x20been\x20removed.\x20If\x20no\x20previous\x20version\x20is\x20available,\x0athe\x20requirement\x20is\x20dropped.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20below.\x20Suppose\x20that\x20a\x20problem\x20was\x20found\x20with\x20C\x201.4,\x20so\x20we\x0adowngrade\x20to\x20C\x201.3.\x20C\x201.4\x20is\x20removed\x20from\x20the\x20module\x20graph.\x20B\x201.2\x20is\x20also\x0aremoved,\x20since\x20it\x20requires\x20C\x201.4\x20or\x20higher.\x20The\x20main\x20module's\x20requirement\x20on\x20B\x0ais\x20changed\x20to\x201.1.</p>\x0a<p><img\x20src=\"/doc/mvs/downgrade.svg\"\x20alt=\"Module\x20version\x20graph\x20with\x20downgrade\"\x20title=\"MVS\x20downgrade\"></p>\x0a<p><a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20can\x20also\x20remove\x20dependencies\x20entirely,\x20using\x20an\x20<code>@none</code>\x0asuffix\x20after\x20an\x20argument.\x20This\x20works\x20similarly\x20to\x20a\x20downgrade.\x20All\x20versions\x0aof\x20the\x20named\x20module\x20are\x20removed\x20from\x20the\x20module\x20graph.</p>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"non-module-compat\">Compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x20repositories</h2>\x0a<p>To\x20ensure\x20a\x20smooth\x20transition\x20from\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20to\x20modules,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20can\x0adownload\x20and\x20build\x20packages\x20in\x20module-aware\x20mode\x20from\x20repositories\x20that\x20have\x20not\x0amigrated\x20to\x20modules\x20by\x20adding\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20file</a>.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20downloads\x20a\x20module\x20at\x20a\x20given\x20version\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs\">directly</a>\x0afrom\x20a\x20repository,\x20it\x20looks\x20up\x20a\x20repository\x20URL\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20path,\x20maps\x20the\x0aversion\x20to\x20a\x20revision\x20within\x20the\x20repository,\x20then\x20extracts\x20an\x20archive\x20of\x20the\x0arepository\x20at\x20that\x20revision.\x20If\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module's\x20path</a>\x20is\x20equal\x0ato\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-repository-root-path\">repository\x20root\x20path</a>,\x20and\x20the\x20repository\x0aroot\x20directory\x20does\x20not\x20contain\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20synthesizes\x20a\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20that\x20contains\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-module\"><code>module</code>\x0adirective</a>\x20and\x20nothing\x20else.\x20Since\x20synthetic\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20do\x0anot\x20contain\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-require\"><code>require</code>\x20directives</a>\x20for\x20their\x20dependencies,\x0aother\x20modules\x20that\x20depend\x20on\x20them\x20may\x20need\x20additional\x20<code>require</code>\x20directives\x20(with\x0a<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments)\x20to\x20ensure\x20each\x20dependency\x20is\x20fetched\x20at\x20the\x20same\x20version\x0aon\x20every\x20build.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20downloads\x20a\x20module\x20from\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#communicating-with-proxies\">proxy</a>,\x20it\x20downloads\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20separately\x0afrom\x20the\x20rest\x20of\x20the\x20module\x20content.\x20The\x20proxy\x20is\x20expected\x20to\x20serve\x20a\x20synthetic\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20if\x20the\x20original\x20module\x20didn't\x20have\x20one.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"incompatible-versions\"><code>+incompatible</code>\x20versions</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20released\x20at\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher\x20must\x20have\x20a\x20matching\x20<a\x20href=\"#major-version-suffixes\">major\x0aversion\x20suffix</a>\x20on\x20its\x20module\x20path.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20a\x0amodule\x20is\x20released\x20at\x20<code>v2.0.0</code>,\x20its\x20path\x20must\x20have\x20a\x20<code>/v2</code>\x20suffix.\x20This\x20allows\x0athe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20to\x20treat\x20multiple\x20major\x20versions\x20of\x20a\x20project\x20as\x20distinct\x0amodules,\x20even\x20if\x20they're\x20developed\x20in\x20the\x20same\x20repository.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20major\x20version\x20suffix\x20requirement\x20was\x20introduced\x20when\x20module\x20support\x20was\x0aadded\x20to\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command,\x20and\x20many\x20repositories\x20had\x20already\x20tagged\x20releases\x0awith\x20major\x20version\x20<code>2</code>\x20or\x20higher\x20before\x20that.\x20To\x20maintain\x20compatibility\x20with\x0athese\x20repositories,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20adds\x20an\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20suffix\x20to\x20versions\x0awith\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher\x20without\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x0aindicates\x20that\x20a\x20version\x20is\x20part\x20of\x20the\x20same\x20module\x20as\x20versions\x20with\x20lower\x20major\x0aversion\x20numbers;\x20consequently,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20may\x20automatically\x20upgrade\x20to\x0ahigher\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20versions\x20even\x20though\x20it\x20may\x20break\x20the\x20build.</p>\x0a<p>Consider\x20the\x20example\x20requirement\x20below:</p>\x0a<pre><code>require\x20example.com/m\x20v4.1.2+incompatible\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20version\x20<code>v4.1.2+incompatible</code>\x20refers\x20to\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-semantic-version-tag\">semantic\x20version\x0atag</a>\x20<code>v4.1.2</code>\x20in\x20the\x20repository\x20that\x20provides\x20the\x0amodule\x20<code>example.com/m</code>.\x20The\x20module\x20must\x20be\x20in\x20the\x20repository\x20root\x20directory\x0a(that\x20is,\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">repository\x20root\x20path</a>\x20must\x20also\x20be\x0a<code>example.com/m</code>),\x20and\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20must\x20not\x20be\x20present.\x20The\x20module\x20may\x20have\x0aversions\x20with\x20lower\x20major\x20version\x20numbers\x20like\x20<code>v1.5.2</code>,\x20and\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x0amay\x20upgrade\x20automatically\x20to\x20<code>v4.1.2+incompatible</code>\x20from\x20those\x20versions\x20(see\x0a<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</a>\x20for\x20information\x0aon\x20how\x20upgrades\x20work).</p>\x0a<p>A\x20repository\x20that\x20migrates\x20to\x20modules\x20after\x20version\x20<code>v2.0.0</code>\x20is\x20tagged\x20should\x0ausually\x20release\x20a\x20new\x20major\x20version.\x20In\x20the\x20example\x20above,\x20the\x20author\x20should\x0acreate\x20a\x20module\x20with\x20the\x20path\x20<code>example.com/m/v5</code>\x20and\x20should\x20release\x20version\x0a<code>v5.0.0</code>.\x20The\x20author\x20should\x20also\x20update\x20imports\x20of\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20to\x20use\x0athe\x20prefix\x20<code>example.com/m/v5</code>\x20instead\x20of\x20<code>example.com/m</code>.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"https://blog.golang.org/v2-go-modules\">Go\x20Modules:\x20v2\x0aand\x20Beyond</a>\x20for\x20a\x20more\x20detailed\x20example.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20the\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20suffix\x20should\x20not\x20appear\x20on\x20a\x20tag\x20in\x20a\x20repository;\x0aa\x20tag\x20like\x20<code>v4.1.2+incompatible</code>\x20will\x20be\x20ignored.\x20The\x20suffix\x20only\x20appears\x20in\x0aversions\x20used\x20by\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x0acommits</a>\x20for\x20details\x20on\x20the\x20distinction\x20between\x20versions\x20and\x20tags.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20also\x20that\x20the\x20<code>+incompatible</code>\x20suffix\x20may\x20appear\x20on\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-pseudo-version\">pseudo-versions</a>.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>v2.0.1-20200722182040-012345abcdef+incompatible</code>\x20may\x20be\x20a\x20valid\x20pseudo-version.</p>\x0a<!--\x20TODO(jayconrod):\x20Is\x20it\x20appropriate\x0ato\x20link\x20to\x20the\x20blog\x20here?\x20Ideally,\x20we\x20would\x20have\x20a\x20more\x20detailed\x20guide.\x20-->\x0a<h3\x20id=\"minimal-module-compatibility\">Minimal\x20module\x20compatibility</h3>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20released\x20at\x20major\x20version\x202\x20or\x20higher\x20is\x20required\x20to\x20have\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-suffix\">major\x0aversion\x20suffix</a>\x20on\x20its\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x0apath</a>.\x20The\x20module\x20may\x20or\x20may\x20not\x20be\x20developed\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-subdirectory\">major\x0aversion\x20subdirectory</a>\x20within\x20its\x20repository.\x0aThis\x20has\x20implications\x20for\x20packages\x20that\x20import\x20packages\x20within\x20the\x20module\x20when\x0abuilding\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode.</p>\x0a<p>Normally\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode,\x20a\x20package\x20is\x20stored\x20in\x20a\x20directory\x20matching\x20its\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-repository-root-path\">repository's\x20root\x20path</a>\x20joined\x20with\x20its\x20diretory\x0awithin\x20the\x20repository.\x20For\x20example,\x20a\x20package\x20in\x20the\x20repository\x20with\x20root\x20path\x0a<code>example.com/repo</code>\x20in\x20the\x20subdirectory\x20<code>sub</code>\x20would\x20be\x20stored\x20in\x0a<code>$GOPATH/src/example.com/repo/sub</code>\x20and\x20would\x20be\x20imported\x20as\x0a<code>example.com/repo/sub</code>.</p>\x0a<p>For\x20a\x20module\x20with\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix,\x20one\x20might\x20expect\x20to\x20find\x20the\x20package\x0a<code>example.com/repo/v2/sub</code>\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x0a<code>$GOPATH/src/example.com/repo/v2/sub</code>.\x20This\x20would\x20require\x20the\x20module\x20to\x20be\x0adeveloped\x20in\x20the\x20<code>v2</code>\x20subdirectory\x20of\x20its\x20repository.\x20The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20supports\x0athis\x20but\x20does\x20not\x20require\x20it\x20(see\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x20commits</a>).</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20module\x20is\x20<em>not</em>\x20developed\x20in\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20subdirectory,\x20then\x20its\x0adirectory\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20will\x20not\x20contain\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix,\x20and\x20its\x0apackages\x20may\x20be\x20imported\x20without\x20the\x20major\x20version\x20suffix.\x20In\x20the\x20example\x20above,\x0athe\x20package\x20would\x20be\x20found\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20<code>$GOPATH/src/example.com/repo/sub</code>\x0aand\x20would\x20be\x20imported\x20as\x20<code>example.com/repo/sub</code>.</p>\x0a<p>This\x20creates\x20a\x20problem\x20for\x20packages\x20intended\x20to\x20be\x20built\x20in\x20both\x20module\x20mode\x0aand\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode:\x20module\x20mode\x20requires\x20a\x20suffix,\x20while\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode\x20does\x20not.</p>\x0a<p>To\x20fix\x20this,\x20<dfn>minimal\x20module\x20compatibility</dfn>\x20was\x20added\x20in\x20Go\x201.11\x20and\x0awas\x20backported\x20to\x20Go\x201.9.7\x20and\x201.10.3.\x20When\x20an\x20import\x20path\x20is\x20resolved\x20to\x20a\x0adirectory\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>When\x20resolving\x20an\x20import\x20of\x20the\x20form\x20<code>$modpath/$vn/$dir</code>\x20where:\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><code>$modpath</code>\x20is\x20a\x20valid\x20module\x20path,</li>\x0a<li><code>$vn</code>\x20is\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20suffix,</li>\x0a<li><code>$dir</code>\x20is\x20a\x20possibly\x20empty\x20subdirectory,</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a</li>\x0a<li>If\x20all\x20of\x20the\x20following\x20are\x20true:\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20package\x20<code>$modpath/$vn/$dir</code>\x20is\x20not\x20present\x20in\x20any\x20relevant\x20<code>vendor</code>\x0adirectory.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20present\x20in\x20the\x20same\x20directory\x20as\x20the\x20importing\x20file\x0aor\x20in\x20any\x20parent\x20directory\x20up\x20to\x20the\x20<code>$GOPATH/src</code>\x20root,</li>\x0a<li>No\x20<code>$GOPATH[i]/src/$modpath/$vn/$suffix</code>\x20directory\x20exists\x20(for\x20any\x20root\x0a<code>$GOPATH[i]</code>),</li>\x0a<li>The\x20file\x20<code>$GOPATH[d]/src/$modpath/go.mod</code>\x20exists\x20(for\x20some\x20root\x0a<code>$GOPATH[d]</code>)\x20and\x20declares\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20as\x20<code>$modpath/$vn</code>,</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a</li>\x0a<li>Then\x20the\x20import\x20of\x20<code>$modpath/$vn/$dir</code>\x20is\x20resolved\x20to\x20the\x20directory\x0a<code>$GOPATH[d]/src/$modpath/$dir</code>.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>This\x20rules\x20allow\x20packages\x20that\x20have\x20been\x20migrated\x20to\x20modules\x20to\x20import\x20other\x0apackages\x20that\x20have\x20been\x20migrated\x20to\x20modules\x20when\x20built\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode\x20even\x0awhen\x20a\x20major\x20version\x20subdirectory\x20was\x20not\x20used.</p>\x0a<h2\x20id=\"mod-commands\">Module-aware\x20commands</h2>\x0a<p>Most\x20<code>go</code>\x20commands\x20may\x20run\x20in\x20<em>Module-aware\x20mode</em>\x20or\x20<em><code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode</em>.\x20In\x0amodule-aware\x20mode,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20uses\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20to\x20find\x20versioned\x0adependencies,\x20and\x20it\x20typically\x20loads\x20packages\x20out\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x0acache</a>,\x20downloading\x20modules\x20if\x20they\x20are\x20missing.\x20In\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x0amode,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20ignores\x20modules;\x20it\x20looks\x20in\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directories\x20and\x20in\x0a<code>GOPATH</code>\x20to\x20find\x20dependencies.</p>\x0a<p>Module-aware\x20mode\x20is\x20active\x20by\x20default\x20whenever\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20found\x20in\x20the\x0acurrent\x20directory\x20or\x20in\x20any\x20parent\x20directory.\x20For\x20more\x20fine-grained\x20control,\x20the\x0a<code>GO111MODULE</code>\x20environment\x20variable\x20may\x20be\x20set\x20to\x20one\x20of\x20three\x20values:\x20<code>on</code>,\x0a<code>off</code>,\x20or\x20<code>auto</code>.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>If\x20<code>GO111MODULE=off</code>,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20ignores\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20and\x20runs\x20in\x0a<code>GOPATH</code>\x20mode.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20<code>GO111MODULE=on</code>,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20runs\x20in\x20module-aware\x20mode,\x20even\x20when\x0ano\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20present.\x20Not\x20all\x20commands\x20work\x20without\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file:\x0asee\x20<a\x20href=\"#commands-outside\">Module\x20commands\x20outside\x20a\x20module</a>.</li>\x0a<li>If\x20<code>GO111MODULE=auto</code>\x20or\x20is\x20unset,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20runs\x20in\x20module-aware\x0amode\x20if\x20a\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20is\x20present\x20in\x20the\x20current\x20directory\x20or\x20any\x20parent\x0adirectory\x20(the\x20default\x20behavior).</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>In\x20module-aware\x20mode,\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20no\x20longer\x20defines\x20the\x20meaning\x20of\x20imports\x20during\x20a\x0abuild,\x20but\x20it\x20still\x20stores\x20downloaded\x20dependencies\x20(in\x20<code>GOPATH/pkg/mod</code>;\x20see\x0a<a\x20href=\"#module-cache\">Module\x20cache</a>)\x20and\x20installed\x20commands\x20(in\x20<code>GOPATH/bin</code>,\x20unless\x0a<code>GOBIN</code>\x20is\x20set).</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"build-commands\">Build\x20commands</h3>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"vendoring\">Vendoring</h3>\x0a<p>When\x20using\x20modules,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20typically\x20satisfies\x20dependencies\x20by\x0adownloading\x20modules\x20from\x20their\x20sources\x20into\x20the\x20module\x20cache,\x20then\x20loading\x0apackages\x20from\x20those\x20downloaded\x20copies.\x20<em>Vendoring</em>\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20allow\x0ainteroperation\x20with\x20older\x20versions\x20of\x20Go,\x20or\x20to\x20ensure\x20that\x20all\x20files\x20used\x20for\x20a\x0abuild\x20are\x20stored\x20in\x20a\x20single\x20file\x20tree.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20command\x20constructs\x20a\x20directory\x20named\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule's</a>\x20root\x20directory\x20containing\x20copies\x20of\x20all\x20packages\x0aneeded\x20to\x20build\x20and\x20test\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20Packages\x20that\x20are\x20only\x0aimported\x20by\x20tests\x20of\x20packages\x20outside\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20are\x20not\x20included.\x20As\x20with\x0a<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20and\x20other\x20module\x20commands,\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-constraint\">build\x0aconstraints</a>\x20except\x20for\x20<code>ignore</code>\x20are\x20not\x20considered\x20when\x0aconstructing\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20also\x20creates\x20the\x20file\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20that\x20contains\x20a\x20list\x0aof\x20vendored\x20packages\x20and\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20they\x20were\x20copied\x20from.\x20When\x0avendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20this\x20manifest\x20is\x20used\x20as\x20a\x20source\x20of\x20module\x20version\x0ainformation,\x20as\x20reported\x20by\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-version-m\"><code>go\x20version\x20-m</code></a>.\x20When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20reads\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>,\x20it\x20checks\x0athat\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20are\x20consistent\x20with\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20If\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20has\x20changed\x0asince\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20was\x20generated,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20report\x20an\x20error.\x0a<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20should\x20be\x20run\x20again\x20to\x20update\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20is\x20present\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x20root\x20directory,\x20it\x0awill\x20be\x20used\x20automatically\x20if\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-go\"><code>go</code>\x20version</a>\x20in\x20the\x20main\x0amodule's\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-go.mod-file\"><code>go.mod</code>\x20file</a>\x20is\x20<code>1.14</code>\x20or\x20higher.\x20To\x20explicitly\x0aenable\x20vendoring,\x20invoke\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20with\x20the\x20flag\x20<code>-mod=vendor</code>.\x20To\x0adisable\x20vendoring,\x20use\x20the\x20flag\x20<code>-mod=mod</code>.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20vendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20<a\x20href=\"#build-commands\">build\x20commands</a>\x20like\x20<code>go\x20build</code>\x20and\x0a<code>go\x20test</code>\x20load\x20packages\x20from\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20instead\x20of\x20accessing\x20the\x0anetwork\x20or\x20the\x20local\x20module\x20cache.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>\x20command\x20only\x0aprints\x20information\x20about\x20modules\x20listed\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20<code>go\x20mod</code>\x20commands\x20such\x20as\x0a<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-download\"><code>go\x20mod\x20download</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20do\x20not\x0awork\x20differently\x20when\x20vendoring\x20is\x20enabled\x20and\x20will\x20still\x20download\x20modules\x20and\x0aaccess\x20the\x20module\x20cache.\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>\x20also\x20does\x20not\x20work\x20differently\x20when\x0avendoring\x20is\x20enabled.</p>\x0a<p>Unlike\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/s/go15vendor\">vendoring\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code></a>,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x0acommand\x20ignores\x20vendor\x20directories\x20in\x20locations\x20other\x20than\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x0aroot\x20directory.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20get\x20[-d]\x20[-t]\x20[-u]\x20[build\x20flags]\x20[packages]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Examples:</p>\x0a<pre><code>#\x20Install\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20tool.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports\x0a\x0a#\x20Upgrade\x20a\x20specific\x20module.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/net\x0a\x0a#\x20Upgrade\x20modules\x20that\x20provide\x20packages\x20imported\x20by\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20-u\x20./...\x0a\x0a#\x20Upgrade\x20or\x20downgrade\x20to\x20a\x20specific\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/text@v0.3.2\x0a\x0a#\x20Update\x20to\x20the\x20commit\x20on\x20the\x20module's\x20master\x20branch.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/text@master\x0a\x0a#\x20Remove\x20a\x20dependency\x20on\x20a\x20module\x20and\x20downgrade\x20modules\x20that\x20require\x20it\x0a#\x20to\x20versions\x20that\x20don't\x20require\x20it.\x0a$\x20go\x20get\x20-d\x20golang.org/x/text@none\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20command\x20updates\x20module\x20dependencies\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-files\"><code>go.mod</code>\x0afile</a>\x20for\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x20module</a>,\x20then\x20builds\x20and\x0ainstalls\x20packages\x20listed\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20first\x20step\x20is\x20to\x20determine\x20which\x20modules\x20to\x20update.\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20accepts\x20a\x20list\x0aof\x20packages,\x20package\x20patterns,\x20and\x20module\x20paths\x20as\x20arguments.\x20If\x20a\x20package\x0aargument\x20is\x20specified,\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20updates\x20the\x20module\x20that\x20provides\x20the\x20package.\x0aIf\x20a\x20package\x20pattern\x20is\x20specified\x20(for\x20example,\x20<code>all</code>\x20or\x20a\x20path\x20with\x20a\x20<code>...</code>\x0awildcard),\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20expands\x20the\x20pattern\x20to\x20a\x20set\x20of\x20packages,\x20then\x20updates\x20the\x0amodules\x20that\x20provide\x20the\x20packages.\x20If\x20an\x20argument\x20names\x20a\x20module\x20but\x20not\x20a\x0apackage\x20(for\x20example,\x20the\x20module\x20<code>golang.org/x/net</code>\x20has\x20no\x20package\x20in\x20its\x20root\x0adirectory),\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20update\x20the\x20module\x20but\x20will\x20not\x20build\x20a\x20package.\x20If\x20no\x0aarguments\x20are\x20specified,\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20acts\x20as\x20if\x20<code>.</code>\x20were\x20specified\x20(the\x20package\x20in\x0athe\x20current\x20directory);\x20this\x20may\x20be\x20used\x20together\x20with\x20the\x20<code>-u</code>\x20flag\x20to\x20update\x0amodules\x20that\x20provide\x20imported\x20packages.</p>\x0a<p>Each\x20argument\x20may\x20include\x20a\x20<dfn>version\x20query\x20suffix</dfn>\x20indicating\x20the\x0adesired\x20version,\x20as\x20in\x20<code>go\x20get\x20golang.org/x/text@v0.3.0</code>.\x20A\x20version\x20query\x0asuffix\x20consists\x20of\x20an\x20<code>@</code>\x20symbol\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#version-queries\">version\x20query</a>,\x0awhich\x20may\x20indicate\x20a\x20specific\x20version\x20(<code>v0.3.0</code>),\x20a\x20version\x20prefix\x20(<code>v0.3</code>),\x0aa\x20branch\x20or\x20tag\x20name\x20(<code>master</code>),\x20a\x20revision\x20(<code>1234abcd</code>),\x20or\x20one\x20of\x20the\x20special\x0aqueries\x20<code>latest</code>,\x20<code>upgrade</code>,\x20<code>patch</code>,\x20or\x20<code>none</code>.\x20If\x20no\x20version\x20is\x20given,\x0a<code>go\x20get</code>\x20uses\x20the\x20<code>@upgrade</code>\x20query.</p>\x0a<p>Once\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20has\x20resolved\x20its\x20arguments\x20to\x20specific\x20modules\x20and\x20versions,\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20add,\x20change,\x20or\x20remove\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-require\"><code>require</code>\x20directives</a>\x20in\x20the\x0amain\x20module's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20to\x20ensure\x20the\x20modules\x20remain\x20at\x20the\x20desired\x0aversions\x20in\x20the\x20future.\x20Note\x20that\x20required\x20versions\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20are\x0a<em>minimum\x20versions</em>\x20and\x20may\x20be\x20increased\x20automatically\x20as\x20new\x20dependencies\x20are\x0aadded.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">Minimal\x20version\x20selection\x20(MVS)</a>\x20for\x0adetails\x20on\x20how\x20versions\x20are\x20selected\x20and\x20conflicts\x20are\x20resolved\x20by\x20module-aware\x0acommands.</p>\x0a<!--\x20TODO(jayconrod):\x20add\x20diagrams\x20for\x20the\x20examples\x20below.\x0aWe\x20need\x20a\x20consistent\x20strategy\x20for\x20visualizing\x20module\x20graphs\x20here,\x20in\x20the\x20MVS\x0asection,\x20and\x20perhaps\x20in\x20other\x20documentation\x20(blog\x20posts,\x20etc.).\x0a-->\x0a<p>Other\x20modules\x20may\x20be\x20upgraded\x20when\x20a\x20module\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line\x20is\x20added,\x0aupgraded,\x20or\x20downgraded\x20if\x20the\x20new\x20version\x20of\x20the\x20named\x20module\x20requires\x20other\x0amodules\x20at\x20higher\x20versions.\x20For\x20example,\x20suppose\x20module\x20<code>example.com/a</code>\x20is\x0aupgraded\x20to\x20version\x20<code>v1.5.0</code>,\x20and\x20that\x20version\x20requires\x20module\x20<code>example.com/b</code>\x0aat\x20version\x20<code>v1.2.0</code>.\x20If\x20module\x20<code>example.com/b</code>\x20is\x20currently\x20required\x20at\x20version\x0a<code>v1.1.0</code>,\x20<code>go\x20get\x20example.com/a@v1.5.0</code>\x20will\x20also\x20upgrade\x20<code>example.com/b</code>\x20to\x0a<code>v1.2.0</code>.</p>\x0a<p>Other\x20modules\x20may\x20be\x20downgraded\x20when\x20a\x20module\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line\x20is\x0adowngraded\x20or\x20removed.\x20To\x20continue\x20the\x20above\x20example,\x20suppose\x20module\x0a<code>example.com/b</code>\x20is\x20downgraded\x20to\x20<code>v1.1.0</code>.\x20Module\x20<code>example.com/a</code>\x20would\x20also\x20be\x0adowngraded\x20to\x20a\x20version\x20that\x20requires\x20<code>example.com/b</code>\x20at\x20version\x20<code>v1.1.0</code>\x20or\x0alower.</p>\x0a<p>A\x20module\x20requirement\x20may\x20be\x20removed\x20using\x20the\x20version\x20suffix\x20<code>@none</code>.\x20This\x20is\x20a\x0aspecial\x20kind\x20of\x20downgrade.\x20Modules\x20that\x20depend\x20on\x20the\x20removed\x20module\x20will\x20be\x0adowngraded\x20or\x20removed\x20as\x20needed.\x20A\x20module\x20requirement\x20may\x20be\x20removed\x20even\x20if\x20one\x0aor\x20more\x20of\x20its\x20packages\x20are\x20imported\x20by\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20In\x20this\x0acase,\x20the\x20next\x20build\x20command\x20may\x20add\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20requirement.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20module\x20is\x20needed\x20at\x20two\x20different\x20versions\x20(specified\x20explicitly\x20in\x20command\x0aline\x20arguments\x20or\x20to\x20satisfy\x20upgrades\x20and\x20downgrades),\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20report\x20an\x0aerror.</p>\x0a<p>After\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20updates\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file,\x20it\x20builds\x20the\x20packages\x20named\x0aon\x20the\x20command\x20line.\x20Executables\x20will\x20be\x20installed\x20in\x20the\x20directory\x20named\x20by\x0athe\x20<code>GOBIN</code>\x20environment\x20variable,\x20which\x20defaults\x20to\x20<code>$GOPATH/bin</code>\x20or\x0a<code>$HOME/go/bin</code>\x20if\x20the\x20<code>GOPATH</code>\x20environment\x20variable\x20is\x20not\x20set.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20get</code>\x20supports\x20the\x20following\x20flags:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-d</code>\x20flag\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20not\x20to\x20build\x20or\x20install\x20packages.\x20When\x20<code>-d</code>\x20is\x0aused,\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20only\x20manage\x20dependencies\x20in\x20<code>go.mod</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-u</code>\x20flag\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20upgrade\x20modules\x20providing\x20packages\x0aimported\x20directly\x20or\x20indirectly\x20by\x20packages\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line.\x0aEach\x20module\x20selected\x20by\x20<code>-u</code>\x20will\x20be\x20upgraded\x20to\x20its\x20latest\x20version\x20unless\x0ait\x20is\x20already\x20required\x20at\x20a\x20higher\x20version\x20(a\x20pre-release).</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-u=patch</code>\x20flag\x20(not\x20<code>-u\x20patch</code>)\x20also\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20upgrade\x0adependencies,\x20but\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20upgrade\x20each\x20dependency\x20to\x20the\x20latest\x20patch\x0aversion\x20(similar\x20to\x20the\x20<code>@patch</code>\x20version\x20query).</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-t</code>\x20flag\x20tells\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20consider\x20modules\x20needed\x20to\x20build\x20tests\x0aof\x20packages\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line.\x20When\x20<code>-t</code>\x20and\x20<code>-u</code>\x20are\x20used\x20together,\x0a<code>go\x20get</code>\x20will\x20update\x20test\x20dependencies\x20as\x20well.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-insecure</code>\x20flag\x20should\x20no\x20longer\x20be\x20used.\x20It\x20permits\x20<code>go\x20get</code>\x20to\x20resolve\x0acustom\x20import\x20paths\x20and\x20fetch\x20from\x20repositories\x20and\x20module\x20proxies\x20using\x0ainsecure\x20schemes\x20such\x20as\x20HTTP.\x20The\x20<code>GOINSECURE</code>\x20<a\x20href=\"#environment-variables\">environment\x0avariable</a>\x20provides\x20more\x20fine-grained\x20control\x20and\x0ashould\x20be\x20used\x20instead.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20[-u]\x20[-versions]\x20[list\x20flags]\x20[modules]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>$\x20go\x20list\x20-m\x20all\x0a$\x20go\x20list\x20-m\x20-versions\x20example.com/m\x0a$\x20go\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20example.com/m@latest\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-m</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20list</code>\x20to\x20list\x20modules\x20instead\x20of\x20packages.\x20In\x20this\x0amode,\x20the\x20arguments\x20to\x20<code>go\x20list</code>\x20may\x20be\x20modules,\x20module\x20patterns\x20(containing\x20the\x0a<code>...</code>\x20wildcard),\x20<a\x20href=\"#version-queries\">version\x20queries</a>,\x20or\x20the\x20special\x20pattern\x0a<code>all</code>,\x20which\x20matches\x20all\x20modules\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x20list</a>.\x20If\x20no\x0aarguments\x20are\x20specified,\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x20module</a>\x20is\x20listed.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20listing\x20modules,\x20the\x20<code>-f</code>\x20flag\x20still\x20specifies\x20a\x20format\x20template\x20applied\x0ato\x20a\x20Go\x20struct,\x20but\x20now\x20a\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct:</p>\x0a<pre><code>type\x20Module\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20module\x20path\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20module\x20version\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Versions\x20\x20[]string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20available\x20module\x20versions\x20(with\x20-versions)\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Replace\x20\x20\x20*Module\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20replaced\x20by\x20this\x20module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Time\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20*time.Time\x20\x20\x20//\x20time\x20version\x20was\x20created\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Update\x20\x20\x20\x20*Module\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20available\x20update,\x20if\x20any\x20(with\x20-u)\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Main\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20bool\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20is\x20this\x20the\x20main\x20module?\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Indirect\x20\x20bool\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20is\x20this\x20module\x20only\x20an\x20indirect\x20dependency\x20of\x20main\x20module?\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Dir\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20directory\x20holding\x20files\x20for\x20this\x20module,\x20if\x20any\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoMod\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20path\x20to\x20go.mod\x20file\x20for\x20this\x20module,\x20if\x20any\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoVersion\x20string\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20//\x20go\x20version\x20used\x20in\x20module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Error\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20*ModuleError\x20//\x20error\x20loading\x20module\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20ModuleError\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Err\x20string\x20//\x20the\x20error\x20itself\x0a}\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20default\x20output\x20is\x20to\x20print\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20then\x20information\x20about\x20the\x0aversion\x20and\x20replacement\x20if\x20any.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code>\x20might\x20print:</p>\x0a<pre><code>example.com/main/module\x0agolang.org/x/text\x20v0.3.0\x20=>\x20/tmp/text\x0arsc.io/pdf\x20v0.1.1\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct\x20has\x20a\x20<code>String</code>\x20method\x20that\x20formats\x20this\x20line\x20of\x20output,\x20so\x0athat\x20the\x20default\x20format\x20is\x20equivalent\x20to\x20<code>-f\x20'{{.String}}'</code>.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20when\x20a\x20module\x20has\x20been\x20replaced,\x20its\x20<code>Replace</code>\x20field\x20describes\x20the\x0areplacement\x20module\x20module,\x20and\x20its\x20<code>Dir</code>\x20field\x20is\x20set\x20to\x20the\x20replacement\x0amodule's\x20source\x20code,\x20if\x20present.\x20(That\x20is,\x20if\x20<code>Replace</code>\x20is\x20non-nil,\x20then\x20<code>Dir</code>\x0ais\x20set\x20to\x20<code>Replace.Dir</code>,\x20with\x20no\x20access\x20to\x20the\x20replaced\x20source\x20code.)</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-u</code>\x20flag\x20adds\x20information\x20about\x20available\x20upgrades.\x20When\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x0aof\x20a\x20given\x20module\x20is\x20newer\x20than\x20the\x20current\x20one,\x20<code>list\x20-u</code>\x20sets\x20the\x20module's\x0a<code>Update</code>\x20field\x20to\x20information\x20about\x20the\x20newer\x20module.\x20The\x20module's\x20<code>String</code>\x0amethod\x20indicates\x20an\x20available\x20upgrade\x20by\x20formatting\x20the\x20newer\x20version\x20in\x0abrackets\x20after\x20the\x20current\x20version.\x20For\x20example,\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-u\x20all</code>\x20might\x0aprint:</p>\x0a<pre><code>example.com/main/module\x0agolang.org/x/text\x20v0.3.0\x20[v0.4.0]\x20=>\x20/tmp/text\x0arsc.io/pdf\x20v0.1.1\x20[v0.1.2]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>(For\x20tools,\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-u\x20-json\x20all</code>\x20may\x20be\x20more\x20convenient\x20to\x20parse.)</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-versions</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>list</code>\x20to\x20set\x20the\x20module's\x20<code>Versions</code>\x20field\x20to\x20a\x0alist\x20of\x20all\x20known\x20versions\x20of\x20that\x20module,\x20ordered\x20according\x20to\x20semantic\x0aversioning,\x20lowest\x20to\x20highest.\x20The\x20flag\x20also\x20changes\x20the\x20default\x20output\x20format\x0ato\x20display\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20followed\x20by\x20the\x20space-separated\x20version\x20list.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20template\x20function\x20<code>module</code>\x20takes\x20a\x20single\x20string\x20argument\x20that\x20must\x20be\x20a\x0amodule\x20path\x20or\x20query\x20and\x20returns\x20the\x20specified\x20module\x20as\x20a\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct.\x20If\x0aan\x20error\x20occurs,\x20the\x20result\x20will\x20be\x20a\x20<code>Module</code>\x20struct\x20with\x20a\x20non-nil\x20<code>Error</code>\x0afield.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-download\"><code>go\x20mod\x20download</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20download\x20[-json]\x20[-x]\x20[modules]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>$\x20go\x20mod\x20download\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20download\x20golang.org/x/mod@v0.2.0\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20download</code>\x20command\x20downloads\x20the\x20named\x20modules\x20into\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x0acache</a>.\x20Arguments\x20can\x20be\x20module\x20paths\x20or\x20module\x0apatterns\x20selecting\x20dependencies\x20of\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20or\x20<a\x20href=\"#version-queries\">version\x0aqueries</a>\x20of\x20the\x20form\x20<code>path@version</code>.\x20With\x20no\x20arguments,\x0a<code>download</code>\x20applies\x20to\x20all\x20dependencies\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x20module</a>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20automatically\x20download\x20modules\x20as\x20needed\x20during\x20ordinary\x0aexecution.\x20The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20download</code>\x20command\x20is\x20useful\x20mainly\x20for\x20pre-filling\x20the\x0amodule\x20cache\x20or\x20for\x20loading\x20data\x20to\x20be\x20served\x20by\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-proxy\">module\x0aproxy</a>.</p>\x0a<p>By\x20default,\x20<code>download</code>\x20writes\x20nothing\x20to\x20standard\x20output.\x20It\x20prints\x20progress\x0amessages\x20and\x20errors\x20to\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-json</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>download</code>\x20to\x20print\x20a\x20sequence\x20of\x20JSON\x20objects\x20to\x0astandard\x20output,\x20describing\x20each\x20downloaded\x20module\x20(or\x20failure),\x20corresponding\x0ato\x20this\x20Go\x20struct:</p>\x0a<pre><code>type\x20Module\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20module\x20path\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20\x20string\x20//\x20module\x20version\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Error\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20error\x20loading\x20module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Info\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20.info\x20file\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoMod\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20.mod\x20file\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Zip\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20.zip\x20file\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Dir\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20absolute\x20path\x20to\x20cached\x20source\x20root\x20directory\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20Sum\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x20//\x20checksum\x20for\x20path,\x20version\x20(as\x20in\x20go.sum)\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20GoModSum\x20string\x20//\x20checksum\x20for\x20go.mod\x20(as\x20in\x20go.sum)\x0a}\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-x</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>download</code>\x20to\x20print\x20the\x20commands\x20<code>download</code>\x20executes\x0ato\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-edit\"><code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20edit\x20[editing\x20flags]\x20[-fmt|-print|-json]\x20[go.mod]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>#\x20Add\x20a\x20replace\x20directive.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-replace\x20example.com/a@v1.0.0=./a\x0a\x0a#\x20Remove\x20a\x20replace\x20directive.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-dropreplace\x20example.com/a@v1.0.0\x0a\x0a#\x20Set\x20the\x20go\x20version,\x20add\x20a\x20requirement,\x20and\x20print\x20the\x20file\x0a#\x20instead\x20of\x20writing\x20it\x20to\x20disk.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-go=1.14\x20-require=example.com/m@v1.0.0\x20-print\x0a\x0a#\x20Format\x20the\x20go.mod\x20file.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-fmt\x0a\x0a#\x20Format\x20and\x20print\x20a\x20different\x20.mod\x20file.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-print\x20tools.mod\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20a\x20JSON\x20representation\x20of\x20the\x20go.mod\x20file.\x0a$\x20go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-json\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20command\x20provides\x20a\x20command-line\x20interface\x20for\x20editing\x20and\x0aformatting\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files,\x20for\x20use\x20primarily\x20by\x20tools\x20and\x20scripts.\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x0areads\x20only\x20one\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file;\x20it\x20does\x20not\x20look\x20up\x20information\x20about\x20other\x0amodules.\x20By\x20default,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20reads\x20and\x20writes\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20of\x20the\x0amain\x20module,\x20but\x20a\x20different\x20target\x20file\x20can\x20be\x20specified\x20after\x20the\x20editing\x0aflags.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20editing\x20flags\x20specify\x20a\x20sequence\x20of\x20editing\x20operations.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-module</code>\x20flag\x20changes\x20the\x20module's\x20path\x20(the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file's\x20module\x0aline).</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-go=version</code>\x20flag\x20sets\x20the\x20expected\x20Go\x20language\x20version.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-require=path@version</code>\x20and\x20<code>-droprequire=path</code>\x20flags\x20add\x20and\x20drop\x20a\x0arequirement\x20on\x20the\x20given\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20version.\x20Note\x20that\x20<code>-require</code>\x0aoverrides\x20any\x20existing\x20requirements\x20on\x20<code>path</code>.\x20These\x20flags\x20are\x20mainly\x20for\x0atools\x20that\x20understand\x20the\x20module\x20graph.\x20Users\x20should\x20prefer\x20<code>go\x20get\x20path@version</code>\x20or\x20<code>go\x20get\x20path@none</code>,\x20which\x20make\x20other\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20adjustments\x20as\x0aneeded\x20to\x20satisfy\x20constraints\x20imposed\x20by\x20other\x20modules.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-get\"><code>go\x20get</code></a>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-exclude=path@version</code>\x20and\x20<code>-dropexclude=path@version</code>\x20flags\x20add\x20and\x20drop\x0aan\x20exclusion\x20for\x20the\x20given\x20module\x20path\x20and\x20version.\x20Note\x20that\x0a<code>-exclude=path@version</code>\x20is\x20a\x20no-op\x20if\x20that\x20exclusion\x20already\x20exists.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-replace=old[@v]=new[@v]</code>\x20flag\x20adds\x20a\x20replacement\x20of\x20the\x20given\x20module\x0apath\x20and\x20version\x20pair.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20in\x20<code>old@v</code>\x20is\x20omitted,\x20a\x20replacement\x0awithout\x20a\x20version\x20on\x20the\x20left\x20side\x20is\x20added,\x20which\x20applies\x20to\x20all\x20versions\x20of\x0athe\x20old\x20module\x20path.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20in\x20<code>new@v</code>\x20is\x20omitted,\x20the\x20new\x20path\x20should\x20be\x0aa\x20local\x20module\x20root\x20directory,\x20not\x20a\x20module\x20path.\x20Note\x20that\x20<code>-replace</code>\x0aoverrides\x20any\x20redundant\x20replacements\x20for\x20<code>old[@v]</code>,\x20so\x20omitting\x20<code>@v</code>\x20will\x20drop\x0areplacements\x20for\x20specific\x20versions.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-dropreplace=old[@v]</code>\x20flag\x20drops\x20a\x20replacement\x20of\x20the\x20given\x20module\x20path\x0aand\x20version\x20pair.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20is\x20provided,\x20a\x20replacement\x20with\x20the\x20given\x0aversion\x20is\x20dropped.\x20An\x20existing\x20replacement\x20without\x20a\x20version\x20on\x20the\x20left\x20side\x0amay\x20still\x20replace\x20the\x20module.\x20If\x20the\x20<code>@v</code>\x20is\x20omitted,\x20a\x20replacement\x20without\x20a\x0aversion\x20is\x20dropped.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>The\x20editing\x20flags\x20may\x20be\x20repeated.\x20The\x20changes\x20are\x20applied\x20in\x20the\x20order\x20given.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20has\x20additional\x20flags\x20that\x20control\x20its\x20output.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-fmt</code>\x20flag\x20reformats\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20without\x20making\x20other\x20changes.\x0aThis\x20reformatting\x20is\x20also\x20implied\x20by\x20any\x20other\x20modifications\x20that\x20use\x20or\x0arewrite\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20The\x20only\x20time\x20this\x20flag\x20is\x20needed\x20is\x20if\x20no\x0aother\x20flags\x20are\x20specified,\x20as\x20in\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-fmt</code>.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-print</code>\x20flag\x20prints\x20the\x20final\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20in\x20its\x20text\x20format\x20instead\x20of\x0awriting\x20it\x20back\x20to\x20disk.</li>\x0a<li>The\x20<code>-json</code>\x20flag\x20prints\x20the\x20final\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20in\x20JSON\x20format\x20instead\x20of\x20writing\x0ait\x20back\x20to\x20disk\x20in\x20text\x20format.\x20The\x20JSON\x20output\x20corresponds\x20to\x20these\x20Go\x20types:</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<pre><code>type\x20Module\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20string\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20GoMod\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Module\x20\x20Module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Go\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Require\x20[]Require\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Exclude\x20[]Module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Replace\x20[]Replace\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20Require\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Path\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Version\x20string\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Indirect\x20bool\x0a}\x0a\x0atype\x20Replace\x20struct\x20{\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20Old\x20Module\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20New\x20Module\x0a}\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20this\x20only\x20describes\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20itself,\x20not\x20other\x20modules\x0areferred\x20to\x20indirectly.\x20For\x20the\x20full\x20set\x20of\x20modules\x20available\x20to\x20a\x20build,\x0ause\x20<code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20all</code>.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>.</p>\x0a<p>For\x20example,\x20a\x20tool\x20can\x20obtain\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20as\x20a\x20data\x20structure\x20by\x0aparsing\x20the\x20output\x20of\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20edit\x20-json</code>\x20and\x20can\x20then\x20make\x20changes\x20by\x20invoking\x0a<code>go\x20mod\x20edit</code>\x20with\x20<code>-require</code>,\x20<code>-exclude</code>,\x20and\x20so\x20on.</p>\x0a<p>Tools\x20may\x20also\x20use\x20the\x20package\x0a<a\x20href=\"https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/mod/modfile?tab=doc\"><code>golang.org/x/mod/modfile</code></a>\x0ato\x20parse,\x20edit,\x20and\x20format\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20files.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-init\"><code>go\x20mod\x20init</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20init\x20[module-path]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20init\x0ago\x20mod\x20init\x20example.com/m\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20init</code>\x20command\x20initializes\x20and\x20writes\x20a\x20new\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20in\x20the\x0acurrent\x20directory,\x20in\x20effect\x20creating\x20a\x20new\x20module\x20rooted\x20at\x20the\x20current\x0adirectory.\x20The\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20must\x20not\x20already\x20exist.</p>\x0a<p><code>init</code>\x20accepts\x20one\x20optional\x20argument,\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x20path</a>\x20for\x0athe\x20new\x20module.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#module-path\">Module\x20paths</a>\x20for\x20instructions\x20on\x20choosing\x0aa\x20module\x20path.\x20If\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20argument\x20is\x20omitted,\x20<code>init</code>\x20will\x20attempt\x0ato\x20infer\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20using\x20import\x20comments\x20in\x20<code>.go</code>\x20files,\x20vendoring\x20tool\x0aconfiguration\x20files,\x20and\x20the\x20current\x20directory\x20(if\x20in\x20<code>GOPATH</code>).</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20configuration\x20file\x20for\x20a\x20vendoring\x20tool\x20is\x20present,\x20<code>init</code>\x20will\x20attempt\x20to\x0aimport\x20module\x20requirements\x20from\x20it.\x20<code>init</code>\x20supports\x20the\x20following\x20configuration\x0afiles.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><code>GLOCKFILE</code>\x20(Glock)</li>\x0a<li><code>Godeps/Godeps.json</code>\x20(Godeps)</li>\x0a<li><code>Gopkg.lock</code>\x20(dep)</li>\x0a<li><code>dependencies.tsv</code>\x20(godeps)</li>\x0a<li><code>glide.lock</code>\x20(glide)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor.conf</code>\x20(trash)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor.yml</code>\x20(govend)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor/manifest</code>\x20(gvt)</li>\x0a<li><code>vendor/vendor.json</code>\x20(govendor)</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<p>Vendoring\x20tool\x20configuration\x20files\x20can't\x20always\x20be\x20translated\x20with\x20perfect\x0afidelity.\x20For\x20example,\x20if\x20multiple\x20packages\x20within\x20the\x20same\x20repository\x20are\x0aimported\x20at\x20different\x20versions,\x20and\x20the\x20repository\x20only\x20contains\x20one\x20module,\x20the\x0aimported\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20can\x20only\x20require\x20the\x20module\x20at\x20one\x20version.\x20You\x20may\x20wish\x20to\x0arun\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code></a>\x20to\x20check\x20all\x20versions\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x0alist</a>,\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20to\x20add\x20missing\x0arequirements\x20and\x20to\x20drop\x20unused\x20requirements.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy\x20[-v]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20ensures\x20that\x20the\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20matches\x20the\x20source\x20code\x20in\x20the\x0amodule.\x20It\x20adds\x20any\x20missing\x20module\x20requirements\x20necessary\x20to\x20build\x20the\x20current\x0amodule's\x20packages\x20and\x20dependencies,\x20and\x20it\x20removes\x20requirements\x20on\x20modules\x20that\x0adon't\x20provide\x20any\x20relevant\x20packages.\x20It\x20also\x20adds\x20any\x20missing\x20entries\x20to\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20and\x20removes\x20unnecessary\x20entries.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-v</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20to\x20print\x20information\x20about\x20removed\x20modules\x0ato\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20works\x20by\x20loading\x20all\x20of\x20the\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule</a>\x20and\x20all\x20of\x20the\x20packages\x20they\x20import,\x0arecursively.\x20This\x20includes\x20packages\x20imported\x20by\x20tests\x20(including\x20tests\x20in\x20other\x0amodules).\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20acts\x20as\x20if\x20all\x20build\x20tags\x20are\x20enabled,\x20so\x20it\x20will\x0aconsider\x20platform-specific\x20source\x20files\x20and\x20files\x20that\x20require\x20custom\x20build\x0atags,\x20even\x20if\x20those\x20source\x20files\x20wouldn't\x20normally\x20be\x20built.\x20There\x20is\x20one\x0aexception:\x20the\x20<code>ignore</code>\x20build\x20tag\x20is\x20not\x20enabled,\x20so\x20a\x20file\x20with\x20the\x20build\x0aconstraint\x20<code>//\x20+build\x20ignore</code>\x20will\x20not\x20be\x20considered.\x20Note\x20that\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x0awill\x20not\x20consider\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20in\x20directories\x20named\x20<code>testdata</code>\x20or\x0awith\x20names\x20that\x20start\x20with\x20<code>.</code>\x20or\x20<code>_</code>\x20unless\x20those\x20packages\x20are\x20explicitly\x0aimported\x20by\x20other\x20packages.</p>\x0a<p>Once\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20has\x20loaded\x20this\x20set\x20of\x20packages,\x20it\x20ensures\x20that\x20each\x20module\x0athat\x20provides\x20one\x20or\x20more\x20packages\x20either\x20has\x20a\x20<code>require</code>\x20directive\x20in\x20the\x20main\x0amodule's\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file\x20or\x20is\x20required\x20by\x20another\x20required\x20module.\x20\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x0awill\x20add\x20a\x20requirement\x20on\x20the\x20latest\x20version\x20on\x20each\x20missing\x20module\x20(see\x0a<a\x20href=\"#version-queries\">Version\x20queries</a>\x20for\x20the\x20definition\x20of\x20the\x20<code>latest</code>\x0aversion).\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20will\x20remove\x20<code>require</code>\x20directives\x20for\x20modules\x20that\x20don't\x0aprovide\x20any\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20set\x20described\x20above.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code>\x20may\x20also\x20add\x20or\x20remove\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comments\x20on\x20<code>require</code>\x0adirectives.\x20An\x20<code>//\x20indirect</code>\x20comment\x20denotes\x20a\x20module\x20that\x20does\x20not\x20provide\x0apackages\x20imported\x20by\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20These\x20requirements\x20will\x20be\x0apresent\x20if\x20the\x20module\x20that\x20imports\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20indirect\x20dependency\x20has\x0ano\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20file.\x20They\x20may\x20also\x20be\x20present\x20if\x20the\x20indirect\x20dependency\x20is\x0arequired\x20at\x20a\x20higher\x20version\x20than\x20is\x20implied\x20by\x20the\x20module\x20graph;\x20this\x20usually\x0ahappens\x20after\x20running\x20a\x20command\x20like\x20<code>go\x20get\x20-u\x20./...</code>.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-vendor\"><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor\x20[-v]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20command\x20constructs\x20a\x20directory\x20named\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule's</a>\x20root\x20directory\x20that\x20contains\x20copies\x20of\x20all\x20packages\x0aneeded\x20to\x20support\x20builds\x20and\x20tests\x20of\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module.\x20Packages\x0athat\x20are\x20only\x20imported\x20by\x20tests\x20of\x20packages\x20outside\x20the\x20main\x20module\x20are\x20not\x0aincluded.\x20As\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-tidy\"><code>go\x20mod\x20tidy</code></a>\x20and\x20other\x20module\x20commands,\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-constraint\">build\x20constraints</a>\x20except\x20for\x20<code>ignore</code>\x20are\x20not\x0aconsidered\x20when\x20constructing\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory.</p>\x0a<p>When\x20vendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20will\x20load\x20packages\x20from\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x0adirectory\x20instead\x20of\x20downloading\x20modules\x20from\x20their\x20sources\x20into\x20the\x20module\x0acache\x20and\x20using\x20packages\x20those\x20downloaded\x20copies.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vendoring\">Vendoring</a>\x0afor\x20more\x20information.</p>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20also\x20creates\x20the\x20file\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20that\x20contains\x20a\x20list\x0aof\x20vendored\x20packages\x20and\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20they\x20were\x20copied\x20from.\x20When\x0avendoring\x20is\x20enabled,\x20this\x20manifest\x20is\x20used\x20as\x20a\x20source\x20of\x20module\x20version\x0ainformation,\x20as\x20reported\x20by\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m</code></a>\x20and\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-version-m\"><code>go\x20version\x20-m</code></a>.\x20When\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20reads\x20<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>,\x20it\x20checks\x0athat\x20the\x20module\x20versions\x20are\x20consistent\x20with\x20<code>go.mod</code>.\x20If\x20<code>go.mod</code>\x20changed\x20since\x0a<code>vendor/modules.txt</code>\x20was\x20generated,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20should\x20be\x20run\x20again.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20removes\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20if\x20it\x20exists\x20before\x0are-constructing\x20it.\x20Local\x20changes\x20should\x20not\x20be\x20made\x20to\x20vendored\x20packages.\x0aThe\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20does\x20not\x20check\x20that\x20packages\x20in\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x20have\x0anot\x20been\x20modified,\x20but\x20one\x20can\x20verify\x20the\x20integrity\x20of\x20the\x20<code>vendor</code>\x20directory\x0aby\x20running\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20and\x20checking\x20that\x20no\x20changes\x20were\x20made.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-v</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20vendor</code>\x20to\x20print\x20the\x20names\x20of\x20vendored\x20modules\x0aand\x20packages\x20to\x20standard\x20error.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-mod-verify\"><code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20mod\x20verify\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20checks\x20that\x20dependencies\x20of\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x20module</a>\x0astored\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x20cache</a>\x20have\x20not\x20been\x20modified\x20since\x0athey\x20were\x20downloaded.\x20To\x20perform\x20this\x20check,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20hashes\x20each\x0adownloaded\x20module\x20<a\x20href=\"#zip-files\"><code>.zip</code>\x20file</a>\x20and\x20extracted\x20directory,\x20then\x0acompares\x20those\x20hashes\x20with\x20a\x20hash\x20recorded\x20when\x20the\x20module\x20was\x20first\x0adownloaded.\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20checks\x20each\x20module\x20in\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-build-list\">build\x0alist</a>\x20(which\x20may\x20be\x20printed\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-list-m\"><code>go\x20list\x20-m\x20all</code></a>).</p>\x0a<p>If\x20all\x20the\x20modules\x20are\x20unmodified,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20prints\x20"all\x20modules\x0averified".\x20Otherwise,\x20it\x20reports\x20which\x20modules\x20have\x20been\x20changed\x20and\x20exits\x20with\x0aa\x20non-zero\x20status.</p>\x0a<p>Note\x20that\x20all\x20module-aware\x20commands\x20verify\x20that\x20hashes\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20file\x20match\x20hashes\x20recorded\x20for\x20modules\x20downloaded\x20into\x20the\x20module\x0acache.\x20If\x20a\x20hash\x20is\x20missing\x20from\x20<code>go.sum</code>\x20(for\x20example,\x20because\x20the\x20module\x20is\x0abeing\x20used\x20for\x20the\x20first\x20time),\x20the\x20<code>go</code>\x20command\x20verifies\x20its\x20hash\x20using\x20the\x0a<a\x20href=\"#checksum-database\">checksum\x20database</a>\x20(unless\x20the\x20module\x20path\x20is\x20matched\x20by\x0a<code>GOPRIVATE</code>\x20or\x20<code>GONOSUMDB</code>).\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#authenticating\">Authenticating\x20modules</a>\x20for\x0adetails.</p>\x0a<p>In\x20contrast,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20checks\x20that\x20module\x20<code>.zip</code>\x20files\x20and\x20their\x20extracted\x0adirectories\x20have\x20hashes\x20that\x20match\x20hashes\x20recorded\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20when\x20they\x0awere\x20first\x20downloaded.\x20This\x20is\x20useful\x20for\x20detecting\x20changes\x20to\x20files\x20in\x20the\x0amodule\x20cache\x20<em>after</em>\x20a\x20module\x20has\x20been\x20downloaded\x20and\x20verified.\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x0adoes\x20not\x20download\x20content\x20for\x20modules\x20not\x20in\x20the\x20cache,\x20and\x20it\x20does\x20not\x20use\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20files\x20to\x20verify\x20module\x20content.\x20However,\x20<code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code>\x20may\x20download\x0a<code>go.mod</code>\x20files\x20in\x20order\x20to\x20perform\x20<a\x20href=\"#minimal-version-selection\">minimal\x20version\x0aselection</a>.\x20It\x20will\x20use\x20<code>go.sum</code>\x20to\x20verify\x20those\x0afiles,\x20and\x20it\x20may\x20add\x20<code>go.sum</code>\x20entries\x20for\x20missing\x20hashes.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-version-m\"><code>go\x20version\x20-m</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20version\x20[-m]\x20[-v]\x20[file\x20...]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>Example:</p>\x0a<pre><code>#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20go.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20a\x20specific\x20executable.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x20~/go/bin/gopls\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20and\x20module\x20versions\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20a\x20specific\x20executable.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x20-m\x20~/go/bin/gopls\x0a\x0a#\x20Print\x20Go\x20version\x20and\x20module\x20versions\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20executables\x20in\x20a\x20directory.\x0a$\x20go\x20version\x20-m\x20~/go/bin/\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>go\x20version</code>\x20reports\x20the\x20Go\x20version\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20each\x20executable\x20file\x20named\x0aon\x20the\x20command\x20line.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20no\x20files\x20are\x20named\x20on\x20the\x20command\x20line,\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20prints\x20its\x20own\x20version\x0ainformation.</p>\x0a<p>If\x20a\x20directory\x20is\x20named,\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20walks\x20that\x20directory,\x20recursively,\x20looking\x0afor\x20recognized\x20Go\x20binaries\x20and\x20reporting\x20their\x20versions.\x20By\x20default,\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20does\x20not\x20report\x20unrecognized\x20files\x20found\x20during\x20a\x20directory\x20scan.\x20The\x0a<code>-v</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20it\x20to\x20report\x20unrecognized\x20files.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-m</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<code>go\x20version</code>\x20to\x20print\x20each\x20executable's\x20embedded\x20module\x0aversion\x20information,\x20when\x20available.\x20For\x20each\x20executable,\x20<code>go\x20version\x20-m</code>\x20prints\x0aa\x20table\x20with\x20tab-separated\x20columns\x20like\x20the\x20one\x20below.</p>\x0a<pre><code>$\x20go\x20version\x20-m\x20~/go/bin/goimports\x0a/home/jrgopher/go/bin/goimports:\x20go1.14.3\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20path\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20mod\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/tools\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20v0.0.0-20200518203908-8018eb2c26ba\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20h1:0Lcy64USfQQL6GAJma8BdHCgeofcchQj+Z7j0SXYAzU=\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20dep\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/mod\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20v0.2.0\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20h1:KU7oHjnv3XNWfa5COkzUifxZmxp1TyI7ImMXqFxLwvQ=\x0a\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20dep\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20golang.org/x/xerrors\x20\x20\x20\x20v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20h1:E7g+9GITq07hpfrRu66IVDexMakfv52eLZ2CXBWiKr4=\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20format\x20of\x20the\x20table\x20may\x20change\x20in\x20the\x20future.\x20The\x20same\x20information\x20may\x20be\x0aobtained\x20from\x0a<a\x20href=\"https://pkg.go.dev/runtime/debug?tab=doc#ReadBuildInfo\"><code>runtime/debug.ReadBuildInfo</code></a>.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20meaning\x20of\x20each\x20row\x20in\x20the\x20table\x20is\x20determined\x20by\x20the\x20word\x20in\x20the\x20first\x0acolumn.</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li><strong><code>path</code></strong>:\x20the\x20path\x20of\x20the\x20<code>main</code>\x20package\x20used\x20to\x20build\x20the\x20executable.</li>\x0a<li><strong><code>mod</code></strong>:\x20the\x20module\x20containing\x20the\x20<code>main</code>\x20package.\x20The\x20columns\x20are\x20the\x0amodule\x20path,\x20version,\x20and\x20sum,\x20respectively.\x20The\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-main-module\">main\x0amodule</a>\x20has\x20the\x20version\x20<code>(devel)</code>\x20and\x20no\x20sum.</li>\x0a<li><strong><code>dep</code></strong>:\x20a\x20module\x20that\x20provided\x20one\x20or\x20more\x20packages\x20linked\x20into\x20the\x0aexecutable.\x20Same\x20format\x20as\x20<code>mod</code>.</li>\x0a<li><strong><code>=></code></strong>:\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#go.mod-replace\">replacement</a>\x20for\x20the\x20module\x20on\x20the\x20previous\x0aline.\x20If\x20the\x20replacement\x20is\x20a\x20local\x20directory,\x20only\x20the\x20directory\x20path\x20is\x0alisted\x20(no\x20version\x20or\x20sum).\x20If\x20the\x20replacement\x20is\x20a\x20module\x20version,\x20the\x20path,\x0aversion,\x20and\x20sum\x20are\x20listed,\x20as\x20with\x20<code>mod</code>\x20and\x20<code>dep</code>.\x20A\x20replaced\x20module\x20has\x0ano\x20sum.</li>\x0a</ul>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"go-clean-modcache\"><code>go\x20clean\x20-modcache</code></h3>\x0a<p>Usage:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20clean\x20[-modcache]\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-modcache</code>\x20flag\x20causes\x20<a\x20href=\"/cmd/go/#hdr-Remove_object_files_and_cached_files\"><code>go\x20clean</code></a>\x20to\x20remove\x20the\x20entire\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-cache\">module\x20cache</a>,\x20including\x20unpacked\x20source\x20code\x20of\x20versioned\x0adependencies.</p>\x0a<p>This\x20is\x20usually\x20the\x20best\x20way\x20to\x20remove\x20the\x20module\x20cache.\x20By\x20default,\x20most\x20files\x0aand\x20directories\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20are\x20read-only\x20to\x20prevent\x20tests\x20and\x20editors\x0afrom\x20unintentionally\x20changing\x20files\x20after\x20they've\x20been\x0a<a\x20href=\"#authenticating\">authenticated</a>.\x20Unfortunately,\x20this\x20causes\x20commands\x20like\x0a<code>rm\x20-r</code>\x20to\x20fail,\x20since\x20files\x20can't\x20be\x20removed\x20without\x20first\x20making\x20their\x20parent\x0adirectories\x20writable.</p>\x0a<p>The\x20<code>-modcacherw</code>\x20flag\x20(accepted\x20by\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_packages_and_dependencies\"><code>go\x20build</code></a>\x20and\x0aother\x20module-aware\x20commands)\x20causes\x20new\x20directories\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache\x20to\x0abe\x20writable.\x20To\x20pass\x20<code>-modcacherw</code>\x20to\x20all\x20module-aware\x20commands,\x20add\x20it\x20to\x20the\x0a<code>GOFLAGS</code>\x20variable.\x20<code>GOFLAGS</code>\x20may\x20be\x20set\x20in\x20the\x20environment\x20or\x20with\x20<a\x20href=\"https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Print_Go_environment_information\"><code>go\x20env\x20-w</code></a>.\x20For\x0aexample,\x20the\x20command\x20below\x20sets\x20it\x20permanently:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20env\x20-w\x20GOFLAGS=-modcacherw\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p><code>-modcacherw</code>\x20should\x20be\x20used\x20with\x20caution;\x20developers\x20should\x20be\x20careful\x20not\x0ato\x20make\x20changes\x20to\x20files\x20in\x20the\x20module\x20cache.\x20<a\x20href=\"#go-mod-verify\"><code>go\x20mod\x20verify</code></a>\x0amay\x20be\x20used\x20to\x20check\x20that\x20files\x20in\x20the\x20cache\x20match\x20hashes\x20in\x20the\x20main\x20module's\x0a<code>go.sum</code>\x20file.</p>\x0a<h3\x20id=\"version-queries\">Version\x20queries</h3>\x0a<p>Several\x20commands\x20allow\x20you\x20to\x20specify\x20a\x20version\x20of\x20a\x20module\x20using\x20a\x20<em>version\x0aquery</em>,\x20which\x20appears\x20after\x20an\x20<code>@</code>\x20character\x20following\x20a\x20module\x20or\x20package\x20path\x0aon\x20the\x20command\x20line.</p>\x0a<p>Examples:</p>\x0a<pre><code>go\x20get\x20example.com/m@latest\x0ago\x20mod\x20download\x20example.com/m@master\x0ago\x20list\x20-m\x20-json\x20example.com/m@e3702bed2\x0a</code></pre>\x0a<p>A\x20version\x20query\x20may\x20be\x20one\x20of\x20the\x20following:</p>\x0a<ul>\x0a<li>A\x20fully-specified\x20semantic\x20version,\x20such\x20as\x20<code>v1.2.3</code>,\x20which\x20selects\x20a\x0aspecific\x20version.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#versions\">Versions</a>\x20for\x20syntax.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20semantic\x20version\x20prefix,\x20such\x20as\x20<code>v1</code>\x20or\x20<code>v1.2</code>,\x20which\x20selects\x20the\x20highest\x0aavailable\x20version\x20with\x20that\x20prefix.</li>\x0a<li>A\x20semantic\x20version\x20comparison,\x20such\x20as\x20<code><v1.2.3</code>\x20or\x20<code>>=v1.5.6</code>,\x20which\x20selects\x0athe\x20nearest\x20available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ersion-suffix\">major\x20version\x20suffix</a>,\x20if\x20there\x20is\x20one,\x20even\x20if\x20the\x0amodule\x20is\x20in\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-major-version-subdirectory\">major\x20version\x20subdirectory</a>.\x0aSee\x20<a\x20href=\"#module-path\">Module\x20paths</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-package\"></a>\x0a<strong>package:</strong>\x20A\x20collection\x20of\x20source\x20files\x20in\x20the\x20same\x20directory\x20that\x20are\x0acompiled\x20together.\x20See\x20the\x20<a\x20href=\"/ref/spec#Packages\">Packages\x20section</a>\x20in\x20the\x20Go\x0aLanguage\x20Specification.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-package-path\"></a>\x0a<strong>package\x20path:</strong>\x20The\x20path\x20that\x20uniquely\x20identifies\x20a\x20package.\x20A\x20package\x20path\x20is\x0aa\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x20path</a>\x20joined\x20with\x20a\x20subdirectory\x20within\x20the\x20module.\x0aFor\x20example\x20<code>"golang.org/x/net/html"</code>\x20is\x20the\x20package\x20path\x20for\x20the\x20package\x20in\x20the\x0amodule\x20<code>"golang.org/x/net"</code>\x20in\x20the\x20<code>"html"</code>\x20subdirectory.\x20Synonym\x20of\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-import-path\">import\x20path</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-patch-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>patch\x20version:</strong>\x20The\x20third\x20number\x20in\x20a\x20semantic\x20version\x20(<code>3</code>\x20in\x20<code>v1.2.3</code>).\x20In\x0aa\x20release\x20with\x20no\x20changes\x20to\x20the\x20module's\x20public\x20interface,\x20the\x20patch\x20version\x0amust\x20be\x20incremented.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-pre-release-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>pre-release\x20version:</strong>\x20A\x20version\x20with\x20a\x20dash\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20series\x20of\x0adot-separated\x20identifiers\x20immediately\x20following\x20the\x20patch\x20version,\x20for\x20example,\x0a<code>v1.2.3-beta4</code>.\x20Pre-release\x20versions\x20are\x20considered\x20unstable\x20and\x20are\x20not\x0aassumed\x20to\x20be\x20compatible\x20with\x20other\x20versions.\x20A\x20pre-release\x20version\x20sorts\x20before\x0athe\x20corresponding\x20release\x20version:\x20<code>v1.2.3-pre</code>\x20comes\x20before\x20<code>v1.2.3</code>.\x20See\x20also\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-release-version\">release\x20version</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-pseudo-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>pseudo-version:</strong>\x20A\x20version\x20that\x20encodes\x20a\x20revision\x20identifier\x20(such\x20as\x20a\x20Git\x0acommit\x20hash)\x20and\x20a\x20timestamp\x20from\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20system.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>v0.0.0-20191109021931-daa7c04131f5</code>.\x20Used\x20for\x20<a\x20href=\"#non-module-compat\">compatibility\x20with\x20non-module\x0arepositories</a>\x20and\x20in\x20other\x20situations\x20when\x20a\x20tagged\x0aversion\x20is\x20not\x20available.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-release-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>release\x20version:</strong>\x20A\x20version\x20without\x20a\x20pre-release\x20suffix.\x20For\x20example,\x0a<code>v1.2.3</code>,\x20not\x20<code>v1.2.3-pre</code>.\x20See\x20also\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-pre-release-version\">pre-release\x0aversion</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-repository-root-path\"></a>\x0a<strong>repository\x20root\x20path:</strong>\x20The\x20portion\x20of\x20a\x20<a\x20href=\"#glos-module-path\">module\x20path</a>\x20that\x0acorresponds\x20to\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20repository's\x20root\x20directory.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#module-path\">Module\x0apaths</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-semantic-version-tag\"></a>\x0a<strong>semantic\x20version\x20tag:</strong>\x20A\x20tag\x20in\x20a\x20version\x20control\x20repository\x20that\x20maps\x20a\x0a<a\x20href=\"#glos-version\">version</a>\x20to\x20a\x20specific\x20revision.\x20See\x20<a\x20href=\"#vcs-version\">Mapping\x20versions\x20to\x0acommits</a>.</p>\x0a<p><a\x20id=\"glos-version\"></a>\x0a<strong>version:</strong>\x20An\x20identifier\x20for\x20an\x20immutable\x20snapshot\x20of\x20a\x20module,\x20written\x20as\x20the\x0aletter\x20<code>v</code>\x20followed\x20by\x20a\x20semantic\x20version.\x20See\x20the\x20section\x20on\x0a<a\x20href=\"#versions\">Versions</a>.</p>\x0a",
}
diff --git a/content/static/style.css b/content/static/style.css
index 0a3eb1c..1adea2d 100644
--- a/content/static/style.css
+++ b/content/static/style.css
@@ -1,10 +1,87 @@
body {
- margin: 0;
- font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #fff;
- line-height: 1.3;
- text-align: center;
color: #3e4042;
+ font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
+ line-height: 1.3;
+ margin: 0;
+ text-align: center;
+}
+.Note {
+ /* For styling "Note" sections. */
+ background-color: rgb(224, 235, 245);
+ font-size: 0.875rem;
+ margin: 1.25rem;
+ max-width: 50rem;
+ padding: 0.5rem 0.5rem 0.5rem 0.625rem;
+}
+/* Tabs */
+.TabSection {
+ background: #fff;
+ border: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+ border-radius: 0.3125rem;
+ box-shadow: none;
+ max-width: 50rem;
+}
+.TabSection-tabList {
+ flex-shrink: 0;
+ position: relative;
+ border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+}
+.TabSection-tab {
+ background: #fff;
+ border: none;
+ line-height: 3rem;
+ padding: 0 1.125rem;
+ position: relative;
+}
+.TabSection-tab[aria-selected='true'] {
+ outline: 0;
+ background-color: #e0ebf5;
+}
+.TabSection-tab:focus {
+ outline: 0;
+ background-color: #e0ebf5;
+}
+.TabSection-tabPanel {
+ font-size: 0.875rem;
+}
+/* Tutorial previous and next links */
+.Navigation {
+ font-size: 0.875rem;
+}
+.Navigation-prev {
+ float: left;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+.Navigation-next {
+ float: right;
+ font-weight: bold;
+}
+/* Table in doc topics. */
+.DocTable {
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ font-size: 0.875rem;
+ margin: 1.25rem;
+ max-width: 50rem;
+}
+.DocTable-row {
+ border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+ height: 3rem;
+ vertical-align: middle;
+}
+.DocTable-head {
+ background: #e8eaed;
+ border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+ border-top: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+ height: 3rem;
+}
+.DocTable-cell {
+ padding: 0rem 0.4375rem;
+}
+.DocTable-row--highlighted {
+ background: #f0f0f0;
+ border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid #dadce0;
+ height: 3rem;
}
textarea {
/* Inherit text color from body avoiding illegible text in the case where the
@@ -16,6 +93,11 @@
font-family: Menlo, monospace;
font-size: 0.875rem;
}
+code {
+ /* Reduce spacing between words in code inline with text. Monospace font
+ * spaces tend to be wider than proportional font spaces. */
+ word-spacing: -0.3em;
+}
pre {
line-height: 1.4;
overflow-x: auto;
@@ -37,6 +119,12 @@
color: #999;
background: #efefef;
}
+pre ins {
+ /* For styling highlighted code in examples. */
+ color: rgb(0, 125, 156);
+ font-weight: bold;
+ text-decoration: none;
+}
.ln {
user-select: none;
@@ -48,7 +136,6 @@
display: inline-block;
width: 8ch;
}
-
.search-nav {
margin-left: 1.25rem;
font-size: 0.875rem;
@@ -56,11 +143,9 @@
column-fill: auto;
column-width: 14rem;
}
-
.search-nav .indent {
margin-left: 1.25rem;
}
-
a,
.exampleHeading .text,
.expandAll {
@@ -78,14 +163,12 @@
.article .title a {
text-decoration: none;
}
-
.permalink {
display: none;
}
:hover > .permalink {
display: inline;
}
-
p,
li {
max-width: 50rem;
@@ -102,7 +185,6 @@
padding: 0.625rem;
border-radius: 0.3125rem;
}
-
h1,
h2,
h3,
@@ -143,7 +225,6 @@
h4 {
font-size: 1rem;
}
-
h2 > span,
h3 > span {
float: right;
@@ -151,7 +232,6 @@
font-weight: normal;
color: #5279c7;
}
-
dl {
margin: 1.25rem;
}
@@ -165,7 +245,6 @@
div#nav table td {
vertical-align: top;
}
-
.ModTable {
border-collapse: collapse;
margin: 1.25rem;
@@ -186,7 +265,6 @@
.ModTable td p:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}
-
#pkg-index h3 {
font-size: 1rem;
}
@@ -203,21 +281,17 @@
.alert {
color: #aa0000;
}
-
#pkg-examples h3 {
float: left;
}
-
#pkg-examples dl {
clear: both;
}
-
.expandAll {
cursor: pointer;
float: left;
margin: 1.25rem 0;
}
-
.Site {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
@@ -246,13 +320,11 @@
.Footer--wide {
max-width: none;
}
-
div#playground .buttons a {
background: #375eab;
border: 0.0625rem solid #757575;
color: white;
}
-
/* Style download button on doc/install page */
a#start {
background: #e0ebf5;
@@ -275,11 +347,9 @@
font-weight: normal;
margin-top: 0.3125rem;
}
-
.download {
width: 9.375rem;
}
-
::-webkit-input-placeholder {
color: #7f7f7f;
opacity: 1;
@@ -288,7 +358,6 @@
color: #7f7f7f;
opacity: 1;
}
-
.Header {
align-items: center;
box-sizing: border-box;
@@ -426,7 +495,8 @@
display: block;
flex: 1;
font: inherit;
- font-size: 16px; /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
+ font-size: 16px;
+ /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
margin: 0;
padding: 0.5rem;
}
@@ -524,7 +594,6 @@
font-size: 1rem;
}
}
-
.Button,
.Button:link,
.Button:visited {
@@ -562,7 +631,6 @@
height: 4rem;
justify-content: center;
}
-
.HomeContainer {
align-items: top;
display: flex;
@@ -572,7 +640,6 @@
.HomeContainer * {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
-
.HomeSection {
flex: 0 0 100%;
margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
@@ -585,7 +652,6 @@
padding: 0;
font-weight: bold;
}
-
.Hero-header {
font: 1.5rem Roboto, sans-serif;
line-height: inherit;
@@ -596,7 +662,8 @@
background-position: center top;
display: block;
height: 9.688rem;
- max-height: 200px; /* Setting in px to prevent the gopher from blowing up in very high default font-sizes */
+ max-height: 200px;
+ /* Setting in px to prevent the gopher from blowing up in very high default font-sizes */
}
.HeroDownloadButton,
.Hero-description {
@@ -628,7 +695,6 @@
margin-top: 1rem;
}
}
-
.Playground-headerContainer {
align-items: baseline;
display: flex;
@@ -703,7 +769,8 @@
border: 0.0625rem solid #979797;
color: inherit;
font-family: inherit;
- font-size: 16px; /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
+ font-size: 16px;
+ /* Prevents automatic zoom on mobile devices */
height: 2.375rem;
margin: 0 0 0.5rem 0;
width: 100%;
@@ -726,7 +793,6 @@
width: auto;
}
}
-
.Blog-title {
display: block;
font-size: 1.25rem;
@@ -745,7 +811,6 @@
.Blog-footer {
text-align: right;
}
-
@supports (--c: 0) {
[style*='--aspect-ratio-padding:'] {
position: relative;
@@ -760,7 +825,6 @@
height: 100%;
}
}
-
.Footer {
margin: 2rem auto 0;
padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
@@ -817,7 +881,6 @@
margin-top: 0;
}
}
-
.toggleButton {
cursor: pointer;
}
@@ -833,7 +896,6 @@
.toggleVisible > .expanded {
display: block;
}
-
table.codetable {
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
@@ -846,7 +908,6 @@
border-style: none;
border-top: 0.0625rem solid black;
}
-
img.gopher {
float: right;
margin-left: 0.625rem;
@@ -856,7 +917,6 @@
h2 {
clear: right;
}
-
div.play {
padding: 0 1.25rem 2.5rem 1.25rem;
}
@@ -929,7 +989,6 @@
.output .system {
color: #999;
}
-
/* drop-down playground */
div#playground {
/* start hidden; revealed by javascript */
@@ -957,7 +1016,6 @@
div#playground .output {
height: 6.25rem;
}
-
/* Inline runnable snippets (play.js/initPlayground) */
#content .code pre,
#content .playground pre,
@@ -1023,52 +1081,44 @@
border-bottom-right-radius: 0.25rem;
border-top-left-radius: 0.25rem;
border-top-right-radius: 0.25rem;
- padding: 0.125rem 0.25rem 0.125rem 0.25rem; /* TRBL */
+ padding: 0.125rem 0.25rem 0.125rem 0.25rem;
+ /* TRBL */
}
-
.downloading {
background: #f9f9be;
padding: 0.625rem;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 0.3125rem;
}
-
@media (max-width: 43.75em) {
body {
font-size: 0.9375rem;
}
-
div#playground {
left: 0;
right: 0;
}
-
pre,
code {
font-size: 0.866rem;
}
-
#page > .container,
.Header-nav {
padding: 0 0.625rem;
}
-
p,
pre,
ul,
ol {
margin: 0.625rem;
}
-
.pkg-synopsis {
display: none;
}
-
img.gopher {
display: none;
}
}
-
@media print {
pre {
background: #fff;
@@ -1076,4 +1126,4 @@
white-space: pre-wrap;
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
