The latest Go release, version 1.13, arrives six months after Go 1.12. Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries. As always, the release maintains the Go 1 promise of compatibility. We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
As of Go 1.13, the go command by default downloads and authenticates modules using the Go module mirror and Go checksum database run by Google. See https://proxy.golang.org/privacy for privacy information about these services and the go command documentation for configuration details including how to disable the use of these servers or use different ones. If you depend on non-public modules, see the documentation for configuring your environment.
Per the number literal proposal, Go 1.13 supports a more uniform and modernized set of number literal prefixes.
0b or 0B indicates a binary integer literal such as 0b1011.0o or 0O indicates an octal integer literal such as 0o660. The existing octal notation indicated by a leading 0 followed by octal digits remains valid.0x or 0X may now be used to express the mantissa of a floating-point number in hexadecimal format such as 0x1.0p-1021. A hexadecimal floating-point number must always have an exponent, written as the letter p or P followed by an exponent in decimal. The exponent scales the mantissa by 2 to the power of the exponent.i may now be used with any (binary, decimal, hexadecimal) integer or floating-point literal.1_000_000, 0b_1010_0110, or 3.1415_9265. An underscore may appear between any two digits or the literal prefix and the first digit.Per the signed shift counts proposal Go 1.13 removes the restriction that a shift count must be unsigned. This change eliminates the need for many artificial uint conversions, solely introduced to satisfy this (now removed) restriction of the << and >> operators.
These language changes were implemented by changes to the compiler, and corresponding internal changes to the library packages go/scanner and text/scanner (number literals), and go/types (signed shift counts).
If your code uses modules and your go.mod files specifies a language version, be sure it is set to at least 1.13 to get access to these language changes. You can do this by editing the go.mod file directly, or you can run go mod edit -go=1.13.
Go 1.13 is the last release that will run on Native Client (NaCl).
For GOARCH=wasm, the new environment variable GOWASM takes a comma-separated list of experimental features that the binary gets compiled with. The valid values are documented here.
AIX on PPC64 (aix/ppc64) now supports cgo, external linking, and the c-archive and pie build modes.
Go programs are now compatible with Android 10.
As announced in the Go 1.12 release notes, Go 1.13 now requires macOS 10.11 El Capitan or later; support for previous versions has been discontinued.
As announced in the Go 1.12 release notes, Go 1.13 now requires FreeBSD 11.2 or later; support for previous versions has been discontinued. FreeBSD 12.0 or later requires a kernel with the COMPAT_FREEBSD11 option set (this is the default).
Go now supports Illumos with GOOS=illumos. The illumos build tag implies the solaris build tag.
The Windows version specified by internally-linked Windows binaries is now Windows 7 rather than NT 4.0. This was already the minimum required version for Go, but can affect the behavior of system calls that have a backwards-compatibility mode. These will now behave as documented. Externally-linked binaries (any program using cgo) have always specified a more recent Windows version.
The GO111MODULE environment variable continues to default to auto, but the auto setting now activates the module-aware mode of the go command whenever the current working directory contains, or is below a directory containing, a go.mod file — even if the current directory is within GOPATH/src. This change simplifies the migration of existing code within GOPATH/src and the ongoing maintenance of module-aware packages alongside non-module-aware importers.
The new GOPRIVATE environment variable indicates module paths that are not publicly available. It serves as the default value for the lower-level GONOPROXY and GONOSUMDB variables, which provide finer-grained control over which modules are fetched via proxy and verified using the checksum database.
The GOPROXY environment variable may now be set to a comma-separated list of proxy URLs or the special token direct, and its default value is now https://proxy.golang.org,direct. When resolving a package path to its containing module, the go command will try all candidate module paths on each proxy in the list in succession. An unreachable proxy or HTTP status code other than 404 or 410 terminates the search without consulting the remaining proxies.
The new GOSUMDB environment variable identifies the name, and optionally the public key and server URL, of the database to consult for checksums of modules that are not yet listed in the main module's go.sum file. If GOSUMDB does not include an explicit URL, the URL is chosen by probing the GOPROXY URLs for an endpoint indicating support for the checksum database, falling back to a direct connection to the named database if it is not supported by any proxy. If GOSUMDB is set to off, the checksum database is not consulted and only the existing checksums in the go.sum file are verified.
Users who cannot reach the default proxy and checksum database (for example, due to a firewalled or sandboxed configuration) may disable their use by setting GOPROXY to direct, and/or GOSUMDB to off. go env -w can be used to set the default values for these variables independent of platform:
go env -w GOPROXY=direct go env -w GOSUMDB=off
go getIn module-aware mode, go get with the -u flag now updates a smaller set of modules that is more consistent with the set of packages updated by go get -u in GOPATH mode. go get -u continues to update the modules and packages named on the command line, but additionally updates only the modules containing the packages imported by the named packages, rather than the transitive module requirements of the modules containing the named packages.
Note in particular that go get -u (without additional arguments) now updates only the transitive imports of the package in the current directory. To instead update all of the packages transitively imported by the main module (including test dependencies), use go get -u all.
As a result of the above changes to go get -u, the go get subcommand no longer supports the -m flag, which caused go get to stop before loading packages. The -d flag remains supported, and continues to cause go get to stop after downloading the source code needed to build dependencies of the named packages.
By default, go get -u in module mode upgrades only non-test dependencies, as in GOPATH mode. It now also accepts the -t flag, which (as in GOPATH mode) causes go get to include the packages imported by tests of the packages named on the command line.
In module-aware mode, the go get subcommand now supports the version suffix @patch. The @patch suffix indicates that the named module, or module containing the named package, should be updated to the highest patch release with the same major and minor versions as the version found in the build list.
If a module passed as an argument to go get without a version suffix is already required at a newer version than the latest released version, it will remain at the newer version. This is consistent with the behavior of the -u flag for module dependencies. This prevents unexpected downgrades from pre-release versions. The new version suffix @upgrade explicitly requests this behavior. @latest explicitly requests the latest version regardless of the current version.
When extracting a module from a version control system, the go command now performs additional validation on the requested version string.
The +incompatible version annotation bypasses the requirement of semantic import versioning for repositories that predate the introduction of modules. The go command now verifies that such a version does not include an explicit go.mod file.
The go command now verifies the mapping between pseudo-versions and version-control metadata. Specifically:
vX.0.0, or derived from a tag on an ancestor of the named revision, or derived from a tag that includes build metadata on the named revision itself.go command would generate. (For SHA-1 hashes as used by git, a 12-digit prefix.)If a require directive in the main module uses an invalid pseudo-version, it can usually be corrected by redacting the version to just the commit hash and re-running a go command, such as go list -m all or go mod tidy. For example,
require github.com/docker/docker v1.14.0-0.20190319215453-e7b5f7dbe98c
can be redacted to
require github.com/docker/docker e7b5f7dbe98c
which currently resolves to
require github.com/docker/docker v0.7.3-0.20190319215453-e7b5f7dbe98c
If one of the transitive dependencies of the main module requires an invalid version or pseudo-version, the invalid version can be replaced with a valid one using a replace directive in the go.mod file of the main module. If the replacement is a commit hash, it will be resolved to the appropriate pseudo-version as above. For example,
replace github.com/docker/docker v1.14.0-0.20190319215453-e7b5f7dbe98c => github.com/docker/docker e7b5f7dbe98c
currently resolves to
replace github.com/docker/docker v1.14.0-0.20190319215453-e7b5f7dbe98c => github.com/docker/docker v0.7.3-0.20190319215453-e7b5f7dbe98c
The go env command now accepts a -w flag to set the per-user default value of an environment variable recognized by the go command, and a corresponding -u flag to unset a previously-set default. Defaults set via go env -w are stored in the go/env file within os.UserConfigDir().
The go version command now accepts arguments naming executables and directories. When invoked on an executable, go version prints the version of Go used to build the executable. If the -m flag is used, go version prints the executable's embedded module version information, if available. When invoked on a directory, go version prints information about executables contained in the directory and its subdirectories.
The new go build flag -trimpath removes all file system paths from the compiled executable, to improve build reproducibility.
If the -o flag passed to go build refers to an existing directory, go build will now write executable files within that directory for main packages matching its package arguments.
The go build flag -tags now takes a comma-separated list of build tags, to allow for multiple tags in GOFLAGS. The space-separated form is deprecated but still recognized and will be maintained.
go generate now sets the generate build tag so that files may be searched for directives but ignored during build.
As announced in the Go 1.12 release notes, binary-only packages are no longer supported. Building a binary-only package (marked with a //go:binary-only-package comment) now results in an error.
The compiler has a new implementation of escape analysis that is more precise. For most Go code should be an improvement (in other words, more Go variables and expressions allocated on the stack instead of heap). However, this increased precision may also break invalid code that happened to work before (for example, code that violates the unsafe.Pointer safety rules). If you notice any regressions that appear related, the old escape analysis pass can be re-enabled with go build -gcflags=all=-newescape=false. The option to use the old escape analysis will be removed in a future release.
The compiler no longer emits floating point or complex constants to go_asm.h files. These have always been emitted in a form that could not be used as numeric constant in assembly code.
The assembler now supports many of the atomic instructions introduced in ARM v8.1.
gofmt (and with that go fmt) now canonicalizes number literal prefixes and exponents to use lower-case letters, but leaves hexadecimal digits alone. This improves readability when using the new octal prefix (0O becomes 0o), and the rewrite is applied consistently. gofmt now also removes unnecessary leading zeroes from a decimal integer imaginary literal. (For backwards-compatibility, an integer imaginary literal starting with 0 is considered a decimal, not an octal number. Removing superfluous leading zeroes avoids potential confusion.) For instance, 0B1010, 0XabcDEF, 0O660, 1.2E3, and 01i become 0b1010, 0xabcDEF, 0o660, 1.2e3, and 1i after applying gofmt.
godoc and go docThe godoc webserver is no longer included in the main binary distribution. To run the godoc webserver locally, manually install it first:
go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc godoc
The go doc command now always includes the package clause in its output, except for commands. This replaces the previous behavior where a heuristic was used, causing the package clause to be omitted under certain conditions.
Out of range panic messages now include the index that was out of bounds and the length (or capacity) of the slice. For example, s[3] on a slice of length 1 will panic with “runtime error: index out of range [3] with length 1”.
This release improves performance of most uses of defer by 30%.
The runtime is now more aggressive at returning memory to the operating system to make it available to co-tenant applications. Previously, the runtime could retain memory for five or more minutes following a spike in the heap size. It will now begin returning it promptly after the heap shrinks. However, on many OSes, including Linux, the OS itself reclaims memory lazily, so process RSS will not decrease until the system is under memory pressure.
As announced in Go 1.12, Go 1.13 enables support for TLS 1.3 in the crypto/tls package by default. It can be disabled by adding the value tls13=0 to the GODEBUG environment variable. The opt-out will be removed in Go 1.14.
See the Go 1.12 release notes for important compatibility information.
The new crypto/ed25519 package implements the Ed25519 signature scheme. This functionality was previously provided by the golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519 package, which becomes a wrapper for crypto/ed25519 when used with Go 1.13+.
Go 1.13 contains support for error wrapping, as first proposed in the Error Values proposal and discussed on the associated issue.
An error e can wrap another error w by providing an Unwrap method that returns w. Both e and w are available to programs, allowing e to provide additional context to w or to reinterpret it while still allowing programs to make decisions based on w.
To support wrapping, fmt.Errorf now has a %w verb for creating wrapped errors, and three new functions in the errors package ( errors.Unwrap, errors.Is and errors.As) simplify unwrapping and inspecting wrapped errors.
For more information, read the errors package documentation, or see the Error Value FAQ. There will soon be a blog post as well.
As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library, made with the Go 1 promise of compatibility in mind.
: The new ToValidUTF8 function returns a copy of a given byte slice with each run of invalid UTF-8 byte sequences replaced by a given slice.
: The formatting of contexts returned by WithValue no longer depends on fmt and will not stringify in the same way. Code that depends on the exact previous stringification might be affected.
: Support for SSL version 3.0 (SSLv3) is now deprecated and will be removed in Go 1.14. Note that SSLv3 is the cryptographically broken protocol predating TLS.
SSLv3 was always disabled by default, other than in Go 1.12, when it was mistakenly enabled by default server-side. It is now again disabled by default. (SSLv3 was never supported client-side.) <!-- CL 177698 --> Ed25519 certificates are now supported in TLS versions 1.2 and 1.3.
: Ed25519 keys are now supported in certificates and certificate requests according to RFC 8410, as well as by the ParsePKCS8PrivateKey, MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey, and ParsePKIXPublicKey functions.
<!-- CL 169238 --> The paths searched for system roots now include `/etc/ssl/cert.pem` to support the default location in Alpine Linux 3.7+.
: The new NullTime type represents a time.Time that may be null.
<!-- CL 174178 --> The new [`NullInt32`](/pkg/database/sql/#NullInt32) type represents an `int32` that may be null.
: The Data.Type method no longer panics if it encounters an unknown DWARF tag in the type graph. Instead, it represents that component of the type with an UnsupportedType object.
:
The new function [`As`](/pkg/errors/#As) finds the first error in a given error’s chain (sequence of wrapped errors) that matches a given target’s type, and if so, sets the target to that error value. The new function [`Is`](/pkg/errors/#Is) reports whether a given error value matches an error in another’s chain. The new function [`Unwrap`](/pkg/errors/#Unwrap) returns the result of calling `Unwrap` on a given error, if one exists.
:
The printing verbs `%x` and `%X` now format floating-point and complex numbers in hexadecimal notation, in lower-case and upper-case respectively. <!-- CL 160246 --> The new printing verb `%O` formats integers in base 8, emitting the `0o` prefix. <!-- CL 160247 --> The scanner now accepts hexadecimal floating-point values, digit-separating underscores and leading `0b` and `0o` prefixes. See the [Changes to the language](#language) for details. <!-- CL 176998 --> The [`Errorf`](/pkg/fmt/#Errorf) function has a new verb, `%w`, whose operand must be an error. The error returned from `Errorf` will have an `Unwrap` method which returns the operand of `%w`.
: The scanner has been updated to recognize the new Go number literals, specifically binary literals with 0b/0B prefix, octal literals with 0o/0O prefix, and floating-point numbers with hexadecimal mantissa. The imaginary suffix i may now be used with any number literal, and underscores may be used as digit separators for grouping. See the Changes to the language for details.
: The type-checker has been updated to follow the new rules for integer shifts. See the Changes to the language for details.
: When using a <script> tag with “module” set as the type attribute, code will now be interpreted as JavaScript module script.
: The new Writer function returns the output destination for the standard logger.
: The new Rat.SetUint64 method sets the Rat to a uint64 value.
<!-- CL 166157 --> For [`Float.Parse`](/pkg/math/big/#Float.Parse), if base is 0, underscores may be used between digits for readability. See the [Changes to the language](#language) for details. <!-- CL 166157 --> For [`Int.SetString`](/pkg/math/big/#Int.SetString), if base is 0, underscores may be used between digits for readability. See the [Changes to the language](#language) for details. <!-- CL 168237 --> [`Rat.SetString`](/pkg/math/big/#Rat.SetString) now accepts non-decimal floating point representations.
: The execution time of Add, Sub, Mul, RotateLeft, and ReverseBytes is now guaranteed to be independent of the inputs.
: On Unix systems where use-vc is set in resolv.conf, TCP is used for DNS resolution.
<!-- CL 170678 --> The new field [`ListenConfig.KeepAlive`](/pkg/net/#ListenConfig.KeepAlive) specifies the keep-alive period for network connections accepted by the listener. If this field is 0 (the default) TCP keep-alives will be enabled. To disable them, set it to a negative value. Note that the error returned from I/O on a connection that was closed by a keep-alive timeout will have a `Timeout` method that returns `true` if called. This can make a keep-alive error difficult to distinguish from an error returned due to a missed deadline as set by the [`SetDeadline`](/pkg/net/#Conn) method and similar methods. Code that uses deadlines and checks for them with the `Timeout` method or with [`os.IsTimeout`](/pkg/os/#IsTimeout) may want to disable keep-alives, or use `errors.Is(syscall.ETIMEDOUT)` (on Unix systems) which will return true for a keep-alive timeout and false for a deadline timeout.
: The new fields Transport.WriteBufferSize and Transport.ReadBufferSize allow one to specify the sizes of the write and read buffers for a Transport. If either field is zero, a default size of 4KB is used.
<!-- CL 130256 --> The new field [`Transport.ForceAttemptHTTP2`](/pkg/net/http/#Transport.ForceAttemptHTTP2) controls whether HTTP/2 is enabled when a non-zero `Dial`, `DialTLS`, or `DialContext` func or `TLSClientConfig` is provided. <!-- CL 140357 --> [`Transport.MaxConnsPerHost`](/pkg/net/http/#Transport.MaxConnsPerHost) now works properly with HTTP/2. <!-- CL 154383 --> [`TimeoutHandler`](/pkg/net/http/#TimeoutHandler)'s [`ResponseWriter`](/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter) now implements the [`Pusher`](/pkg/net/http/#Pusher) interface. <!-- CL 157339 --> The `StatusCode` `103` `"Early Hints"` has been added. <!-- CL 163599 --> [`Transport`](/pkg/net/http/#Transport) now uses the [`Request.Body`](/pkg/net/http/#Request.Body)'s [`io.ReaderFrom`](/pkg/io/#ReaderFrom) implementation if available, to optimize writing the body. <!-- CL 167017 --> On encountering unsupported transfer-encodings, [`http.Server`](/pkg/net/http/#Server) now returns a "501 Unimplemented" status as mandated by the HTTP specification [RFC 7230 Section 3.3.1](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.1). <!-- CL 167681 --> The new [`Server`](/pkg/net/http/#Server) fields [`BaseContext`](/pkg/net/http/#Server.BaseContext) and [`ConnContext`](/pkg/net/http/#Server.ConnContext) allow finer control over the [`Context`](/pkg/context/#Context) values provided to requests and connections. <!-- CL 167781 --> [`http.DetectContentType`](/pkg/net/http/#DetectContentType) now correctly detects RAR signatures, and can now also detect RAR v5 signatures. <!-- CL 173658 --> The new [`Header`](/pkg/net/http/#Header) method [`Clone`](/pkg/net/http/#Header.Clone) returns a copy of the receiver. <!-- CL 174324 --> A new function [`NewRequestWithContext`](/pkg/net/http/#NewRequestWithContext) has been added and it accepts a [`Context`](/pkg/context/#Context) that controls the entire lifetime of the created outgoing [`Request`](/pkg/net/http/#Request), suitable for use with [`Client.Do`](/pkg/net/http/#Client.Do) and [`Transport.RoundTrip`](/pkg/net/http/#Transport.RoundTrip). <!-- CL 179457 --> The [`Transport`](/pkg/net/http/#Transport) no longer logs errors when servers gracefully shut down idle connections using a `"408 Request Timeout"` response.
: The new UserConfigDir function returns the default directory to use for user-specific configuration data.
<!-- CL 166578 --> If a [`File`](/pkg/os/#File) is opened using the O\_APPEND flag, its [`WriteAt`](/pkg/os/#File.WriteAt) method will always return an error.
: On Windows, the environment for a Cmd always inherits the %SYSTEMROOT% value of the parent process unless the Cmd.Env field includes an explicit value for it.
: The new Value.IsZero method reports whether a Value is the zero value for its type.
<!-- CL 174531 --> The [`MakeFunc`](/pkg/reflect/#MakeFunc) function now allows assignment conversions on returned values, instead of requiring exact type match. This is particularly useful when the type being returned is an interface type, but the value actually returned is a concrete value implementing that type.
: Tracebacks, runtime.Caller, and runtime.Callers now refer to the function that initializes the global variables of PKG as PKG.init instead of PKG.init.ializers.
: For strconv.ParseFloat, strconv.ParseInt and strconv.ParseUint, if base is 0, underscores may be used between digits for readability. See the Changes to the language for details.
: The new ToValidUTF8 function returns a copy of a given string with each run of invalid UTF-8 byte sequences replaced by a given string.
: The fast paths of Mutex.Lock, Mutex.Unlock, RWMutex.Lock, RWMutex.RUnlock, and Once.Do are now inlined in their callers. For the uncontended cases on amd64, these changes make Once.Do twice as fast, and the Mutex/RWMutex methods up to 10% faster.
<!-- CL 166960 --> Large [`Pool`](/pkg/sync/#Pool) no longer increase stop-the-world pause times. <!-- CL 166961 --> `Pool` no longer needs to be completely repopulated after every GC. It now retains some objects across GCs, as opposed to releasing all objects, reducing load spikes for heavy users of `Pool`.
: Uses of _getdirentries64 have been removed from Darwin builds, to allow Go binaries to be uploaded to the macOS App Store.
<!-- CL 174197 --> The new `ProcessAttributes` and `ThreadAttributes` fields in [`SysProcAttr`](/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=windows#SysProcAttr) have been introduced for Windows, exposing security settings when creating new processes. <!-- CL 174320 --> `EINVAL` is no longer returned in zero [`Chmod`](/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=windows#Chmod) mode on Windows. <!-- CL 191337 --> Values of type `Errno` can be tested against error values in the `os` package, like [`ErrExist`](/pkg/os/#ErrExist), using [`errors.Is`](/pkg/errors/#Is).
: TypedArrayOf has been replaced by CopyBytesToGo and CopyBytesToJS for copying bytes between a byte slice and a Uint8Array.
: When running benchmarks, B.N is no longer rounded.
<!-- CL 166717 --> The new method [`B.ReportMetric`](/pkg/testing/#B.ReportMetric) lets users report custom benchmark metrics and override built-in metrics. <!-- CL 173722 --> Testing flags are now registered in the new [`Init`](/pkg/testing/#Init) function, which is invoked by the generated `main` function for the test. As a result, testing flags are now only registered when running a test binary, and packages that call `flag.Parse` during package initialization may cause tests to fail.
: The scanner has been updated to recognize the new Go number literals, specifically binary literals with 0b/0B prefix, octal literals with 0o/0O prefix, and floating-point numbers with hexadecimal mantissa. Also, the new AllowDigitSeparators mode allows number literals to contain underscores as digit separators (off by default for backwards-compatibility). See the Changes to the language for details.
: The new slice function returns the result of slicing its first argument by the following arguments.
: Day-of-year is now supported by Format and Parse.
<!-- CL 167387 --> The new [`Duration`](/pkg/time/#Duration) methods [`Microseconds`](/pkg/time/#Duration.Microseconds) and [`Milliseconds`](/pkg/time/#Duration.Milliseconds) return the duration as an integer count of their respectively named units.
: The unicode package and associated support throughout the system has been upgraded from Unicode 10.0 to Unicode 11.0, which adds 684 new characters, including seven new scripts, and 66 new emoji.