content: delete content/doc
Final step in deduplicating the go/doc code. Now all updates to
go/doc won't have to be backported to x/website.
Updates golang/go#29206
Change-Id: Id26dded099287e4f76bcef2e4d7e58d3253db02d
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/160238
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/go_command.html b/content/doc/articles/go_command.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f4e8e0..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/go_command.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,254 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "title": "About the go command"
-}-->
-
-<p>The Go distribution includes a command, named
-"<code><a href="/cmd/go/">go</a></code>", that
-automates the downloading, building, installation, and testing of Go packages
-and commands. This document talks about why we wrote a new command, what it
-is, what it's not, and how to use it.</p>
-
-<h2>Motivation</h2>
-
-<p>You might have seen early Go talks in which Rob Pike jokes that the idea
-for Go arose while waiting for a large Google server to compile. That
-really was the motivation for Go: to build a language that worked well
-for building the large software that Google writes and runs. It was
-clear from the start that such a language must provide a way to
-express dependencies between code libraries clearly, hence the package
-grouping and the explicit import blocks. It was also clear from the
-start that you might want arbitrary syntax for describing the code
-being imported; this is why import paths are string literals.</p>
-
-<p>An explicit goal for Go from the beginning was to be able to build Go
-code using only the information found in the source itself, not
-needing to write a makefile or one of the many modern replacements for
-makefiles. If Go needed a configuration file to explain how to build
-your program, then Go would have failed.</p>
-
-<p>At first, there was no Go compiler, and the initial development
-focused on building one and then building libraries for it. For
-expedience, we postponed the automation of building Go code by using
-make and writing makefiles. When compiling a single package involved
-multiple invocations of the Go compiler, we even used a program to
-write the makefiles for us. You can find it if you dig through the
-repository history.</p>
-
-<p>The purpose of the new go command is our return to this ideal, that Go
-programs should compile without configuration or additional effort on
-the part of the developer beyond writing the necessary import
-statements.</p>
-
-<h2>Configuration versus convention</h2>
-
-<p>The way to achieve the simplicity of a configuration-free system is to
-establish conventions. The system works only to the extent that those conventions
-are followed. When we first launched Go, many people published packages that
-had to be installed in certain places, under certain names, using certain build
-tools, in order to be used. That's understandable: that's the way it works in
-most other languages. Over the last few years we consistently reminded people
-about the <code>goinstall</code> command
-(now replaced by <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Download_and_install_packages_and_dependencies"><code>go get</code></a>)
-and its conventions: first, that the import path is derived in a known way from
-the URL of the source code; second, that the place to store the sources in
-the local file system is derived in a known way from the import path; third,
-that each directory in a source tree corresponds to a single package; and
-fourth, that the package is built using only information in the source code.
-Today, the vast majority of packages follow these conventions.
-The Go ecosystem is simpler and more powerful as a result.</p>
-
-<p>We received many requests to allow a makefile in a package directory to
-provide just a little extra configuration beyond what's in the source code.
-But that would have introduced new rules. Because we did not accede to such
-requests, we were able to write the go command and eliminate our use of make
-or any other build system.</p>
-
-<p>It is important to understand that the go command is not a general
-build tool. It cannot be configured and it does not attempt to build
-anything but Go packages. These are important simplifying
-assumptions: they simplify not only the implementation but also, more
-important, the use of the tool itself.</p>
-
-<h2>Go's conventions</h2>
-
-<p>The <code>go</code> command requires that code adheres to a few key,
-well-established conventions.</p>
-
-<p>First, the import path is derived in an known way from the URL of the
-source code. For Bitbucket, GitHub, Google Code, and Launchpad, the
-root directory of the repository is identified by the repository's
-main URL, without the <code>http://</code> prefix. Subdirectories are named by
-adding to that path.
-For example, the Go example programs are obtained by running</p>
-
-<pre>
-git clone https://github.com/golang/example
-</pre>
-
-<p>and thus the import path for the root directory of that repository is
-"<code>github.com/golang/example</code>".
-The <a href="https://godoc.org/github.com/golang/example/stringutil">stringutil</a>
-package is stored in a subdirectory, so its import path is
-"<code>github.com/golang/example/stringutil</code>".</p>
-
-<p>These paths are on the long side, but in exchange we get an
-automatically managed name space for import paths and the ability for
-a tool like the go command to look at an unfamiliar import path and
-deduce where to obtain the source code.</p>
-
-<p>Second, the place to store sources in the local file system is derived
-in a known way from the import path, specifically
-<code>$GOPATH/src/<import-path></code>.
-If unset, <code>$GOPATH</code> defaults to a subdirectory
-named <code>go</code> in the user's home directory.
-If <code>$GOPATH</code> is set to a list of paths, the go command tries
-<code><dir>/src/<import-path></code> for each of the directories in
-that list.
-</p>
-
-<p>Each of those trees contains, by convention, a top-level directory named
-"<code>bin</code>", for holding compiled executables, and a top-level directory
-named "<code>pkg</code>", for holding compiled packages that can be imported,
-and the "<code>src</code>" directory, for holding package source files.
-Imposing this structure lets us keep each of these directory trees
-self-contained: the compiled form and the sources are always near each
-other.</p>
-
-<p>These naming conventions also let us work in the reverse direction,
-from a directory name to its import path. This mapping is important
-for many of the go command's subcommands, as we'll see below.</p>
-
-<p>Third, each directory in a source tree corresponds to a single
-package. By restricting a directory to a single package, we don't have
-to create hybrid import paths that specify first the directory and
-then the package within that directory. Also, most file management
-tools and UIs work on directories as fundamental units. Tying the
-fundamental Go unit—the package—to file system structure means
-that file system tools become Go package tools. Copying, moving, or
-deleting a package corresponds to copying, moving, or deleting a
-directory.</p>
-
-<p>Fourth, each package is built using only the information present in
-the source files. This makes it much more likely that the tool will
-be able to adapt to changing build environments and conditions. For
-example, if we allowed extra configuration such as compiler flags or
-command line recipes, then that configuration would need to be updated
-each time the build tools changed; it would also be inherently tied
-to the use of a specific toolchain.</p>
-
-<h2>Getting started with the go command</h2>
-
-<p>Finally, a quick tour of how to use the go command.
-As mentioned above, the default <code>$GOPATH</code> on Unix is <code>$HOME/go</code>.
-We'll store our programs there.
-To use a different location, you can set <code>$GOPATH</code>;
-see <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for details.
-
-<p>We first add some source code. Suppose we want to use
-the indexing library from the codesearch project along with a left-leaning
-red-black tree. We can install both with the "<code>go get</code>"
-subcommand:</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get github.com/google/codesearch/index
-$ go get github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb
-$
-</pre>
-
-<p>Both of these projects are now downloaded and installed into <code>$HOME/go</code>,
-which contains the two directories
-<code>src/github.com/google/codesearch/index/</code> and
-<code>src/github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb/</code>, along with the compiled
-packages (in <code>pkg/</code>) for those libraries and their dependencies.</p>
-
-<p>Because we used version control systems (Mercurial and Git) to check
-out the sources, the source tree also contains the other files in the
-corresponding repositories, such as related packages. The "<code>go list</code>"
-subcommand lists the import paths corresponding to its arguments, and
-the pattern "<code>./...</code>" means start in the current directory
-("<code>./</code>") and find all packages below that directory
-("<code>...</code>"):</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ cd $HOME/go/src
-$ go list ./...
-github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cgrep
-github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cindex
-github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/csearch
-github.com/google/codesearch/index
-github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
-github.com/google/codesearch/sparse
-github.com/petar/GoLLRB/example
-github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb
-$
-</pre>
-
-<p>We can also test those packages:</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go test ./...
-? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cgrep [no test files]
-? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/cindex [no test files]
-? github.com/google/codesearch/cmd/csearch [no test files]
-ok github.com/google/codesearch/index 0.203s
-ok github.com/google/codesearch/regexp 0.017s
-? github.com/google/codesearch/sparse [no test files]
-? github.com/petar/GoLLRB/example [no test files]
-ok github.com/petar/GoLLRB/llrb 0.231s
-$
-</pre>
-
-<p>If a go subcommand is invoked with no paths listed, it operates on the
-current directory:</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ cd github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
-$ go list
-github.com/google/codesearch/regexp
-$ go test -v
-=== RUN TestNstateEnc
---- PASS: TestNstateEnc (0.00s)
-=== RUN TestMatch
---- PASS: TestMatch (0.00s)
-=== RUN TestGrep
---- PASS: TestGrep (0.00s)
-PASS
-ok github.com/google/codesearch/regexp 0.018s
-$ go install
-$
-</pre>
-
-<p>That "<code>go install</code>" subcommand installs the latest copy of the
-package into the pkg directory. Because the go command can analyze the
-dependency graph, "<code>go install</code>" also installs any packages that
-this package imports but that are out of date, recursively.</p>
-
-<p>Notice that "<code>go install</code>" was able to determine the name of the
-import path for the package in the current directory, because of the convention
-for directory naming. It would be a little more convenient if we could pick
-the name of the directory where we kept source code, and we probably wouldn't
-pick such a long name, but that ability would require additional configuration
-and complexity in the tool. Typing an extra directory name or two is a small
-price to pay for the increased simplicity and power.</p>
-
-<h2>Limitations</h2>
-
-<p>As mentioned above, the go command is not a general-purpose build
-tool.
-In particular, it does not have any facility for generating Go
-source files <em>during</em> a build, although it does provide
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Generate_Go_files_by_processing_source"><code>go</code>
-<code>generate</code></a>,
-which can automate the creation of Go files <em>before</em> the build.
-For more advanced build setups, you may need to write a
-makefile (or a configuration file for the build tool of your choice)
-to run whatever tool creates the Go files and then check those generated source files
-into your repository. This is more work for you, the package author,
-but it is significantly less work for your users, who can use
-"<code>go get</code>" without needing to obtain and build
-any additional tools.</p>
-
-<h2>More information</h2>
-
-<p>For more information, read <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a>
-and see the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command documentation</a>.</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/index.html b/content/doc/articles/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ddd669..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "/doc/articles/"
-}-->
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="/doc/#articles">Documents page</a> and the
-<a href="/blog/index">Blog index</a> for a complete list of Go articles.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/race_detector.html b/content/doc/articles/race_detector.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 6defd98..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/race_detector.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,389 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Data Race Detector",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-Data races are among the most common and hardest to debug types of bugs in concurrent systems.
-A data race occurs when two goroutines access the same variable concurrently and at least one of the accesses is a write.
-See the <a href="/ref/mem/">The Go Memory Model</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Here is an example of a data race that can lead to crashes and memory corruption:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func main() {
- c := make(chan bool)
- m := make(map[string]string)
- go func() {
- m["1"] = "a" // First conflicting access.
- c <- true
- }()
- m["2"] = "b" // Second conflicting access.
- <-c
- for k, v := range m {
- fmt.Println(k, v)
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>
-
-<p>
-To help diagnose such bugs, Go includes a built-in data race detector.
-To use it, add the <code>-race</code> flag to the go command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go test -race mypkg // to test the package
-$ go run -race mysrc.go // to run the source file
-$ go build -race mycmd // to build the command
-$ go install -race mypkg // to install the package
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Report_Format">Report Format</h2>
-
-<p>
-When the race detector finds a data race in the program, it prints a report.
-The report contains stack traces for conflicting accesses, as well as stacks where the involved goroutines were created.
-Here is an example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-WARNING: DATA RACE
-Read by goroutine 185:
- net.(*pollServer).AddFD()
- src/net/fd_unix.go:89 +0x398
- net.(*pollServer).WaitWrite()
- src/net/fd_unix.go:247 +0x45
- net.(*netFD).Write()
- src/net/fd_unix.go:540 +0x4d4
- net.(*conn).Write()
- src/net/net.go:129 +0x101
- net.func·060()
- src/net/timeout_test.go:603 +0xaf
-
-Previous write by goroutine 184:
- net.setWriteDeadline()
- src/net/sockopt_posix.go:135 +0xdf
- net.setDeadline()
- src/net/sockopt_posix.go:144 +0x9c
- net.(*conn).SetDeadline()
- src/net/net.go:161 +0xe3
- net.func·061()
- src/net/timeout_test.go:616 +0x3ed
-
-Goroutine 185 (running) created at:
- net.func·061()
- src/net/timeout_test.go:609 +0x288
-
-Goroutine 184 (running) created at:
- net.TestProlongTimeout()
- src/net/timeout_test.go:618 +0x298
- testing.tRunner()
- src/testing/testing.go:301 +0xe8
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Options">Options</h2>
-
-<p>
-The <code>GORACE</code> environment variable sets race detector options.
-The format is:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-GORACE="option1=val1 option2=val2"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The options are:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<code>log_path</code> (default <code>stderr</code>): The race detector writes
-its report to a file named <code>log_path.<em>pid</em></code>.
-The special names <code>stdout</code>
-and <code>stderr</code> cause reports to be written to standard output and
-standard error, respectively.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>exitcode</code> (default <code>66</code>): The exit status to use when
-exiting after a detected race.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>strip_path_prefix</code> (default <code>""</code>): Strip this prefix
-from all reported file paths, to make reports more concise.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>history_size</code> (default <code>1</code>): The per-goroutine memory
-access history is <code>32K * 2**history_size elements</code>.
-Increasing this value can avoid a "failed to restore the stack" error in reports, at the
-cost of increased memory usage.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>halt_on_error</code> (default <code>0</code>): Controls whether the program
-exits after reporting first data race.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ GORACE="log_path=/tmp/race/report strip_path_prefix=/my/go/sources/" go test -race
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Excluding_Tests">Excluding Tests</h2>
-
-<p>
-When you build with <code>-race</code> flag, the <code>go</code> command defines additional
-<a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">build tag</a> <code>race</code>.
-You can use the tag to exclude some code and tests when running the race detector.
-Some examples:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// +build !race
-
-package foo
-
-// The test contains a data race. See issue 123.
-func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
- // ...
-}
-
-// The test fails under the race detector due to timeouts.
-func TestBar(t *testing.T) {
- // ...
-}
-
-// The test takes too long under the race detector.
-func TestBaz(t *testing.T) {
- // ...
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="How_To_Use">How To Use</h2>
-
-<p>
-To start, run your tests using the race detector (<code>go test -race</code>).
-The race detector only finds races that happen at runtime, so it can't find
-races in code paths that are not executed.
-If your tests have incomplete coverage,
-you may find more races by running a binary built with <code>-race</code> under a realistic
-workload.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Typical_Data_Races">Typical Data Races</h2>
-
-<p>
-Here are some typical data races. All of them can be detected with the race detector.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Race_on_loop_counter">Race on loop counter</h3>
-
-<pre>
-func main() {
- var wg sync.WaitGroup
- wg.Add(5)
- for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
- go func() {
- fmt.Println(i) // Not the 'i' you are looking for.
- wg.Done()
- }()
- }
- wg.Wait()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The variable <code>i</code> in the function literal is the same variable used by the loop, so
-the read in the goroutine races with the loop increment.
-(This program typically prints 55555, not 01234.)
-The program can be fixed by making a copy of the variable:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func main() {
- var wg sync.WaitGroup
- wg.Add(5)
- for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
- go func(j int) {
- fmt.Println(j) // Good. Read local copy of the loop counter.
- wg.Done()
- }(i)
- }
- wg.Wait()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Accidentally_shared_variable">Accidentally shared variable</h3>
-
-<pre>
-// ParallelWrite writes data to file1 and file2, returns the errors.
-func ParallelWrite(data []byte) chan error {
- res := make(chan error, 2)
- f1, err := os.Create("file1")
- if err != nil {
- res <- err
- } else {
- go func() {
- // This err is shared with the main goroutine,
- // so the write races with the write below.
- _, err = f1.Write(data)
- res <- err
- f1.Close()
- }()
- }
- f2, err := os.Create("file2") // The second conflicting write to err.
- if err != nil {
- res <- err
- } else {
- go func() {
- _, err = f2.Write(data)
- res <- err
- f2.Close()
- }()
- }
- return res
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The fix is to introduce new variables in the goroutines (note the use of <code>:=</code>):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- ...
- _, err := f1.Write(data)
- ...
- _, err := f2.Write(data)
- ...
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Unprotected_global_variable">Unprotected global variable</h3>
-
-<p>
-If the following code is called from several goroutines, it leads to races on the <code>service</code> map.
-Concurrent reads and writes of the same map are not safe:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var service map[string]net.Addr
-
-func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
- service[name] = addr
-}
-
-func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
- return service[name]
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To make the code safe, protect the accesses with a mutex:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var (
- service map[string]net.Addr
- serviceMu sync.Mutex
-)
-
-func RegisterService(name string, addr net.Addr) {
- serviceMu.Lock()
- defer serviceMu.Unlock()
- service[name] = addr
-}
-
-func LookupService(name string) net.Addr {
- serviceMu.Lock()
- defer serviceMu.Unlock()
- return service[name]
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Primitive_unprotected_variable">Primitive unprotected variable</h3>
-
-<p>
-Data races can happen on variables of primitive types as well (<code>bool</code>, <code>int</code>, <code>int64</code>, etc.),
-as in this example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
-
-func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
- w.last = time.Now().UnixNano() // First conflicting access.
-}
-
-func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
- go func() {
- for {
- time.Sleep(time.Second)
- // Second conflicting access.
- if w.last < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
- fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
- os.Exit(1)
- }
- }
- }()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Even such "innocent" data races can lead to hard-to-debug problems caused by
-non-atomicity of the memory accesses,
-interference with compiler optimizations,
-or reordering issues accessing processor memory .
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A typical fix for this race is to use a channel or a mutex.
-To preserve the lock-free behavior, one can also use the
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Watchdog struct{ last int64 }
-
-func (w *Watchdog) KeepAlive() {
- atomic.StoreInt64(&w.last, time.Now().UnixNano())
-}
-
-func (w *Watchdog) Start() {
- go func() {
- for {
- time.Sleep(time.Second)
- if atomic.LoadInt64(&w.last) < time.Now().Add(-10*time.Second).UnixNano() {
- fmt.Println("No keepalives for 10 seconds. Dying.")
- os.Exit(1)
- }
- }
- }()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Supported_Systems">Supported Systems</h2>
-
-<p>
-The race detector runs on <code>darwin/amd64</code>, <code>freebsd/amd64</code>,
-<code>linux/amd64</code>, and <code>windows/amd64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Runtime_Overheads">Runtime Overhead</h2>
-
-<p>
-The cost of race detection varies by program, but for a typical program, memory
-usage may increase by 5-10x and execution time by 2-20x.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/edit.html b/content/doc/articles/wiki/edit.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 044c3be..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/edit.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Editing {{.Title}}</h1>
-
-<form action="/save/{{.Title}}" method="POST">
-<div><textarea name="body" rows="20" cols="80">{{printf "%s" .Body}}</textarea></div>
-<div><input type="submit" value="Save"></div>
-</form>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b4ce255..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "errors"
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
- "regexp"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title, err := getTitle(w, r)
- if err != nil {
- return
- }
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
- return
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title, err := getTitle(w, r)
- if err != nil {
- return
- }
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
-}
-
-func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title, err := getTitle(w, r)
- if err != nil {
- return
- }
- body := r.FormValue("body")
- p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
- err = p.save()
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- return
- }
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
-}
-
-func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
- t, err := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- return
- }
- err = t.Execute(w, p)
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- }
-}
-
-var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
-
-func getTitle(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) (string, error) {
- m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
- if m == nil {
- http.NotFound(w, r)
- return "", errors.New("Invalid Page Title")
- }
- return m[2], nil // The title is the second subexpression.
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 42a22da..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- t, _ := template.ParseFiles("edit.html")
- t.Execute(w, p)
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
- p, _ := loadPage(title)
- t, _ := template.ParseFiles("view.html")
- t.Execute(w, p)
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-parsetemplate.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-parsetemplate.go
deleted file mode 100644
index a9aa7f2..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-parsetemplate.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
- "regexp"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
- return
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
-}
-
-func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
- body := r.FormValue("body")
- p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
- err := p.save()
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- return
- }
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
-}
-
-func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
- t, err := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- return
- }
- err = t.Execute(w, p)
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- }
-}
-
-var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
-
-func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
- return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
- if m == nil {
- http.NotFound(w, r)
- return
- }
- fn(w, r, m[2])
- }
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", makeHandler(viewHandler))
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
- http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ea480e..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
- p, _ := loadPage(title)
- renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
-}
-
-func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
- body := r.FormValue("body")
- p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
- p.save()
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
-}
-
-func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
- t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
- t.Execute(w, p)
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-test.patch b/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-test.patch
deleted file mode 100644
index fd7d625..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final-test.patch
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
---- final.go 2017-08-31 13:19:00.422925489 -0700
-+++ final-test.go 2017-08-31 13:23:43.381391659 -0700
-@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
-+ "net"
- "net/http"
- "regexp"
- )
-@@ -86,5 +87,15 @@
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
- http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
-
-- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-+ l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-+ if err != nil {
-+ log.Fatal(err)
-+ }
-+ err = ioutil.WriteFile("final-test-port.txt", []byte(l.Addr().String()), 0644)
-+ if err != nil {
-+ log.Fatal(err)
-+ }
-+ s := &http.Server{}
-+ s.Serve(l)
-+ return
- }
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/final.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f6646b..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/final.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
- "regexp"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
- return
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
-}
-
-func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string) {
- body := r.FormValue("body")
- p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
- err := p.save()
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- return
- }
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
-}
-
-var templates = template.Must(template.ParseFiles("edit.html", "view.html"))
-
-func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
- err := templates.ExecuteTemplate(w, tmpl+".html", p)
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- }
-}
-
-var validPath = regexp.MustCompile("^/(edit|save|view)/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$")
-
-func makeHandler(fn func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
- return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- m := validPath.FindStringSubmatch(r.URL.Path)
- if m == nil {
- http.NotFound(w, r)
- return
- }
- fn(w, r, m[2])
- }
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", makeHandler(viewHandler))
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", makeHandler(editHandler))
- http.HandleFunc("/save/", makeHandler(saveHandler))
-
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/get.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/get.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b3e464b..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/get.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "flag"
- "fmt"
- "io"
- "log"
- "net"
- "net/http"
- "os"
- "strings"
- "time"
-)
-
-var (
- post = flag.String("post", "", "urlencoded form data to POST")
- addr = flag.Bool("addr", false, "find open address and print to stdout")
- wait = flag.Duration("wait_for_port", 0, "if non-zero, the amount of time to wait for the address to become available")
-)
-
-func main() {
- flag.Parse()
- if *addr {
- l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- defer l.Close()
- fmt.Print(l.Addr())
- return
- }
- url := flag.Arg(0)
- if url == "" {
- log.Fatal("no url supplied")
- }
- var r *http.Response
- var err error
- loopUntil := time.Now().Add(*wait)
- for {
- if *post != "" {
- b := strings.NewReader(*post)
- r, err = http.Post(url, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", b)
- } else {
- r, err = http.Get(url)
- }
- if err == nil || *wait == 0 || time.Now().After(loopUntil) {
- break
- }
- time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
- }
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- defer r.Body.Close()
- _, err = io.Copy(os.Stdout, r.Body)
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/http-sample.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/http-sample.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 9bc2084..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/http-sample.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hi there, I love %s!", r.URL.Path[1:])
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/index.html b/content/doc/articles/wiki/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b7ab2cc..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,740 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Writing Web Applications",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2>Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-Covered in this tutorial:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Creating a data structure with load and save methods</li>
-<li>Using the <code>net/http</code> package to build web applications
-<li>Using the <code>html/template</code> package to process HTML templates</li>
-<li>Using the <code>regexp</code> package to validate user input</li>
-<li>Using closures</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Assumed knowledge:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Programming experience</li>
-<li>Understanding of basic web technologies (HTTP, HTML)</li>
-<li>Some UNIX/DOS command-line knowledge</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h2>Getting Started</h2>
-
-<p>
-At present, you need to have a FreeBSD, Linux, OS X, or Windows machine to run Go.
-We will use <code>$</code> to represent the command prompt.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Install Go (see the <a href="/doc/install">Installation Instructions</a>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Make a new directory for this tutorial inside your <code>GOPATH</code> and cd to it:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ mkdir gowiki
-$ cd gowiki
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Create a file named <code>wiki.go</code>, open it in your favorite editor, and
-add the following lines:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io/ioutil"
-)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-We import the <code>fmt</code> and <code>ioutil</code> packages from the Go
-standard library. Later, as we implement additional functionality, we will
-add more packages to this <code>import</code> declaration.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Data Structures</h2>
-
-<p>
-Let's start by defining the data structures. A wiki consists of a series of
-interconnected pages, each of which has a title and a body (the page content).
-Here, we define <code>Page</code> as a struct with two fields representing
-the title and body.
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^type Page/` `/}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The type <code>[]byte</code> means "a <code>byte</code> slice".
-(See <a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Slices: usage and
-internals</a> for more on slices.)
-The <code>Body</code> element is a <code>[]byte</code> rather than
-<code>string</code> because that is the type expected by the <code>io</code>
-libraries we will use, as you'll see below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Page</code> struct describes how page data will be stored in memory.
-But what about persistent storage? We can address that by creating a
-<code>save</code> method on <code>Page</code>:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^func.*Page.*save/` `/}/`}}
-
-<p>
-This method's signature reads: "This is a method named <code>save</code> that
-takes as its receiver <code>p</code>, a pointer to <code>Page</code> . It takes
-no parameters, and returns a value of type <code>error</code>."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This method will save the <code>Page</code>'s <code>Body</code> to a text
-file. For simplicity, we will use the <code>Title</code> as the file name.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>save</code> method returns an <code>error</code> value because
-that is the return type of <code>WriteFile</code> (a standard library function
-that writes a byte slice to a file). The <code>save</code> method returns the
-error value, to let the application handle it should anything go wrong while
-writing the file. If all goes well, <code>Page.save()</code> will return
-<code>nil</code> (the zero-value for pointers, interfaces, and some other
-types).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The octal integer literal <code>0600</code>, passed as the third parameter to
-<code>WriteFile</code>, indicates that the file should be created with
-read-write permissions for the current user only. (See the Unix man page
-<code>open(2)</code> for details.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In addition to saving pages, we will want to load pages, too:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go" `/^func loadPage/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The function <code>loadPage</code> constructs the file name from the title
-parameter, reads the file's contents into a new variable <code>body</code>, and
-returns a pointer to a <code>Page</code> literal constructed with the proper
-title and body values.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Functions can return multiple values. The standard library function
-<code>io.ReadFile</code> returns <code>[]byte</code> and <code>error</code>.
-In <code>loadPage</code>, error isn't being handled yet; the "blank identifier"
-represented by the underscore (<code>_</code>) symbol is used to throw away the
-error return value (in essence, assigning the value to nothing).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-But what happens if <code>ReadFile</code> encounters an error? For example,
-the file might not exist. We should not ignore such errors. Let's modify the
-function to return <code>*Page</code> and <code>error</code>.
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^func loadPage/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-Callers of this function can now check the second parameter; if it is
-<code>nil</code> then it has successfully loaded a Page. If not, it will be an
-<code>error</code> that can be handled by the caller (see the
-<a href="/ref/spec#Errors">language specification</a> for details).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At this point we have a simple data structure and the ability to save to and
-load from a file. Let's write a <code>main</code> function to test what we've
-written:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part1.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-After compiling and executing this code, a file named <code>TestPage.txt</code>
-would be created, containing the contents of <code>p1</code>. The file would
-then be read into the struct <code>p2</code>, and its <code>Body</code> element
-printed to the screen.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can compile and run the program like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go build wiki.go
-$ ./wiki
-This is a sample Page.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
-"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="part1.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Introducing the <code>net/http</code> package (an interlude)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Here's a full working example of a simple web server:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/http-sample.go"}}
-
-<p>
-The <code>main</code> function begins with a call to
-<code>http.HandleFunc</code>, which tells the <code>http</code> package to
-handle all requests to the web root (<code>"/"</code>) with
-<code>handler</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It then calls <code>http.ListenAndServe</code>, specifying that it should
-listen on port 8080 on any interface (<code>":8080"</code>). (Don't
-worry about its second parameter, <code>nil</code>, for now.)
-This function will block until the program is terminated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>ListenAndServe</code> always returns an error, since it only returns when an
-unexpected error occurs.
-In order to log that error we wrap the function call with <code>log.Fatal</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The function <code>handler</code> is of the type <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>.
-It takes an <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> and an <code>http.Request</code> as
-its arguments.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> value assembles the HTTP server's response; by writing
-to it, we send data to the HTTP client.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An <code>http.Request</code> is a data structure that represents the client
-HTTP request. <code>r.URL.Path</code> is the path component
-of the request URL. The trailing <code>[1:]</code> means
-"create a sub-slice of <code>Path</code> from the 1st character to the end."
-This drops the leading "/" from the path name.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you run this program and access the URL:
-</p>
-<pre>http://localhost:8080/monkeys</pre>
-<p>
-the program would present a page containing:
-</p>
-<pre>Hi there, I love monkeys!</pre>
-
-<h2>Using <code>net/http</code> to serve wiki pages</h2>
-
-<p>
-To use the <code>net/http</code> package, it must be imported:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io/ioutil"
- <b>"net/http"</b>
-)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Let's create a handler, <code>viewHandler</code> that will allow users to
-view a wiki page. It will handle URLs prefixed with "/view/".
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-Again, note the use of <code>_</code> to ignore the <code>error</code>
-return value from <code>loadPage</code>. This is done here for simplicity
-and generally considered bad practice. We will attend to this later.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, this function extracts the page title from <code>r.URL.Path</code>,
-the path component of the request URL.
-The <code>Path</code> is re-sliced with <code>[len("/view/"):]</code> to drop
-the leading <code>"/view/"</code> component of the request path.
-This is because the path will invariably begin with <code>"/view/"</code>,
-which is not part of the page's title.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The function then loads the page data, formats the page with a string of simple
-HTML, and writes it to <code>w</code>, the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To use this handler, we rewrite our <code>main</code> function to
-initialize <code>http</code> using the <code>viewHandler</code> to handle
-any requests under the path <code>/view/</code>.
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part2.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-<a href="part2.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Let's create some page data (as <code>test.txt</code>), compile our code, and
-try serving a wiki page.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Open <code>test.txt</code> file in your editor, and save the string "Hello world" (without quotes)
-in it.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go build wiki.go
-$ ./wiki
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(If you're using Windows you must type "<code>wiki</code>" without the
-"<code>./</code>" to run the program.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With this web server running, a visit to <code><a
-href="http://localhost:8080/view/test">http://localhost:8080/view/test</a></code>
-should show a page titled "test" containing the words "Hello world".
-</p>
-
-<h2>Editing Pages</h2>
-
-<p>
-A wiki is not a wiki without the ability to edit pages. Let's create two new
-handlers: one named <code>editHandler</code> to display an 'edit page' form,
-and the other named <code>saveHandler</code> to save the data entered via the
-form.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, we add them to <code>main()</code>:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func main/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The function <code>editHandler</code> loads the page
-(or, if it doesn't exist, create an empty <code>Page</code> struct),
-and displays an HTML form.
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/notemplate.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-This function will work fine, but all that hard-coded HTML is ugly.
-Of course, there is a better way.
-</p>
-
-<h2>The <code>html/template</code> package</h2>
-
-<p>
-The <code>html/template</code> package is part of the Go standard library.
-We can use <code>html/template</code> to keep the HTML in a separate file,
-allowing us to change the layout of our edit page without modifying the
-underlying Go code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, we must add <code>html/template</code> to the list of imports. We
-also won't be using <code>fmt</code> anymore, so we have to remove that.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import (
- <b>"html/template"</b>
- "io/ioutil"
- "net/http"
-)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Let's create a template file containing the HTML form.
-Open a new file named <code>edit.html</code>, and add the following lines:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/edit.html"}}
-
-<p>
-Modify <code>editHandler</code> to use the template, instead of the hard-coded
-HTML:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The function <code>template.ParseFiles</code> will read the contents of
-<code>edit.html</code> and return a <code>*template.Template</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The method <code>t.Execute</code> executes the template, writing the
-generated HTML to the <code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.
-The <code>.Title</code> and <code>.Body</code> dotted identifiers refer to
-<code>p.Title</code> and <code>p.Body</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Template directives are enclosed in double curly braces.
-The <code>printf "%s" .Body</code> instruction is a function call
-that outputs <code>.Body</code> as a string instead of a stream of bytes,
-the same as a call to <code>fmt.Printf</code>.
-The <code>html/template</code> package helps guarantee that only safe and
-correct-looking HTML is generated by template actions. For instance, it
-automatically escapes any greater than sign (<code>></code>), replacing it
-with <code>&gt;</code>, to make sure user data does not corrupt the form
-HTML.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Since we're working with templates now, let's create a template for our
-<code>viewHandler</code> called <code>view.html</code>:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/view.html"}}
-
-<p>
-Modify <code>viewHandler</code> accordingly:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noerror.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-Notice that we've used almost exactly the same templating code in both
-handlers. Let's remove this duplication by moving the templating code
-to its own function:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-And modify the handlers to use that function:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-If we comment out the registration of our unimplemented save handler in
-<code>main</code>, we can once again build and test our program.
-<a href="part3.go">Click here to view the code we've written so far.</a>
-</p>
-
-<h2>Handling non-existent pages</h2>
-
-<p>
-What if you visit <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/APageThatDoesntExist">
-<code>/view/APageThatDoesntExist</code></a>? You'll see a page containing
-HTML. This is because it ignores the error return value from
-<code>loadPage</code> and continues to try and fill out the template
-with no data. Instead, if the requested Page doesn't exist, it should
-redirect the client to the edit Page so the content may be created:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The <code>http.Redirect</code> function adds an HTTP status code of
-<code>http.StatusFound</code> (302) and a <code>Location</code>
-header to the HTTP response.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Saving Pages</h2>
-
-<p>
-The function <code>saveHandler</code> will handle the submission of forms
-located on the edit pages. After uncommenting the related line in
-<code>main</code>, let's implement the handler:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-template.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The page title (provided in the URL) and the form's only field,
-<code>Body</code>, are stored in a new <code>Page</code>.
-The <code>save()</code> method is then called to write the data to a file,
-and the client is redirected to the <code>/view/</code> page.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The value returned by <code>FormValue</code> is of type <code>string</code>.
-We must convert that value to <code>[]byte</code> before it will fit into
-the <code>Page</code> struct. We use <code>[]byte(body)</code> to perform
-the conversion.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Error handling</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are several places in our program where errors are being ignored. This
-is bad practice, not least because when an error does occur the program will
-have unintended behavior. A better solution is to handle the errors and return
-an error message to the user. That way if something does go wrong, the server
-will function exactly how we want and the user can be notified.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, let's handle the errors in <code>renderTemplate</code>:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-parsetemplate.go" `/^func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The <code>http.Error</code> function sends a specified HTTP response code
-(in this case "Internal Server Error") and error message.
-Already the decision to put this in a separate function is paying off.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Now let's fix up <code>saveHandler</code>:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-Any errors that occur during <code>p.save()</code> will be reported
-to the user.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Template caching</h2>
-
-<p>
-There is an inefficiency in this code: <code>renderTemplate</code> calls
-<code>ParseFiles</code> every time a page is rendered.
-A better approach would be to call <code>ParseFiles</code> once at program
-initialization, parsing all templates into a single <code>*Template</code>.
-Then we can use the
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/#Template.ExecuteTemplate"><code>ExecuteTemplate</code></a>
-method to render a specific template.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First we create a global variable named <code>templates</code>, and initialize
-it with <code>ParseFiles</code>.
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/var templates/`}}
-
-<p>
-The function <code>template.Must</code> is a convenience wrapper that panics
-when passed a non-nil <code>error</code> value, and otherwise returns the
-<code>*Template</code> unaltered. A panic is appropriate here; if the templates
-can't be loaded the only sensible thing to do is exit the program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>ParseFiles</code> function takes any number of string arguments that
-identify our template files, and parses those files into templates that are
-named after the base file name. If we were to add more templates to our
-program, we would add their names to the <code>ParseFiles</code> call's
-arguments.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We then modify the <code>renderTemplate</code> function to call the
-<code>templates.ExecuteTemplate</code> method with the name of the appropriate
-template:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/func renderTemplate/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-Note that the template name is the template file name, so we must
-append <code>".html"</code> to the <code>tmpl</code> argument.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Validation</h2>
-
-<p>
-As you may have observed, this program has a serious security flaw: a user
-can supply an arbitrary path to be read/written on the server. To mitigate
-this, we can write a function to validate the title with a regular expression.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, add <code>"regexp"</code> to the <code>import</code> list.
-Then we can create a global variable to store our validation
-expression:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^var validPath/`}}
-
-<p>
-The function <code>regexp.MustCompile</code> will parse and compile the
-regular expression, and return a <code>regexp.Regexp</code>.
-<code>MustCompile</code> is distinct from <code>Compile</code> in that it will
-panic if the expression compilation fails, while <code>Compile</code> returns
-an <code>error</code> as a second parameter.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Now, let's write a function that uses the <code>validPath</code>
-expression to validate path and extract the page title:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/func getTitle/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-If the title is valid, it will be returned along with a <code>nil</code>
-error value. If the title is invalid, the function will write a
-"404 Not Found" error to the HTTP connection, and return an error to the
-handler. To create a new error, we have to import the <code>errors</code>
-package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Let's put a call to <code>getTitle</code> in each of the handlers:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final-noclosure.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<h2>Introducing Function Literals and Closures</h2>
-
-<p>
-Catching the error condition in each handler introduces a lot of repeated code.
-What if we could wrap each of the handlers in a function that does this
-validation and error checking? Go's
-<a href="/ref/spec#Function_literals">function
-literals</a> provide a powerful means of abstracting functionality
-that can help us here.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, we re-write the function definition of each of the handlers to accept
-a title string:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string)
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string)
-func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, title string)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Now let's define a wrapper function that <i>takes a function of the above
-type</i>, and returns a function of type <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>
-(suitable to be passed to the function <code>http.HandleFunc</code>):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func makeHandler(fn func (http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request, string)) http.HandlerFunc {
- return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- // Here we will extract the page title from the Request,
- // and call the provided handler 'fn'
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The returned function is called a closure because it encloses values defined
-outside of it. In this case, the variable <code>fn</code> (the single argument
-to <code>makeHandler</code>) is enclosed by the closure. The variable
-<code>fn</code> will be one of our save, edit, or view handlers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Now we can take the code from <code>getTitle</code> and use it here
-(with some minor modifications):
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/func makeHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The closure returned by <code>makeHandler</code> is a function that takes
-an <code>http.ResponseWriter</code> and <code>http.Request</code> (in other
-words, an <code>http.HandlerFunc</code>).
-The closure extracts the <code>title</code> from the request path, and
-validates it with the <code>TitleValidator</code> regexp. If the
-<code>title</code> is invalid, an error will be written to the
-<code>ResponseWriter</code> using the <code>http.NotFound</code> function.
-If the <code>title</code> is valid, the enclosed handler function
-<code>fn</code> will be called with the <code>ResponseWriter</code>,
-<code>Request</code>, and <code>title</code> as arguments.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Now we can wrap the handler functions with <code>makeHandler</code> in
-<code>main</code>, before they are registered with the <code>http</code>
-package:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/func main/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-Finally we remove the calls to <code>getTitle</code> from the handler functions,
-making them much simpler:
-</p>
-
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/^func viewHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/^func editHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-{{code "doc/articles/wiki/final.go" `/^func saveHandler/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<h2>Try it out!</h2>
-
-<p>
-<a href="final.go">Click here to view the final code listing.</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Recompile the code, and run the app:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go build wiki.go
-$ ./wiki
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Visiting <a href="http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage">http://localhost:8080/view/ANewPage</a>
-should present you with the page edit form. You should then be able to
-enter some text, click 'Save', and be redirected to the newly created page.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Other tasks</h2>
-
-<p>
-Here are some simple tasks you might want to tackle on your own:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Store templates in <code>tmpl/</code> and page data in <code>data/</code>.
-<li>Add a handler to make the web root redirect to
- <code>/view/FrontPage</code>.</li>
-<li>Spruce up the page templates by making them valid HTML and adding some
- CSS rules.</li>
-<li>Implement inter-page linking by converting instances of
- <code>[PageName]</code> to <br>
- <code><a href="/view/PageName">PageName</a></code>.
- (hint: you could use <code>regexp.ReplaceAllFunc</code> to do this)
- </li>
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/notemplate.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/notemplate.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 0fda7a9..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/notemplate.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
- p, _ := loadPage(title)
- fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>Editing %s</h1>"+
- "<form action=\"/save/%s\" method=\"POST\">"+
- "<textarea name=\"body\">%s</textarea><br>"+
- "<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Save\">"+
- "</form>",
- p.Title, p.Title, p.Body)
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 7577b7b..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part1-noerror.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io/ioutil"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) *Page {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}
-}
-
-func main() {
- p1 := &Page{Title: "TestPage", Body: []byte("This is a sample page.")}
- p1.save()
- p2 := loadPage("TestPage")
- fmt.Println(string(p2.Body))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part1.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/part1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index d7bf1be..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io/ioutil"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func main() {
- p1 := &Page{Title: "TestPage", Body: []byte("This is a sample Page.")}
- p1.save()
- p2, _ := loadPage("TestPage")
- fmt.Println(string(p2.Body))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part2.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/part2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 30f9dcf..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
- p, _ := loadPage(title)
- fmt.Fprintf(w, "<h1>%s</h1><div>%s</div>", p.Title, p.Body)
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 34b13a6..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part3-errorhandling.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
- t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
- t.Execute(w, p)
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/edit/"+title, http.StatusFound)
- return
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
-}
-
-func saveHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/save/"):]
- body := r.FormValue("body")
- p := &Page{Title: title, Body: []byte(body)}
- err := p.save()
- if err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- return
- }
- http.Redirect(w, r, "/view/"+title, http.StatusFound)
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part3.go b/content/doc/articles/wiki/part3.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e5d505..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/part3.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "html/template"
- "io/ioutil"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-type Page struct {
- Title string
- Body []byte
-}
-
-func (p *Page) save() error {
- filename := p.Title + ".txt"
- return ioutil.WriteFile(filename, p.Body, 0600)
-}
-
-func loadPage(title string) (*Page, error) {
- filename := title + ".txt"
- body, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return &Page{Title: title, Body: body}, nil
-}
-
-func renderTemplate(w http.ResponseWriter, tmpl string, p *Page) {
- t, _ := template.ParseFiles(tmpl + ".html")
- t.Execute(w, p)
-}
-
-func viewHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/view/"):]
- p, _ := loadPage(title)
- renderTemplate(w, "view", p)
-}
-
-func editHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- title := r.URL.Path[len("/edit/"):]
- p, err := loadPage(title)
- if err != nil {
- p = &Page{Title: title}
- }
- renderTemplate(w, "edit", p)
-}
-
-func main() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view/", viewHandler)
- http.HandleFunc("/edit/", editHandler)
- //http.HandleFunc("/save/", saveHandler)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test.bash b/content/doc/articles/wiki/test.bash
deleted file mode 100755
index cec51fd..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test.bash
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-set -e
-
-if ! which patch > /dev/null; then
- echo "Skipping test; patch command not found."
- exit 0
-fi
-
-wiki_pid=
-cleanup() {
- kill $wiki_pid
- rm -f test_*.out Test.txt final-test.go final-test.bin final-test-port.txt a.out get.bin
-}
-trap cleanup 0 INT
-
-rm -f get.bin final-test.bin a.out
-
-# If called with -all, check that all code snippets compile.
-if [ "$1" = "-all" ]; then
- for fn in *.go; do
- go build -o a.out $fn
- done
-fi
-
-go build -o get.bin get.go
-cp final.go final-test.go
-patch final-test.go final-test.patch > /dev/null
-go build -o final-test.bin final-test.go
-./final-test.bin &
-wiki_pid=$!
-
-l=0
-while [ ! -f ./final-test-port.txt ]
-do
- l=$(($l+1))
- if [ "$l" -gt 5 ]
- then
- echo "port not available within 5 seconds"
- exit 1
- break
- fi
- sleep 1
-done
-
-addr=$(cat final-test-port.txt)
-./get.bin http://$addr/edit/Test > test_edit.out
-diff -u test_edit.out test_edit.good
-./get.bin -post=body=some%20content http://$addr/save/Test > test_save.out
-diff -u test_save.out test_view.good # should be the same as viewing
-diff -u Test.txt test_Test.txt.good
-./get.bin http://$addr/view/Test > test_view.out
-diff -u test_view.out test_view.good
-
-echo PASS
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_Test.txt.good b/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_Test.txt.good
deleted file mode 100644
index f0eec86..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_Test.txt.good
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-some content
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_edit.good b/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_edit.good
deleted file mode 100644
index 36c6dbb..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_edit.good
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Editing Test</h1>
-
-<form action="/save/Test" method="POST">
-<div><textarea name="body" rows="20" cols="80"></textarea></div>
-<div><input type="submit" value="Save"></div>
-</form>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_view.good b/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_view.good
deleted file mode 100644
index 07e8edb..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/test_view.good
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>Test</h1>
-
-<p>[<a href="/edit/Test">edit</a>]</p>
-
-<div>some content</div>
diff --git a/content/doc/articles/wiki/view.html b/content/doc/articles/wiki/view.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b1e87ef..0000000
--- a/content/doc/articles/wiki/view.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-<h1>{{.Title}}</h1>
-
-<p>[<a href="/edit/{{.Title}}">edit</a>]</p>
-
-<div>{{printf "%s" .Body}}</div>
diff --git a/content/doc/asm.html b/content/doc/asm.html
deleted file mode 100644
index debb1e2..0000000
--- a/content/doc/asm.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,980 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler",
- "Path": "/doc/asm"
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</h2>
-
-<p>
-This document is a quick outline of the unusual form of assembly language used by the <code>gc</code> Go compiler.
-The document is not comprehensive.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The assembler is based on the input style of the Plan 9 assemblers, which is documented in detail
-<a href="https://9p.io/sys/doc/asm.html">elsewhere</a>.
-If you plan to write assembly language, you should read that document although much of it is Plan 9-specific.
-The current document provides a summary of the syntax and the differences with
-what is explained in that document, and
-describes the peculiarities that apply when writing assembly code to interact with Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The most important thing to know about Go's assembler is that it is not a direct representation of the underlying machine.
-Some of the details map precisely to the machine, but some do not.
-This is because the compiler suite (see
-<a href="https://9p.io/sys/doc/compiler.html">this description</a>)
-needs no assembler pass in the usual pipeline.
-Instead, the compiler operates on a kind of semi-abstract instruction set,
-and instruction selection occurs partly after code generation.
-The assembler works on the semi-abstract form, so
-when you see an instruction like <code>MOV</code>
-what the toolchain actually generates for that operation might
-not be a move instruction at all, perhaps a clear or load.
-Or it might correspond exactly to the machine instruction with that name.
-In general, machine-specific operations tend to appear as themselves, while more general concepts like
-memory move and subroutine call and return are more abstract.
-The details vary with architecture, and we apologize for the imprecision; the situation is not well-defined.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The assembler program is a way to parse a description of that
-semi-abstract instruction set and turn it into instructions to be
-input to the linker.
-If you want to see what the instructions look like in assembly for a given architecture, say amd64, there
-are many examples in the sources of the standard library, in packages such as
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a>.
-You can also examine what the compiler emits as assembly code
-(the actual output may differ from what you see here):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ cat x.go
-package main
-
-func main() {
- println(3)
-}
-$ GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go tool compile -S x.go # or: go build -gcflags -S x.go
-
---- prog list "main" ---
-0000 (x.go:3) TEXT main+0(SB),$8-0
-0001 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $0,gcargs·0+0(SB)
-0002 (x.go:3) FUNCDATA $1,gclocals·0+0(SB)
-0003 (x.go:4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
-0004 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$8
-0005 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printint+0(SB)
-0006 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
-0007 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$0
-0008 (x.go:4) CALL ,runtime.printnl+0(SB)
-0009 (x.go:4) PCDATA $0,$-1
-0010 (x.go:5) RET ,
-...
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <code>FUNCDATA</code> and <code>PCDATA</code> directives contain information
-for use by the garbage collector; they are introduced by the compiler.
-</p>
-
-<!-- Commenting out because the feature is gone but it's popular and may come back.
-
-<p>
-To see what gets put in the binary after linking, add the <code>-a</code> flag to the linker:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go tool 6l -a x.6 # or: go build -ldflags -a x.go
-codeblk [0x2000,0x1d059) at offset 0x1000
-002000 main.main | (3) TEXT main.main+0(SB),$8
-002000 65488b0c25a0080000 | (3) MOVQ 2208(GS),CX
-002009 483b21 | (3) CMPQ SP,(CX)
-00200c 7707 | (3) JHI ,2015
-00200e e83da20100 | (3) CALL ,1c250+runtime.morestack00
-002013 ebeb | (3) JMP ,2000
-002015 4883ec08 | (3) SUBQ $8,SP
-002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $0,main.gcargs·0+0(SB)
-002019 | (3) FUNCDATA $1,main.gclocals·0+0(SB)
-002019 48c7042403000000 | (4) MOVQ $3,(SP)
-002021 | (4) PCDATA $0,$8
-002021 e8aad20000 | (4) CALL ,f2d0+runtime.printint
-002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
-002026 | (4) PCDATA $0,$0
-002026 e865d40000 | (4) CALL ,f490+runtime.printnl
-00202b | (4) PCDATA $0,$-1
-00202b 4883c408 | (5) ADDQ $8,SP
-00202f c3 | (5) RET ,
-...
-</pre>
-
--->
-
-<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
-
-<p>
-Although the assembler takes its guidance from the Plan 9 assemblers,
-it is a distinct program, so there are some differences.
-One is in constant evaluation.
-Constant expressions in the assembler are parsed using Go's operator
-precedence, not the C-like precedence of the original.
-Thus <code>3&1<<2</code> is 4, not 0—it parses as <code>(3&1)<<2</code>
-not <code>3&(1<<2)</code>.
-Also, constants are always evaluated as 64-bit unsigned integers.
-Thus <code>-2</code> is not the integer value minus two,
-but the unsigned 64-bit integer with the same bit pattern.
-The distinction rarely matters but
-to avoid ambiguity, division or right shift where the right operand's
-high bit is set is rejected.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="symbols">Symbols</h3>
-
-<p>
-Some symbols, such as <code>R1</code> or <code>LR</code>,
-are predefined and refer to registers.
-The exact set depends on the architecture.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are four predeclared symbols that refer to pseudo-registers.
-These are not real registers, but rather virtual registers maintained by
-the toolchain, such as a frame pointer.
-The set of pseudo-registers is the same for all architectures:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-<code>FP</code>: Frame pointer: arguments and locals.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>PC</code>: Program counter:
-jumps and branches.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>SB</code>: Static base pointer: global symbols.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>SP</code>: Stack pointer: top of stack.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-All user-defined symbols are written as offsets to the pseudo-registers
-<code>FP</code> (arguments and locals) and <code>SB</code> (globals).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>SB</code> pseudo-register can be thought of as the origin of memory, so the symbol <code>foo(SB)</code>
-is the name <code>foo</code> as an address in memory.
-This form is used to name global functions and data.
-Adding <code><></code> to the name, as in <span style="white-space: nowrap"><code>foo<>(SB)</code></span>, makes the name
-visible only in the current source file, like a top-level <code>static</code> declaration in a C file.
-Adding an offset to the name refers to that offset from the symbol's address, so
-<code>foo+4(SB)</code> is four bytes past the start of <code>foo</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>FP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual frame pointer
-used to refer to function arguments.
-The compilers maintain a virtual frame pointer and refer to the arguments on the stack as offsets from that pseudo-register.
-Thus <code>0(FP)</code> is the first argument to the function,
-<code>8(FP)</code> is the second (on a 64-bit machine), and so on.
-However, when referring to a function argument this way, it is necessary to place a name
-at the beginning, as in <code>first_arg+0(FP)</code> and <code>second_arg+8(FP)</code>.
-(The meaning of the offset—offset from the frame pointer—distinct
-from its use with <code>SB</code>, where it is an offset from the symbol.)
-The assembler enforces this convention, rejecting plain <code>0(FP)</code> and <code>8(FP)</code>.
-The actual name is semantically irrelevant but should be used to document
-the argument's name.
-It is worth stressing that <code>FP</code> is always a
-pseudo-register, not a hardware
-register, even on architectures with a hardware frame pointer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the argument names
-and offsets match.
-On 32-bit systems, the low and high 32 bits of a 64-bit value are distinguished by adding
-a <code>_lo</code> or <code>_hi</code> suffix to the name, as in <code>arg_lo+0(FP)</code> or <code>arg_hi+4(FP)</code>.
-If a Go prototype does not name its result, the expected assembly name is <code>ret</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>SP</code> pseudo-register is a virtual stack pointer
-used to refer to frame-local variables and the arguments being
-prepared for function calls.
-It points to the top of the local stack frame, so references should use negative offsets
-in the range [−framesize, 0):
-<code>x-8(SP)</code>, <code>y-4(SP)</code>, and so on.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On architectures with a hardware register named <code>SP</code>,
-the name prefix distinguishes
-references to the virtual stack pointer from references to the architectural
-<code>SP</code> register.
-That is, <code>x-8(SP)</code> and <code>-8(SP)</code>
-are different memory locations:
-the first refers to the virtual stack pointer pseudo-register,
-while the second refers to the
-hardware's <code>SP</code> register.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On machines where <code>SP</code> and <code>PC</code> are
-traditionally aliases for a physical, numbered register,
-in the Go assembler the names <code>SP</code> and <code>PC</code>
-are still treated specially;
-for instance, references to <code>SP</code> require a symbol,
-much like <code>FP</code>.
-To access the actual hardware register use the true <code>R</code> name.
-For example, on the ARM architecture the hardware
-<code>SP</code> and <code>PC</code> are accessible as
-<code>R13</code> and <code>R15</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Branches and direct jumps are always written as offsets to the PC, or as
-jumps to labels:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-label:
- MOVW $0, R1
- JMP label
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Each label is visible only within the function in which it is defined.
-It is therefore permitted for multiple functions in a file to define
-and use the same label names.
-Direct jumps and call instructions can target text symbols,
-such as <code>name(SB)</code>, but not offsets from symbols,
-such as <code>name+4(SB)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Instructions, registers, and assembler directives are always in UPPER CASE to remind you
-that assembly programming is a fraught endeavor.
-(Exception: the <code>g</code> register renaming on ARM.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go object files and binaries, the full name of a symbol is the
-package path followed by a period and the symbol name:
-<code>fmt.Printf</code> or <code>math/rand.Int</code>.
-Because the assembler's parser treats period and slash as punctuation,
-those strings cannot be used directly as identifier names.
-Instead, the assembler allows the middle dot character U+00B7
-and the division slash U+2215 in identifiers and rewrites them to
-plain period and slash.
-Within an assembler source file, the symbols above are written as
-<code>fmt·Printf</code> and <code>math∕rand·Int</code>.
-The assembly listings generated by the compilers when using the <code>-S</code> flag
-show the period and slash directly instead of the Unicode replacements
-required by the assemblers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most hand-written assembly files do not include the full package path
-in symbol names, because the linker inserts the package path of the current
-object file at the beginning of any name starting with a period:
-in an assembly source file within the math/rand package implementation,
-the package's Int function can be referred to as <code>·Int</code>.
-This convention avoids the need to hard-code a package's import path in its
-own source code, making it easier to move the code from one location to another.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="directives">Directives</h3>
-
-<p>
-The assembler uses various directives to bind text and data to symbol names.
-For example, here is a simple complete function definition. The <code>TEXT</code>
-directive declares the symbol <code>runtime·profileloop</code> and the instructions
-that follow form the body of the function.
-The last instruction in a <code>TEXT</code> block must be some sort of jump, usually a <code>RET</code> (pseudo-)instruction.
-(If it's not, the linker will append a jump-to-itself instruction; there is no fallthrough in <code>TEXTs</code>.)
-After the symbol, the arguments are flags (see below)
-and the frame size, a constant (but see below):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-TEXT runtime·profileloop(SB),NOSPLIT,$8
- MOVQ $runtime·profileloop1(SB), CX
- MOVQ CX, 0(SP)
- CALL runtime·externalthreadhandler(SB)
- RET
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In the general case, the frame size is followed by an argument size, separated by a minus sign.
-(It's not a subtraction, just idiosyncratic syntax.)
-The frame size <code>$24-8</code> states that the function has a 24-byte frame
-and is called with 8 bytes of argument, which live on the caller's frame.
-If <code>NOSPLIT</code> is not specified for the <code>TEXT</code>,
-the argument size must be provided.
-For assembly functions with Go prototypes, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> will check that the
-argument size is correct.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that the symbol name uses a middle dot to separate the components and is specified as an offset from the
-static base pseudo-register <code>SB</code>.
-This function would be called from Go source for package <code>runtime</code> using the
-simple name <code>profileloop</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Global data symbols are defined by a sequence of initializing
-<code>DATA</code> directives followed by a <code>GLOBL</code> directive.
-Each <code>DATA</code> directive initializes a section of the
-corresponding memory.
-The memory not explicitly initialized is zeroed.
-The general form of the <code>DATA</code> directive is
-
-<pre>
-DATA symbol+offset(SB)/width, value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-which initializes the symbol memory at the given offset and width with the given value.
-The <code>DATA</code> directives for a given symbol must be written with increasing offsets.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>GLOBL</code> directive declares a symbol to be global.
-The arguments are optional flags and the size of the data being declared as a global,
-which will have initial value all zeros unless a <code>DATA</code> directive
-has initialized it.
-The <code>GLOBL</code> directive must follow any corresponding <code>DATA</code> directives.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-DATA divtab<>+0x00(SB)/4, $0xf4f8fcff
-DATA divtab<>+0x04(SB)/4, $0xe6eaedf0
-...
-DATA divtab<>+0x3c(SB)/4, $0x81828384
-GLOBL divtab<>(SB), RODATA, $64
-
-GLOBL runtime·tlsoffset(SB), NOPTR, $4
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-declares and initializes <code>divtab<></code>, a read-only 64-byte table of 4-byte integer values,
-and declares <code>runtime·tlsoffset</code>, a 4-byte, implicitly zeroed variable that
-contains no pointers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There may be one or two arguments to the directives.
-If there are two, the first is a bit mask of flags,
-which can be written as numeric expressions, added or or-ed together,
-or can be set symbolically for easier absorption by a human.
-Their values, defined in the standard <code>#include</code> file <code>textflag.h</code>, are:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<code>NOPROF</code> = 1
-<br>
-(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
-Don't profile the marked function. This flag is deprecated.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>DUPOK</code> = 2
-<br>
-It is legal to have multiple instances of this symbol in a single binary.
-The linker will choose one of the duplicates to use.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>NOSPLIT</code> = 4
-<br>
-(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
-Don't insert the preamble to check if the stack must be split.
-The frame for the routine, plus anything it calls, must fit in the
-spare space at the top of the stack segment.
-Used to protect routines such as the stack splitting code itself.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>RODATA</code> = 8
-<br>
-(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
-Put this data in a read-only section.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>NOPTR</code> = 16
-<br>
-(For <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> items.)
-This data contains no pointers and therefore does not need to be
-scanned by the garbage collector.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>WRAPPER</code> = 32
-<br>
-(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
-This is a wrapper function and should not count as disabling <code>recover</code>.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>NEEDCTXT</code> = 64
-<br>
-(For <code>TEXT</code> items.)
-This function is a closure so it uses its incoming context register.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="runtime">Runtime Coordination</h3>
-
-<p>
-For garbage collection to run correctly, the runtime must know the
-location of pointers in all global data and in most stack frames.
-The Go compiler emits this information when compiling Go source files,
-but assembly programs must define it explicitly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A data symbol marked with the <code>NOPTR</code> flag (see above)
-is treated as containing no pointers to runtime-allocated data.
-A data symbol with the <code>RODATA</code> flag
-is allocated in read-only memory and is therefore treated
-as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
-A data symbol with a total size smaller than a pointer
-is also treated as implicitly marked <code>NOPTR</code>.
-It is not possible to define a symbol containing pointers in an assembly source file;
-such a symbol must be defined in a Go source file instead.
-Assembly source can still refer to the symbol by name
-even without <code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> directives.
-A good general rule of thumb is to define all non-<code>RODATA</code>
-symbols in Go instead of in assembly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Each function also needs annotations giving the location of
-live pointers in its arguments, results, and local stack frame.
-For an assembly function with no pointer results and
-either no local stack frame or no function calls,
-the only requirement is to define a Go prototype for the function
-in a Go source file in the same package. The name of the assembly
-function must not contain the package name component (for example,
-function <code>Syscall</code> in package <code>syscall</code> should
-use the name <code>·Syscall</code> instead of the equivalent name
-<code>syscall·Syscall</code> in its <code>TEXT</code> directive).
-For more complex situations, explicit annotation is needed.
-These annotations use pseudo-instructions defined in the standard
-<code>#include</code> file <code>funcdata.h</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If a function has no arguments and no results,
-the pointer information can be omitted.
-This is indicated by an argument size annotation of <code>$<i>n</i>-0</code>
-on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
-Otherwise, pointer information must be provided by
-a Go prototype for the function in a Go source file,
-even for assembly functions not called directly from Go.
-(The prototype will also let <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> check the argument references.)
-At the start of the function, the arguments are assumed
-to be initialized but the results are assumed uninitialized.
-If the results will hold live pointers during a call instruction,
-the function should start by zeroing the results and then
-executing the pseudo-instruction <code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
-This instruction records that the results are now initialized
-and should be scanned during stack movement and garbage collection.
-It is typically easier to arrange that assembly functions do not
-return pointers or do not contain call instructions;
-no assembly functions in the standard library use
-<code>GO_RESULTS_INITIALIZED</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If a function has no local stack frame,
-the pointer information can be omitted.
-This is indicated by a local frame size annotation of <code>$0-<i>n</i></code>
-on the <code>TEXT</code> instruction.
-The pointer information can also be omitted if the
-function contains no call instructions.
-Otherwise, the local stack frame must not contain pointers,
-and the assembly must confirm this fact by executing the
-pseudo-instruction <code>NO_LOCAL_POINTERS</code>.
-Because stack resizing is implemented by moving the stack,
-the stack pointer may change during any function call:
-even pointers to stack data must not be kept in local variables.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Assembly functions should always be given Go prototypes,
-both to provide pointer information for the arguments and results
-and to let <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> check that
-the offsets being used to access them are correct.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="architectures">Architecture-specific details</h2>
-
-<p>
-It is impractical to list all the instructions and other details for each machine.
-To see what instructions are defined for a given machine, say ARM,
-look in the source for the <code>obj</code> support library for
-that architecture, located in the directory <code>src/cmd/internal/obj/arm</code>.
-In that directory is a file <code>a.out.go</code>; it contains
-a long list of constants starting with <code>A</code>, like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const (
- AAND = obj.ABaseARM + obj.A_ARCHSPECIFIC + iota
- AEOR
- ASUB
- ARSB
- AADD
- ...
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This is the list of instructions and their spellings as known to the assembler and linker for that architecture.
-Each instruction begins with an initial capital <code>A</code> in this list, so <code>AAND</code>
-represents the bitwise and instruction,
-<code>AND</code> (without the leading <code>A</code>),
-and is written in assembly source as <code>AND</code>.
-The enumeration is mostly in alphabetical order.
-(The architecture-independent <code>AXXX</code>, defined in the
-<code>cmd/internal/obj</code> package,
-represents an invalid instruction).
-The sequence of the <code>A</code> names has nothing to do with the actual
-encoding of the machine instructions.
-The <code>cmd/internal/obj</code> package takes care of that detail.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The instructions for both the 386 and AMD64 architectures are listed in
-<code>cmd/internal/obj/x86/a.out.go</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The architectures share syntax for common addressing modes such as
-<code>(R1)</code> (register indirect),
-<code>4(R1)</code> (register indirect with offset), and
-<code>$foo(SB)</code> (absolute address).
-The assembler also supports some (not necessarily all) addressing modes
-specific to each architecture.
-The sections below list these.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One detail evident in the examples from the previous sections is that data in the instructions flows from left to right:
-<code>MOVQ</code> <code>$0,</code> <code>CX</code> clears <code>CX</code>.
-This rule applies even on architectures where the conventional notation uses the opposite direction.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Here follow some descriptions of key Go-specific details for the supported architectures.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="x86">32-bit Intel 386</h3>
-
-<p>
-The runtime pointer to the <code>g</code> structure is maintained
-through the value of an otherwise unused (as far as Go is concerned) register in the MMU.
-A OS-dependent macro <code>get_tls</code> is defined for the assembler if the source includes
-a special header, <code>go_asm.h</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-#include "go_asm.h"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Within the runtime, the <code>get_tls</code> macro loads its argument register
-with a pointer to the <code>g</code> pointer, and the <code>g</code> struct
-contains the <code>m</code> pointer.
-The sequence to load <code>g</code> and <code>m</code> using <code>CX</code> looks like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-get_tls(CX)
-MOVL g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
-MOVL g_m(AX), BX // Move g.m into BX.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Addressing modes:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-<code>(DI)(BX*2)</code>: The location at address <code>DI</code> plus <code>BX*2</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>64(DI)(BX*2)</code>: The location at address <code>DI</code> plus <code>BX*2</code> plus 64.
-These modes accept only 1, 2, 4, and 8 as scale factors.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-When using the compiler and assembler's
-<code>-dynlink</code> or <code>-shared</code> modes,
-any load or store of a fixed memory location such as a global variable
-must be assumed to overwrite <code>CX</code>.
-Therefore, to be safe for use with these modes,
-assembly sources should typically avoid CX except between memory references.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="amd64">64-bit Intel 386 (a.k.a. amd64)</h3>
-
-<p>
-The two architectures behave largely the same at the assembler level.
-Assembly code to access the <code>m</code> and <code>g</code>
-pointers on the 64-bit version is the same as on the 32-bit 386,
-except it uses <code>MOVQ</code> rather than <code>MOVL</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-get_tls(CX)
-MOVQ g(CX), AX // Move g into AX.
-MOVQ g_m(AX), BX // Move g.m into BX.
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="arm">ARM</h3>
-
-<p>
-The registers <code>R10</code> and <code>R11</code>
-are reserved by the compiler and linker.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>R10</code> points to the <code>g</code> (goroutine) structure.
-Within assembler source code, this pointer must be referred to as <code>g</code>;
-the name <code>R10</code> is not recognized.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To make it easier for people and compilers to write assembly, the ARM linker
-allows general addressing forms and pseudo-operations like <code>DIV</code> or <code>MOD</code>
-that may not be expressible using a single hardware instruction.
-It implements these forms as multiple instructions, often using the <code>R11</code> register
-to hold temporary values.
-Hand-written assembly can use <code>R11</code>, but doing so requires
-being sure that the linker is not also using it to implement any of the other
-instructions in the function.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When defining a <code>TEXT</code>, specifying frame size <code>$-4</code>
-tells the linker that this is a leaf function that does not need to save <code>LR</code> on entry.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The name <code>SP</code> always refers to the virtual stack pointer described earlier.
-For the hardware register, use <code>R13</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condition code syntax is to append a period and the one- or two-letter code to the instruction,
-as in <code>MOVW.EQ</code>.
-Multiple codes may be appended: <code>MOVM.IA.W</code>.
-The order of the code modifiers is irrelevant.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Addressing modes:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-<code>R0->16</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0>>16</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0<<16</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0@>16</code>:
-For <code><<</code>, left shift <code>R0</code> by 16 bits.
-The other codes are <code>-></code> (arithmetic right shift),
-<code>>></code> (logical right shift), and
-<code>@></code> (rotate right).
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>R0->R1</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0>>R1</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0<<R1</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0@>R1</code>:
-For <code><<</code>, left shift <code>R0</code> by the count in <code>R1</code>.
-The other codes are <code>-></code> (arithmetic right shift),
-<code>>></code> (logical right shift), and
-<code>@></code> (rotate right).
-
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>[R0,g,R12-R15]</code>: For multi-register instructions, the set comprising
-<code>R0</code>, <code>g</code>, and <code>R12</code> through <code>R15</code> inclusive.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>(R5, R6)</code>: Destination register pair.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="arm64">ARM64</h3>
-
-<p>
-The ARM64 port is in an experimental state.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>R18</code> is the "platform register", reserved on the Apple platform.
-To prevent accidental misuse, the register is named <code>R18_PLATFORM</code>.
-<code>R27</code> and <code>R28</code> are reserved by the compiler and linker.
-<code>R29</code> is the frame pointer.
-<code>R30</code> is the link register.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Instruction modifiers are appended to the instruction following a period.
-The only modifiers are <code>P</code> (postincrement) and <code>W</code>
-(preincrement):
-<code>MOVW.P</code>, <code>MOVW.W</code>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Addressing modes:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-<code>R0->16</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0>>16</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0<<16</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0@>16</code>:
-These are the same as on the 32-bit ARM.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>$(8<<12)</code>:
-Left shift the immediate value <code>8</code> by <code>12</code> bits.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>8(R0)</code>:
-Add the value of <code>R0</code> and <code>8</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>(R2)(R0)</code>:
-The location at <code>R0</code> plus <code>R2</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>R0.UXTB</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0.UXTB<<imm</code>:
-<code>UXTB</code>: extract an 8-bit value from the low-order bits of <code>R0</code> and zero-extend it to the size of <code>R0</code>.
-<code>R0.UXTB<<imm</code>: left shift the result of <code>R0.UXTB</code> by <code>imm</code> bits.
-The <code>imm</code> value can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
-The other extensions include <code>UXTH</code> (16-bit), <code>UXTW</code> (32-bit), and <code>UXTX</code> (64-bit).
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>R0.SXTB</code>
-<br>
-<code>R0.SXTB<<imm</code>:
-<code>SXTB</code>: extract an 8-bit value from the low-order bits of <code>R0</code> and sign-extend it to the size of <code>R0</code>.
-<code>R0.SXTB<<imm</code>: left shift the result of <code>R0.SXTB</code> by <code>imm</code> bits.
-The <code>imm</code> value can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
-The other extensions include <code>SXTH</code> (16-bit), <code>SXTW</code> (32-bit), and <code>SXTX</code> (64-bit).
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>(R5, R6)</code>: Register pair for <code>LDAXP</code>/<code>LDP</code>/<code>LDXP</code>/<code>STLXP</code>/<code>STP</code>/<code>STP</code>.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Reference: <a href="/pkg/cmd/internal/obj/arm64">Go ARM64 Assembly Instructions Reference Manual</a>
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="ppc64">64-bit PowerPC, a.k.a. ppc64</h3>
-
-<p>
-The 64-bit PowerPC port is in an experimental state.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Addressing modes:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-<code>(R5)(R6*1)</code>: The location at <code>R5</code> plus <code>R6</code>. It is a scaled
-mode as on the x86, but the only scale allowed is <code>1</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>(R5+R6)</code>: Alias for (R5)(R6*1)
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="s390x">IBM z/Architecture, a.k.a. s390x</h3>
-
-<p>
-The registers <code>R10</code> and <code>R11</code> are reserved.
-The assembler uses them to hold temporary values when assembling some instructions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>R13</code> points to the <code>g</code> (goroutine) structure.
-This register must be referred to as <code>g</code>; the name <code>R13</code> is not recognized.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>R15</code> points to the stack frame and should typically only be accessed using the
-virtual registers <code>SP</code> and <code>FP</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Load- and store-multiple instructions operate on a range of registers.
-The range of registers is specified by a start register and an end register.
-For example, <code>LMG</code> <code>(R9),</code> <code>R5,</code> <code>R7</code> would load
-<code>R5</code>, <code>R6</code> and <code>R7</code> with the 64-bit values at
-<code>0(R9)</code>, <code>8(R9)</code> and <code>16(R9)</code> respectively.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Storage-and-storage instructions such as <code>MVC</code> and <code>XC</code> are written
-with the length as the first argument.
-For example, <code>XC</code> <code>$8,</code> <code>(R9),</code> <code>(R9)</code> would clear
-eight bytes at the address specified in <code>R9</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If a vector instruction takes a length or an index as an argument then it will be the
-first argument.
-For example, <code>VLEIF</code> <code>$1,</code> <code>$16,</code> <code>V2</code> will load
-the value sixteen into index one of <code>V2</code>.
-Care should be taken when using vector instructions to ensure that they are available at
-runtime.
-To use vector instructions a machine must have both the vector facility (bit 129 in the
-facility list) and kernel support.
-Without kernel support a vector instruction will have no effect (it will be equivalent
-to a <code>NOP</code> instruction).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Addressing modes:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-<code>(R5)(R6*1)</code>: The location at <code>R5</code> plus <code>R6</code>.
-It is a scaled mode as on the x86, but the only scale allowed is <code>1</code>.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="mips">MIPS, MIPS64</h3>
-
-<p>
-General purpose registers are named <code>R0</code> through <code>R31</code>,
-floating point registers are <code>F0</code> through <code>F31</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>R30</code> is reserved to point to <code>g</code>.
-<code>R23</code> is used as a temporary register.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In a <code>TEXT</code> directive, the frame size <code>$-4</code> for MIPS or
-<code>$-8</code> for MIPS64 instructs the linker not to save <code>LR</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>SP</code> refers to the virtual stack pointer.
-For the hardware register, use <code>R29</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Addressing modes:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-<code>16(R1)</code>: The location at <code>R1</code> plus 16.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>(R1)</code>: Alias for <code>0(R1)</code>.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The value of <code>GOMIPS</code> environment variable (<code>hardfloat</code> or
-<code>softfloat</code>) is made available to assembly code by predefining either
-<code>GOMIPS_hardfloat</code> or <code>GOMIPS_softfloat</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The value of <code>GOMIPS64</code> environment variable (<code>hardfloat</code> or
-<code>softfloat</code>) is made available to assembly code by predefining either
-<code>GOMIPS64_hardfloat</code> or <code>GOMIPS64_softfloat</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="unsupported_opcodes">Unsupported opcodes</h3>
-
-<p>
-The assemblers are designed to support the compiler so not all hardware instructions
-are defined for all architectures: if the compiler doesn't generate it, it might not be there.
-If you need to use a missing instruction, there are two ways to proceed.
-One is to update the assembler to support that instruction, which is straightforward
-but only worthwhile if it's likely the instruction will be used again.
-Instead, for simple one-off cases, it's possible to use the <code>BYTE</code>
-and <code>WORD</code> directives
-to lay down explicit data into the instruction stream within a <code>TEXT</code>.
-Here's how the 386 runtime defines the 64-bit atomic load function.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// uint64 atomicload64(uint64 volatile* addr);
-// so actually
-// void atomicload64(uint64 *res, uint64 volatile *addr);
-TEXT runtime·atomicload64(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-12
- MOVL ptr+0(FP), AX
- TESTL $7, AX
- JZ 2(PC)
- MOVL 0, AX // crash with nil ptr deref
- LEAL ret_lo+4(FP), BX
- // MOVQ (%EAX), %MM0
- BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x6f; BYTE $0x00
- // MOVQ %MM0, 0(%EBX)
- BYTE $0x0f; BYTE $0x7f; BYTE $0x03
- // EMMS
- BYTE $0x0F; BYTE $0x77
- RET
-</pre>
diff --git a/content/doc/cmd.html b/content/doc/cmd.html
deleted file mode 100644
index c590f4d..0000000
--- a/content/doc/cmd.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Command Documentation",
- "Path": "/doc/cmd"
-}-->
-
-<p>
-There is a suite of programs to build and process Go source code.
-Instead of being run directly, programs in the suite are usually invoked
-by the <a href="/cmd/go/">go</a> program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The most common way to run these programs is as a subcommand of the go program,
-for instance as <code>go fmt</code>. Run like this, the command operates on
-complete packages of Go source code, with the go program invoking the
-underlying binary with arguments appropriate to package-level processing.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The programs can also be run as stand-alone binaries, with unmodified arguments,
-using the go <code>tool</code> subcommand, such as <code>go tool vet</code>.
-This style of invocation allows, for instance, checking a single source file
-rather than an entire package: <code>go tool vet myprogram.go</code> as
-compared to <code>go vet mypackage</code>.
-Some of the commands, such as <code>pprof</code>, are accessible only through
-the go <code>tool</code> subcommand.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally the <code>fmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> commands are installed
-as regular binaries called <code>gofmt</code> and <code>godoc</code> because
-they are so often referenced.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Click on the links for more documentation, invocation methods, and usage details.
-</p>
-
-<table class="dir">
-<tr>
-<th>Name</th>
-<th> </th>
-<th>Synopsis</th>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/cmd/go/">go</a></td>
-<td> </td>
-<td>
-The <code>go</code> program manages Go source code and runs the other
-commands listed here.
-See the command docs for usage
-details.
-<br><br>
-</td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a></td>
-<td> </td>
-<td>Cgo enables the creation of Go packages that call C code.</td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/cmd/cover/">cover</a></td>
-<td> </td>
-<td>Cover is a program for creating and analyzing the coverage profiles
-generated by <code>"go test -coverprofile"</code>.</td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/cmd/fix/">fix</a></td>
-<td> </td>
-<td>Fix finds Go programs that use old features of the language and libraries
-and rewrites them to use newer ones.</td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/cmd/go/">fmt</a></td>
-<td> </td>
-<td>Fmt formats Go packages, it is also available as an independent <a href="/cmd/gofmt/">
-gofmt</a> command with more general options.</td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td><a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a></td>
-<td> </td>
-<td>Godoc extracts and generates documentation for Go packages.</td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td><a href="/cmd/vet/">vet</a></td>
-<td> </td>
-<td>Vet examines Go source code and reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf
-calls whose arguments do not align with the format string.</td>
-</tr>
-
-</table>
-
-<p>
-This is an abridged list. See the <a href="/cmd/">full command reference</a>
-for documentation of the compilers and more.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/code.html b/content/doc/code.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b6d41ef..0000000
--- a/content/doc/code.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,648 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "How to Write Go Code"
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-This document demonstrates the development of a simple Go package and
-introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go tool</a>, the standard way to fetch,
-build, and install Go packages and commands.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> tool requires you to organize your code in a specific
-way. Please read this document carefully.
-It explains the simplest way to get up and running with your Go installation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A similar explanation is available as a
-<a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Organization">Code organization</h2>
-
-<h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>
-
-<ul>
- <li>Go programmers typically keep all their Go code in a single <i>workspace</i>.</li>
- <li>A workspace contains many version control <i>repositories</i>
- (managed by Git, for example).</li>
- <li>Each repository contains one or more <i>packages</i>.</li>
- <li>Each package consists of one or more Go source files in a single directory.</li>
- <li>The path to a package's directory determines its <i>import path</i>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note that this differs from other programming environments in which every
-project has a separate workspace and workspaces are closely tied to version
-control repositories.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Workspaces">Workspaces</h3>
-
-<p>
-A workspace is a directory hierarchy with two directories at its root:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><code>src</code> contains Go source files, and
-<li><code>bin</code> contains executable commands.
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> tool builds and installs binaries to the <code>bin</code> directory.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>src</code> subdirectory typically contains multiple version control
-repositories (such as for Git or Mercurial) that track the development of one
-or more source packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To give you an idea of how a workspace looks in practice, here's an example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-bin/
- hello # command executable
- outyet # command executable
-src/
- <a href="https://github.com/golang/example/">github.com/golang/example/</a>
- .git/ # Git repository metadata
- hello/
- hello.go # command source
- outyet/
- main.go # command source
- main_test.go # test source
- stringutil/
- reverse.go # package source
- reverse_test.go # test source
- <a href="https://golang.org/x/image/">golang.org/x/image/</a>
- .git/ # Git repository metadata
- bmp/
- reader.go # package source
- writer.go # package source
- ... (many more repositories and packages omitted) ...
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The tree above shows a workspace containing two repositories
-(<code>example</code> and <code>image</code>).
-The <code>example</code> repository contains two commands (<code>hello</code>
-and <code>outyet</code>) and one library (<code>stringutil</code>).
-The <code>image</code> repository contains the <code>bmp</code> package
-and <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/image">several others</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A typical workspace contains many source repositories containing many
-packages and commands. Most Go programmers keep <i>all</i> their Go source code
-and dependencies in a single workspace.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that symbolic links should <b>not</b> be used to link files or directories into your workspace.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Commands and libraries are built from different kinds of source packages.
-We will discuss the distinction <a href="#PackageNames">later</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="GOPATH">The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable specifies the location of your
-workspace. It defaults to a directory named <code>go</code> inside your home directory,
-so <code>$HOME/go</code> on Unix,
-<code>$home/go</code> on Plan 9,
-and <code>%USERPROFILE%\go</code> (usually <code>C:\Users\YourName\go</code>) on Windows.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you would like to work in a different location, you will need to
-<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set <code>GOPATH</code></a>
-to the path to that directory.
-(Another common setup is to set <code>GOPATH=$HOME</code>.)
-Note that <code>GOPATH</code> must <b>not</b> be the
-same path as your Go installation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The command <code>go</code> <code>env</code> <code>GOPATH</code>
-prints the effective current <code>GOPATH</code>;
-it prints the default location if the environment variable is unset.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For convenience, add the workspace's <code>bin</code> subdirectory
-to your <code>PATH</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>export PATH=$PATH:$(go env GOPATH)/bin</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The scripts in the rest of this document use <code>$GOPATH</code>
-instead of <code>$(go env GOPATH)</code> for brevity.
-To make the scripts run as written
-if you have not set GOPATH,
-you can substitute $HOME/go in those commands
-or else run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>export GOPATH=$(go env GOPATH)</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To learn more about the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable, see
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable"><code>'go help gopath'</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To use a custom workspace location,
-<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="ImportPaths">Import paths</h3>
-
-<p>
-An <i>import path</i> is a string that uniquely identifies a package.
-A package's import path corresponds to its location inside a workspace
-or in a remote repository (explained below).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The packages from the standard library are given short import paths such as
-<code>"fmt"</code> and <code>"net/http"</code>.
-For your own packages, you must choose a base path that is unlikely to
-collide with future additions to the standard library or other external
-libraries.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you keep your code in a source repository somewhere, then you should use the
-root of that source repository as your base path.
-For instance, if you have a <a href="https://github.com/">GitHub</a> account at
-<code>github.com/user</code>, that should be your base path.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that you don't need to publish your code to a remote repository before you
-can build it. It's just a good habit to organize your code as if you will
-publish it someday. In practice you can choose any arbitrary path name,
-as long as it is unique to the standard library and greater Go ecosystem.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We'll use <code>github.com/user</code> as our base path. Create a directory
-inside your workspace in which to keep source code:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/user</b>
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Command">Your first program</h3>
-
-<p>
-To compile and run a simple program, first choose a package path (we'll use
-<code>github.com/user/hello</code>) and create a corresponding package directory
-inside your workspace:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Next, create a file named <code>hello.go</code> inside that directory,
-containing the following Go code.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Println("Hello, world.")
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Now you can build and install that program with the <code>go</code> tool:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Note that you can run this command from anywhere on your system. The
-<code>go</code> tool finds the source code by looking for the
-<code>github.com/user/hello</code> package inside the workspace specified by
-<code>GOPATH</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can also omit the package path if you run <code>go install</code> from the
-package directory:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
-$ <b>go install</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This command builds the <code>hello</code> command, producing an executable
-binary. It then installs that binary to the workspace's <code>bin</code>
-directory as <code>hello</code> (or, under Windows, <code>hello.exe</code>).
-In our example, that will be <code>$GOPATH/bin/hello</code>, which is
-<code>$HOME/go/bin/hello</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> tool will only print output when an error occurs, so if
-these commands produce no output they have executed successfully.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can now run the program by typing its full path at the command line:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
-Hello, world.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Or, as you have added <code>$GOPATH/bin</code> to your <code>PATH</code>,
-just type the binary name:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>hello</b>
-Hello, world.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you're using a source control system, now would be a good time to initialize
-a repository, add the files, and commit your first change. Again, this step is
-optional: you do not need to use source control to write Go code.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</b>
-$ <b>git init</b>
-Initialized empty Git repository in /home/user/work/src/github.com/user/hello/.git/
-$ <b>git add hello.go</b>
-$ <b>git commit -m "initial commit"</b>
-[master (root-commit) 0b4507d] initial commit
- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
- create mode 100644 hello.go
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Pushing the code to a remote repository is left as an exercise for the reader.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Library">Your first library</h3>
-
-<p>
-Let's write a library and use it from the <code>hello</code> program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Again, the first step is to choose a package path (we'll use
-<code>github.com/user/stringutil</code>) and create the package directory:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>mkdir $GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Next, create a file named <code>reverse.go</code> in that directory with the
-following contents.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Package stringutil contains utility functions for working with strings.
-package stringutil
-
-// Reverse returns its argument string reversed rune-wise left to right.
-func Reverse(s string) string {
- r := []rune(s)
- for i, j := 0, len(r)-1; i < len(r)/2; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
- r[i], r[j] = r[j], r[i]
- }
- return string(r)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Now, test that the package compiles with <code>go build</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>go build github.com/user/stringutil</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Or, if you are working in the package's source directory, just:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>go build</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This won't produce an output file.
-Instead it saves the compiled package in the local build cache.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After confirming that the <code>stringutil</code> package builds,
-modify your original <code>hello.go</code> (which is in
-<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/hello</code>) to use it:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
-
- <b>"github.com/user/stringutil"</b>
-)
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Println(stringutil.Reverse("!oG ,olleH"))
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Install the <code>hello</code> program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>go install github.com/user/hello</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Running the new version of the program, you should see a new, reversed message:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>hello</b>
-Hello, Go!
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-After the steps above, your workspace should look like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-bin/
- hello # command executable
-src/
- github.com/user/
- hello/
- hello.go # command source
- stringutil/
- reverse.go # package source
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="PackageNames">Package names</h3>
-
-<p>
-The first statement in a Go source file must be
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package <i>name</i>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-where <code><i>name</i></code> is the package's default name for imports.
-(All files in a package must use the same <code><i>name</i></code>.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go's convention is that the package name is the last element of the
-import path: the package imported as "<code>crypto/rot13</code>"
-should be named <code>rot13</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Executable commands must always use <code>package main</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is no requirement that package names be unique
-across all packages linked into a single binary,
-only that the import paths (their full file names) be unique.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#names">Effective Go</a> to learn more about
-Go's naming conventions.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Testing">Testing</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go has a lightweight test framework composed of the <code>go test</code>
-command and the <code>testing</code> package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You write a test by creating a file with a name ending in <code>_test.go</code>
-that contains functions named <code>TestXXX</code> with signature
-<code>func (t *testing.T)</code>.
-The test framework runs each such function;
-if the function calls a failure function such as <code>t.Error</code> or
-<code>t.Fail</code>, the test is considered to have failed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Add a test to the <code>stringutil</code> package by creating the file
-<code>$GOPATH/src/github.com/user/stringutil/reverse_test.go</code> containing
-the following Go code.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package stringutil
-
-import "testing"
-
-func TestReverse(t *testing.T) {
- cases := []struct {
- in, want string
- }{
- {"Hello, world", "dlrow ,olleH"},
- {"Hello, 世界", "界世 ,olleH"},
- {"", ""},
- }
- for _, c := range cases {
- got := Reverse(c.in)
- if got != c.want {
- t.Errorf("Reverse(%q) == %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
- }
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then run the test with <code>go test</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>go test github.com/user/stringutil</b>
-ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-As always, if you are running the <code>go</code> tool from the package
-directory, you can omit the package path:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>go test</b>
-ok github.com/user/stringutil 0.165s
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Run <code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages">go help test</a></code> and see the
-<a href="/pkg/testing/">testing package documentation</a> for more detail.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="remote">Remote packages</h2>
-
-<p>
-An import path can describe how to obtain the package source code using a
-revision control system such as Git or Mercurial. The <code>go</code> tool uses
-this property to automatically fetch packages from remote repositories.
-For instance, the examples described in this document are also kept in a
-Git repository hosted at GitHub
-<code><a href="https://github.com/golang/example">github.com/golang/example</a></code>.
-If you include the repository URL in the package's import path,
-<code>go get</code> will fetch, build, and install it automatically:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>go get github.com/golang/example/hello</b>
-$ <b>$GOPATH/bin/hello</b>
-Hello, Go examples!
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the specified package is not present in a workspace, <code>go get</code>
-will place it inside the first workspace specified by <code>GOPATH</code>.
-(If the package does already exist, <code>go get</code> skips the remote
-fetch and behaves the same as <code>go install</code>.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After issuing the above <code>go get</code> command, the workspace directory
-tree should now look like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-bin/
- hello # command executable
-src/
- github.com/golang/example/
- .git/ # Git repository metadata
- hello/
- hello.go # command source
- stringutil/
- reverse.go # package source
- reverse_test.go # test source
- github.com/user/
- hello/
- hello.go # command source
- stringutil/
- reverse.go # package source
- reverse_test.go # test source
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <code>hello</code> command hosted at GitHub depends on the
-<code>stringutil</code> package within the same repository. The imports in
-<code>hello.go</code> file use the same import path convention, so the
-<code>go get</code> command is able to locate and install the dependent
-package, too.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import "github.com/golang/example/stringutil"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This convention is the easiest way to make your Go packages available for
-others to use.
-The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/Projects">Go Wiki</a>
-and <a href="//godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>
-provide lists of external Go projects.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information on using remote repositories with the <code>go</code> tool, see
-<code><a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">go help importpath</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="next">What's next</h2>
-
-<p>
-Subscribe to the
-<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
-mailing list to be notified when a new stable version of Go is released.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See <a href="/doc/effective_go.html">Effective Go</a> for tips on writing
-clear, idiomatic Go code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Take <a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a> to learn the language
-proper.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Visit the <a href="/doc/#articles">documentation page</a> for a set of in-depth
-articles about the Go language and its libraries and tools.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>
-
-<p>
-For real-time help, ask the helpful gophers in <code>#go-nuts</code> on the
-<a href="https://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The official mailing list for discussion of the Go language is
-<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Report bugs using the
-<a href="//golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.css b/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.css
deleted file mode 100644
index a0814e4..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
-/*
- Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
- Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
- license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-*/
-
-#codewalk-main {
- text-align: left;
- width: 100%;
- overflow: auto;
-}
-
-#code-display {
- border: 0;
- width: 100%;
-}
-
-.setting {
- font-size: 8pt;
- color: #888888;
- padding: 5px;
-}
-
-.hotkey {
- text-decoration: underline;
-}
-
-/* Style for Comments (the left-hand column) */
-
-#comment-column {
- margin: 0pt;
- width: 30%;
-}
-
-#comment-column.right {
- float: right;
-}
-
-#comment-column.left {
- float: left;
-}
-
-#comment-area {
- overflow-x: hidden;
- overflow-y: auto;
-}
-
-.comment {
- cursor: pointer;
- font-size: 16px;
- border: 2px solid #ba9836;
- margin-bottom: 10px;
- margin-right: 10px; /* yes, for both .left and .right */
-}
-
-.comment:last-child {
- margin-bottom: 0px;
-}
-
-.right .comment {
- margin-left: 10px;
-}
-
-.right .comment.first {
-}
-
-.right .comment.last {
-}
-
-.left .comment.first {
-}
-
-.left .comment.last {
-}
-
-.comment.selected {
- border-color: #99b2cb;
-}
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- border-left-width: 12px;
- margin-left: 0px;
-}
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- border-right-width: 12px;
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- font-weight: bold;
- background-color: #fffff0;
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-}
-
-.right .comment-title {
-}
-
-.left .comment-title {
-}
-
-.comment.selected .comment-title {
- background-color: #f8f8ff;
-}
-
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- padding-left: 10px;
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- padding-bottom: 5px;
- font-size: small;
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-}
-
-.comment-text p {
- margin-top: 0em;
- margin-bottom: 0.5em;
-}
-
-.comment-text p:last-child {
- margin-bottom: 0em;
-}
-
-.file-name {
- font-size: x-small;
- padding-top: 0px;
- padding-bottom: 5px;
-}
-
-.hidden-filepaths .file-name {
- display: none;
-}
-
-.path-dir {
- color: #555;
-}
-
-.path-file {
- color: #555;
-}
-
-
-/* Style for Code (the right-hand column) */
-
-/* Wrapper for the code column to make widths get calculated correctly */
-#code-column {
- display: block;
- position: relative;
- margin: 0pt;
- width: 70%;
-}
-
-#code-column.left {
- float: left;
-}
-
-#code-column.right {
- float: right;
-}
-
-#code-area {
- background-color: #f8f8ff;
- border: 2px solid #99b2cb;
- padding: 5px;
-}
-
-.left #code-area {
- margin-right: -1px;
-}
-
-.right #code-area {
- margin-left: -1px;
-}
-
-#code-header {
- margin-bottom: 5px;
-}
-
-#code {
- background-color: white;
-}
-
-code {
- font-size: 100%;
-}
-
-.codewalkhighlight {
- font-weight: bold;
- background-color: #f8f8ff;
-}
-
-#code-display {
- margin-top: 0px;
- margin-bottom: 0px;
-}
-
-#sizer {
- position: absolute;
- cursor: col-resize;
- left: 0px;
- top: 0px;
- width: 8px;
-}
-
-/* Style for options (bottom strip) */
-
-#code-options {
- display: none;
-}
-
-#code-options > span {
- padding-right: 20px;
-}
-
-#code-options .selected {
- border-bottom: 1px dotted;
-}
-
-#comment-options {
- text-align: center;
-}
-
-div#content {
- padding-bottom: 0em;
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.js b/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.js
deleted file mode 100644
index abc5937..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-/**
- * A class to hold information about the Codewalk Viewer.
- * @param {jQuery} context The top element in whose context the viewer should
- * operate. It will not touch any elements above this one.
- * @constructor
- */
- var CodewalkViewer = function(context) {
- this.context = context;
-
- /**
- * The div that contains all of the comments and their controls.
- */
- this.commentColumn = this.context.find('#comment-column');
-
- /**
- * The div that contains the comments proper.
- */
- this.commentArea = this.context.find('#comment-area');
-
- /**
- * The div that wraps the iframe with the code, as well as the drop down menu
- * listing the different files.
- * @type {jQuery}
- */
- this.codeColumn = this.context.find('#code-column');
-
- /**
- * The div that contains the code but excludes the options strip.
- * @type {jQuery}
- */
- this.codeArea = this.context.find('#code-area');
-
- /**
- * The iframe that holds the code (from Sourcerer).
- * @type {jQuery}
- */
- this.codeDisplay = this.context.find('#code-display');
-
- /**
- * The overlaid div used as a grab handle for sizing the code/comment panes.
- * @type {jQuery}
- */
- this.sizer = this.context.find('#sizer');
-
- /**
- * The full-screen overlay that ensures we don't lose track of the mouse
- * while dragging.
- * @type {jQuery}
- */
- this.overlay = this.context.find('#overlay');
-
- /**
- * The hidden input field that we use to hold the focus so that we can detect
- * shortcut keypresses.
- * @type {jQuery}
- */
- this.shortcutInput = this.context.find('#shortcut-input');
-
- /**
- * The last comment that was selected.
- * @type {jQuery}
- */
- this.lastSelected = null;
-};
-
-/**
- * Minimum width of the comments or code pane, in pixels.
- * @type {number}
- */
-CodewalkViewer.MIN_PANE_WIDTH = 200;
-
-/**
- * Navigate the code iframe to the given url and update the code popout link.
- * @param {string} url The target URL.
- * @param {Object} opt_window Window dependency injection for testing only.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.navigateToCode = function(url, opt_window) {
- if (!opt_window) opt_window = window;
- // Each iframe is represented by two distinct objects in the DOM: an iframe
- // object and a window object. These do not expose the same capabilities.
- // Here we need to get the window representation to get the location member,
- // so we access it directly through window[] since jQuery returns the iframe
- // representation.
- // We replace location rather than set so as not to create a history for code
- // navigation.
- opt_window['code-display'].location.replace(url);
- var k = url.indexOf('&');
- if (k != -1) url = url.slice(0, k);
- k = url.indexOf('fileprint=');
- if (k != -1) url = url.slice(k+10, url.length);
- this.context.find('#code-popout-link').attr('href', url);
-};
-
-/**
- * Selects the first comment from the list and forces a refresh of the code
- * view.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.selectFirstComment = function() {
- // TODO(rsc): handle case where there are no comments
- var firstSourcererLink = this.context.find('.comment:first');
- this.changeSelectedComment(firstSourcererLink);
-};
-
-/**
- * Sets the target on all links nested inside comments to be _blank.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.targetCommentLinksAtBlank = function() {
- this.context.find('.comment a[href], #description a[href]').each(function() {
- if (!this.target) this.target = '_blank';
- });
-};
-
-/**
- * Installs event handlers for all the events we care about.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.installEventHandlers = function() {
- var self = this;
-
- this.context.find('.comment')
- .click(function(event) {
- if (jQuery(event.target).is('a[href]')) return true;
- self.changeSelectedComment(jQuery(this));
- return false;
- });
-
- this.context.find('#code-selector')
- .change(function() {self.navigateToCode(jQuery(this).val());});
-
- this.context.find('#description-table .quote-feet.setting')
- .click(function() {self.toggleDescription(jQuery(this)); return false;});
-
- this.sizer
- .mousedown(function(ev) {self.startSizerDrag(ev); return false;});
- this.overlay
- .mouseup(function(ev) {self.endSizerDrag(ev); return false;})
- .mousemove(function(ev) {self.handleSizerDrag(ev); return false;});
-
- this.context.find('#prev-comment')
- .click(function() {
- self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.prev()); return false;
- });
-
- this.context.find('#next-comment')
- .click(function() {
- self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.next()); return false;
- });
-
- // Workaround for Firefox 2 and 3, which steal focus from the main document
- // whenever the iframe content is (re)loaded. The input field is not shown,
- // but is a way for us to bring focus back to a place where we can detect
- // keypresses.
- this.context.find('#code-display')
- .load(function(ev) {self.shortcutInput.focus();});
-
- jQuery(document).keypress(function(ev) {
- switch(ev.which) {
- case 110: // 'n'
- self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.next());
- return false;
- case 112: // 'p'
- self.changeSelectedComment(self.lastSelected.prev());
- return false;
- default: // ignore
- }
- });
-
- window.onresize = function() {self.updateHeight();};
-};
-
-/**
- * Starts dragging the pane sizer.
- * @param {Object} ev The mousedown event that started us dragging.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.startSizerDrag = function(ev) {
- this.initialCodeWidth = this.codeColumn.width();
- this.initialCommentsWidth = this.commentColumn.width();
- this.initialMouseX = ev.pageX;
- this.overlay.show();
-};
-
-/**
- * Handles dragging the pane sizer.
- * @param {Object} ev The mousemove event updating dragging position.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.handleSizerDrag = function(ev) {
- var delta = ev.pageX - this.initialMouseX;
- if (this.codeColumn.is('.right')) delta = -delta;
- var proposedCodeWidth = this.initialCodeWidth + delta;
- var proposedCommentWidth = this.initialCommentsWidth - delta;
- var mw = CodewalkViewer.MIN_PANE_WIDTH;
- if (proposedCodeWidth < mw) delta = mw - this.initialCodeWidth;
- if (proposedCommentWidth < mw) delta = this.initialCommentsWidth - mw;
- proposedCodeWidth = this.initialCodeWidth + delta;
- proposedCommentWidth = this.initialCommentsWidth - delta;
- // If window is too small, don't even try to resize.
- if (proposedCodeWidth < mw || proposedCommentWidth < mw) return;
- this.codeColumn.width(proposedCodeWidth);
- this.commentColumn.width(proposedCommentWidth);
- this.options.codeWidth = parseInt(
- this.codeColumn.width() /
- (this.codeColumn.width() + this.commentColumn.width()) * 100);
- this.context.find('#code-column-width').text(this.options.codeWidth + '%');
-};
-
-/**
- * Ends dragging the pane sizer.
- * @param {Object} ev The mouseup event that caused us to stop dragging.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.endSizerDrag = function(ev) {
- this.overlay.hide();
- this.updateHeight();
-};
-
-/**
- * Toggles the Codewalk description between being shown and hidden.
- * @param {jQuery} target The target that was clicked to trigger this function.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.toggleDescription = function(target) {
- var description = this.context.find('#description');
- description.toggle();
- target.find('span').text(description.is(':hidden') ? 'show' : 'hide');
- this.updateHeight();
-};
-
-/**
- * Changes the side of the window on which the code is shown and saves the
- * setting in a cookie.
- * @param {string?} codeSide The side on which the code should be, either
- * 'left' or 'right'.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.changeCodeSide = function(codeSide) {
- var commentSide = codeSide == 'left' ? 'right' : 'left';
- this.context.find('#set-code-' + codeSide).addClass('selected');
- this.context.find('#set-code-' + commentSide).removeClass('selected');
- // Remove previous side class and add new one.
- this.codeColumn.addClass(codeSide).removeClass(commentSide);
- this.commentColumn.addClass(commentSide).removeClass(codeSide);
- this.sizer.css(codeSide, 'auto').css(commentSide, 0);
- this.options.codeSide = codeSide;
-};
-
-/**
- * Adds selected class to newly selected comment, removes selected style from
- * previously selected comment, changes drop down options so that the correct
- * file is selected, and updates the code popout link.
- * @param {jQuery} target The target that was clicked to trigger this function.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.changeSelectedComment = function(target) {
- var currentFile = target.find('.comment-link').attr('href');
- if (!currentFile) return;
-
- if (!(this.lastSelected && this.lastSelected.get(0) === target.get(0))) {
- if (this.lastSelected) this.lastSelected.removeClass('selected');
- target.addClass('selected');
- this.lastSelected = target;
- var targetTop = target.position().top;
- var parentTop = target.parent().position().top;
- if (targetTop + target.height() > parentTop + target.parent().height() ||
- targetTop < parentTop) {
- var delta = targetTop - parentTop;
- target.parent().animate(
- {'scrollTop': target.parent().scrollTop() + delta},
- Math.max(delta / 2, 200), 'swing');
- }
- var fname = currentFile.match(/(?:select=|fileprint=)\/[^&]+/)[0];
- fname = fname.slice(fname.indexOf('=')+2, fname.length);
- this.context.find('#code-selector').val(fname);
- this.context.find('#prev-comment').toggleClass(
- 'disabled', !target.prev().length);
- this.context.find('#next-comment').toggleClass(
- 'disabled', !target.next().length);
- }
-
- // Force original file even if user hasn't changed comments since they may
- // have nagivated away from it within the iframe without us knowing.
- this.navigateToCode(currentFile);
-};
-
-/**
- * Updates the viewer by changing the height of the comments and code so that
- * they fit within the height of the window. The function is typically called
- * after the user changes the window size.
- */
-CodewalkViewer.prototype.updateHeight = function() {
- var windowHeight = jQuery(window).height() - 5 // GOK
- var areaHeight = windowHeight - this.codeArea.offset().top
- var footerHeight = this.context.find('#footer').outerHeight(true)
- this.commentArea.height(areaHeight - footerHeight - this.context.find('#comment-options').outerHeight(true))
- var codeHeight = areaHeight - footerHeight - 15 // GOK
- this.codeArea.height(codeHeight)
- this.codeDisplay.height(codeHeight - this.codeDisplay.offset().top + this.codeArea.offset().top);
- this.sizer.height(codeHeight);
-};
-
-window.initFuncs.push(function() {
- var viewer = new CodewalkViewer(jQuery('#codewalk-main'));
- viewer.selectFirstComment();
- viewer.targetCommentLinksAtBlank();
- viewer.installEventHandlers();
- viewer.updateHeight();
-});
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml b/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 34e6e91..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-<codewalk title="How to Write a Codewalk">
-
-<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml">
- A codewalk is a guided tour through a piece of code.
- It consists of a sequence of steps, each typically explaining
- a highlighted section of code.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The <a href="/cmd/godoc">godoc</a> web server translates
- an XML file like the one in the main window pane into the HTML
- page that you're viewing now.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The codewalk with URL path <code>/doc/codewalk/</code><i>name</i>
- is loaded from the input file <code>$GOROOT/doc/codewalk/</code><i>name</i><code>.xml</code>.
- <br/><br/>
-
- This codewalk explains how to write a codewalk by examining
- its own source code,
- <code><a href="/doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml">$GOROOT/doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml</a></code>,
- shown in the main window pane to the left.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Title" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title=/">
- The codewalk input file is an XML file containing a single
- <code><codewalk></code> element.
- That element's <code>title</code> attribute gives the title
- that is used both on the codewalk page and in the codewalk list.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Steps" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/<step/,/step>/">
- Each step in the codewalk is a <code><step></code> element
- nested inside the main <code><codewalk></code>.
- The step element's <code>title</code> attribute gives the step's title,
- which is shown in a shaded bar above the main step text.
- The element's <code>src</code> attribute specifies the source
- code to show in the main window pane and, optionally, a range of
- lines to highlight.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The first step in this codewalk does not highlight any lines:
- its <code>src</code> is just a file name.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Specifying a source line" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Title"/'>
- The most complex part of the codewalk specification is
- saying what lines to highlight.
- Instead of ordinary line numbers,
- the codewalk uses an address syntax that makes it possible
- to describe the match by its content.
- As the file gets edited, this descriptive address has a better
- chance to continue to refer to the right section of the file.
- <br/><br/>
-
- To specify a source line, use a <code>src</code> attribute of the form
- <i>filename</i><code>:</code><i>address</i>,
- where <i>address</i> is an address in the syntax used by the text editors <i>sam</i> and <i>acme</i>.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The simplest address is a single regular expression.
- The highlighted line in the main window pane shows that the
- address for the “Title” step was <code>/title=/</code>,
- which matches the first instance of that <a href="/pkg/regexp">regular expression</a> (<code>title=</code>) in the file.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Specifying a source range" src='doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/title="Steps"/'>
- To highlight a range of source lines, the simplest address to use is
- a pair of regular expressions
- <code>/</code><i>regexp1</i><code>/,/</code><i>regexp2</i><code>/</code>.
- The highlight begins with the line containing the first match for <i>regexp1</i>
- and ends with the line containing the first match for <i>regexp2</i>
- after the end of the match for <i>regexp1</i>.
- Ignoring the HTML quoting,
- The line containing the first match for <i>regexp1</i> will be the first one highlighted,
- and the line containing the first match for <i>regexp2</i>.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The address <code>/<step/,/step>/</code> looks for the first instance of
- <code><step</code> in the file, and then starting after that point,
- looks for the first instance of <code>step></code>.
- (Click on the “Steps” step above to see the highlight in action.)
- Note that the <code><</code> and <code>></code> had to be written
- using XML escapes in order to be valid XML.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Advanced addressing" src="doc/codewalk/codewalk.xml:/Advanced/,/step>/">
- The <code>/</code><i>regexp</i><code>/</code>
- and <code>/</code><i>regexp1</i><code>/,/</code><i>regexp2</i><code>/</code>
- forms suffice for most highlighting.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The full address syntax is summarized in this table
- (an excerpt of Table II from
- <a href="https://9p.io/sys/doc/sam/sam.html">The text editor <code>sam</code></a>):
- <br/><br/>
-
- <table>
- <tr><td colspan="2"><b>Simple addresses</b></td></tr>
- <tr><td><code>#</code><i>n</i></td>
- <td>The empty string after character <i>n</i></td></tr>
- <tr><td><i>n</i></td>
- <td>Line <i>n</i></td></tr>
- <tr><td><code>/</code><i>regexp</i><code>/</code></td>
- <td>The first following match of the regular expression</td></tr>
- <!-- not supported (yet?)
- <tr><td><code>–/</code><i>regexp</i><code>/</code></td>
- <td>The first previous match of the regular expression</td></tr>
- -->
- <tr><td><code>$</code></td>
- <td>The null string at the end of the file</td></tr>
-
- <tr><td colspan="2"><b>Compound addresses</b></td></tr>
- <tr><td><i>a1</i><code>+</code><i>a2</i></td>
- <td>The address <i>a2</i> evaluated starting at the right of <i>a1</i></td></tr>
- <tr><td><i>a1</i><code>-</code><i>a2</i></td>
- <td>The address <i>a2</i> evaluated in the reverse direction starting at the left of <i>a1</i></td></tr>
- <tr><td><i>a1</i><code>,</code><i>a2</i></td>
- <td>From the left of <i>a1</i> to the right of <i>a2</i> (default <code>0,$</code>).</td></tr>
- </table>
-</step>
-
-
-
-</codewalk>
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/functions.xml b/content/doc/codewalk/functions.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index db518dc..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/functions.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-<codewalk title="First-Class Functions in Go">
-
-<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go">
- Go supports first class functions, higher-order functions, user-defined
- function types, function literals, closures, and multiple return values.
- <br/><br/>
-
- This rich feature set supports a functional programming style in a strongly
- typed language.
- <br/><br/>
-
- In this codewalk we will look at a simple program that simulates a dice game
- called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_(dice)">Pig</a> and evaluates
- basic strategies.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Game overview" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ A score/,/thisTurn int\n}/">
- Pig is a two-player game played with a 6-sided die. Each turn, you may roll or stay.
- <ul>
- <li> If you roll a 1, you lose all points for your turn and play passes to
- your opponent. Any other roll adds its value to your turn score. </li>
- <li> If you stay, your turn score is added to your total score, and play passes
- to your opponent. </li>
- </ul>
-
- The first person to reach 100 total points wins.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The <code>score</code> type stores the scores of the current and opposing
- players, in addition to the points accumulated during the current turn.
-</step>
-
-<step title="User-defined function types" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ An action/,/bool\)/">
- In Go, functions can be passed around just like any other value. A function's
- type signature describes the types of its arguments and return values.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The <code>action</code> type is a function that takes a <code>score</code>
- and returns the resulting <code>score</code> and whether the current turn is
- over.
- <br/><br/>
-
- If the turn is over, the <code>player</code> and <code>opponent</code> fields
- in the resulting <code>score</code> should be swapped, as it is now the other player's
- turn.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Multiple return values" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ roll returns/,/true\n}/">
- Go functions can return multiple values.
- <br/><br/>
-
- The functions <code>roll</code> and <code>stay</code> each return a pair of
- values. They also match the <code>action</code> type signature. These
- <code>action</code> functions define the rules of Pig.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Higher-order functions" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ A strategy/,/action\n/">
- A function can use other functions as arguments and return values.
- <br/><br/>
-
- A <code>strategy</code> is a function that takes a <code>score</code> as input
- and returns an <code>action</code> to perform. <br/>
- (Remember, an <code>action</code> is itself a function.)
-</step>
-
-<step title="Function literals and closures" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/return func/,/return roll\n\t}/">
- Anonymous functions can be declared in Go, as in this example. Function
- literals are closures: they inherit the scope of the function in which they
- are declared.
- <br/><br/>
-
- One basic strategy in Pig is to continue rolling until you have accumulated at
- least k points in a turn, and then stay. The argument <code>k</code> is
- enclosed by this function literal, which matches the <code>strategy</code> type
- signature.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Simulating games" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ play/,/currentPlayer\n}/">
- We simulate a game of Pig by calling an <code>action</code> to update the
- <code>score</code> until one player reaches 100 points. Each
- <code>action</code> is selected by calling the <code>strategy</code> function
- associated with the current player.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Simulating a tournament" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ roundRobin/,/gamesPerStrategy\n}/">
- The <code>roundRobin</code> function simulates a tournament and tallies wins.
- Each strategy plays each other strategy <code>gamesPerSeries</code> times.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Variadic function declarations" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/\/\/ ratioS/,/string {/">
- Variadic functions like <code>ratioString</code> take a variable number of
- arguments. These arguments are available as a slice inside the function.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Simulation results" src="doc/codewalk/pig.go:/func main/,/\n}/">
- The <code>main</code> function defines 100 basic strategies, simulates a round
- robin tournament, and then prints the win/loss record of each strategy.
- <br/><br/>
-
- Among these strategies, staying at 25 is best, but the <a
- href="http://www.google.com/search?q=optimal+play+pig">optimal strategy for
- Pig</a> is much more complex.
-</step>
-
-</codewalk>
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/markov.go b/content/doc/codewalk/markov.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f62e05..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/markov.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-/*
-Generating random text: a Markov chain algorithm
-
-Based on the program presented in the "Design and Implementation" chapter
-of The Practice of Programming (Kernighan and Pike, Addison-Wesley 1999).
-See also Computer Recreations, Scientific American 260, 122 - 125 (1989).
-
-A Markov chain algorithm generates text by creating a statistical model of
-potential textual suffixes for a given prefix. Consider this text:
-
- I am not a number! I am a free man!
-
-Our Markov chain algorithm would arrange this text into this set of prefixes
-and suffixes, or "chain": (This table assumes a prefix length of two words.)
-
- Prefix Suffix
-
- "" "" I
- "" I am
- I am a
- I am not
- a free man!
- am a free
- am not a
- a number! I
- number! I am
- not a number!
-
-To generate text using this table we select an initial prefix ("I am", for
-example), choose one of the suffixes associated with that prefix at random
-with probability determined by the input statistics ("a"),
-and then create a new prefix by removing the first word from the prefix
-and appending the suffix (making the new prefix is "am a"). Repeat this process
-until we can't find any suffixes for the current prefix or we exceed the word
-limit. (The word limit is necessary as the chain table may contain cycles.)
-
-Our version of this program reads text from standard input, parsing it into a
-Markov chain, and writes generated text to standard output.
-The prefix and output lengths can be specified using the -prefix and -words
-flags on the command-line.
-*/
-package main
-
-import (
- "bufio"
- "flag"
- "fmt"
- "io"
- "math/rand"
- "os"
- "strings"
- "time"
-)
-
-// Prefix is a Markov chain prefix of one or more words.
-type Prefix []string
-
-// String returns the Prefix as a string (for use as a map key).
-func (p Prefix) String() string {
- return strings.Join(p, " ")
-}
-
-// Shift removes the first word from the Prefix and appends the given word.
-func (p Prefix) Shift(word string) {
- copy(p, p[1:])
- p[len(p)-1] = word
-}
-
-// Chain contains a map ("chain") of prefixes to a list of suffixes.
-// A prefix is a string of prefixLen words joined with spaces.
-// A suffix is a single word. A prefix can have multiple suffixes.
-type Chain struct {
- chain map[string][]string
- prefixLen int
-}
-
-// NewChain returns a new Chain with prefixes of prefixLen words.
-func NewChain(prefixLen int) *Chain {
- return &Chain{make(map[string][]string), prefixLen}
-}
-
-// Build reads text from the provided Reader and
-// parses it into prefixes and suffixes that are stored in Chain.
-func (c *Chain) Build(r io.Reader) {
- br := bufio.NewReader(r)
- p := make(Prefix, c.prefixLen)
- for {
- var s string
- if _, err := fmt.Fscan(br, &s); err != nil {
- break
- }
- key := p.String()
- c.chain[key] = append(c.chain[key], s)
- p.Shift(s)
- }
-}
-
-// Generate returns a string of at most n words generated from Chain.
-func (c *Chain) Generate(n int) string {
- p := make(Prefix, c.prefixLen)
- var words []string
- for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
- choices := c.chain[p.String()]
- if len(choices) == 0 {
- break
- }
- next := choices[rand.Intn(len(choices))]
- words = append(words, next)
- p.Shift(next)
- }
- return strings.Join(words, " ")
-}
-
-func main() {
- // Register command-line flags.
- numWords := flag.Int("words", 100, "maximum number of words to print")
- prefixLen := flag.Int("prefix", 2, "prefix length in words")
-
- flag.Parse() // Parse command-line flags.
- rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano()) // Seed the random number generator.
-
- c := NewChain(*prefixLen) // Initialize a new Chain.
- c.Build(os.Stdin) // Build chains from standard input.
- text := c.Generate(*numWords) // Generate text.
- fmt.Println(text) // Write text to standard output.
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/markov.xml b/content/doc/codewalk/markov.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e44840..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/markov.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,307 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
--->
-
-<codewalk title="Generating arbitrary text: a Markov chain algorithm">
-
-<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/Generating/,/line\./">
- This codewalk describes a program that generates random text using
- a Markov chain algorithm. The package comment describes the algorithm
- and the operation of the program. Please read it before continuing.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Modeling Markov chains" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/ chain/">
- A chain consists of a prefix and a suffix. Each prefix is a set
- number of words, while a suffix is a single word.
- A prefix can have an arbitrary number of suffixes.
- To model this data, we use a <code>map[string][]string</code>.
- Each map key is a prefix (a <code>string</code>) and its values are
- lists of suffixes (a slice of strings, <code>[]string</code>).
- <br/><br/>
- Here is the example table from the package comment
- as modeled by this data structure:
- <pre>
-map[string][]string{
- " ": {"I"},
- " I": {"am"},
- "I am": {"a", "not"},
- "a free": {"man!"},
- "am a": {"free"},
- "am not": {"a"},
- "a number!": {"I"},
- "number! I": {"am"},
- "not a": {"number!"},
-}</pre>
- While each prefix consists of multiple words, we
- store prefixes in the map as a single <code>string</code>.
- It would seem more natural to store the prefix as a
- <code>[]string</code>, but we can't do this with a map because the
- key type of a map must implement equality (and slices do not).
- <br/><br/>
- Therefore, in most of our code we will model prefixes as a
- <code>[]string</code> and join the strings together with a space
- to generate the map key:
- <pre>
-Prefix Map key
-
-[]string{"", ""} " "
-[]string{"", "I"} " I"
-[]string{"I", "am"} "I am"
-</pre>
-</step>
-
-<step title="The Chain struct" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/type Chain/,/}/">
- The complete state of the chain table consists of the table itself and
- the word length of the prefixes. The <code>Chain</code> struct stores
- this data.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The NewChain constructor function" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func New/,/\n}/">
- The <code>Chain</code> struct has two unexported fields (those that
- do not begin with an upper case character), and so we write a
- <code>NewChain</code> constructor function that initializes the
- <code>chain</code> map with <code>make</code> and sets the
- <code>prefixLen</code> field.
- <br/><br/>
- This is constructor function is not strictly necessary as this entire
- program is within a single package (<code>main</code>) and therefore
- there is little practical difference between exported and unexported
- fields. We could just as easily write out the contents of this function
- when we want to construct a new Chain.
- But using these unexported fields is good practice; it clearly denotes
- that only methods of Chain and its constructor function should access
- those fields. Also, structuring <code>Chain</code> like this means we
- could easily move it into its own package at some later date.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The Prefix type" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/type Prefix/">
- Since we'll be working with prefixes often, we define a
- <code>Prefix</code> type with the concrete type <code>[]string</code>.
- Defining a named type clearly allows us to be explicit when we are
- working with a prefix instead of just a <code>[]string</code>.
- Also, in Go we can define methods on any named type (not just structs),
- so we can add methods that operate on <code>Prefix</code> if we need to.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The String method" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+String/,/}/">
- The first method we define on <code>Prefix</code> is
- <code>String</code>. It returns a <code>string</code> representation
- of a <code>Prefix</code> by joining the slice elements together with
- spaces. We will use this method to generate keys when working with
- the chain map.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Building the chain" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+Build/,/\n}/">
- The <code>Build</code> method reads text from an <code>io.Reader</code>
- and parses it into prefixes and suffixes that are stored in the
- <code>Chain</code>.
- <br/><br/>
- The <code><a href="/pkg/io/#Reader">io.Reader</a></code> is an
- interface type that is widely used by the standard library and
- other Go code. Our code uses the
- <code><a href="/pkg/fmt/#Fscan">fmt.Fscan</a></code> function, which
- reads space-separated values from an <code>io.Reader</code>.
- <br/><br/>
- The <code>Build</code> method returns once the <code>Reader</code>'s
- <code>Read</code> method returns <code>io.EOF</code> (end of file)
- or some other read error occurs.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Buffering the input" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/bufio\.NewReader/">
- This function does many small reads, which can be inefficient for some
- <code>Readers</code>. For efficiency we wrap the provided
- <code>io.Reader</code> with
- <code><a href="/pkg/bufio/">bufio.NewReader</a></code> to create a
- new <code>io.Reader</code> that provides buffering.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The Prefix variable" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/make\(Prefix/">
- At the top of the function we make a <code>Prefix</code> slice
- <code>p</code> using the <code>Chain</code>'s <code>prefixLen</code>
- field as its length.
- We'll use this variable to hold the current prefix and mutate it with
- each new word we encounter.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Scanning words" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/var s string/,/\n }/">
- In our loop we read words from the <code>Reader</code> into a
- <code>string</code> variable <code>s</code> using
- <code>fmt.Fscan</code>. Since <code>Fscan</code> uses space to
- separate each input value, each call will yield just one word
- (including punctuation), which is exactly what we need.
- <br/><br/>
- <code>Fscan</code> returns an error if it encounters a read error
- (<code>io.EOF</code>, for example) or if it can't scan the requested
- value (in our case, a single string). In either case we just want to
- stop scanning, so we <code>break</code> out of the loop.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Adding a prefix and suffix to the chain" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/ key/,/key\], s\)">
- The word stored in <code>s</code> is a new suffix. We add the new
- prefix/suffix combination to the <code>chain</code> map by computing
- the map key with <code>p.String</code> and appending the suffix
- to the slice stored under that key.
- <br/><br/>
- The built-in <code>append</code> function appends elements to a slice
- and allocates new storage when necessary. When the provided slice is
- <code>nil</code>, <code>append</code> allocates a new slice.
- This behavior conveniently ties in with the semantics of our map:
- retrieving an unset key returns the zero value of the value type and
- the zero value of <code>[]string</code> is <code>nil</code>.
- When our program encounters a new prefix (yielding a <code>nil</code>
- value in the map) <code>append</code> will allocate a new slice.
- <br/><br/>
- For more information about the <code>append</code> function and slices
- in general see the
- <a href="/doc/articles/slices_usage_and_internals.html">Slices: usage and internals</a> article.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Pushing the suffix onto the prefix" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/p\.Shift/">
- Before reading the next word our algorithm requires us to drop the
- first word from the prefix and push the current suffix onto the prefix.
- <br/><br/>
- When in this state
- <pre>
-p == Prefix{"I", "am"}
-s == "not" </pre>
- the new value for <code>p</code> would be
- <pre>
-p == Prefix{"am", "not"}</pre>
- This operation is also required during text generation so we put
- the code to perform this mutation of the slice inside a method on
- <code>Prefix</code> named <code>Shift</code>.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The Shift method" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+Shift/,/\n}/">
- The <code>Shift</code> method uses the built-in <code>copy</code>
- function to copy the last len(p)-1 elements of <code>p</code> to
- the start of the slice, effectively moving the elements
- one index to the left (if you consider zero as the leftmost index).
- <pre>
-p := Prefix{"I", "am"}
-copy(p, p[1:])
-// p == Prefix{"am", "am"}</pre>
- We then assign the provided <code>word</code> to the last index
- of the slice:
- <pre>
-// suffix == "not"
-p[len(p)-1] = suffix
-// p == Prefix{"am", "not"}</pre>
-</step>
-
-<step title="Generating text" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/func[^\n]+Generate/,/\n}/">
- The <code>Generate</code> method is similar to <code>Build</code>
- except that instead of reading words from a <code>Reader</code>
- and storing them in a map, it reads words from the map and
- appends them to a slice (<code>words</code>).
- <br/><br/>
- <code>Generate</code> uses a conditional for loop to generate
- up to <code>n</code> words.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Getting potential suffixes" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/choices/,/}\n/">
- At each iteration of the loop we retrieve a list of potential suffixes
- for the current prefix. We access the <code>chain</code> map at key
- <code>p.String()</code> and assign its contents to <code>choices</code>.
- <br/><br/>
- If <code>len(choices)</code> is zero we break out of the loop as there
- are no potential suffixes for that prefix.
- This test also works if the key isn't present in the map at all:
- in that case, <code>choices</code> will be <code>nil</code> and the
- length of a <code>nil</code> slice is zero.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Choosing a suffix at random" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/next := choices/,/Shift/">
- To choose a suffix we use the
- <code><a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Intn">rand.Intn</a></code> function.
- It returns a random integer up to (but not including) the provided
- value. Passing in <code>len(choices)</code> gives us a random index
- into the full length of the list.
- <br/><br/>
- We use that index to pick our new suffix, assign it to
- <code>next</code> and append it to the <code>words</code> slice.
- <br/><br/>
- Next, we <code>Shift</code> the new suffix onto the prefix just as
- we did in the <code>Build</code> method.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Returning the generated text" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/Join\(words/">
- Before returning the generated text as a string, we use the
- <code>strings.Join</code> function to join the elements of
- the <code>words</code> slice together, separated by spaces.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Command-line flags" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/Register command-line flags/,/prefixLen/">
- To make it easy to tweak the prefix and generated text lengths we
- use the <code><a href="/pkg/flag/">flag</a></code> package to parse
- command-line flags.
- <br/><br/>
- These calls to <code>flag.Int</code> register new flags with the
- <code>flag</code> package. The arguments to <code>Int</code> are the
- flag name, its default value, and a description. The <code>Int</code>
- function returns a pointer to an integer that will contain the
- user-supplied value (or the default value if the flag was omitted on
- the command-line).
-</step>
-
-<step title="Program set up" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/flag.Parse/,/rand.Seed/">
- The <code>main</code> function begins by parsing the command-line
- flags with <code>flag.Parse</code> and seeding the <code>rand</code>
- package's random number generator with the current time.
- <br/><br/>
- If the command-line flags provided by the user are invalid the
- <code>flag.Parse</code> function will print an informative usage
- message and terminate the program.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Creating and building a new Chain" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/c := NewChain/,/c\.Build/">
- To create the new <code>Chain</code> we call <code>NewChain</code>
- with the value of the <code>prefix</code> flag.
- <br/><br/>
- To build the chain we call <code>Build</code> with
- <code>os.Stdin</code> (which implements <code>io.Reader</code>) so
- that it will read its input from standard input.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Generating and printing text" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go:/c\.Generate/,/fmt.Println/">
- Finally, to generate text we call <code>Generate</code> with
- the value of the <code>words</code> flag and assigning the result
- to the variable <code>text</code>.
- <br/><br/>
- Then we call <code>fmt.Println</code> to write the text to standard
- output, followed by a carriage return.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Using this program" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go">
- To use this program, first build it with the
- <a href="/cmd/go/">go</a> command:
- <pre>
-$ go build markov.go</pre>
- And then execute it while piping in some input text:
- <pre>
-$ echo "a man a plan a canal panama" \
- | ./markov -prefix=1
-a plan a man a plan a canal panama</pre>
- Here's a transcript of generating some text using the Go distribution's
- README file as source material:
- <pre>
-$ ./markov -words=10 < $GOROOT/README
-This is the source code repository for the Go source
-$ ./markov -prefix=1 -words=10 < $GOROOT/README
-This is the go directory (the one containing this README).
-$ ./markov -prefix=1 -words=10 < $GOROOT/README
-This is the variable if you have just untarred a</pre>
-</step>
-
-<step title="An exercise for the reader" src="doc/codewalk/markov.go">
- The <code>Generate</code> function does a lot of allocations when it
- builds the <code>words</code> slice. As an exercise, modify it to
- take an <code>io.Writer</code> to which it incrementally writes the
- generated text with <code>Fprint</code>.
- Aside from being more efficient this makes <code>Generate</code>
- more symmetrical to <code>Build</code>.
-</step>
-
-</codewalk>
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/pig.go b/content/doc/codewalk/pig.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 941daae..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/pig.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "math/rand"
-)
-
-const (
- win = 100 // The winning score in a game of Pig
- gamesPerSeries = 10 // The number of games per series to simulate
-)
-
-// A score includes scores accumulated in previous turns for each player,
-// as well as the points scored by the current player in this turn.
-type score struct {
- player, opponent, thisTurn int
-}
-
-// An action transitions stochastically to a resulting score.
-type action func(current score) (result score, turnIsOver bool)
-
-// roll returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of simulating a die roll.
-// If the roll value is 1, then thisTurn score is abandoned, and the players'
-// roles swap. Otherwise, the roll value is added to thisTurn.
-func roll(s score) (score, bool) {
- outcome := rand.Intn(6) + 1 // A random int in [1, 6]
- if outcome == 1 {
- return score{s.opponent, s.player, 0}, true
- }
- return score{s.player, s.opponent, outcome + s.thisTurn}, false
-}
-
-// stay returns the (result, turnIsOver) outcome of staying.
-// thisTurn score is added to the player's score, and the players' roles swap.
-func stay(s score) (score, bool) {
- return score{s.opponent, s.player + s.thisTurn, 0}, true
-}
-
-// A strategy chooses an action for any given score.
-type strategy func(score) action
-
-// stayAtK returns a strategy that rolls until thisTurn is at least k, then stays.
-func stayAtK(k int) strategy {
- return func(s score) action {
- if s.thisTurn >= k {
- return stay
- }
- return roll
- }
-}
-
-// play simulates a Pig game and returns the winner (0 or 1).
-func play(strategy0, strategy1 strategy) int {
- strategies := []strategy{strategy0, strategy1}
- var s score
- var turnIsOver bool
- currentPlayer := rand.Intn(2) // Randomly decide who plays first
- for s.player+s.thisTurn < win {
- action := strategies[currentPlayer](s)
- s, turnIsOver = action(s)
- if turnIsOver {
- currentPlayer = (currentPlayer + 1) % 2
- }
- }
- return currentPlayer
-}
-
-// roundRobin simulates a series of games between every pair of strategies.
-func roundRobin(strategies []strategy) ([]int, int) {
- wins := make([]int, len(strategies))
- for i := 0; i < len(strategies); i++ {
- for j := i + 1; j < len(strategies); j++ {
- for k := 0; k < gamesPerSeries; k++ {
- winner := play(strategies[i], strategies[j])
- if winner == 0 {
- wins[i]++
- } else {
- wins[j]++
- }
- }
- }
- }
- gamesPerStrategy := gamesPerSeries * (len(strategies) - 1) // no self play
- return wins, gamesPerStrategy
-}
-
-// ratioString takes a list of integer values and returns a string that lists
-// each value and its percentage of the sum of all values.
-// e.g., ratios(1, 2, 3) = "1/6 (16.7%), 2/6 (33.3%), 3/6 (50.0%)"
-func ratioString(vals ...int) string {
- total := 0
- for _, val := range vals {
- total += val
- }
- s := ""
- for _, val := range vals {
- if s != "" {
- s += ", "
- }
- pct := 100 * float64(val) / float64(total)
- s += fmt.Sprintf("%d/%d (%0.1f%%)", val, total, pct)
- }
- return s
-}
-
-func main() {
- strategies := make([]strategy, win)
- for k := range strategies {
- strategies[k] = stayAtK(k + 1)
- }
- wins, games := roundRobin(strategies)
-
- for k := range strategies {
- fmt.Printf("Wins, losses staying at k =% 4d: %s\n",
- k+1, ratioString(wins[k], games-wins[k]))
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/popout.png b/content/doc/codewalk/popout.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9c0c236..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/popout.png
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/run b/content/doc/codewalk/run
deleted file mode 100755
index afc64c1..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/run
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-# Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-# license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-set -e
-
-function fail {
- echo FAIL: doc/codewalk/$1
- exit 1
-}
-
-# markov.xml
-echo foo | go run markov.go | grep foo > /dev/null || fail markov
-
-# functions.xml
-go run pig.go | grep 'Wins, losses staying at k = 100: 210/990 (21.2%), 780/990 (78.8%)' > /dev/null || fail pig
-
-# sharemem.xml: only build the example, as it uses the network
-go build urlpoll.go || fail urlpoll
-rm -f urlpoll
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/sharemem.xml b/content/doc/codewalk/sharemem.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b47f12..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/sharemem.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,181 +0,0 @@
-<codewalk title="Share Memory By Communicating">
-
-<step title="Introduction" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go">
-Go's approach to concurrency differs from the traditional use of
-threads and shared memory. Philosophically, it can be summarized:
-<br/><br/>
-<i>Don't communicate by sharing memory; share memory by communicating.</i>
-<br/><br/>
-Channels allow you to pass references to data structures between goroutines.
-If you consider this as passing around ownership of the data (the ability to
-read and write it), they become a powerful and expressive synchronization
-mechanism.
-<br/><br/>
-In this codewalk we will look at a simple program that polls a list of
-URLs, checking their HTTP response codes and periodically printing their state.
-</step>
-
-<step title="State type" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/State/,/}/">
-The State type represents the state of a URL.
-<br/><br/>
-The Pollers send State values to the StateMonitor,
-which maintains a map of the current state of each URL.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Resource type" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Resource/,/}/">
-A Resource represents the state of a URL to be polled: the URL itself
-and the number of errors encountered since the last successful poll.
-<br/><br/>
-When the program starts, it allocates one Resource for each URL.
-The main goroutine and the Poller goroutines send the Resources to
-each other on channels.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Poller function" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/func Poller/,/\n}/">
-Each Poller receives Resource pointers from an input channel.
-In this program, the convention is that sending a Resource pointer on
-a channel passes ownership of the underlying data from the sender
-to the receiver. Because of this convention, we know that
-no two goroutines will access this Resource at the same time.
-This means we don't have to worry about locking to prevent concurrent
-access to these data structures.
-<br/><br/>
-The Poller processes the Resource by calling its Poll method.
-<br/><br/>
-It sends a State value to the status channel, to inform the StateMonitor
-of the result of the Poll.
-<br/><br/>
-Finally, it sends the Resource pointer to the out channel. This can be
-interpreted as the Poller saying "I'm done with this Resource" and
-returning ownership of it to the main goroutine.
-<br/><br/>
-Several goroutines run Pollers, processing Resources in parallel.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The Poll method" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Poll executes/,/\n}/">
-The Poll method (of the Resource type) performs an HTTP HEAD request
-for the Resource's URL and returns the HTTP response's status code.
-If an error occurs, Poll logs the message to standard error and returns the
-error string instead.
-</step>
-
-<step title="main function" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/func main/,/\n}/">
-The main function starts the Poller and StateMonitor goroutines
-and then loops passing completed Resources back to the pending
-channel after appropriate delays.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Creating channels" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Create our/,/complete/">
-First, main makes two channels of *Resource, pending and complete.
-<br/><br/>
-Inside main, a new goroutine sends one Resource per URL to pending
-and the main goroutine receives completed Resources from complete.
-<br/><br/>
-The pending and complete channels are passed to each of the Poller
-goroutines, within which they are known as in and out.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Initializing StateMonitor" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Launch the StateMonitor/,/statusInterval/">
-StateMonitor will initialize and launch a goroutine that stores the state
-of each Resource. We will look at this function in detail later.
-<br/><br/>
-For now, the important thing to note is that it returns a channel of State,
-which is saved as status and passed to the Poller goroutines.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Launching Poller goroutines" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Launch some Poller/,/}/">
-Now that it has the necessary channels, main launches a number of
-Poller goroutines, passing the channels as arguments.
-The channels provide the means of communication between the main, Poller, and
-StateMonitor goroutines.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Send Resources to pending" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Send some Resources/,/}\(\)/">
-To add the initial work to the system, main starts a new goroutine
-that allocates and sends one Resource per URL to pending.
-<br/><br/>
-The new goroutine is necessary because unbuffered channel sends and
-receives are synchronous. That means these channel sends will block until
-the Pollers are ready to read from pending.
-<br/><br/>
-Were these sends performed in the main goroutine with fewer Pollers than
-channel sends, the program would reach a deadlock situation, because
-main would not yet be receiving from complete.
-<br/><br/>
-Exercise for the reader: modify this part of the program to read a list of
-URLs from a file. (You may want to move this goroutine into its own
-named function.)
-</step>
-
-<step title="Main Event Loop" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/range complete/,/\n }/">
-When a Poller is done with a Resource, it sends it on the complete channel.
-This loop receives those Resource pointers from complete.
-For each received Resource, it starts a new goroutine calling
-the Resource's Sleep method. Using a new goroutine for each
-ensures that the sleeps can happen in parallel.
-<br/><br/>
-Note that any single Resource pointer may only be sent on either pending or
-complete at any one time. This ensures that a Resource is either being
-handled by a Poller goroutine or sleeping, but never both simultaneously.
-In this way, we share our Resource data by communicating.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The Sleep method" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/Sleep/,/\n}/">
-Sleep calls time.Sleep to pause before sending the Resource to done.
-The pause will either be of a fixed length (pollInterval) plus an
-additional delay proportional to the number of sequential errors (r.errCount).
-<br/><br/>
-This is an example of a typical Go idiom: a function intended to run inside
-a goroutine takes a channel, upon which it sends its return value
-(or other indication of completed state).
-</step>
-
-<step title="StateMonitor" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/StateMonitor/,/\n}/">
-The StateMonitor receives State values on a channel and periodically
-outputs the state of all Resources being polled by the program.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The updates channel" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/updates :=/">
-The variable updates is a channel of State, on which the Poller goroutines
-send State values.
-<br/><br/>
-This channel is returned by the function.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The urlStatus map" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/urlStatus/">
-The variable urlStatus is a map of URLs to their most recent status.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The Ticker object" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/ticker/">
-A time.Ticker is an object that repeatedly sends a value on a channel at a
-specified interval.
-<br/><br/>
-In this case, ticker triggers the printing of the current state to
-standard output every updateInterval nanoseconds.
-</step>
-
-<step title="The StateMonitor goroutine" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go:/go func/,/}\(\)/">
-StateMonitor will loop forever, selecting on two channels:
-ticker.C and update. The select statement blocks until one of its
-communications is ready to proceed.
-<br/><br/>
-When StateMonitor receives a tick from ticker.C, it calls logState to
-print the current state. When it receives a State update from updates,
-it records the new status in the urlStatus map.
-<br/><br/>
-Notice that this goroutine owns the urlStatus data structure,
-ensuring that it can only be accessed sequentially.
-This prevents memory corruption issues that might arise from parallel reads
-and/or writes to a shared map.
-</step>
-
-<step title="Conclusion" src="doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go">
-In this codewalk we have explored a simple example of using Go's concurrency
-primitives to share memory through communication.
-<br/><br/>
-This should provide a starting point from which to explore the ways in which
-goroutines and channels can be used to write expressive and concise concurrent
-programs.
-</step>
-
-</codewalk>
diff --git a/content/doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go b/content/doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fb9958..0000000
--- a/content/doc/codewalk/urlpoll.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "log"
- "net/http"
- "time"
-)
-
-const (
- numPollers = 2 // number of Poller goroutines to launch
- pollInterval = 60 * time.Second // how often to poll each URL
- statusInterval = 10 * time.Second // how often to log status to stdout
- errTimeout = 10 * time.Second // back-off timeout on error
-)
-
-var urls = []string{
- "http://www.google.com/",
- "http://golang.org/",
- "http://blog.golang.org/",
-}
-
-// State represents the last-known state of a URL.
-type State struct {
- url string
- status string
-}
-
-// StateMonitor maintains a map that stores the state of the URLs being
-// polled, and prints the current state every updateInterval nanoseconds.
-// It returns a chan State to which resource state should be sent.
-func StateMonitor(updateInterval time.Duration) chan<- State {
- updates := make(chan State)
- urlStatus := make(map[string]string)
- ticker := time.NewTicker(updateInterval)
- go func() {
- for {
- select {
- case <-ticker.C:
- logState(urlStatus)
- case s := <-updates:
- urlStatus[s.url] = s.status
- }
- }
- }()
- return updates
-}
-
-// logState prints a state map.
-func logState(s map[string]string) {
- log.Println("Current state:")
- for k, v := range s {
- log.Printf(" %s %s", k, v)
- }
-}
-
-// Resource represents an HTTP URL to be polled by this program.
-type Resource struct {
- url string
- errCount int
-}
-
-// Poll executes an HTTP HEAD request for url
-// and returns the HTTP status string or an error string.
-func (r *Resource) Poll() string {
- resp, err := http.Head(r.url)
- if err != nil {
- log.Println("Error", r.url, err)
- r.errCount++
- return err.Error()
- }
- r.errCount = 0
- return resp.Status
-}
-
-// Sleep sleeps for an appropriate interval (dependent on error state)
-// before sending the Resource to done.
-func (r *Resource) Sleep(done chan<- *Resource) {
- time.Sleep(pollInterval + errTimeout*time.Duration(r.errCount))
- done <- r
-}
-
-func Poller(in <-chan *Resource, out chan<- *Resource, status chan<- State) {
- for r := range in {
- s := r.Poll()
- status <- State{r.url, s}
- out <- r
- }
-}
-
-func main() {
- // Create our input and output channels.
- pending, complete := make(chan *Resource), make(chan *Resource)
-
- // Launch the StateMonitor.
- status := StateMonitor(statusInterval)
-
- // Launch some Poller goroutines.
- for i := 0; i < numPollers; i++ {
- go Poller(pending, complete, status)
- }
-
- // Send some Resources to the pending queue.
- go func() {
- for _, url := range urls {
- pending <- &Resource{url: url}
- }
- }()
-
- for r := range complete {
- go r.Sleep(pending)
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/conduct.html b/content/doc/conduct.html
deleted file mode 100644
index f5f2fe1..0000000
--- a/content/doc/conduct.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,211 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go Community Code of Conduct",
- "Path": "/conduct",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<style>
-ul {
- max-width: 800px;
-}
-ul ul {
- margin: 0 0 5px;
-}
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="about">About</h2>
-
-<p>
-Online communities include people from many different backgrounds.
-The Go contributors are committed to providing a friendly, safe and welcoming
-environment for all, regardless of gender identity and expression, sexual orientation,
-disabilities, neurodiversity, physical appearance, body size, ethnicity, nationality,
-race, age, religion, or similar personal characteristics.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The first goal of the Code of Conduct is to specify a baseline standard
-of behavior so that people with different social values and communication
-styles can talk about Go effectively, productively, and respectfully.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The second goal is to provide a mechanism for resolving conflicts in the
-community when they arise.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The third goal of the Code of Conduct is to make our community welcoming to
-people from different backgrounds.
-Diversity is critical to the project; for Go to be successful, it needs
-contributors and users from all backgrounds.
-(See <a href="https://blog.golang.org/open-source">Go, Open Source, Community</a>.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We believe that healthy debate and disagreement are essential to a healthy project and community.
-However, it is never ok to be disrespectful.
-We value diverse opinions, but we value respectful behavior more.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="values">Gopher values</h2>
-
-<p>
-These are the values to which people in the Go community (“Gophers”) should aspire.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Be friendly and welcoming
-<li>Be patient
- <ul>
- <li>Remember that people have varying communication styles and that not
- everyone is using their native language.
- (Meaning and tone can be lost in translation.)
- </ul>
-<li>Be thoughtful
- <ul>
- <li>Productive communication requires effort.
- Think about how your words will be interpreted.
- <li>Remember that sometimes it is best to refrain entirely from commenting.
- </ul>
-<li>Be respectful
- <ul>
- <li>In particular, respect differences of opinion.
- </ul>
-<li>Be charitable
- <ul>
- <li>Interpret the arguments of others in good faith, do not seek to disagree.
- <li>When we do disagree, try to understand why.
- </ul>
-<li>Avoid destructive behavior:
- <ul>
- <li>Derailing: stay on topic; if you want to talk about something else,
- start a new conversation.
- <li>Unconstructive criticism: don't merely decry the current state of affairs;
- offer—or at least solicit—suggestions as to how things may be improved.
- <li>Snarking (pithy, unproductive, sniping comments)
- <li>Discussing potentially offensive or sensitive issues;
- this all too often leads to unnecessary conflict.
- <li>Microaggressions: brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral and
- environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory or negative
- slights and insults to a person or group.
- </ul>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-People are complicated.
-You should expect to be misunderstood and to misunderstand others;
-when this inevitably occurs, resist the urge to be defensive or assign blame.
-Try not to take offense where no offense was intended.
-Give people the benefit of the doubt.
-Even if the intent was to provoke, do not rise to it.
-It is the responsibility of <i>all parties</i> to de-escalate conflict when it arises.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="code">Code of Conduct</h2>
-
-<h3 id="our-pledge">Our Pledge</h3>
-
-<p>In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as
-contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and
-our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
-size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of
-experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance,
-race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.</p>
-
-<h3 id="our-standards">Our Standards</h3>
-
-<p>Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
-include:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Using welcoming and inclusive language</li>
-<li>Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences</li>
-<li>Gracefully accepting constructive criticism</li>
-<li>Focusing on what is best for the community</li>
-<li>Showing empathy towards other community members</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
-advances</li>
-<li>Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks</li>
-<li>Public or private harassment</li>
-<li>Publishing others’ private information, such as a physical or electronic
-address, without explicit permission</li>
-<li>Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
-professional setting</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="our-responsibilities">Our Responsibilities</h3>
-
-<p>Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable
-behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in
-response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.</p>
-
-<p>Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
-comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
-not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or permanently any
-contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, threatening,
-offensive, or harmful.</p>
-
-<h3 id="scope">Scope</h3>
-
-<p>This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces
-when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of
-representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail
-address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
-representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be
-further defined and clarified by project maintainers.</p>
-
-<p>This Code of Conduct also applies outside the project spaces when the Project
-Steward has a reasonable belief that an individual’s behavior may have a
-negative impact on the project or its community.</p>
-
-<h3 id="conflict-resolution"></a>Conflict Resolution</h3>
-
-<p>We do not believe that all conflict is bad; healthy debate and disagreement
-often yield positive results. However, it is never okay to be disrespectful or
-to engage in behavior that violates the project’s code of conduct.</p>
-
-<p>If you see someone violating the code of conduct, you are encouraged to address
-the behavior directly with those involved. Many issues can be resolved quickly
-and easily, and this gives people more control over the outcome of their
-dispute. If you are unable to resolve the matter for any reason, or if the
-behavior is threatening or harassing, report it. We are dedicated to providing
-an environment where participants feel welcome and safe.</p>
-
-<p id="reporting">Reports should be directed to Cassandra Salisbury, the
-Go Project Steward, at <i>conduct@golang.org</i>.
-It is the Project Steward’s duty to
-receive and address reported violations of the code of conduct. They will then
-work with a committee consisting of representatives from the Open Source
-Programs Office and the Google Open Source Strategy team. If for any reason you
-are uncomfortable reaching out the Project Steward, please email
-the Google Open Source Programs Office at <i>opensource@google.com</i>.</p>
-
-<p>We will investigate every complaint, but you may not receive a direct response.
-We will use our discretion in determining when and how to follow up on reported
-incidents, which may range from not taking action to permanent expulsion from
-the project and project-sponsored spaces. We will notify the accused of the
-report and provide them an opportunity to discuss it before any action is taken.
-The identity of the reporter will be omitted from the details of the report
-supplied to the accused. In potentially harmful situations, such as ongoing
-harassment or threats to anyone’s safety, we may take action without notice.</p>
-
-<h3 id="attribution">Attribution</h3>
-
-<p>This Code of Conduct is adapted from the Contributor Covenant, version 1.4,
-available at
-<a href="https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html">https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html</a></p>
-
-<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Treat everyone with respect and kindness.
-<li>Be thoughtful in how you communicate.
-<li>Don’t be destructive or inflammatory.
-<li>If you encounter an issue, please mail <a href="mailto:conduct@golang.org">conduct@golang.org</a>.
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/contrib.html b/content/doc/contrib.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b4b19a6..0000000
--- a/content/doc/contrib.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "The Go Project",
- "Path": "/project/"
-}-->
-
-<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/project.png" />
-
-<div id="manual-nav"></div>
-
-<p>
-Go is an open source project developed by a team at
-<a href="//google.com/">Google</a> and many
-<a href="/CONTRIBUTORS">contributors</a> from the open source community.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go is distributed under a <a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="announce"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
-<p>
-A low traffic mailing list for important announcements, such as new releases.
-</p>
-<p>
-We encourage all Go users to subscribe to
-<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="go1">Version history</h2>
-
-<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
-
-<p>A <a href="/doc/devel/release.html">summary</a> of the changes between Go releases. Notes for the major releases:</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.11">Go 1.11</a> <small>(August 2018)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.10">Go 1.10</a> <small>(February 2018)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.9">Go 1.9</a> <small>(August 2017)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.8">Go 1.8</a> <small>(February 2017)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.7">Go 1.7</a> <small>(August 2016)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.6">Go 1.6</a> <small>(February 2016)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.5">Go 1.5</a> <small>(August 2015)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4</a> <small>(December 2014)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3</a> <small>(June 2014)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2</a> <small>(December 2013)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1</a> <small>(May 2013)</small></li>
- <li><a href="/doc/go1">Go 1</a> <small>(March 2012)</small></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="go1compat"><a href="/doc/go1compat">Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs</a></h3>
-<p>
-What Go 1 defines and the backwards-compatibility guarantees one can expect as
-Go 1 matures.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="resources">Developer Resources</h2>
-
-<h3 id="source"><a href="https://golang.org/change">Source Code</a></h3>
-<p>Check out the Go source code.</p>
-
-<h3 id="discuss"><a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Discussion Mailing List</a></h3>
-<p>
-A mailing list for general discussion of Go programming.
-</p>
-<p>
-Questions about using Go or announcements relevant to other Go users should be sent to
-<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="golang-dev"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">Developer</a> and
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">Code Review Mailing List</a></h3>
-<p>The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>
-mailing list is for discussing code changes to the Go project.
-The <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">golang-codereviews</a>
-mailing list is for actual reviewing of the code changes (CLs).</p>
-
-<h3 id="golang-checkins"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
-<p>A mailing list that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.</p>
-
-<h3 id="build_status"><a href="//build.golang.org/">Build Status</a></h3>
-<p>View the status of Go builds across the supported operating
-systems and architectures.</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="howto">How you can help</h2>
-
-<h3><a href="//golang.org/issue">Reporting issues</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-If you spot bugs, mistakes, or inconsistencies in the Go project's code or
-documentation, please let us know by
-<a href="//golang.org/issue/new">filing a ticket</a>
-on our <a href="//golang.org/issue">issue tracker</a>.
-(Of course, you should check it's not an existing issue before creating
-a new one.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We pride ourselves on being meticulous; no issue is too small.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Security-related issues should be reported to
-<a href="mailto:security@golang.org">security@golang.org</a>.<br>
-See the <a href="/security">security policy</a> for more details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Community-related issues should be reported to
-<a href="mailto:conduct@golang.org">conduct@golang.org</a>.<br>
-See the <a href="/conduct">Code of Conduct</a> for more details.
-</p>
-
-<h3><a href="/doc/contribute.html">Contributing code</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-Go is an open source project and we welcome contributions from the community.
-</p>
-<p>
-To get started, read these <a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribution
-guidelines</a> for information on design, testing, and our code review process.
-</p>
-<p>
-Check <a href="//golang.org/issue">the tracker</a> for
-open issues that interest you. Those labeled
-<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3A%22help+wanted%22">help wanted</a>
-are particularly in need of outside help.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/contribute.html b/content/doc/contribute.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 68b2387..0000000
--- a/content/doc/contribute.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1212 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Contribution Guide"
-}-->
-
-<p>
-The Go project welcomes all contributors.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This document is a guide to help you through the process
-of contributing to the Go project, which is a little different
-from that used by other open source projects.
-We assume you have a basic understanding of Git and Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In addition to the information here, the Go community maintains a
-<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/CodeReview">CodeReview</a> wiki page.
-Feel free to contribute to the wiki as you learn the review process.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that the <code>gccgo</code> front end lives elsewhere;
-see <a href="gccgo_contribute.html">Contributing to gccgo</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="contributor">Becoming a contributor</h2>
-
-<h3>Overview</h3>
-
-<p>
-The first step is registering as a Go contributor and configuring your environment.
-Here is a checklist of the required steps to follow:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<b>Step 0</b>: Decide on a single Google Account you will be using to contribute to Go.
-Use that account for all the following steps and make sure that <code>git</code>
-is configured to create commits with that account's e-mail address.
-</li>
-<li>
-<b>Step 1</b>: <a href="https://cla.developers.google.com/clas">Sign and submit</a> a
-CLA (Contributor License Agreement).
-</li>
-<li>
-<b>Step 2</b>: Configure authentication credentials for the Go Git repository.
-Visit <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/">go.googlesource.com</a>, click
-on "Generate Password" (top right), and follow the instructions.
-</li>
-<li>
-<b>Step 3</b>: Register for Gerrit, the code review tool used by the Go team,
-by <a href="https://go-review.googlesource.com/login/">visiting this page</a>.
-The CLA and the registration need to be done only once for your account.
-</li>
-<li>
-<b>Step 4</b>: Install <code>git-codereview</code> by running
-<code>go get -u golang.org/x/review/git-codereview</code>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-If you prefer, there is an automated tool that walks through these steps.
-Just run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get -u golang.org/x/tools/cmd/go-contrib-init
-$ cd /code/to/edit
-$ go-contrib-init
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The rest of this chapter elaborates on these instructions.
-If you have completed the steps above (either manually or through the tool), jump to
-<a href="#before_contributing">Before contributing code</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="google_account">Step 0: Select a Google Account</h3>
-
-<p>
-A contribution to Go is made through a Google account with a specific
-e-mail address.
-Make sure to use the same account throughout the process and
-for all your subsequent contributions.
-You may need to decide whether to use a personal address or a corporate address.
-The choice will depend on who
-will own the copyright for the code that you will be writing
-and submitting.
-You might want to discuss this topic with your employer before deciding which
-account to use.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Google accounts can either be Gmail e-mail accounts, G Suite organization accounts, or
-accounts associated with an external e-mail address.
-For instance, if you need to use
-an existing corporate e-mail that is not managed through G Suite, you can create
-an account associated
-<a href="https://accounts.google.com/SignUpWithoutGmail">with your existing
-e-mail address</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You also need to make sure that your Git tool is configured to create commits
-using your chosen e-mail address.
-You can either configure Git globally
-(as a default for all projects), or locally (for a single specific project).
-You can check the current configuration with this command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git config --global user.email # check current global config
-$ git config user.email # check current local config
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To change the configured address:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git config --global user.email name@example.com # change global config
-$ git config user.email name@example.com # change local config
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="cla">Step 1: Contributor License Agreement</h3>
-
-<p>
-Before sending your first change to the Go project
-you must have completed one of the following two CLAs.
-Which CLA you should sign depends on who owns the copyright to your work.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-If you are the copyright holder, you will need to agree to the
-<a href="https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/individual">individual
-contributor license agreement</a>, which can be completed online.
-</li>
-<li>
-If your organization is the copyright holder, the organization
-will need to agree to the
-<a href="https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/corporate">corporate
-contributor license agreement</a>.<br>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-You can check your currently signed agreements and sign new ones at
-the <a href="https://cla.developers.google.com/clas?pli=1&authuser=1">Google Developers
-Contributor License Agreements</a> website.
-If the copyright holder for your contribution has already completed the
-agreement in connection with another Google open source project,
-it does not need to be completed again.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the copyright holder for the code you are submitting changes—for example,
-if you start contributing code on behalf of a new company—please send mail
-to the <a href="mailto:golang-dev@googlegroups.com"><code>golang-dev</code>
-mailing list</a>.
-This will let us know the situation so we can make sure an appropriate agreement is
-completed and update the <code>AUTHORS</code> file.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="config_git_auth">Step 2: Configure git authentication</h3>
-
-<p>
-The main Go repository is located at
-<a href="https://go.googlesource.com">go.googlesource.com</a>,
-a Git server hosted by Google.
-Authentication on the web server is made through your Google account, but
-you also need to configure <code>git</code> on your computer to access it.
-Follow this steps:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-Visit <a href="https://go.googlesource.com">go.googlesource.com</a>
-and click on "Generate Password" in the page's top right menu bar.
-You will be redirected to accounts.google.com to sign in.
-</li>
-<li>
-After signing in, you will be taken to a page with the title "Configure Git".
-This page contains a personalized script that when run locally will configure Git
-to hold your unique authentication key.
-This key is paired with one that is generated and stored on the server,
-analogous to how SSH keys work.
-</li>
-<li>
-Copy and run this script locally in your terminal to store your secret
-authentication token in a <code>.gitcookies</code> file.
-If you are using a Windows computer and running <code>cmd</code>,
-you should instead follow the instructions in the yellow box to run the command;
-otherwise run the regular script.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<h3 id="auth">Step 3: Create a Gerrit account </h3>
-
-<p>
-Gerrit is an open-source tool used by Go maintainers to discuss and review
-code submissions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To register your account, visit <a href="https://go-review.googlesource.com/login/">
-go-review.googlesource.com/login/</a> and sign in once using the same Google Account you used above.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="git-codereview_install">Step 4: Install the git-codereview command</h3>
-
-<p>
-Changes to Go must be reviewed before they are accepted, no matter who makes the change.
-A custom <code>git</code> command called <code>git-codereview</code>
-simplifies sending changes to Gerrit.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Install the <code>git-codereview</code> command by running,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get -u golang.org/x/review/git-codereview
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Make sure <code>git-codereview</code> is installed in your shell path, so that the
-<code>git</code> command can find it.
-Check that
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview help
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-prints help text, not an error.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On Windows, when using git-bash you must make sure that
-<code>git-codereview.exe</code> is in your <code>git</code> exec-path.
-Run <code>git --exec-path</code> to discover the right location then create a
-symbolic link or just copy the executable from $GOPATH/bin to this directory.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="before_contributing">Before contributing code</h2>
-
-<p>
-The project welcomes code patches, but to make sure things are well
-coordinated you should discuss any significant change before starting
-the work.
-It's recommended that you signal your intention to contribute in the
-issue tracker, either by <a href="https://golang.org/issue/new">filing
-a new issue</a> or by claiming
-an <a href="https://golang.org/issues">existing one</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Check the issue tracker</h3>
-
-<p>
-Whether you already know what contribution to make, or you are searching for
-an idea, the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues">issue tracker</a> is
-always the first place to go.
-Issues are triaged to categorize them and manage the workflow.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most issues will be marked with one of the following workflow labels:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>
- <b>NeedsInvestigation</b>: The issue is not fully understood
- and requires analysis to understand the root cause.
- </li>
- <li>
- <b>NeedsDecision</b>: the issue is relatively well understood, but the
- Go team hasn't yet decided the best way to address it.
- It would be better to wait for a decision before writing code.
- If you are interested on working on an issue in this state,
- feel free to "ping" maintainers in the issue's comments
- if some time has passed without a decision.
- </li>
- <li>
- <b>NeedsFix</b>: the issue is fully understood and code can be written
- to fix it.
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-You can use GitHub's search functionality to find issues to help out with. Examples:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>
- Issues that need investigation: <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsInvestigation"><code>is:issue is:open label:NeedsInvestigation</code></a>
- </li>
- <li>
- Issues that need a fix: <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsFix"><code>is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix</code></a>
- </li>
- <li>
- Issues that need a fix and have a CL: <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsFix+%22golang.org%2Fcl%22"><code>is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix "golang.org/cl"</code></a>
- </li>
- <li>
- Issues that need a fix and do not have a CL: <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsFix+NOT+%22golang.org%2Fcl%22"><code>is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix NOT "golang.org/cl"</code></a>
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="design">Open an issue for any new problem</h3>
-
-<p>
-Excluding very trivial changes, all contributions should be connected
-to an existing issue.
-Feel free to open one and discuss your plans.
-This process gives everyone a chance to validate the design,
-helps prevent duplication of effort,
-and ensures that the idea fits inside the goals for the language and tools.
-It also checks that the design is sound before code is written;
-the code review tool is not the place for high-level discussions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When planning work, please note that the Go project follows a <a
-href="https://golang.org/wiki/Go-Release-Cycle">six-month development cycle</a>.
-The latter half of each cycle is a three-month feature freeze during
-which only bug fixes and documentation updates are accepted.
-New contributions can be sent during a feature freeze, but they will
-not be merged until the freeze is over.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Significant changes to the language, libraries, or tools must go
-through the
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/proposal-process">change proposal process</a>
-before they can be accepted.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Sensitive security-related issues (only!) should be reported to <a href="mailto:security@golang.org">security@golang.org</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="sending_a_change_github">Sending a change via GitHub</h2>
-
-<p>
-First-time contributors that are already familiar with the
-<a href="https://guides.github.com/introduction/flow/">GitHub flow</a>
-are encouraged to use the same process for Go contributions.
-Even though Go
-maintainers use Gerrit for code review, a bot called Gopherbot has been created to sync
-GitHub pull requests to Gerrit.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Open a pull request as you normally would.
-Gopherbot will create a corresponding Gerrit change and post a link to
-it on your GitHub pull request; updates to the pull request will also
-get reflected in the Gerrit change.
-When somebody comments on the change, their comment will be also
-posted in your pull request, so you will get a notification.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some things to keep in mind:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-To update the pull request with new code, just push it to the branch; you can either
-add more commits, or rebase and force-push (both styles are accepted).
-</li>
-<li>
-If the request is accepted, all commits will be squashed, and the final
-commit description will be composed by concatenating the pull request's
-title and description.
-The individual commits' descriptions will be discarded.
-See <a href="#commit_messages">Writing good commit messages</a> for some
-suggestions.
-</li>
-<li>
-Gopherbot is unable to sync line-by-line codereview into GitHub: only the
-contents of the overall comment on the request will be synced.
-Remember you can always visit Gerrit to see the fine-grained review.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h2 id="sending_a_change_gerrit">Sending a change via Gerrit</h2>
-
-<p>
-It is not possible to fully sync Gerrit and GitHub, at least at the moment,
-so we recommend learning Gerrit.
-It's different but powerful and familiarity with it will help you understand
-the flow.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Overview</h3>
-
-<p>
-This is an overview of the overall process:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<b>Step 1:</b> Clone the Go source code from <code>go.googlesource.com</code>
-and make sure it's stable by compiling and testing it once:
-<pre>
-$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go
-$ cd go/src
-$ ./all.bash # compile and test
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<b>Step 2:</b> Prepare changes in a new branch, created from the master branch.
-To commit the changes, use <code>git</code> <code>codereview</code> <code>change</code>; that
-will create or amend a single commit in the branch.
-<pre>
-$ git checkout -b mybranch
-$ [edit files...]
-$ git add [files...]
-$ git codereview change # create commit in the branch
-$ [edit again...]
-$ git add [files...]
-$ git codereview change # amend the existing commit with new changes
-$ [etc.]
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<b>Step 3:</b> Test your changes, re-running <code>all.bash</code>.
-<pre>
-$ ./all.bash # recompile and test
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<b>Step 4:</b> Send the changes for review to Gerrit using <code>git</code>
-<code>codereview</code> <code>mail</code> (which doesn't use e-mail, despite the name).
-<pre>
-$ git codereview mail # send changes to Gerrit
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<b>Step 5:</b> After a review, apply changes to the same single commit
-and mail them to Gerrit again:
-<pre>
-$ [edit files...]
-$ git add [files...]
-$ git codereview change # update same commit
-$ git codereview mail # send to Gerrit again
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The rest of this section describes these steps in more detail.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="checkout_go">Step 1: Clone the Go source code</h3>
-
-<p>
-In addition to a recent Go installation, you need to have a local copy of the source
-checked out from the correct repository.
-You can check out the Go source repo onto your local file system anywhere
-you want as long as it's outside your <code>GOPATH</code>.
-Clone from <code>go.googlesource.com</code> (not GitHub):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go
-$ cd go
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="make_branch">Step 2: Prepare changes in a new branch</h3>
-
-<p>
-Each Go change must be made in a separate branch, created from the master branch.
-You can use
-the normal <code>git</code> commands to create a branch and add changes to the
-staging area:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git checkout -b mybranch
-$ [edit files...]
-$ git add [files...]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To commit changes, instead of <code>git commit</code>, use <code>git codereview change</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview change
-(open $EDITOR)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-You can edit the commit description in your favorite editor as usual.
-The <code>git</code> <code>codereview</code> <code>change</code> command
-will automatically add a unique Change-Id line near the bottom.
-That line is used by Gerrit to match successive uploads of the same change.
-Do not edit or delete it.
-A Change-Id looks like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-Change-Id: I2fbdbffb3aab626c4b6f56348861b7909e3e8990
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The tool also checks that you've
-run <code>go</code> <code>fmt</code> over the source code, and that
-the commit message follows the <a href="#commit_messages">suggested format</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you need to edit the files again, you can stage the new changes and
-re-run <code>git</code> <code>codereview</code> <code>change</code>: each subsequent
-run will amend the existing commit while preserving the Change-Id.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Make sure that you always keep a single commit in each branch.
-If you add more
-commits by mistake, you can use <code>git</code> <code>rebase</code> to
-<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31668794/squash-all-your-commits-in-one-before-a-pull-request-in-github">squash them together</a>
-into a single one.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="testing">Step 3: Test your changes</h3>
-
-<p>
-You've <a href="code.html">written and tested your code</a>, but
-before sending code out for review, run <i>all the tests for the whole
-tree</i> to make sure the changes don't break other packages or programs:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ cd go/src
-$ ./all.bash
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(To build under Windows use <code>all.bat</code>; this also requires
-setting the environment variable <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code> to the
-directory holding the Go tree for the bootstrap compiler.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After running for a while and printing a lot of testing output, the command should finish
-by printing,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-ALL TESTS PASSED
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-You can use <code>make.bash</code> instead of <code>all.bash</code>
-to just build the compiler and the standard library without running the test suite.
-Once the <code>go</code> tool is built, it will be installed as <code>bin/go</code>
-under the directory in which you cloned the Go repository, and you can
-run it directly from there.
-See also
-the section on how to <a href="#quick_test">test your changes quickly</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="mail">Step 4: Send changes for review</h3>
-
-<p>
-Once the change is ready and tested over the whole tree, send it for review.
-This is done with the <code>mail</code> sub-command which, despite its name, doesn't
-directly mail anything; it just sends the change to Gerrit:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview mail
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Gerrit assigns your change a number and URL, which <code>git</code> <code>codereview</code> <code>mail</code> will print, something like:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-remote: New Changes:
-remote: https://go-review.googlesource.com/99999 math: improved Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you get an error instead, check the
-<a href="#troubleshooting_mail">Troubleshooting mail errors</a> section.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If your change relates to an open GitHub issue and you have followed the <a href="#commit_messages">
-suggested commit message format</a>, the issue will be updated in a few minutes by a bot,
-linking your Gerrit change to it in the comments.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="revise">Step 5: Revise changes after a review</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go maintainers will review your code on Gerrit, and you will get notifications via e-mail.
-You can see the review on Gerrit and comment on them there.
-You can also reply
-<a href="https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/Documentation/intro-user.html#reply-by-email">using e-mail</a>
-if you prefer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you need to revise your change after the review, edit the files in
-the same branch you previously created, add them to the Git staging
-area, and then amend the commit with
-<code>git</code> <code>codereview</code> <code>change</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview change # amend current commit
-(open $EDITOR)
-$ git codereview mail # send new changes to Gerrit
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you don't need to change the commit description, just save and exit from the editor.
-Remember not to touch the special Change-Id line.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Again, make sure that you always keep a single commit in each branch.
-If you add more
-commits by mistake, you can use <code>git rebase</code> to
-<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31668794/squash-all-your-commits-in-one-before-a-pull-request-in-github">squash them together</a>
-into a single one.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="commit_messages">Good commit messages</h2>
-
-<p>
-Commit messages in Go follow a specific set of conventions,
-which we discuss in this section.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Here is an example of a good one:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-math: improve Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments
-
-The existing implementation has poor numerical properties for
-large arguments, so use the McGillicutty algorithm to improve
-accuracy above 1e10.
-
-The algorithm is described at https://wikipedia.org/wiki/McGillicutty_Algorithm
-
-Fixes #159
-</pre>
-
-<h3>First line</h3>
-
-<p>
-The first line of the change description is conventionally a short one-line
-summary of the change, prefixed by the primary affected package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A rule of thumb is that it should be written so to complete the sentence
-"This change modifies Go to _____."
-That means it does not start with a capital letter, is not a complete sentence,
-and actually summarizes the result of the change.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Follow the first line by a blank line.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Main content</h3>
-
-<p>
-The rest of the description elaborates and should provide context for the
-change and explain what it does.
-Write in complete sentences with correct punctuation, just like
-for your comments in Go.
-Don't use HTML, Markdown, or any other markup language.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Add any relevant information, such as benchmark data if the change
-affects performance.
-The <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/perf/cmd/benchstat">benchstat</a>
-tool is conventionally used to format
-benchmark data for change descriptions.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Referencing issues</h3>
-
-<p>
-The special notation "Fixes #12345" associates the change with issue 12345 in the
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/12345">Go issue tracker</a>.
-When this change is eventually applied, the issue
-tracker will automatically mark the issue as fixed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the change is a partial step towards the resolution of the issue,
-uses the notation "Updates #12345".
-This will leave a comment in the issue
-linking back to the change in Gerrit, but it will not close the issue
-when the change is applied.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you are sending a change against a subrepository, you must use
-the fully-qualified syntax supported by GitHub to make sure the change is
-linked to the issue in the main repository, not the subrepository.
-All issues are tracked in the main repository's issue tracker.
-The correct form is "Fixes golang/go#159".
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="review">The review process</h2>
-
-<p>
-This section explains the review process in detail and how to approach
-reviews after a change has been mailed.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="mistakes">Common beginner mistakes</h3>
-
-<p>
-When a change is sent to Gerrit, it is usually triaged within a few days.
-A maintainer will have a look and provide some initial review that for first-time
-contributors usually focuses on basic cosmetics and common mistakes.
-These include things like:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-Commit message not following the <a href="#commit_messages">suggested
-format</a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The lack of a linked GitHub issue.
-The vast majority of changes
-require a linked issue that describes the bug or the feature that the change
-fixes or implements, and consensus should have been reached on the tracker
-before proceeding with it.
-Gerrit reviews do not discuss the merit of the change,
-just its implementation.
-<br>
-Only trivial or cosmetic changes will be accepted without an associated issue.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Change sent during the freeze phase of the development cycle, when the tree
-is closed for general changes.
-In this case,
-a maintainer might review the code with a line such as <code>R=go1.12</code>,
-which means that it will be reviewed later when the tree opens for a new
-development window.
-You can add <code>R=go1.XX</code> as a comment yourself
-if you know that it's not the correct time frame for the change.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="trybots">Trybots</h3>
-
-<p>
-After an initial reading of your change, maintainers will trigger trybots,
-a cluster of servers that will run the full test suite on several different
-architectures.
-Most trybots complete in a few minutes, at which point a link will
-be posted in Gerrit where you can see the results.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the trybot run fails, follow the link and check the full logs of the
-platforms on which the tests failed.
-Try to understand what broke, update your patch to fix it, and upload again.
-Maintainers will trigger a new trybot run to see
-if the problem was fixed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Sometimes, the tree can be broken on some platforms for a few hours; if
-the failure reported by the trybot doesn't seem related to your patch, go to the
-<a href="https://build.golang.org">Build Dashboard</a> and check if the same
-failure appears in other recent commits on the same platform.
-In this case,
-feel free to write a comment in Gerrit to mention that the failure is
-unrelated to your change, to help maintainers understand the situation.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="reviews">Reviews</h3>
-
-<p>
-The Go community values very thorough reviews.
-Think of each review comment like a ticket: you are expected to somehow "close" it
-by acting on it, either by implementing the suggestion or convincing the
-reviewer otherwise.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After you update the change, go through the review comments and make sure
-to reply to every one.
-You can click the "Done" button to reply
-indicating that you've implemented the reviewer's suggestion; otherwise,
-click on "Reply" and explain why you have not, or what you have done instead.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is perfectly normal for changes to go through several round of reviews,
-with one or more reviewers making new comments every time
-and then waiting for an updated change before reviewing again.
-This cycle happens even for experienced contributors, so
-don't be discouraged by it.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="votes">Voting conventions</h3>
-
-<p>
-As they near a decision, reviewers will make a "vote" on your change.
-The Gerrit voting system involves an integer in the range -2 to +2:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>
- <b>+2</b> The change is approved for being merged.
- Only Go maintainers can cast a +2 vote.
- </li>
- <li>
- <b>+1</b> The change looks good, but either the reviewer is requesting
- minor changes before approving it, or they are not a maintainer and cannot
- approve it, but would like to encourage an approval.
- </li>
- <li>
- <b>-1</b> The change is not good the way it is but might be fixable.
- A -1 vote will always have a comment explaining why the change is unacceptable.
- </li>
- <li>
- <b>-2</b> The change is blocked by a maintainer and cannot be approved.
- Again, there will be a comment explaining the decision.
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="submit">Submitting an approved change</h3>
-
-<p>
-After the code has been +2'ed, an approver will
-apply it to the master branch using the Gerrit user interface.
-This is called "submitting the change".
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The two steps (approving and submitting) are separate because in some cases maintainers
-may want to approve it but not to submit it right away (for instance,
-the tree could be temporarily frozen).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Submitting a change checks it into the repository.
-The change description will include a link to the code review,
-which will be updated with a link to the change
-in the repository.
-Since the method used to integrate the changes is Git's "Cherry Pick",
-the commit hashes in the repository will be changed by
-the submit operation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If your change has been approved for a few days without being
-submitted, feel free to write a comment in Gerrit requesting
-submission.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="more_information">More information</h3>
-
-<p>
-In addition to the information here, the Go community maintains a <a
-href="https://golang.org/wiki/CodeReview">CodeReview</a> wiki page.
-Feel free to contribute to this page as you learn more about the review process.
-</p>
-
-
-
-<h2 id="advanced_topics">Miscellaneous topics</h2>
-
-<p>
-This section collects a number of other comments that are
-outside the issue/edit/code review/submit process itself.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="copyright">Copyright headers</h3>
-
-<p>
-Files in the Go repository don't list author names, both to avoid clutter
-and to avoid having to keep the lists up to date.
-Instead, your name will appear in the
-<a href="https://golang.org/change">change log</a> and in the <a
-href="/CONTRIBUTORS"><code>CONTRIBUTORS</code></a> file and perhaps the <a
-href="/AUTHORS"><code>AUTHORS</code></a> file.
-These files are automatically generated from the commit logs periodically.
-The <a href="/AUTHORS"><code>AUTHORS</code></a> file defines who “The Go
-Authors”—the copyright holders—are.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-New files that you contribute should use the standard copyright header:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(Use the current year if you're reading this in 2020 or beyond.)
-Files in the repository are copyrighted the year they are added.
-Do not update the copyright year on files that you change.
-</p>
-
-
-
-
-<h3 id="troubleshooting_mail">Troubleshooting mail errors</h3>
-
-<p>
-The most common way that the <code>git</code> <code>codereview</code> <code>mail</code>
-command fails is because the e-mail address in the commit does not match the one
-that you used during <a href="#google_account">the registration process</a>.
-
-<br>
-If you see something like...
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-remote: Processing changes: refs: 1, done
-remote:
-remote: ERROR: In commit ab13517fa29487dcf8b0d48916c51639426c5ee9
-remote: ERROR: author email address XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
-remote: ERROR: does not match your user account.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-you need to configure Git for this repository to use the
-e-mail address that you registered with.
-To change the e-mail address to ensure this doesn't happen again, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git config user.email email@address.com
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then change the commit to use this alternative e-mail address with this command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git commit --amend --author="Author Name <email@address.com>"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then retry by running:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview mail
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="quick_test">Quickly testing your changes</h3>
-
-<p>
-Running <code>all.bash</code> for every single change to the code tree
-is burdensome.
-Even though it is strongly suggested to run it before
-sending a change, during the normal development cycle you may want
-to compile and test only the package you are developing.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-In general, you can run <code>make.bash</code> instead of <code>all.bash</code>
-to only rebuild the Go tool chain without running the whole test suite.
-Or you
-can run <code>run.bash</code> to only run the whole test suite without rebuilding
-the tool chain.
-You can think of <code>all.bash</code> as <code>make.bash</code>
-followed by <code>run.bash</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In this section, we'll call the directory into which you cloned the Go repository <code>$GODIR</code>.
-The <code>go</code> tool built by <code>$GODIR/make.bash</code> will be installed
-in <code>$GODIR/bin/go</code> and you
-can invoke it to test your code.
-For instance, if you
-have modified the compiler and you want to test how it affects the
-test suite of your own project, just run <code>go</code> <code>test</code>
-using it:
-
-<pre>
-$ cd <MYPROJECTDIR>
-$ $GODIR/bin/go test
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-If you're changing the standard library, you probably don't need to rebuild
-the compiler: you can just run the tests for the package you've changed.
-You can do that either with the Go version you normally use, or
-with the Go compiler built from your clone (which is
-sometimes required because the standard library code you're modifying
-might require a newer version than the stable one you have installed).
-
-<pre>
-$ cd $GODIR/src/hash/sha1
-$ [make changes...]
-$ $GODIR/bin/go test .
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-If you're modifying the compiler itself, you can just recompile
-the <code>compile</code> tool (which is the internal binary invoked
-by <code>go</code> <code>build</code> to compile each single package).
-After that, you will want to test it by compiling or running something.
-
-<pre>
-$ cd $GODIR/src
-$ [make changes...]
-$ $GODIR/bin/go install cmd/compile
-$ $GODIR/bin/go build [something...] # test the new compiler
-$ $GODIR/bin/go run [something...] # test the new compiler
-$ $GODIR/bin/go test [something...] # test the new compiler
-</pre>
-
-The same applies to other internal tools of the Go tool chain,
-such as <code>asm</code>, <code>cover</code>, <code>link</code>, and so on.
-Just recompile and install the tool using <code>go</code>
-<code>install</code> <code>cmd/<TOOL></code> and then use
-the built Go binary to test it.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In addition to the standard per-package tests, there is a top-level
-test suite in <code>$GODIR/test</code> that contains
-several black-box and regression tests.
-The test suite is run
-by <code>all.bash</code> but you can also run it manually:
-
-<pre>
-$ cd $GODIR/test
-$ $GODIR/bin/go run run.go
-</pre>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="subrepos">Contributing to subrepositories (golang.org/x/...)</h3>
-
-<p>
-If you are contributing a change to a subrepository, obtain the
-Go package using <code>go get</code>.
-For example, to contribute
-to <code>golang.org/x/oauth2</code>, check out the code by running:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get -d golang.org/x/oauth2/...
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then, change your directory to the package's source directory
-(<code>$GOPATH/src/golang.org/x/oauth2</code>), and follow the
-normal contribution flow.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="cc">Specifying a reviewer / CCing others</h3>
-
-<p>
-Unless explicitly told otherwise, such as in the discussion leading
-up to sending in the change, it's better not to specify a reviewer.
-All changes are automatically CC'ed to the
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-codereviews">golang-codereviews@googlegroups.com</a>
-mailing list.
-If this is your first ever change, there may be a moderation
-delay before it appears on the mailing list, to prevent spam.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can specify a reviewer or CC interested parties
-using the <code>-r</code> or <code>-cc</code> options.
-Both accept a comma-separated list of e-mail addresses:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview mail -r joe@golang.org -cc mabel@example.com,math-nuts@swtch.com
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="sync">Synchronize your client</h3>
-
-<p>
-While you were working, others might have submitted changes to the repository.
-To update your local branch, run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview sync
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(Under the covers this runs
-<code>git</code> <code>pull</code> <code>-r</code>.)
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="download">Reviewing code by others</h3>
-
-<p>
-As part of the review process reviewers can propose changes directly (in the
-GitHub workflow this would be someone else attaching commits to a pull request).
-
-You can import these changes proposed by someone else into your local Git repository.
-On the Gerrit review page, click the "Download ▼" link in the upper right
-corner, copy the "Checkout" command and run it from your local Git repo.
-It will look something like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git fetch https://go.googlesource.com/review refs/changes/21/13245/1 && git checkout FETCH_HEAD
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To revert, change back to the branch you were working in.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="git-config">Set up git aliases</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>git-codereview</code> command can be run directly from the shell
-by typing, for instance,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview sync
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-but it is more convenient to set up aliases for <code>git-codereview</code>'s own
-subcommands, so that the above becomes,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git sync
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <code>git-codereview</code> subcommands have been chosen to be distinct from
-Git's own, so it's safe to define these aliases.
-To install them, copy this text into your
-Git configuration file (usually <code>.gitconfig</code> in your home directory):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-[alias]
- change = codereview change
- gofmt = codereview gofmt
- mail = codereview mail
- pending = codereview pending
- submit = codereview submit
- sync = codereview sync
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="multiple_changes">Sending multiple dependent changes</h3>
-
-<p>
-Advanced users may want to stack up related commits in a single branch.
-Gerrit allows for changes to be dependent on each other, forming such a dependency chain.
-Each change will need to be approved and submitted separately but the dependency
-will be visible to reviewers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To send out a group of dependent changes, keep each change as a different commit under
-the same branch, and then run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git codereview mail HEAD
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Make sure to explicitly specify <code>HEAD</code>, which is usually not required when sending
-single changes.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/debugging_with_gdb.html b/content/doc/debugging_with_gdb.html
deleted file mode 100644
index fd2c831..0000000
--- a/content/doc/debugging_with_gdb.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,551 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Debugging Go Code with GDB",
- "Path": "/doc/gdb"
-}-->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<i>
-<p>
-The following instructions apply to the standard toolchain
-(the <code>gc</code> Go compiler and tools).
-Gccgo has native gdb support.
-</p>
-<p>
-Note that
-<a href="https://github.com/derekparker/delve">Delve</a> is a better
-alternative to GDB when debugging Go programs built with the standard
-toolchain. It understands the Go runtime, data structures, and
-expressions better than GDB. Delve currently supports Linux, OSX,
-and Windows on <code>amd64</code>.
-For the most up-to-date list of supported platforms, please see
-<a href="https://github.com/derekparker/delve/tree/master/Documentation/installation">
- the Delve documentation</a>.
-</p>
-</i>
-
-<p>
-GDB does not understand Go programs well.
-The stack management, threading, and runtime contain aspects that differ
-enough from the execution model GDB expects that they can confuse
-the debugger and cause incorrect results even when the program is
-compiled with gccgo.
-As a consequence, although GDB can be useful in some situations (e.g.,
-debugging Cgo code, or debugging the runtime itself), it is not
-a reliable debugger for Go programs, particularly heavily concurrent
-ones. Moreover, it is not a priority for the Go project to address
-these issues, which are difficult.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In short, the instructions below should be taken only as a guide to how
-to use GDB when it works, not as a guarantee of success.
-
-Besides this overview you might want to consult the
-<a href="https://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/">GDB manual</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-When you compile and link your Go programs with the <code>gc</code> toolchain
-on Linux, macOS, FreeBSD or NetBSD, the resulting binaries contain DWARFv4
-debugging information that recent versions (≥7.5) of the GDB debugger can
-use to inspect a live process or a core dump.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Pass the <code>'-w'</code> flag to the linker to omit the debug information
-(for example, <code>go</code> <code>build</code> <code>-ldflags=-w</code> <code>prog.go</code>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The code generated by the <code>gc</code> compiler includes inlining of
-function invocations and registerization of variables. These optimizations
-can sometimes make debugging with <code>gdb</code> harder.
-If you find that you need to disable these optimizations,
-build your program using <code>go</code> <code>build</code> <code>-gcflags=all="-N -l"</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want to use gdb to inspect a core dump, you can trigger a dump
-on a program crash, on systems that permit it, by setting
-<code>GOTRACEBACK=crash</code> in the environment (see the
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#hdr-Environment_Variables"> runtime package
-documentation</a> for more info).
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Common_Operations">Common Operations</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-Show file and line number for code, set breakpoints and disassemble:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>list</b>
-(gdb) <b>list <i>line</i></b>
-(gdb) <b>list <i>file.go</i>:<i>line</i></b>
-(gdb) <b>break <i>line</i></b>
-(gdb) <b>break <i>file.go</i>:<i>line</i></b>
-(gdb) <b>disas</b></pre>
-</li>
-<li>
-Show backtraces and unwind stack frames:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>bt</b>
-(gdb) <b>frame <i>n</i></b></pre>
-</li>
-<li>
-Show the name, type and location on the stack frame of local variables,
-arguments and return values:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>info locals</b>
-(gdb) <b>info args</b>
-(gdb) <b>p variable</b>
-(gdb) <b>whatis variable</b></pre>
-</li>
-<li>
-Show the name, type and location of global variables:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>info variables <i>regexp</i></b></pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h3 id="Go_Extensions">Go Extensions</h3>
-
-<p>
-A recent extension mechanism to GDB allows it to load extension scripts for a
-given binary. The toolchain uses this to extend GDB with a handful of
-commands to inspect internals of the runtime code (such as goroutines) and to
-pretty print the built-in map, slice and channel types.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-Pretty printing a string, slice, map, channel or interface:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>p <i>var</i></b></pre>
-</li>
-<li>
-A $len() and $cap() function for strings, slices and maps:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>p $len(<i>var</i>)</b></pre>
-</li>
-<li>
-A function to cast interfaces to their dynamic types:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>p $dtype(<i>var</i>)</b>
-(gdb) <b>iface <i>var</i></b></pre>
-<p class="detail"><b>Known issue:</b> GDB can’t automatically find the dynamic
-type of an interface value if its long name differs from its short name
-(annoying when printing stacktraces, the pretty printer falls back to printing
-the short type name and a pointer).</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-Inspecting goroutines:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>info goroutines</b>
-(gdb) <b>goroutine <i>n</i> <i>cmd</i></b>
-(gdb) <b>help goroutine</b></pre>
-For example:
-<pre>(gdb) <b>goroutine 12 bt</b></pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-If you'd like to see how this works, or want to extend it, take a look at <a
-href="/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py">src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</a> in
-the Go source distribution. It depends on some special magic types
-(<code>hash<T,U></code>) and variables (<code>runtime.m</code> and
-<code>runtime.g</code>) that the linker
-(<a href="/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/dwarf.go">src/cmd/link/internal/ld/dwarf.go</a>) ensures are described in
-the DWARF code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you're interested in what the debugging information looks like, run
-<code>objdump</code> <code>-W</code> <code>a.out</code> and browse through the <code>.debug_*</code>
-sections.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Known_Issues">Known Issues</h3>
-
-<ol>
-<li>String pretty printing only triggers for type string, not for types derived
-from it.</li>
-<li>Type information is missing for the C parts of the runtime library.</li>
-<li>GDB does not understand Go’s name qualifications and treats
-<code>"fmt.Print"</code> as an unstructured literal with a <code>"."</code>
-that needs to be quoted. It objects even more strongly to method names of
-the form <code>pkg.(*MyType).Meth</code>.
-<li>As of Go 1.11, debug information is compressed by default.
-Older versions of gdb, such as the one available by default on MacOS,
-do not understand the compression.
-You can generate uncompressed debug information by using <code>go
-build -ldflags=-compressdwarf=false</code>.
-(For convenience you can put the <code>-ldflags</code> option in
-the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Environment_variables"><code>GOFLAGS</code>
-environment variable</a> so that you don't have to specify it each time.)
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<h2 id="Tutorial">Tutorial</h2>
-
-<p>
-In this tutorial we will inspect the binary of the
-<a href="/pkg/regexp/">regexp</a> package's unit tests. To build the binary,
-change to <code>$GOROOT/src/regexp</code> and run <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-c</code>.
-This should produce an executable file named <code>regexp.test</code>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Getting_Started">Getting Started</h3>
-
-<p>
-Launch GDB, debugging <code>regexp.test</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>gdb regexp.test</b>
-GNU gdb (GDB) 7.2-gg8
-Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-License GPLv 3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
-Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for licensing/warranty details.
-This GDB was configured as "x86_64-linux".
-
-Reading symbols from /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test...
-done.
-Loading Go Runtime support.
-(gdb)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The message "Loading Go Runtime support" means that GDB loaded the
-extension from <code>$GOROOT/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To help GDB find the Go runtime sources and the accompanying support script,
-pass your <code>$GOROOT</code> with the <code>'-d'</code> flag:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ <b>gdb regexp.test -d $GOROOT</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If for some reason GDB still can't find that directory or that script, you can load
-it by hand by telling gdb (assuming you have the go sources in
-<code>~/go/</code>):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>source ~/go/src/runtime/runtime-gdb.py</b>
-Loading Go Runtime support.
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Inspecting_the_source">Inspecting the source</h3>
-
-<p>
-Use the <code>"l"</code> or <code>"list"</code> command to inspect source code.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>l</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-List a specific part of the source parametrizing <code>"list"</code> with a
-function name (it must be qualified with its package name).
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>l main.main</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-List a specific file and line number:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>l regexp.go:1</b>
-(gdb) <i># Hit enter to repeat last command. Here, this lists next 10 lines.</i>
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>
-
-<p>
-Variable and function names must be qualified with the name of the packages
-they belong to. The <code>Compile</code> function from the <code>regexp</code>
-package is known to GDB as <code>'regexp.Compile'</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Methods must be qualified with the name of their receiver types. For example,
-the <code>*Regexp</code> type’s <code>String</code> method is known as
-<code>'regexp.(*Regexp).String'</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Variables that shadow other variables are magically suffixed with a number in the debug info.
-Variables referenced by closures will appear as pointers magically prefixed with '&'.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Setting_breakpoints">Setting breakpoints</h3>
-
-<p>
-Set a breakpoint at the <code>TestFind</code> function:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>b 'regexp.TestFind'</b>
-Breakpoint 1 at 0x424908: file /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go, line 148.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Run the program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>run</b>
-Starting program: /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.test
-
-Breakpoint 1, regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
-148 func TestFind(t *testing.T) {
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Execution has paused at the breakpoint.
-See which goroutines are running, and what they're doing:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>info goroutines</b>
- 1 waiting runtime.gosched
-* 13 running runtime.goexit
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the one marked with the <code>*</code> is the current goroutine.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Inspecting_the_stack">Inspecting the stack</h3>
-
-<p>
-Look at the stack trace for where we’ve paused the program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>bt</b> <i># backtrace</i>
-#0 regexp.TestFind (t=0xf8404a89c0) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148
-#1 0x000000000042f60b in testing.tRunner (t=0xf8404a89c0, test=0x573720) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
-#2 0x000000000040df64 in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:242
-#3 0x000000f8404a89c0 in ?? ()
-#4 0x0000000000573720 in ?? ()
-#5 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The other goroutine, number 1, is stuck in <code>runtime.gosched</code>, blocked on a channel receive:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>goroutine 1 bt</b>
-#0 0x000000000040facb in runtime.gosched () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:873
-#1 0x00000000004031c9 in runtime.chanrecv (c=void, ep=void, selected=void, received=void)
- at /home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:342
-#2 0x0000000000403299 in runtime.chanrecv1 (t=void, c=void) at/home/user/go/src/runtime/chan.c:423
-#3 0x000000000043075b in testing.RunTests (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
- 0x7ffff7f9ef60, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}) at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:201
-#4 0x00000000004302b1 in testing.Main (matchString={void (struct string, struct string, bool *, error *)}
- 0x7ffff7f9ef80, tests= []testing.InternalTest = {...}, benchmarks= []testing.InternalBenchmark = {...})
-at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:168
-#5 0x0000000000400dc1 in main.main () at /home/user/go/src/regexp/_testmain.go:98
-#6 0x00000000004022e7 in runtime.mainstart () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/amd64/asm.s:78
-#7 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
-#8 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The stack frame shows we’re currently executing the <code>regexp.TestFind</code> function, as expected.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>info frame</b>
-Stack level 0, frame at 0x7ffff7f9ff88:
- rip = 0x425530 in regexp.TestFind (/home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:148);
- saved rip 0x430233
- called by frame at 0x7ffff7f9ffa8
- source language minimal.
- Arglist at 0x7ffff7f9ff78, args: t=0xf840688b60
- Locals at 0x7ffff7f9ff78, Previous frame's sp is 0x7ffff7f9ff88
- Saved registers:
- rip at 0x7ffff7f9ff80
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The command <code>info</code> <code>locals</code> lists all variables local to the function and their values, but is a bit
-dangerous to use, since it will also try to print uninitialized variables. Uninitialized slices may cause gdb to try
-to print arbitrary large arrays.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The function’s arguments:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>info args</b>
-t = 0xf840688b60
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-When printing the argument, notice that it’s a pointer to a
-<code>Regexp</code> value. Note that GDB has incorrectly put the <code>*</code>
-on the right-hand side of the type name and made up a 'struct' keyword, in traditional C style.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>p re</b>
-(gdb) p t
-$1 = (struct testing.T *) 0xf840688b60
-(gdb) p t
-$1 = (struct testing.T *) 0xf840688b60
-(gdb) p *t
-$2 = {errors = "", failed = false, ch = 0xf8406f5690}
-(gdb) p *t->ch
-$3 = struct hchan<*testing.T>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-That <code>struct</code> <code>hchan<*testing.T></code> is the
-runtime-internal representation of a channel. It is currently empty,
-or gdb would have pretty-printed its contents.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Stepping forward:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>n</b> <i># execute next line</i>
-149 for _, test := range findTests {
-(gdb) <i># enter is repeat</i>
-150 re := MustCompile(test.pat)
-(gdb) <b>p test.pat</b>
-$4 = ""
-(gdb) <b>p re</b>
-$5 = (struct regexp.Regexp *) 0xf84068d070
-(gdb) <b>p *re</b>
-$6 = {expr = "", prog = 0xf840688b80, prefix = "", prefixBytes = []uint8, prefixComplete = true,
- prefixRune = 0, cond = 0 '\000', numSubexp = 0, longest = false, mu = {state = 0, sema = 0},
- machine = []*regexp.machine}
-(gdb) <b>p *re->prog</b>
-$7 = {Inst = []regexp/syntax.Inst = {{Op = 5 '\005', Out = 0, Arg = 0, Rune = []int}, {Op =
- 6 '\006', Out = 2, Arg = 0, Rune = []int}, {Op = 4 '\004', Out = 0, Arg = 0, Rune = []int}},
- Start = 1, NumCap = 2}
-</pre>
-
-
-<p>
-We can step into the <code>String</code>function call with <code>"s"</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>s</b>
-regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void) at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
-97 func (re *Regexp) String() string {
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Get a stack trace to see where we are:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>bt</b>
-#0 regexp.(*Regexp).String (re=0xf84068d070, noname=void)
- at /home/user/go/src/regexp/regexp.go:97
-#1 0x0000000000425615 in regexp.TestFind (t=0xf840688b60)
- at /home/user/go/src/regexp/find_test.go:151
-#2 0x0000000000430233 in testing.tRunner (t=0xf840688b60, test=0x5747b8)
- at /home/user/go/src/testing/testing.go:156
-#3 0x000000000040ea6f in runtime.initdone () at /home/user/go/src/runtime/proc.c:243
-....
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Look at the source code:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>l</b>
-92 mu sync.Mutex
-93 machine []*machine
-94 }
-95
-96 // String returns the source text used to compile the regular expression.
-97 func (re *Regexp) String() string {
-98 return re.expr
-99 }
-100
-101 // Compile parses a regular expression and returns, if successful,
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Pretty_Printing">Pretty Printing</h3>
-
-<p>
-GDB's pretty printing mechanism is triggered by regexp matches on type names. An example for slices:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>p utf</b>
-$22 = []uint8 = {0 '\000', 0 '\000', 0 '\000', 0 '\000'}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Since slices, arrays and strings are not C pointers, GDB can't interpret the subscripting operation for you, but
-you can look inside the runtime representation to do that (tab completion helps here):
-</p>
-<pre>
-
-(gdb) <b>p slc</b>
-$11 = []int = {0, 0}
-(gdb) <b>p slc-></b><i><TAB></i>
-array slc len
-(gdb) <b>p slc->array</b>
-$12 = (int *) 0xf84057af00
-(gdb) <b>p slc->array[1]</b>
-$13 = 0</pre>
-
-
-
-<p>
-The extension functions $len and $cap work on strings, arrays and slices:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>p $len(utf)</b>
-$23 = 4
-(gdb) <b>p $cap(utf)</b>
-$24 = 4
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Channels and maps are 'reference' types, which gdb shows as pointers to C++-like types <code>hash<int,string>*</code>. Dereferencing will trigger prettyprinting
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Interfaces are represented in the runtime as a pointer to a type descriptor and a pointer to a value. The Go GDB runtime extension decodes this and automatically triggers pretty printing for the runtime type. The extension function <code>$dtype</code> decodes the dynamic type for you (examples are taken from a breakpoint at <code>regexp.go</code> line 293.)
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(gdb) <b>p i</b>
-$4 = {str = "cbb"}
-(gdb) <b>whatis i</b>
-type = regexp.input
-(gdb) <b>p $dtype(i)</b>
-$26 = (struct regexp.inputBytes *) 0xf8400b4930
-(gdb) <b>iface i</b>
-regexp.input: struct regexp.inputBytes *
-</pre>
diff --git a/content/doc/devel/pre_go1.html b/content/doc/devel/pre_go1.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 813e23c..0000000
--- a/content/doc/devel/pre_go1.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,455 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Pre-Go 1 Release History"
-}-->
-
-<p>
-This page summarizes the changes between stable releases of Go prior to Go 1.
-See the <a href="release.html">Release History</a> page for notes on recent releases.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="r60">r60 (released 2011/09/07)</h2>
-
-<p>
-The r60 release corresponds to
-<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly.2011-08-17</a></code>.
-This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
-For a more detailed summary, see the
-<a href="weekly.html#2011-08-17">weekly release notes</a>.
-For complete information, see the
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r60">Mercurial change list</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r60.lang">Language</h3>
-
-<p>
-An "else" block is now required to have braces except if the body of the "else"
-is another "if". Since gofmt always puts those braces in anyway,
-gofmt-formatted programs will not be affected.
-To fix other programs, run gofmt.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r60.pkg">Packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a>'s URL parsing and query escaping code
-(such as <code>ParseURL</code> and <code>URLEscape</code>) has been moved to
-the new <a href="/pkg/url/">url package</a>, with several simplifications to
-the names. Client code can be updated automatically with gofix.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/image/">Package image</a> has had significant changes made to the
-<code>Pix</code> field of struct types such as
-<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA">image.RGBA</a> and
-<a href="/pkg/image/#NRGBA">image.NRGBA</a>.
-The <a href="/pkg/image/#Image">image.Image</a> interface type has not changed,
-though, and you should not need to change your code if you don't explicitly
-refer to <code>Pix</code> fields. For example, if you decode a number of images
-using the <a href="/pkg/image/jpeg/">image/jpeg</a> package, compose them using
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a>, and then encode the result using
-<a href="/pkg/img/png">image/png</a>, then your code should still work as
-before.
-If your code <i>does</i> refer to <code>Pix</code> fields see the
-<a href="/doc/devel/weekly.html#2011-07-19">weekly.2011-07-19</a>
-snapshot notes for how to update your code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/template/">Package template</a> has been replaced with a new
-templating package (formerly <code>exp/template</code>). The original template
-package is still available as <a href="/pkg/old/template/">old/template</a>.
-The <code>old/template</code> package is deprecated and will be removed.
-The Go tree has been updated to use the new template package. We encourage
-users of the old template package to switch to the new one. Code that uses
-<code>template</code> or <code>exp/template</code> will need to change its
-import lines to <code>"old/template"</code> or <code>"template"</code>,
-respectively.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r60.cmd">Tools</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now uses a new tag selection scheme.
-When downloading or updating, goinstall looks for a tag or branch with the
-<code>"go."</code> prefix that corresponds to the local Go version. For Go
-<code>release.r58</code> it looks for <code>go.r58</code>. For
-<code>weekly.2011-06-03</code> it looks for <code>go.weekly.2011-06-03</code>.
-If the specific <code>go.X</code> tag or branch is not found, it chooses the
-closest earlier version. If an appropriate tag or branch is found, goinstall
-uses that version of the code. Otherwise it uses the default version selected
-by the version control system. Library authors are encouraged to use the
-appropriate tag or branch names in their repositories to make their libraries
-more accessible.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r60.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-r60.1 includes a
-<a href="//golang.org/change/1824581bf62d">linker
-fix</a>, a pair of
-<a href="//golang.org/change/9ef4429c2c64">goplay</a>
-<a href="//golang.org/change/d42ed8c3098e">fixes</a>,
-and a <code>json</code> package
-<a href="//golang.org/change/d5e97874fe84">fix</a> and
-a new
-<a href="//golang.org/change/4f0e6269213f">struct tag
-option</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-r60.2
-<a href="//golang.org/change/ff19536042ac">fixes</a>
-a memory leak involving maps.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-r60.3 fixes a
-<a href="//golang.org/change/01fa62f5e4e5">reflect bug</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="r59">r59 (released 2011/08/01)</h2>
-
-<p>
-The r59 release corresponds to
-<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly.2011-07-07</a></code>.
-This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
-For a more detailed summary, see the
-<a href="weekly.html#2011-07-07">weekly release notes</a>.
-For complete information, see the
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r59">Mercurial change list</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r59.lang">Language</h3>
-
-<p>
-This release includes a language change that restricts the use of
-<code>goto</code>. In essence, a <code>goto</code> statement outside a block
-cannot jump to a label inside that block. Your code may require changes if it
-uses <code>goto</code>.
-See <a href="//golang.org/change/dc6d3cf9279d">this
-changeset</a> for how the new rule affected the Go tree.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r59.pkg">Packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
-necessary for these changes to package APIs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/http">Package http</a> has a new
-<a href="/pkg/http/#FileSystem">FileSystem</a> interface that provides access
-to files. The <a href="/pkg/http/#FileServer">FileServer</a> helper now takes a
-<code>FileSystem</code> argument instead of an explicit file system root. By
-implementing your own <code>FileSystem</code> you can use the
-<code>FileServer</code> to serve arbitrary data.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>'s <code>ErrorString</code> type has been
-hidden. Most uses of <code>os.ErrorString</code> can be replaced with
-<a href="/pkg/os/#NewError">os.NewError</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> supports a new struct tag scheme
-that enables sharing of struct tags between multiple packages.
-In this scheme, the tags must be of the form:
-</p>
-<pre>
- `key:"value" key2:"value2"`
-</pre>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructField">StructField</a> type's Tag field now
-has type <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag">StructTag</a>, which has a
-<code>Get</code> method. Clients of <a href="/pkg/json">json</a> and
-<a href="/pkg/xml">xml</a> will need to be updated. Code that says
-</p>
-<pre>
- type T struct {
- X int "name"
- }
-</pre>
-<p>
-should become
-</p>
-<pre>
- type T struct {
- X int `json:"name"` // or `xml:"name"`
- }
-</pre>
-<p>
-Use <a href="/cmd/govet/">govet</a> to identify struct tags that need to be
-changed to use the new syntax.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/sort/">Package sort</a>'s <code>IntArray</code> type has been
-renamed to <a href="/pkg/sort/#IntSlice">IntSlice</a>, and similarly for
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Float64Slice">Float64Slice</a> and
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#StringSlice">StringSlice</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/strings/">Package strings</a>'s <code>Split</code> function has
-itself been split into <a href="/pkg/strings/#Split">Split</a> and
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#SplitN">SplitN</a>.
-<code>SplitN</code> is the same as the old <code>Split</code>.
-The new <code>Split</code> is equivalent to <code>SplitN</code> with a final
-argument of -1.
-</p>
-
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw">Draw</a> function now takes an additional
-argument, a compositing operator.
-If in doubt, use <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Op">draw.Over</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r59.cmd">Tools</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now installs packages and commands from
-arbitrary remote repositories (not just Google Code, Github, and so on).
-See the <a href="/cmd/goinstall/">goinstall documentation</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="r58">r58 (released 2011/06/29)</h2>
-
-<p>
-The r58 release corresponds to
-<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly.2011-06-09</a></code>
-with additional bug fixes.
-This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
-For a more detailed summary, see the
-<a href="weekly.html#2011-06-09">weekly release notes</a>.
-For complete information, see the
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r58">Mercurial change list</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r58.lang">Language</h3>
-
-<p>
-This release fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/b720749486e1">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r58.pkg">Packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-As usual, <a href="/cmd/gofix/">gofix</a> will handle the bulk of the rewrites
-necessary for these changes to package APIs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> drops the <code>finalURL</code> return
-value from the <a href="/pkg/http/#Client.Get">Client.Get</a> method. The value
-is now available via the new <code>Request</code> field on <a
-href="/pkg/http/#Response">http.Response</a>.
-Most instances of the type map[string][]string in have been
-replaced with the new <a href="/pkg/http/#Values">Values</a> type.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/exec/">Package exec</a> has been redesigned with a more
-convenient and succinct API.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/">Package strconv</a>'s <a href="/pkg/strconv/#Quote">Quote</a>
-function now escapes only those Unicode code points not classified as printable
-by <a href="/pkg/unicode/#IsPrint">unicode.IsPrint</a>.
-Previously Quote would escape all non-ASCII characters.
-This also affects the <a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a> package's <code>"%q"</code>
-formatting directive. The previous quoting behavior is still available via
-strconv's new <a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteToASCII">QuoteToASCII</a> function.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/os/signal/">Package os/signal</a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/os/#Signal">Signal</a> and
-<a href="/pkg/os/#UnixSignal">UnixSignal</a> types have been moved to the
-<a href="/pkg/os/">os</a> package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/">Package image/draw</a> is the new name for
-<code>exp/draw</code>. The GUI-related code from <code>exp/draw</code> is now
-located in the <a href="/pkg/exp/gui/">exp/gui</a> package.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r58.cmd">Tools</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/cmd/goinstall/">Goinstall</a> now observes the GOPATH environment
-variable to build and install your own code and external libraries outside of
-the Go tree (and avoid writing Makefiles).
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="r58.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>r58.1 adds
-<a href="//golang.org/change/293c25943586">build</a> and
-<a href="//golang.org/change/bf17e96b6582">runtime</a>
-changes to make Go run on OS X 10.7 Lion.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="r57">r57 (released 2011/05/03)</h2>
-
-<p>
-The r57 release corresponds to
-<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly.2011-04-27</a></code>
-with additional bug fixes.
-This section highlights the most significant changes in this release.
-For a more detailed summary, see the
-<a href="weekly.html#2011-04-27">weekly release notes</a>.
-For complete information, see the
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/source/list?r=release-branch.r57">Mercurial change list</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>The new <a href="/cmd/gofix">gofix</a> tool finds Go programs that use old APIs and rewrites them to use
-newer ones. After you update to a new Go release, gofix helps make the
-necessary changes to your programs. Gofix will handle the http, os, and syscall
-package changes described below, and we will update the program to keep up with
-future changes to the libraries.
-Gofix can’t
-handle all situations perfectly, so read and test the changes it makes before
-committing them.
-See <a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/04/introducing-gofix.html">the gofix blog post</a> for more
-information.</p>
-
-<h3 id="r57.lang">Language</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Receive_operator">Multiple assignment syntax</a> replaces the <code>closed</code> function.
-The syntax for channel
-receives allows an optional second assigned value, a boolean value
-indicating whether the channel is closed. This code:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- v := <-ch
- if closed(ch) {
- // channel is closed
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>should now be written as:</p>
-
-<pre>
- v, ok := <-ch
- if !ok {
- // channel is closed
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p><a href="/doc/go_spec.html#Label_scopes">Unused labels are now illegal</a>, just as unused local variables are.</p>
-
-<h3 id="r57.pkg">Packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/gob/">Package gob</a> will now encode and decode values of types that implement the
-<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobEncoder">GobEncoder</a> and
-<a href="/pkg/gob/#GobDecoder">GobDecoder</a> interfaces. This allows types with unexported
-fields to transmit self-consistent descriptions; examples include
-<a href="/pkg/big/#Int.GobDecode">big.Int</a> and <a href="/pkg/big/#Rat.GobDecode">big.Rat</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/http/">Package http</a> has been redesigned.
-For clients, there are new
-<a href="/pkg/http/#Client">Client</a> and <a href="/pkg/http/#Transport">Transport</a>
-abstractions that give more control over HTTP details such as headers sent
-and redirections followed. These abstractions make it easy to implement
-custom clients that add functionality such as <a href="//code.google.com/p/goauth2/source/browse/oauth/oauth.go">OAuth2</a>.
-For servers, <a href="/pkg/http/#ResponseWriter">ResponseWriter</a>
-has dropped its non-essential methods.
-The Hijack and Flush methods are no longer required;
-code can test for them by checking whether a specific value implements
-<a href="/pkg/http/#Hijacker">Hijacker</a> or <a href="/pkg/http/#Flusher">Flusher</a>.
-The RemoteAddr and UsingTLS methods are replaced by <a href="/pkg/http/#Request">Request</a>'s
-RemoteAddr and TLS fields.
-The SetHeader method is replaced by a Header method;
-its result, of type <a href="/pkg/http/#Header">Header</a>,
-implements Set and other methods.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/">Package net</a>
-drops the <code>laddr</code> argument from <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn.Dial">Dial</a>
-and drops the <code>cname</code> return value
-from <a href="/pkg/net/#LookupHost">LookupHost</a>.
-The implementation now uses <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> to implement
-network name lookups using the C library getaddrinfo(3)
-function when possible. This ensures that Go and C programs
-resolve names the same way and also avoids the OS X
-application-level firewall.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/os/">Package os</a>
-introduces simplified <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Open">Open</a>
-and <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Create">Create</a> functions.
-The original Open is now available as <a href="/pkg/os/#File.OpenFile">OpenFile</a>.
-The final three arguments to <a href="/pkg/os/#Process.StartProcess">StartProcess</a>
-have been replaced by a pointer to a <a href="/pkg/os/#ProcAttr">ProcAttr</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/">Package reflect</a> has been redesigned.
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type">Type</a> is now an interface that implements
-all the possible type methods.
-Instead of a type switch on a Type <code>t</code>, switch on <code>t.Kind()</code>.
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value">Value</a> is now a struct value that
-implements all the possible value methods.
-Instead of a type switch on a Value <code>v</code>, switch on <code>v.Kind()</code>.
-Typeof and NewValue are now called <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.TypeOf">TypeOf</a> and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.ValueOf">ValueOf</a>
-To create a writable Value, use <code>New(t).Elem()</code> instead of <code>Zero(t)</code>.
-See <a href="//golang.org/change/843855f3c026">the change description</a>
-for the full details.
-The new API allows a more efficient implementation of Value
-that avoids many of the allocations required by the previous API.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Remember that gofix will handle the bulk of the rewrites
-necessary for these changes to package APIs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r57.cmd">Tools</h3>
-
-<p><a href="/cmd/gofix/">Gofix</a>, a new command, is described above.</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/cmd/gotest/">Gotest</a> is now a Go program instead of a shell script.
-The new <code>-test.short</code> flag in combination with package testing's Short function
-allows you to write tests that can be run in normal or “short” mode;
-all.bash runs tests in short mode to reduce installation time.
-The Makefiles know about the flag: use <code>make testshort</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The run-time support now implements CPU and memory profiling.
-Gotest's new
-<a href="/cmd/gotest/"><code>-test.cpuprofile</code> and
-<code>-test.memprofile</code> flags</a> make it easy to
-profile tests.
-To add profiling to your web server, see the <a href="/pkg/http/pprof/">http/pprof</a>
-documentation.
-For other uses, see the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a> documentation.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="r57.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>r57.1 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/ff2bc62726e7145eb2ecc1e0f076998e4a8f86f0">nil pointer dereference in http.FormFile</a>.</p>
-<p>r57.2 fixes a <a href="//golang.org/change/063b0ff67d8277df03c956208abc068076818dae">use of uninitialized memory in programs that misuse <code>goto</code></a>.</p>
-
-<h2 id="r56">r56 (released 2011/03/16)</h2>
-
-<p>
-The r56 release was the first stable release and corresponds to
-<code><a href="weekly.html#2011-03-07">weekly.2011-03-07.1</a></code>.
-The numbering starts at 56 because before this release,
-what we now consider weekly snapshots were called releases.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/devel/release.html b/content/doc/devel/release.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 73f7a0e..0000000
--- a/content/doc/devel/release.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,534 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Release History"
-}-->
-
-<p>This page summarizes the changes between official stable releases of Go.
-The <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> has the full details.</p>
-
-<p>To update to a specific release, use:</p>
-
-<pre>
-git pull
-git checkout <i>release-branch</i>
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="policy">Release Policy</h2>
-
-<p>
-Each major Go release is supported until there are two newer major releases.
-For example, Go 1.5 was supported until the Go 1.7 release, and Go 1.6 was
-supported until the Go 1.8 release.
-We fix critical problems, including <a href="/security">critical security problems</a>,
-in supported releases as needed by issuing minor revisions
-(for example, Go 1.6.1, Go 1.6.2, and so on).
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.11">go1.11 (released 2018/08/24)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.11 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.11">Go 1.11 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.11.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.11.1 (released 2018/10/01) includes fixes to the compiler, documentation, go
-command, runtime, and the <code>crypto/x509</code>, <code>encoding/json</code>,
-<code>go/types</code>, <code>net</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
-<code>reflect</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.1">Go
-1.11.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.11.2 (released 2018/11/02) includes fixes to the compiler, linker,
-documentation, go command, and the <code>database/sql</code> and
-<code>go/types</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.2">Go
-1.11.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.11.3 (released 2018/12/12) includes three security fixes to "go get" and
-the <code>crypto/x509</code> package.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.3">Go
-1.11.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.11.4 (released 2018/12/14) includes fixes to cgo, the compiler, linker,
-runtime, documentation, go command, and the <code>net/http</code> and
-<code>go/types</code> packages.
-It includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.11.3 that broke <code>go</code>
-<code>get</code> for import path patterns containing "<code>...</code>".
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.11.4+label%3ACherryPickApproved">Go
-1.11.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.10">go1.10 (released 2018/02/16)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.10 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.10">Go 1.10 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.10.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.10.1 (released 2018/03/28) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime, and the
-<code>archive/zip</code>, <code>crypto/tls</code>, <code>crypto/x509</code>,
-<code>encoding/json</code>, <code>net</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
-<code>net/http/pprof</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.1">Go
-1.10.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.10.2 (released 2018/05/01) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, and go
-command.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.2">Go
-1.10.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.10.3 (released 2018/06/05) includes fixes to the go command, and the
-<code>crypto/tls</code>, <code>crypto/x509</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
-In particular, it adds <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/d4e21288e444d3ffd30d1a0737f15ea3fc3b8ad9">
-minimal support to the go command for the vgo transition</a>.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.3">Go
-1.10.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.10.4 (released 2018/08/24) includes fixes to the go command, linker, and the
-<code>net/http</code>, <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>ld/macho</code>,
-<code>bytes</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.4">Go
-1.10.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.10.5 (released 2018/11/02) includes fixes to the go command, linker, runtime
-and the <code>database/sql</code> package.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.5">Go
-1.10.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.10.6 (released 2018/12/12) includes three security fixes to "go get" and
-the <code>crypto/x509</code> package.
-It contains the same fixes as Go 1.11.3 and was released at the same time.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.6">Go
-1.10.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.10.7 (released 2018/12/14) includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.10.6
-that broke <code>go</code> <code>get</code> for import path patterns containing
-"<code>...</code>".
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.10.7+label%3ACherryPickApproved">
-Go 1.10.7 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.9">go1.9 (released 2017/08/24)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.9 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.9">Go 1.9 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.9.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.9.1 (released 2017/10/04) includes two security fixes.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.1">Go
-1.9.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.9.2 (released 2017/10/25) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, runtime,
-documentation, <code>go</code> command,
-and the <code>crypto/x509</code>, <code>database/sql</code>, <code>log</code>,
-and <code>net/smtp</code> packages.
-It includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.9.1 that broke <code>go</code> <code>get</code>
-of non-Git repositories under certain conditions.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.2">Go
-1.9.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.9.3 (released 2018/01/22) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
-and the <code>database/sql</code>, <code>math/big</code>, <code>net/http</code>,
-and <code>net/url</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.3">Go
-1.9.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.9.4 (released 2018/02/07) includes a security fix to “go get”.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.4">Go
-1.9.4</a> milestone on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.9.5 (released 2018/03/28) includes fixes to the compiler, go command, and
-<code>net/http/pprof</code> package.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.5">Go
-1.9.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.9.6 (released 2018/05/01) includes fixes to the compiler and go command.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.6">Go
-1.9.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.9.7 (released 2018/06/05) includes fixes to the go command, and the
-<code>crypto/x509</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
-In particular, it adds <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/d4e21288e444d3ffd30d1a0737f15ea3fc3b8ad9">
-minimal support to the go command for the vgo transition</a>.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.9.7">Go
-1.9.7 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="go1.8">go1.8 (released 2017/02/16)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.8 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.8">Go 1.8 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.8.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.8.1 (released 2017/04/07) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, runtime,
-documentation, <code>go</code> command and the <code>crypto/tls</code>,
-<code>encoding/xml</code>, <code>image/png</code>, <code>net</code>,
-<code>net/http</code>, <code>reflect</code>, <code>text/template</code>,
-and <code>time</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.1">Go
-1.8.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.8.2 (released 2017/05/23) includes a security fix to the
-<code>crypto/elliptic</code> package.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.2">Go
-1.8.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.8.3 (released 2017/05/24) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
-documentation, and the <code>database/sql</code> package.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.3">Go
-1.8.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.8.4 (released 2017/10/04) includes two security fixes.
-It contains the same fixes as Go 1.9.1 and was released at the same time.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.4">Go
-1.8.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.8.5 (released 2017/10/25) includes fixes to the compiler, linker, runtime,
-documentation, <code>go</code> command,
-and the <code>crypto/x509</code> and <code>net/smtp</code> packages.
-It includes a fix to a bug introduced in Go 1.8.4 that broke <code>go</code> <code>get</code>
-of non-Git repositories under certain conditions.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.5">Go
-1.8.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.8.6 (released 2018/01/22) includes the same fix in <code>math/big</code>
-as Go 1.9.3 and was released at the same time.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.6">Go
-1.8.6 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.8.7 (released 2018/02/07) includes a security fix to “go get”.
-It contains the same fix as Go 1.9.4 and was released at the same time.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.7">Go
-1.8.7</a> milestone on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.7">go1.7 (released 2016/08/15)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.7 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.7">Go 1.7 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.7.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.7.1 (released 2016/09/07) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
-documentation, and the <code>compress/flate</code>, <code>hash/crc32</code>,
-<code>io</code>, <code>net</code>, <code>net/http</code>,
-<code>path/filepath</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>syscall</code>
-packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.1">Go
-1.7.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.7.2 should not be used. It was tagged but not fully released.
-The release was deferred due to a last minute bug report.
-Use go1.7.3 instead, and refer to the summary of changes below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.7.3 (released 2016/10/19) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
-and the <code>crypto/cipher</code>, <code>crypto/tls</code>,
-<code>net/http</code>, and <code>strings</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.3">Go
-1.7.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.7.4 (released 2016/12/01) includes two security fixes.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.4">Go
-1.7.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.7.5 (released 2017/01/26) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime,
-and the <code>crypto/x509</code> and <code>time</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.5">Go
-1.7.5 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.7.6 (released 2017/05/23) includes the same security fix as Go 1.8.2 and
-was released at the same time.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.8.2">Go
-1.8.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.6">go1.6 (released 2016/02/17)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.6 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.6">Go 1.6 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.6.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.6.1 (released 2016/04/12) includes two security fixes.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.1">Go
-1.6.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.6.2 (released 2016/04/20) includes fixes to the compiler, runtime, tools,
-documentation, and the <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
-<code>sort</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.2">Go
-1.6.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.6.3 (released 2016/07/17) includes security fixes to the
-<code>net/http/cgi</code> package and <code>net/http</code> package when used in
-a CGI environment.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.3">Go
-1.6.3 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.6.4 (released 2016/12/01) includes two security fixes.
-It contains the same fixes as Go 1.7.4 and was released at the same time.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.7.4">Go
-1.7.4 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.5">go1.5 (released 2015/08/19)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.5 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.5">Go 1.5 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.5.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.5.1 (released 2015/09/08) includes bug fixes to the compiler, assembler, and
-the <code>fmt</code>, <code>net/textproto</code>, <code>net/http</code>, and
-<code>runtime</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.5.1">Go
-1.5.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.5.2 (released 2015/12/02) includes bug fixes to the compiler, linker, and
-the <code>mime/multipart</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>runtime</code>
-packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.5.2">Go
-1.5.2 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.5.3 (released 2016/01/13) includes a security fix to the <code>math/big</code> package
-affecting the <code>crypto/tls</code> package.
-See the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go153announce">release announcement</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.5.4 (released 2016/04/12) includes two security fixes.
-It contains the same fixes as Go 1.6.1 and was released at the same time.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.6.1">Go
-1.6.1 milestone</a> on our issue tracker for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.4">go1.4 (released 2014/12/10)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.4 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.4">Go 1.4 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.4.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.4.1 (released 2015/01/15) includes bug fixes to the linker and the <code>log</code>, <code>syscall</code>, and <code>runtime</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.1">Go 1.4.1 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.4.2 (released 2015/02/17) includes bug fixes to the <code>go</code> command, the compiler and linker, and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>syscall</code>, <code>reflect</code>, and <code>math/big</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.2">Go 1.4.2 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.4.3 (released 2015/09/22) includes security fixes to the <code>net/http</code> package and bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code> package.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues?q=milestone%3AGo1.4.3">Go 1.4.3 milestone on our issue tracker</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.3">go1.3 (released 2014/06/18)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.3 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.3">Go 1.3 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.3.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.3.1 (released 2014/08/13) includes bug fixes to the compiler and the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>crypto/rsa</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.1">change history</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.3.2 (released 2014/09/25) includes bug fixes to cgo and the crypto/tls packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.2">change history</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.3.3 (released 2014/09/30) includes further bug fixes to cgo, the runtime package, and the nacl port.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.3.3">change history</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.2">go1.2 (released 2013/12/01)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.2 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.2">Go 1.2 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.2.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.2.1 (released 2014/03/02) includes bug fixes to the <code>runtime</code>, <code>net</code>, and <code>database/sql</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.2.1">change history</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.2.2 (released 2014/05/05) includes a
-<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.2.2">security fix</a>
-that affects the tour binary included in the binary distributions (thanks to Guillaume T).
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1.1">go1.1 (released 2013/05/13)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.1 is a major release of Go.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.1">Go 1.1 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.1.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.1.1 (released 2013/06/13) includes several compiler and runtime bug fixes.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.1.1">change history</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.1.2 (released 2013/08/13) includes fixes to the <code>gc</code> compiler
-and <code>cgo</code>, and the <code>bufio</code>, <code>runtime</code>,
-<code>syscall</code>, and <code>time</code> packages.
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/go1.1.2">change history</a> for details.
-If you use package syscall's <code>Getrlimit</code> and <code>Setrlimit</code>
-functions under Linux on the ARM or 386 architectures, please note change
-<a href="//golang.org/cl/11803043">11803043</a>
-that fixes <a href="//golang.org/issue/5949">issue 5949</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="go1">go1 (released 2012/03/28)</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 is a major release of Go that will be stable in the long term.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1 Release Notes</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is intended that programs written for Go 1 will continue to compile and run
-correctly, unchanged, under future versions of Go 1.
-Read the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 compatibility document</a> for more
-about the future of Go 1.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The go1 release corresponds to
-<code><a href="weekly.html#2012-03-27">weekly.2012-03-27</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go1.minor">Minor revisions</h3>
-
-<p>
-go1.0.1 (released 2012/04/25) was issued to
-<a href="//golang.org/cl/6061043">fix</a> an
-<a href="//golang.org/issue/3545">escape analysis bug</a>
-that can lead to memory corruption.
-It also includes several minor code and documentation fixes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.0.2 (released 2012/06/13) was issued to fix two bugs in the implementation
-of maps using struct or array keys:
-<a href="//golang.org/issue/3695">issue 3695</a> and
-<a href="//golang.org/issue/3573">issue 3573</a>.
-It also includes many minor code and documentation fixes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-go1.0.3 (released 2012/09/21) includes minor code and documentation fixes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/commits/release-branch.go1">go1 release branch history</a> for the complete list of changes.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="pre.go1">Older releases</h2>
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="pre_go1.html">Pre-Go 1 Release History</a> page for notes
-on earlier releases.
-</p>
-
diff --git a/content/doc/devel/weekly.html b/content/doc/devel/weekly.html
deleted file mode 100644
index e17461d..0000000
--- a/content/doc/devel/weekly.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6200 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Weekly Snapshot History"
-}-->
-
-<p>This page summarizes the changes between tagged weekly snapshots of Go.
-Such snapshots are no longer created. This page remains as a historical reference only.</p>
-
-<p>For recent information, see the <a href="//golang.org/change">change log</a> and <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-dev/">development mailing list</a>.</p>
-
-<h2 id="2012-03-27">2012-03-27 (<a href="release.html#go1">Go 1</a>)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-* cmd/dist: fix detection of go1 version.
-* cmd/go: add missing error check (thanks Evan Shaw),
- allow underscores in tool name (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- bug fixes,
- copy tag_test.go from goinstall,
- explain versions better,
- respect $GOBIN always,
- update for go1 tag format.
-* cmd/godoc: canonicalize custom path redirects,
- fix app engine version,
- use virtual filesystem to implement -templates flag.
-* codewalk/sharemem.xml: fix references to files.
-* crypto/tls: don't select ECC ciphersuites with no mutual curve.
-* doc: add JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces article (thanks Francisco Souza),
- describe the Windows MSI installer as experimental,
- link to Go Project Dashboard from package list,
- update wiki tutorial templates and template discussion,
- and many minor fixes.
-* exp/types: generalized GCImporter API.
-* go/build: cgoEnabled is not known to cmd/dist anymore (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- fix import check.
-* godoc: make 'Overview' section collapsible.
-* misc/dist: many fixes and tweaks.
-* misc/emacs: fix indentation bug.
-* misc/goplay: fix error on IE8 (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* net: ignore ECONNABORTED from syscall.Accept (thanks Devon H. O'Dell).
-* os: add missing byte to FileMode buffer (thanks Stefan Nilsson).
-* path/filepath: convert drive letter to upper case in windows EvalSymlinks (thanks Alex Brainman),
- correct comment in EvalSymlinks (thanks Alex Brainman),
- use windows GetShortPathName api to force GetLongPathName to do its work (thanks Alex Brainman),
- windows drive letter cannot be a digit (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* run.bash: compile the codewalks.
-* runtime: restore deadlock detection in the simplest case (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- work around false negative in deadlock detection.
-* text/template: fix typo in package comment.
-* windows: installer fixes (thanks Joe Poirier).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-03-22">2012-03-22 (Go 1 Release Candidate 2)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-As with last week's snapshot, this snapshot is another Go 1 release candidate.
-A notable change in this snapshot are Windows installer fixes.
-
-Changes in this snapshot:
-* 5l, 6l, 8l: fix stack split logic for stacks near default segment size.
-* archive/zip: move r.zip off disk, into reader_test.go.
-* build: catch API changes during build,
- do more during windows build (thanks Alex Brainman),
- lengthen timeout for the lengthy runtime test (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- unset GOPATH before tests (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* cmd/cgo: add support for function export for gccgo (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- fix handling of errno for gccgo.
-* cmd/go: add -fno-common by default on Darwin (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- don't add detail to errPrintedOutput,
- fix directory->import path conversion,
- make build errors more visible,
- use .o, not .{5,6,8}, for gccgo created object files,
- work around occasional ETXTBSY running cgo.
-* cmd/godoc: add toys, tour button to playground,
- inform users that the playground doesn't work via local godoc,
- style example headings like links,
- use *goroot as base path in zip file,
- use FormatText for formating code in html template,
- use shorter titles for tabs.
-* cmd/gofmt: show ascii in usage (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* cmd/pack: also recognize '\\' as path separator in filenames (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* crypto/tls: always send a Certificate message if one was requested.
-* doc/install: remove reference to "Go Tutorial" (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* doc/play: use []rune instead of []int (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* doc: add Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on article (thanks Francisco Souza),
- add Go image/draw package article and convert code snippets to Go1,
- add Gobs of data article (thanks Francisco Souza),
- add Godoc: documenting Go code article (thanks Francisco Souza),
- add JSON and Go article (thanks Francisco Souza),
- general update of gccgo installation instructions,
- minor updates to most docs.
-* flag: add examples.
-* gc: fix struct and array comparisons for new bool rules (thanks Anthony Martin),
- use quoted string format in import error,
- when expanding append inline, preserve arguments.
-* go/build: clarify why we exclude files starting with '_' or '.' (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- clearer argument name for Import (src -> srcDir),
- do not report Target for local imports,
- fix match.
-* go/printer, gofmt: fix multi-line logic.
-* html/template: add Templates and XXXEscape functions,
- fix nil pointer bug,
- fix panic on Clone.
-* io/ioutil: fix crash when Stat fails.
-* make.bat: fix for old files (thanks Christopher Redden),
- don't show error message if old generated files do not exist (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- properly handle directories with spaces (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* misc/cgo/gmp: update for Go 1 (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* misc/dashboard: remove old python package dashboard.
-* misc/dist: don't ship cmd/cov or cmd/prof,
- force modes to 0755 or 0644 in tarballs,
- remove exp and old before building.
-* misc/vim: restore fileencodings (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* net/http: couple more triv.go modernizations,
- ensure triv.go compiles and runs (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* net: drop unnecessary type assertions and fix leak in test (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os: IsNotExist() should also consider ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND on Windows (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- do not assume syscall.Write will write everything,
- remove document duplication in error predicate functions (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- return some invented data from Stat(DevNull) on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* path/filepath: implement Match and Glob on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* reflect: document PkgPath, Method, StructField,
- panic if MakeSlice is given bad len/cap arguments.
-* run.bat: disable test in test\bench\go1 to fix build (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* runtime/cgo: darwin signal masking (thanks Mikio Hara),
- linux signal masking (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* runtime: do not handle signals before configuring handler,
- manage stack by ourselves for badcallback on windows/amd64 (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- remove unused goc2c.c (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* sort: add time complexity to doc (thanks Stefan Nilsson),
- fix computation of maxDepth to avoid infinite loop (thanks Stefan Nilsson).
-* spec: delete references to unsafe.Reflect,Typeof,Unreflect.
-* syscall: Test SCM_CREDENTIALS, SO_PASSCRED on Linux (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- add a test for passing an fd over a unix socket,
- delete passfd_test.go.
-* test: use testlib in a few more cases (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* text/template: fix a couple of parse bugs around identifiers,
- variables do not take arguments.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-03-13">2012-03-13 (Go 1 Release Candidate 1)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot is very close to what we expect will be the contents of
-the Go 1 release. There are still a few minor documentation issues to resolve,
-and a handful of bugs that should be addressed before the release, but the vast
-majority of Go programs should be completely unaffected by any changes we make
-between now and the full release.
-
-If you're interested in helping us test, eager to try out Go 1, or just
-curious, this weekly snapshot is the one to try. We'll issue a new App Engine
-Go 1 beta SDK very soon, so if you're an App Engine user you can try it there
-too.
-
-To help us focus on any remaining bugs and avoid introducing new ones, we will
-restrict our attention to critical fixes and issues marked Go1-Must in the
-issue tracker. Everything non-essential will be held until after the Go 1
-release is cut and in the field for a while.
-
-Changes in this snapshot:
-* archive/zip: verify CRC32s in non-streamed files,
- write data descriptor signature for OS X; fix bugs reading it.
-* build: build correct cmd/dist matching GOHOSTARCH (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- re-enable some broken tests in run.bash (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- remove some references to Make.inc etc.
- use run.go for running tests.
-* builder: use short test for subrepos (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* cgo, runtime: diagnose callback on non-Go thread.
-* cmd/api: set compiler for all build contexts,
- work on Windows again, and make gccgo files work a bit more.
-* cmd/cgo: document CGO_LDFLAGS and CGO_CFLAGS,
- silence const warnings.
-* cmd/dist, cmd/go: move CGO_ENABLED from 'go tool dist env' to 'go env' (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* cmd/dist: fix build for Linux/ARM (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- use correct hg tag for go version (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* cmd/fix: add rules for net/http -> net/http/httputil renames.
-* cmd/gc: allow ~ in import paths,
- delete old map delete in walk,
- do not confuse unexported methods of same name,
- if $GOROOT_FINAL is set, rewrite file names in object files,
- implement len(array) / cap(array) rule,
- import path cannot start with slash on Windows (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- must not inline panic, recover,
- show duplicate key in error,
- unnamed struct types can have methods.
-* cmd/go: add -compiler,
- add env command, use to fix misc/cgo/testso,
- allow go get with arbitrary URLs,
- allow ssh tunnelled bzr, git and svn (thanks Ingo Oeser),
- always provide .exe suffix on windows (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- document import path meta tag discovery in go help remote,
- honor buildflags in run, test (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- local import fixes,
- make go get new.code/... work,
- rebuild external test package dependencies,
- respect $GOBIN always,
- support -compiler for go list, fix isStale for gccgo (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* cmd/godoc: add support for serving templates.
- fix codewalk handler (thanks Francisco Souza).
- remove extra / in paths (thanks Ugorji Nwoke),
- support $GOPATH, simplify file system code,
- switch on +1 buttons.
-* cmd/gofmt: fix race in long test (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* codereview: fix for Mercurial 2.1.
-* crypto/x509: allow server gated crypto in windows systemVerify (thanks Mikkel Krautz),
- do not forget to free cert context (thanks Alex Brainman),
- don't include empty additional primes in PKCS#1 private key,
- enforce path length constraint,
- new home for root fetchers; build chains using Windows API (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* csv: clarify what a negative FieldsPerRecord means.
-* database/sql: add docs about connection state, pooling,
- ensure Stmts are correctly closed (thanks Gwenael Treguier),
- fix double connection free on Stmt.Query error,
- fix typo bug resulting in double-Prepare.
-* database/sql: add ErrBadConn.
-* doc/go1: template packages have changed since r60.
-* doc/go_mem: init-created goroutine behavior changes for Go 1 (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* doc/gopher: flip frontpage gopher's eyes.
-* doc: add "About the go command" article,
- add C? Go? Cgo! article (thanks Francisco Souza),
- add Go's declaration syntax article (thanks Francisco Souza),
- add more gophers,
- add note about import . to Go 1 compatibility notes,
- several doc fixes and improvements,
- update Effective Go init section,
- update progs/run (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- update reference gopher,
- web site tweaks.
-* encoding/asn1: handle UTCTime before the year 2000.
-* encoding/binary: improve package comment (thanks Stefan Nilsson).
-* encoding/gob: fix memory corruption.
-* encoding/json: document that nil slice encodes as `null`.
-* exp/wingui: moved to code.google.com/p/gowingui.
-* expvar: add locking to String, and use RWMutex properly throughout,
- add missing locking in String methods.
-* fmt, log: stop using unicode.
-* fmt: minor tweak of package doc to show headings in godoc (thanks Volker Dobler).
-* go/build, cmd/go: add support for .syso files.
-* go/build: add NoGoError,
- add dependency test,
- do not parse .syso files (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* go/parser: avoid endless loop in case of internal error,
- better error synchronization.
-* go/printer, gofmt: nicer formatting of multi-line returns.
-* go/printer: example for Fprint.
-* go/scanner: better panic diagnostic.
-* go spec: no known implementation differences anymore,
- fix inaccuracy in type identity definition.
-* io: better document WriterAt.
-* misc/dashboard: remove obsolete package builder code.
-* misc/dist: add source archive support,
- add windows installer and zip support,
- minimum target requirement is 10.6 for Darwin (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* misc/emacs: fix extra indentation after comments that end with a period.
-* misc/xcode: example install of language spec for Xcode 4.x (thanks Emil Hessman).
-* net, net/rpc, reflect, time: document concurrency guarantees.
-* net/http: fix crash with Transport.CloseIdleConnections,
- return appropriate errors from ReadRequest.
-* net: add skip message to test (thanks Mikio Hara),
- disable use of external listen along with other external network uses,
- do not use reflect for DNS messages (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- document ReadMsgUnix, WriteMsgUnix,
- fix TestDialTimeout on windows builder,
- improve server and file tests (thanks Mikio Hara),
- make Dial and Listen behavior consistent across over platforms (thanks Mikio Hara),
- remove dependence on bytes, fmt, strconv,
- silence another epoll print,
- use IANA reserved port to test dial timeout (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os: document FileInfo.Size as system-dependent for irregular files,
- fix SameFile to work for directories on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* path/filepath/path_test.go: repair and enable TestAbs.
-* path/filepath: disable AbsTest on windows,
- retrieve real file name in windows EvalSymlinks (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* runtime/pprof: disable test on Leopard 64-bit.
-* runtime: add Compiler,
- fix windows/amd64 exception handler (thanks Alex Brainman),
- inline calls to notok,
- move runtime.write back to C,
- print error on receipt of signal on non-Go thread,
- remove unused runtime·signame and runtime·newError,
- try extending arena size in 32-bit allocator (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- wait for main goroutine before setting GOMAXPROCS (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* strconv: add table-based isPrint, remove dependence on bytes, unicode, and strings.
-* sync/atomic: disable store and load test on a single processor machine (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* syscall: fix mkall.sh, mksyscall_linux.pl, and regen for Linux/ARM (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* test/run: use all available cores on ARM system (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* test: actually run them on windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- add inherited interface test to ddd.go,
- enable method expression tests in ddd.go,
- invoke go command in run.go,
- match gccgo error messages for bug388.go,
- skip . files in directory.
-* testing: do not print 'no tests' when there are examples.
-* time: during short test, do not bother tickers take longer than expected (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- mention receiver in Unix, UnixNano docs.
-* unicode/utf16: remove dependence on package unicode.
-* unicode/utf8: remove dependence on unicode.
-* windows: make background of gopher icon transparent (thanks Volker Dobler).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-03-04">2012-03-04</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes a major re-design of the go/build package.
-Its FindTree, ScanDir, Tree, and DirInfo types have been replaced with the
-Import and Package types. There is no gofix. Code that uses go/build will need
-to be updated manually to use the package's new interface.
-
-Other changes:
-* 6a/6l: add IMUL3Q and SHLDL.
-* all: remove unused unexported functions and constants (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* build: add GO_ prefix to LDFLAGS and GCFLAGS (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* cmd/cc: fix an out of bounds array access (thanks Anthony Martin),
- grow some global arrays.
-* cmd/dist: force line-buffering stdout/stderr on Unix (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- recognize CC="ccache clang" as clang.
-* cmd/go: avoid repeated include dirs (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- fix -I flag for gc command (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fix verbose command displaying (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fixes for gccgo (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- many fixes,
- test -i should not disable -c (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* cmd/vet: don't give error for Printf("%+5.2e", x) (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* cmd/yacc/units.y: update comment, give better error messages when $GOROOT not set (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* crypto/tls: force OS X target version to 10.6 for API compatibility (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* crypto/x509: fix typo in Verify documentation (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* dist: treat CC as one unit (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* doc/go1: add justification discussions to major changes,
- minor corrections and updates.
-* doc: describe API changes to go/build,
- elaborate available checks for cmd/vet (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- expand code.html to discuss the go tool in more depth,
- instruct FreeBSD/Linux users to rm the old version first,
- remove Go for C++ Programmers,
- remove roadmap document,
- remove tutorial,
- update codelab/wiki to Go 1 (thanks Shenghou Ma),
-* encoding/gob: fix "// +build" comment for debug.go (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- more hardening for lengths of input strings.
-* encoding/json: drop MarshalForHTML; gofix calls to Marshal,
- escape output from Marshalers.
-* encoding/xml: fix anonymous field Unmarshal example (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fix xml test tag usage (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* gc: disallow absolute import paths,
- fix escape analysis + inlining + closure bug,
- fix string comparisons for new bool rules (thanks Anthony Martin),
- reject import paths containing special characters (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* go/ast: examples for ast.Print, ast.Inspect.
-* go/doc, godoc: fix range of type declarations.
-* go/parser: check import path restrictions,
- expand test cases for bad import.
-* go/printer, gofmt: improved comment placement.
-* go/printer: fix printing of variadic function calls (thanks Anthony Martin),
- fix test for new import path restrictions (thanks Anthony Martin),
- replace multiline logic,
- simpler exprList code, more tests.
-* godoc: add Examples link to top-level index,
- bring back highlighting, selections, and alerts,
- consistent placement of documentation sections,
- don't show directories w/o packages in flat dir mode,
- don't show testdata directories,
- fix codewalks.
-* gotype: provide -comments flag.
-* html/template: make doctype check case-insensitive (thanks Scott Lawrence),
- use correct method signature in introduction example (thanks Mike Rosset).
-* io: document that I/O is not necessarily safe for parallel access.
-* ld: allow more -L options (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- fix alignment of rodata section.
-* misc: add zsh completion for go tool (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* misc/bash: Completion for go tool (thanks Yissakhar Z. Beck).
-* misc/dashboard: fix bug in UI template,
- record install counts for external packages.
-* misc/dist: implement binary distribution scripts in go.
-* misc/gobuilder: send commit time in RFC3339 format.
-* misc/xcode: move Xcode3 specific files into sub directory.
-* net/http/cgi: add an empty response test,
- fix empty response.
-* net/http/httptest: make Server.Close wait for outstanding requests to finish.
-* net/http/httputil: fix DumpRequestOut on https URLs,
- make https DumpRequestOut less racy.
-* net/http: add overlooked 418 status code, per RFC 2324,
- fix ProxyFromEnvironment bug, docs, add tests,
- make a test more paranoid & reliable on Windows.
-* net/rpc: silence read error on closing connection.
-* net: add stubs for NetBSD (thanks Benny Siegert),
- make -external flag for tests default to true (thanks Mikio Hara),
- reorganize test files (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os: diagnose chdir error during StartProcess,
- implement UserTime/SystemTime on windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- implement sameFile on windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- release process handle at the end of windows (*Process).Wait (thanks Alex Brainman),
- sleep 5ms after process has exited on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* path/filepath: note that SplitList is different from strings.Split,
- steer people away from HasPrefix.
-* reflect: don't panic comparing functions in DeepEqual.
- make Value.Interface return immutable data.
-* runtime/pprof: support OS X CPU profiling.
-* runtime: add sanity checks to the runtime-gdb.py prettyprinters,
- check for ARM syscall failures (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- darwin and linux signal masking,
- run init on main thread,
- size arena to fit in virtual address space limit.
-* spec: allow disallow of \uFFFD in import path,
- apply method sets, embedding to all types, not just named types,
- clarifications around exports, uniqueness of identifiers,
- import path implementation restriction,
- inside functions, variables must be evaluated,
- use the term "lexical token" (rather then "lexical symbol").
-* sync: add Once example, remove old WaitGroup example.
-* test/bench/shootout: update post-Makefile.
-* test: add documentation, misc fixes.
-* testing: add -test.example flag to control execution of examples.
-* text/template: add example showing use of custom function,
- add examples that use multiple templates,
- fix redefinition bugs.
-* time: add a comment about how to use the Duration constants.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-02-22">2012-02-22</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes changes to the os and runtime packages.
-
-This should be the last of the significant incompatible changes before Go 1.
-
-There are no longer error constants such as EINVAL in the os package, since the
-set of values varied with the underlying operating system. There are new
-portable functions like IsPermission to test common error properties, plus a
-few new error values with more Go-like names, such as ErrPermission and
-ErrNoEnv.
-
-The os.Getenverror function has been removed. To distinguish between a
-non-existent environment variable and an empty string, use os.Environ or
-syscall.Getenv.
-
-The Process.Wait method has dropped its option argument and the associated
-constants are gone from the package. Also, the function Wait is gone; only the
-method of the Process type persists.
-
-The non-portable Waitmsg type has been replaced with the portable ProcessState.
-
-Much of the API exported by package runtime has been removed in favor of
-functionality provided by other packages. Code using the runtime.Type
-interface or its specific concrete type implementations should now use package
-reflect. Code using runtime.Semacquire or runtime.Semrelease should use
-channels or the abstractions in package sync.
-
-The runtime.Alloc, runtime.Free, and runtime.Lookup functions, an unsafe API
-created for debugging the memory allocator, have no replacement.
-
-The runtime.Cgocalls and runtime.Goroutines functions have been renamed to
-runtime.NumCgoCall and runtime.NumGoroutine.
-
-The "go fix" command will update code to accommodate most of these changes.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5c, 6c, 8c, 6g, 8g: correct boundary checking (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* 5g, 6g, 8g: flush modified globals aggressively.
-* 8a, 8l: add EMMS instruction (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* bufio: don't return errors from good Peeks.
-* build: add make.bash --no-clean option,
- improve Windows support.
-* builder: reuse existing workspace if possible (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- update for os.Wait changes.
-* bytes: document Compare/Equal semantics for nil arguments, and add tests.
-* cgo: fix definition of opaque types (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* cmd/api: record return type of functions for variable typecheck (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* cmd/cgo: bug fixes.
-* cmd/dist: add clang specific -Wno options (thanks Bobby Powers),
- fix install cmd/5g on non-arm system,
- fix pprof permissions (thanks Bobby Powers),
- make dir check in defaulttarg() more robust (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- use correct package target when cross-compiling (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* cmd/gc: correctly typecheck expression lists in returns (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- don't believe that variables mentioned 256 times are unused (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- error on constant shift overflows (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- fix comparison of struct with _ field.
- fix error for floating-point constant %,
- new, less strict bool rules.
-* cmd/go: add tool -n flag,
- go test -i correctly handle cgo packages (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* codereview: fix submit message for new clone URL (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* database/sql/driver: API cleanups.
-* doc: many fixes and adjustments.
-* encoding/gob: cache engine for user type, not base type,
- catch internal error when it happens,
- fix mutually recursive slices of structs.
-* encoding/json: ignore anonymous fields.
-* go/doc: return Examples in name order.
-* go/parser: imaginary constants and ! may start an expression.
-* go/printer, gofmt: improved comma placement.
-* go/printer: don't lose relevant parentheses when rewriting selector expressions.
-* godoc: adjust line height in pre blocks,
- don't print spurious suggestion when running "go doc foo",
- fix absolute->relative mapping,
- fix tag mismatch validation errors (thanks Scott Lawrence),
- import example code support,
- support flat directory view again.
-* html/template: add Clone and AddParseTree,
- don't indirect past a Stringer,
- minor tweak to docs to improve HTML typography.
-* image: add Decode example.
-* ld: add NOPTRBSS for large, pointer-free uninitialized data.
-* math/rand: Intn etc. should panic if their argument is <= 0.
-* misc/dist/windows: distro builder updates (thanks Joe Poirier).
-* misc/goplay: remain in work directory, build in temp directory.
-* net, os, syscall: delete os.EPLAN9 (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* net/http: add optional Server.TLSConfig field.
-* net/smtp: use EHLO then HELO.
-* net/textproto: accept bad MIME headers as browsers do.
-* net/url: regularise receiver names.
-* net: make LocalAddr on multicast return group address (thanks Mikio Hara),
- make parseProcNetIGMP more robust (thanks Mikio Hara),
- more selfConnect debugging: panic if ra == nil in internetSocket,
- panic if sockaddrToTCP returns nil incorrectly,
- other miscellaneous fixes.
-* path, path/filepath: polish documentation (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* pprof: add Profile type.
-* runtime: avoid malloc during malloc,
- define NSIG to fix plan 9 build (thanks David du Colombier),
- fix FreeBSD signal handling around thread creation (thanks Devon H. O'Dell),
- goroutine profile, stack dumps,
- implement runtime.osyield on FreeBSD 386, amd64 (thanks Devon H. O'Dell),
- permit default behavior of SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU,
- release unused memory to the OS (thanks Sébastien Paolacci),
- remove an obsolete file (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* spec: make all comparison results untyped bool,
- refine the wording about variables in type switches,
- struct comparison only compares non-blank fields.
-* syscall: Make Pdeathsig type Signal in SysProcAttr on Linux (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- fix bounds check in Error,
- force Windows to always use US English error messages (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* test: migrated to new go-based testing framework.
-* text/template: evaluate function fields.
-* time: use Go distribution zoneinfo if system copy not found.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-02-14">2012-02-14</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes some package changes that require changes to client code.
-
-The flate, gzip and zlib's NewWriterXxx functions no longer return an error.
-The compiler will flag all affected code which must then be updated by hand.
-
-The os package's Exec and Time functions were removed. Callers should use
-syscall.Exec and time.Now instead. The ShellExpand function was renamed to
-ExpandEnv. The NewFile function now takes a uintptr and the *File.Fd method
-returns a uintptr.
-
-The runtime package's Type type and its methods have been removed.
-Use the reflect package instead.
-
-Other changes:
-* 8a, 8l: add LFENCE, MFENCE, SFENCE (thanks Darren Elwood).
-* all.bat: report error code back to the gobuilder (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* archive/zip: hide Write method from *Writer type.
-* build: create the correct $GOTOOLDIR,
- get rid of deps.bash (thanks Anthony Martin),
- reject make.bash on Windows.
-* builder: set $GOBUILDEXIT for Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
-* bytes: add Reader,
- return error in WriteTo if buffer is not drained.
-* cgo: add support for returning errno with gccgo (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* cmd/api: follow constant references.
-* cmd/cgo: omit //line in -godefs, -cdefs output.
-* cmd/dist: fixes (thanks Alex Brainman, Gustavo Niemeyer, Mikio Hara, Shenghou Ma).
-* cmd/fix: warn about exp, old, deleted packages.
-* cmd/gc: suspend safemode during typecheck of inlined bodies.
-* cmd/go: a raft of fixes,
- connect os.Stdin for go run and go tool,
- go get scheme detection (thanks Daniel Krech),
- respect test -timeout flag.
-* cmd/vet: warn for construct 'Println(os.Stderr, ...)' (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* compress/gzip: remove dead code (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* container/heap: add example.
-* dashboard: add gobuilder -fail mode.
-* database/sql: more tests,
- remove Into from ScannerInto/ScanInto,
- rename ErrTransactionFinished to ErrTxDone,
- support ErrSkip in Tx.Exec (thanks Andrew Balholm),
- treat pointers as nullable types as with encoding/json (thanks Andrew Pritchard).
-* debug/macho: drop terrifyingly monstrous URL from package comment.
-* dist: prevent recusive loop on windows when fatal() is called (thanks Daniel Theophanes).
-* doc: add App Engine docs to 'learn' and 'reference' pages,
- add playground.js,
- new document about compatibility of releases,
- update install.html for binary distros, add install-source.html.
-* effective_go: use new map deletion syntax.
-* encoding/binary: add Size, to replace the functionality of the old TotalSize,
- another attempt to describe the type of Read and Write's data,
- slices are allowed; say so.
-* encoding/json: document buffering.
-* encoding/xml: add support for the omitempty flag (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* exp/norm: merged charinfo and decomposition tables.
-* exp/types: use build.FindTree in GcImporter (thanks James Whitehead).
-* flate: delete WrongValueError type.
-* fmt: diagnose invalid verb applied to pointer,
- scan FALSE correctly.
-* gc: bug fixes, better error messages.
-* go/doc: handle recursive embedded types (thanks Gary Burd),
- don't lose exported consts/vars with unexported type,
- treat predeclared error interface like an exported type.
-* go/printer: implement SourcePos mode.
-* godoc: list examples in index,
- new design,
- regard lone examples as "whole file" examples.
-* html/template: added more words about examples and doc (thanks Bjorn Tipling).
-* log/syslog: return length of data provided by the user, not length of header.
-* make.bat: remove double quotes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* math: fix gamma doc, link to OEIS.
-* mime: unexport some internal details.
-* misc/dist: add binary distribution packaging script for linux,
- new hierarchy for binary distribution packaging scripts.
-* net/http: add ServeContent,
- don't spin on temporary accept failure,
- fix client goroutine leak with persistent connections,
- fix reference to URL.RawPath in docs (thanks Bjorn Tipling),
- panic on duplicate registrations,
- use mtime < t+1s to check for unmodified (thanks Hong Ruiqi).
-* net: avoid Shutdown during Close,
- avoid TCP self-connect,
- disable TestDialTimeout on Windows,
- disable multicast test on Alpha GNU/Linux,
- disable wild use of SO_REUSEPORT on BSD variants (thanks Mikio Hara),
- enable flags on stream for multicast listeners (thanks Mikio Hara),
- make use of listenerBacklog (thanks Mikio Hara),
- prefer an IPv4 listen if no address given (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os/exec: add Cmd.Waitmsg.
-* os/signal: revive this package.
-* regexp/syntax: add package and Parse commentary.
-* regexp: allow substitutions in Replace, ReplaceString.
-* runtime, pprof: add profiling of thread creation.
-* runtime, time: accelerate tests in short mode (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* runtime: exit early on OABI systems (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- drop to 32 bit malloc if 64 bit will not work,
- fix "SysReserve returned unaligned address" bug on 32-bit systems (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- fix grsec support (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- on 386, fix FP control word on all threads, not just initial thread,
- put lockorder before pollorder in Select memory block,
- use startpanic so that only one thread handles an incoming SIGQUIT.
-* spec: add forward links from 'method set' to where it gets used,
- clarify implementation restrictions on untyped floats,
- disallow recursive embedded interfaces,
- method names must be unique,
- send on closed channel counts as "proceeding",
- strings are more slices than arrays.
-* strconv: handle very large inputs.
-* strings: add Seek and ReadAt methods to Reader.
-* sync/atomic: disable hammer pointer tests on wrong size system.
-* testing: let runtime catch the panic.
-* text/template: refer HTML users to html/template.
-* text/template/parse: deep Copy method for nodes.
-* time: clean up MarshalJSON, add RFC3339 method,
- use "2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999999 -0700 MST" as String format.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-02-07">2012-02-07</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes a re-organization of the Go tools.
-
-Only the go, godoc, and gofmt tools are installed to $GOROOT/bin (or $GOBIN).
-The remainder are installed to $GOROOT/bin/tool.
-This puts the lesser-used tools (6g, cgo, govet, etc.) outside the user PATH.
-Instead these tools may be called through the go tool with 'go tool command'.
-For example, to vet hello.go you would type 'go tool vet hello.go'.
-Type 'go tool' see the list of available tools.
-
-With the move, some tools were given simpler names:
- 6cov -> cov
- 6nm -> nm
- goapi -> api
- gofix -> fix
- gopack -> pack
- gopprof -> pprof
- govet -> vet
- goyacc -> yacc
-
-The os/signal package has been moved to exp/signal.
-
-A new tool named 'dist' has been introduced to handle building the gc tool
-chain and to bootstrap the go tool. The old build scripts and make files
-have been removed.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5a, 6a, 8a, cc: check in y.tab.[ch].
-* 5l, 6l, 8l, ld: remove memory leaks (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* 5l, 6l, 8l: implement -X flag.
-* 5l: make -v option output less nonessential clutter (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- optimize the common case in patch() (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* 8a, 8l: implement support for RDTSC instruction (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* 8g: use uintptr for local pc.
-* archive/zip: support full range of FileMode flags (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* bufio: remove special error type, update docs.
-* build: move the "-c" flag into HOST_CFLAGS (thanks Anthony Martin),
- remove unnecessary pragmas (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* builder: drop recover blocks.
-* bytes: API tweaks.
-* cgo: accept null pointers in gccgo flavour of C.GoString (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- print line numbers in fatal errors when relevant (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* cmd/dist: add GOBIN to env's output (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fix bug in bsubst (thanks Alex Brainman),
- fix build on openbsd (thanks Mikio Hara),
- generate files for package runtime,
- ignore file names beginning with . or _,
- prevent race on VERSION creation (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* cmd/gc: another special (%hhS) case for method names,
- describe debugging flags (thanks Anthony Martin),
- diagnose \ in import path,
- disallow switch _ := v.(type),
- don't print implicit type on struct literal in export,
- fix codegen reordering for expressions involving && and ||,
- use octal escapes in mkopnames (thanks Anthony Martin).
- use original constant expression in error messages (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* cmd/go: add support for release tags via git branches (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- build: print import errors when invoked on files (thanks Kyle Lemons),
- clean test directories as they complete,
- fix error message on non-existing tools (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- fix handling of gccgo standard library (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- fixed panic on `go clean -n` and `go clean -x` (thanks Sanjay Menakuru),
- introduce support for "go build" with gccgo (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- make vcs command actually gather output (thanks Roger Peppe),
- pass env CGO_CFLAGS to cgo (thanks Jeff Hodges),
- record location of failed imports for error reporting (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* cmd/goapi: expand embedded interfaces.
-* cmd/goinstall: remove now that 'go get' works (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* cmd/ld: fix gdbscript (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* cmd/pack: change gopack to pack in error messages.
-* codereview: miscellaneous fixes and improvements.
-* crypto/elliptic: p224Contract could produce a non-minimal representation.
-* crypto/tls: better error message when connecting to SSLv3 servers.
-* crypto/x509: use case-insensitive hostname matching.
-* dashboard: support for sub-repositories, update to go1beta.
-* database/sql: permit scanning into interface{}.
-* doc: update go1.html for recent changes.
-* encoding/base32: add DecodeString and EncodeToString helper methods,
- ignore new line characters during decode.
-* encoding/base64: ignore new line characters during decode.
-* encoding/gob: document CommonType.
-* encoding/hex: canonicalize error type names.
-* encoding/json: call (*T).MarshalJSON for addressable T values.
-* encoding/xml: fix decoding of xml.Name with sub-elements (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fix documentation for Decoder.Skip.
-* exp/norm: Added some benchmarks for form-specific performance measurements,
- a few minor changes in prepration for a table format change.
-* expvar: revise API.
-* fix: add image/{bmp,tiff} to go1pkgrename.
-* flag: allow a FlagSet to not write to os.Stderr,
- describe valid input for Duration flags.
-* fmt: add test of NaN map keys,
- fix caching bug in Scan.
-* go/build: put a space between 'generated by make' and package statement,
- update syslist.go package comment.
-* go/doc: fix URL linking in ToHTML (thanks Gary Burd),
- added error, rune to list of predeclared types,
- don't lose factory functions of non-exported types,
- don't show methods of exported anonymous fields,
- enable AllMethods flag (and fix logic).
-* go/printer: don't print incorrect programs.
-* go/scanner: idiomatic receiver names.
-* go/spec: update language on map types.
-* go/token: remove dependency on encoding/gob.
-* gob: fuzz testing, plus a fix for very large type names.
-* gobuilder: use go tool to build and test sub-repositories.
-* godoc: add URL mode m=methods,
- diagnostic for empty FS tree,
- fix identifier search,
- fix redirect loop for URL "/",
- provide link to subdirectories, if any,
- sort list of "other packages",
- update metadata in appinit.go.
-* gophertool: fix link to the build status dashboard (thanks Jongmin Kim).
-* hgignore: add VERSION.cache (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- delete dregs, ignore tmpltohtml.
-* html: add package doc.
-* image: add package docs, rename s/UnknownFormatError/ErrFormat/ and,
- delete the image.Repeated type,
- remove image/bmp and image/tiff from std.
-* io/ioutil: document EOF behavior in ReadFile and ReadAll.
-* io: API tweaks.
-* libmach: add stubs for Plan 9 (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* make.bash: don't remove hgpatch.
-* math/big: add raw access to Int bits,
- API and documentation cleanup.
-* misc/goplay: use go tool "run" (thanks Olivier Duperray).
-* misc/osx: don't set GOROOT or modify profile files,
- update for dist tool, drop image.bash, update readme.
-* net, syscall: add IPv4 multicast helpers for windows (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* net/http/httputil: fix race in DumpRequestOut,
- preserve query params in reverse proxy.
-* net/http: don't set Content-Type header for HEAD requests by default (thanks Patrick Mylund Nielsen),
- fix nil pointer dereference in error case (thanks Volker Dobler),
- close client fd sooner on response read error,
- set cookies in client jar on POST requests (thanks Volker Dobler).
-* net/rpc: fix data race on Call.Error.
-* net: ListenMulticastUDP to listen concurrently across multiple listeners (thanks Mikio Hara),
- disable normal multicast testing on linux/arm (thanks Mikio Hara),
- fix Plan 9 build (thanks Anthony Martin),
- fix windows build (thanks Alex Brainman),
- move DNSConfigError to a portable file,
- remove types InvalidConnError and UnknownSocketError,
- replace error variable name e, errno with err (thanks Mikio Hara),
- run TestDialTimeout on windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- update comments to remove redundant "net" prefix (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os/exec: TestExtraFiles - close any leaked file descriptors,
- make sure file is not closed early in leaked fd test.
-* os/signal: move to exp/signal.
-* os/user: windows implementation (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* os: Process.handle use syscall.Handle (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- file windows use syscall.InvalidHandle instead of -1 (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- remove SIGXXX signals variables,
- turn FileStat.Sys into a method on FileInfo (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* path/filepath: repair and simplify the symlink test.
-* reflect: add comment about Type.Field allocation,
- test that PtrTo returns types that match program types.
-* runtime: add runtime.cputicks() and seed fastrand with it (thanks Damian Gryski),
- delete UpdateMemStats, replace with ReadMemStats(&stats) (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- fix float64 hash,
- use GOTRACEBACK to decide whether to show runtime frames,
- use per-map hash seeds (thanks Damian Gryski).
-* spec: add number to the fibonacci sequence.
-* std: add struct field tags to untagged literals.
-* strings: add Fields example.
-* syscall: add Timeval.Nano, Timespec.Nano, for conversion to Duration,
- cache environment variables on Plan 9 (thanks Anthony Martin),
- fix // +build comments in types_*.go,
- fix build directive in types_linux.go,
- update bootstrap scripts to sync with new go command (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* test: add import test that caused an incorrect gccgo error,
- add test for receiver named _,
- add test of NaN in map,
- add test which crashed gccgo compiler,
- don't use package main for files without a main function,
- fix bug headers,
- float to integer test case,
- make map nan timing test more robust,
- match gccgo error messages,
- test append with two different named types with same element type,
- test method expressions with parameters, and with import,
- test slice beyond len,
- test that x := <-c accepts a general expression.
-* testing: capture panics, present them, and mark the test as a failure.
-* unicode: document large var blocks and the SpecialCase vars.
-* vet: add a check for untagged struct literals.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-01-27">2012-01-27</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot renamed the html package to exp/html. The package will not
-be present in the Go 1 distribution, but will be installable from source.
-
-Error variables in the archive/tar, archive/zip, compress/gzip, compress/zlib,
-and crypto/bcrypt packages have been renamed from FooError to ErrFoo.
-There is no gofix, but the compiler will flag code that needs updating.
-
-This weekly snapshot relocates many packages to sub-repositories of the main
-Go repository. These are the old and new import paths:
-
- crypto/bcrypt code.google.com/p/go.crypto/bcrypt
- crypto/blowfish code.google.com/p/go.crypto/blowfish
- crypto/cast5 code.google.com/p/go.crypto/cast5
- crypto/md4 code.google.com/p/go.crypto/md4
- crypto/ocsp code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ocsp
- crypto/openpgp code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp
- crypto/openpgp/armor code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/armor
- crypto/openpgp/elgamal code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/elgamal
- crypto/openpgp/errors code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/errors
- crypto/openpgp/packet code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/packet
- crypto/openpgp/s2k code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/s2k
- crypto/ripemd160 code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ripemd160
- crypto/twofish code.google.com/p/go.crypto/twofish
- crypto/xtea code.google.com/p/go.crypto/xtea
- exp/ssh code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ssh
- net/dict code.google.com/p/go.net/dict
- net/websocket code.google.com/p/go.net/websocket
- exp/spdy code.google.com/p/go.net/spdy
- encoding/git85 code.google.com/p/go.codereview/git85
- patch code.google.com/p/go.codereview/patch
-
-Gofix will update imports of these packages to use the new import paths.
-Installations that depend on these packages will need to install them using a
-'go get' command.
-
-Other changes:
-* 6c, 8c: make floating point code NaN-safe.
-* 6l, 8l: remove unused macro definition (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* archive/tar: fix race in TestNonSeekable.
-* archive/zip: add functions to convert between os.FileInfo & FileHeader.
-* build: do not build all C compilers (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- remove code now in subrepositories.
-* bytes: remove dead code, complete documentation,
- restore panic on out-of-memory,
- turn buffer size overflows into errors.
-* cgo: -cdefs should translate unsafe.Pointer to void * (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* cmd/gc: forgotten recursion on ninit itself in order.c.
-* cmd/go: bug fixes, implement go get,
- correctly handle -n and -x flags for 'go run' (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- solve ambiguity of get lp.net/project/foo (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- update doc.go with text generated from the usage strings.
-* cmd/goapi: new tool for tracking exported API over time.
-* codereview: support for subrepositories.
-* compress/flate: fix a typo, improve compression rate by 3-4%,
- increase the length of hash table from 1<<15 to 1<<17. 0%-16% speedup,
- make lazy matching work,
- reduce memory pressure at cost of additional arithmetic operation,
- use append instead of slice+counter.
-* crypto: rename some FooError to ErrFoo.
-* dashboard: fix -commit for new xml package.
-* database/sql: add NullInt64, NullFloat64, NullBool (thanks James P. Cooper),
- convert SQL null values to []byte as nil (thanks James P. Cooper),
- fix Tx.Query (thanks Blake Mizerany).
-* doc: expand FAQ on GOMAXPROCS, update to Go 1.
-* doc/go1: add encoding/xml and net/url changes (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- add more info about hash and net changes, delete reference to html,
- add flag, runtime, testing, image , mime, filepath.Walk,
- document sub-repositories.
-* encoding/binary: document that PutVarint, PutUvarint may panic.
-* encoding/varint: deleted WriteXvarint.
-* encoding/xml: add docs for ignoring tag (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- bring API closer to other packages (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- improve []byte handling (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- remove Marshaler support (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- support ignoring fields with "-" (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* exp/ebnflint: test spec during 'go test'.
-* exp/norm: fixes a subtle bug introduced by change 10087: random offset.
-* gc, runtime: handle floating point map keys.
-* gc: avoid DOT in error messages,
- do not try to add a key with incorrect type to a hash (thanks Jeff R. Allen),
- fix order of evaluation,
- fix recursion loop in interface comparison,
- handle function calls in arguments to builtin complex operations,
- missed typecheck in subscripting a const string,
- permit unsafe.Pointer for inlined functions,
- softer criteria for inlinability,
- static implements check on typeswitches only applies to concrete case types,
- test case for recursive interface bug.
-* go/ast: respect ImportSpec.EndPos (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* go/build: add BuildTags to Context, allow !tag.
-* go/doc: rewrite and add lots of tests.
-* go/parser: use explicit parser.Mode type.
-* go/printer, gofmt: respect line breaks in signatures.
-* go/scanner: use explicit scanner.Mode type.
-* gob: annotate debug.go so it's not normally built,
- reduce the maximum message size.
-* godoc: log node printing error,
- move overview before API TOC,
- update metadata upon launch.
-* gofix: add -debug flag for quicker diagnosis of internal errors,
- handle xml.Unmarshal in xmlapi fix (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- update go1pkgrename for subrepositories.
-* goyacc: fix indexing bug when yydebug >= 2.
-* ld: fix Mach-O code signing for non-cgo binaries (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* libmach: cross compiling support (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* math/big: assembly versions of bitLen for x86-64, 386, and ARM (thanks David G. Andersen),
- return type of bitLen is an int; use MOVL on amd64 (thanks David G. Andersen),
- add examples for Rat and Int's SetString and Scan methods,
- slight improvement to algorithm used for internal bitLen function (thanks David G. Andersen),
- test both bitLen and bitLen_g.
-* net/http: add Request.RequestURI field,
- disabled test for Transport race / deadlock bug,
- fix Transport deadlock (thanks Yoshiyuki Kanno),
- make ParseForm ignore unknown content types (thanks Roger Peppe),
- parse CONNECT requests (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* net/rpc: fix data race in benchmark,
- fix race in TestClientWriteError test,
- log Call reply discard.
-* net: Dial, ListenPacket with "ip:protocol" network for raw IP sockets (thanks Mikio Hara),
- actually reset deadline when time is zero,
- consistent OpError message (thanks Mikio Hara),
- fix dialing google test (thanks Mikio Hara),
- make WriteTo fail when UDPConn is already connected (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* regexp: remove vestigial Error type.
-* runtime: add type algorithms for zero-sized types,
- move NumCPU declaration into debug.go.
-* spec: function invocation, panic on *nil.
-* syscall: add NOTE_* constants on OS X (thanks Robert Figueiredo).
-* test: explicitly use variables to avoid gccgo "not used" error.
-* text/template: add example for Template.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-01-20">2012-01-20</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot renamed the exp/sql package to database/sql, and moved
-utf8.String from unicode/utf8 to exp/utf8string.
-
-Package net's SetTimeout methods were changed to SetDeadline.
-
-Many functions in package os now take a os.FileMode argument instead of a
-plain uint32. An os.ModeSticky constant is also now defined.
-
-The meaning of the first buffer element for image.YCbCr has changed to match
-the semantics of the other image types like image.RGBA.
-
-The NewMD5, NewSHA1 and NewSHA256 functions in crypto/hmac have been
-deprecated. Use New instead, explicitly passing the hash function.
-
-Other changes:
-* buildscripts: move to buildscript directory (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* bytes: add the usual copyright notice to example_test.go (thanks Olivier Duperray).
-* cmd/go: remove mentions of 'gotest' from the documentation,
- skip _obj directories in package scans.
-* container/heap: better package documentation.
-* crypto/elliptic: add constant-time P224.
-* crypto/hmac: Add HMAC-SHA224 and HMAC-SHA384/512 (thanks Luit van Drongelen),
-* crypto/tls: add FreeBSD root certificate location (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* crypto/x509: remove explicit uses of rsa.
-* doc: various updates (thanks Jongmin Kim, Scott Lawrence, Shenghou Ma, Stefan Nilsson).
-* encoding/json: allow / and % in tag names,
- document angle bracket escaping,
- fix comments, tweak tests for tag names (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* encoding/xml: marshal/unmarshal xml.Name in field (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* exp/inotify: fix data race in linux tests.
-* exp/proxy: fix build after URL changes (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* exp/sql: copy when scanning into []byte by default,
- rename NullableString to NullString and allow its use as a parameter.
-* exp/ssh: add marshal functions for uint32 and uint64 types,
- handle versions with just '\n',
- rename (some) fields (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* exp/terminal: fix build on non-Linux using Makefiles.
-* fmt: enable and fix malloc test,
-* gc: don't emit pkgpath for error type,
- don't fault on return outside function (thanks Scott Lawrence),
- fieldnames in structliterals in exported inlines should not be qualified if they're embedded builtin types,
- fix infinite recursion for embedded interfaces,
- give esc.c's sink an orig so -mm diagnostics work again,
- handle printing of string/arrayrune conversions.
- remove redundant code (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* go/build: no back slash in FindTree returned pkg name (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* go/doc: collect imports,
- don't shadow receiver.
- rewrote and completed test framework.
- print only one newline between paragraphs
-* go/parser: expressions may have comments.
-* go/scanner: fix example (thanks Olivier Duperray).
-* go/token: replaced Files() with Iterate().
-* godoc: add anchors to cmd documentation headings,
- remove "need more packages?" link,
- specify HTML page metadata with a JSON blob,
- support canonical Paths in HTML metadata.
-* html/template: fix docs after API changes (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* html: in foreign content, check for HTML integration points in breakout.
-* image/color: rename modelYCbCr to yCbCrModel (thanks Benny Siegert),
- simplify documentation (thanks David Crawshaw).
-* image: add PixOffset methods.
-* math/rand: decrease test duration in short mode,
- document default initial seed for global generator (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* mime: make FormatMediaType take full type for consistency.
-* misc/cgo/test: make tests run on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* net/http/cgi: increase a flaky test timeout.
-* net/http: change test to use override param instead of chan,
- log handler panic before closing HTTP connection,
- send cookies in jar on redirect (thanks Jeff Hodges),
- the documentation should call NewRequest with the right signature (thanks Christoph Hack),
- update the Client docs a bit.
-* net/url: cleaned up URL interface (v2) (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* net: consistent log format in test (thanks Mikio Hara),
- various build fixes (thanks Mikio Hara),
- use NewTimer, not NewTicker, in fd_windows.go.
-* old/netchan: fix data race on client hashmap.
-* os/exec: trivial allocation removal in LookPath (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* os: remove old note about NewSyscallError being special (thanks Alex Brainman),
-* path: added examples (thanks Sanjay Menakuru).
-* pkg: Add and fix Copyright of "hand generated" files (thanks Olivier Duperray),
- add missing godoc comments to windows versions (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* regexp: add SubexpNames.
-* runtime: implement runtime.usleep for FreeBSD/386 and amd64 (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- madvise and SysUnused for Darwin (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* sync/atomic: fix data race in tests.
-* syscall: add Unix method to TimeSpec, TimeVal,
- fix plan9 build (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* test: change several tests to not print,
- fix bug364 to actually run,
- match gccgo error messages for bug345,
- split golden.out into expected output per test.
-* testing: do not recover example's panic (thanks Shenghou Ma),
- document examples.
-* text/template/parse: use human error prints.
-* text/template: fix nil error on redefinition.
-* time: add Since, which returns the time elapsed since some past time t.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2012-01-15">2012-01-15</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes two package changes that may require changes to
-client code.
-
-The image package's Tiled type has been renamed to Repeated.
-
-The encoding/xml package has been changed to make more idiomatic use of struct
-tags, among other things. If you use the xml package please read the change
-description to see if your code is affected:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=70e914beb409
-
-Function inlining is now enabled by default in the gc compiler.
-
-Other changes:
-* bytes: Buffer read of 0 bytes at EOF shouldn't be an EOF.
-* cgo: if value for constant did not parse, get it from DWARF info,
- write _cgo_export.h to object directory, not source dir.
-* cmd/go: add -p flag for parallelism (like make -j),
- add -v flag to build and install,
- add ... patterns in import path arguments,
- fix data race during build,
- fix import directory list for compilation,
- fix linker arguments,
- handle cgo pkg-config pragmas,
- handle path to cmd directory,
- include test files in fmt, vet, and fix (thanks Sanjay Menakuru),
- kill test processes after 10 minutes,
- pass arguments to command for run (thanks Eric Eisner),
- rely on exit code to tell if test passed,
- use relative paths in go fix, go fmt, go vet output.
-* cmd/gofmt: fix simplify.go by running gofmt on cmd/gofmt (thanks Olivier Duperray).
-* crypto/openpgp: assorted cleanups,
- truncate hashes before checking DSA signatures.
-* crypto/tls: improve TLS Client Authentication (thanks Jeff R. Allen),
- update generate_cert.go for new time package.
-* dashboard: better caching, bug fixes.
-* doc: update "How to Write Go Code" to use the go tool.
- fix broken function codewalk examples.
-* encoding/asn1: document support for *big.Int (thanks Florian Weimer).
-* encoding/gob: fix panic when decoding []byte to incompatible slice types (thanks Alexey Borzenkov).
-* encoding/json: don't marshal special float values (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* encoding/xml: major Go 1 fixup (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* exp/proxy: new package.
-* exp/sql: add time.Time support,
- close Rows on EOF,
- fix potential corruption in QueryRow.Scan into a *[]byte.
-* exp/ssh: various small fixes (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* exp/terminal: add SetPrompt and handle large pastes,
- add to level Makefile for the (non-Linux?) systems that need it.
-* flag: add Duration flag type,
- change Set method Value interface to return error instead of bool.
-* gc: better errors messages,
- avoid false positives when using scalar struct fields (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- closure code gen improvements,
- disallow declaration of variables outside package,
- fix switch on interface values (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- inlining bug fixes,
- improve unsafe.Pointer type-check error messages (thanks Ryan Hitchman),
- put limit on size of exported recursive interface (thanks Lorenzo Stoakes),
-* go-mode.el: fix syntax highlighting of backticks (thanks Florian Weimer).
-* go/ast: remove unnecessary result value from ast.Fprint/Print.
-* go/build: allow colon in #cgo flags,
- pass CgoLDFLAGS at end of link command.
-* go/doc: new API, don't ignore anonymous non-exported fields, initial testing support.
-* go/parser: remove unused Parse* functions. Simplified ParseExpr signature.
-* go/printer: don't crash if AST contains BadXXX nodes.
-* go/scanner: 17% faster scanning, remove InsertSemis mode.
-* goinstall: use correct checkout URL for Google Code svn repos.
-* gotest: make _testmain.go conform to gofmt rules (thanks Benny Siegert).
-* goyacc: fix units.y build breakage (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* html/template: reenable testcases and fix mis-escaped sequences (thanks Mike Samuel).
-* html: "in select in table" insertion mode (thanks Andrew Balholm),
- adjust foreign attributes,
- foreign element HTML integration points, tag name adjustment,
- parse <frameset> inside body (thanks Andrew Balholm),
- propagate foreign namespaces only when adding foreign content.
-* json: better error messages when the ,string option is misused.
-* ld: parse but do not implement -X flag.
-* log/syslog: add Alert method (thanks Vadim Vygonets).
-* make.bash: remove old dregs (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* math/big: simplify fast string conversion.
-* math: fix typo in all_test.go (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/windows: add src/pkg/runtime/z* files to installation script (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* net/http: don't ignore Request.Write's Flush error,
- allow cookies with negative Max-Age attribute as these are (thanks Volker Dobler).
-* net/textproto: avoid corruption when reading a single header.
-* net: add IP-level socket option helpers for Unix variants (thanks Mikio Hara),
- fix incorrect mode on ListenIP, ListenUDP (thanks Mikio Hara),
- make use of the kernel state to listen on TCP, Unix (thanks Mikio Hara),
- platform-dependent default socket options (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os: add ModeCharDevice.
-* runtime: add NumCPU,
- delete duplicate implementation of pcln walker,
- distinct panic message for call of nil func value,
- enable runtime.ncpu on FreeBSD (thanks Devon H. O'Dell),
- make garbage collector faster by deleting code,
- regenerate defs_darwin_{386,amd64}.h (thanks Dave Cheney),
- runtime.usleep() bugfix on darwin/amd64 and linux/arm (thanks Shenghou Ma).
-* spec: pointer comparison for pointers to 0-sized variables,
- change the wording regarding select statement choice.
-* strconv: fix round up corner case,
- faster FormatFloat(x, *, -1, 64) using Grisu3 algorithm (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- implement fast path for rounding already short numbers (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- return ErrSyntax when unquoting illegal octal sequences.
-* syscall: linux-only support for parent death signal (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- make Environ return original order.
-* testing: fix defer race,
- use flag.Duration for -timeout flag.
-* text/template: handle panic values that are not errors (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- for range on a map, sort the keys if feasible.
-* time: add ParseDuration,
- fix docs for After and NewTicker.
-* windows: use ArbitraryUserPointer as TLS slot (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-12-22">2011-12-22</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes changes to the images/ycbcr and testing packages, and
-changes to the build system.
-
-The types for managing Y'CbCr images in the image/ycbcr have been moved to the
-image and image/color packages. A gofix module will rewrite affected code.
-
-The testing package's B type (used when running benchmarks) now has the same
-methods as T (used in tests), such as Print, Error, and Fatal.
-
-This weekly adds a new command named 'go' for building and testing go programs.
-For Go 1, the go command will replace the makefile-based approach that we have
-been using. It is not yet ready for general use, but all.bash does use it to
-build the tree. If you have problems building the weekly, you can 'export
-USE_GO_TOOL=false' before running all.bash to fall back to the makefiles.
-
-Other changes:
-* archive/zip: add SetModTime method to FileHeader.
-* build: make use of env (thanks Mikio Hara),
- fixes to make "go install" work on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* bytes: add two Buffer examples.
-* cgo: support export for built-in types (thanks Maxim Pimenov).
-* cmd/go: avoid infinite loop with package specific flags (thanks Mikio Hara),
- fixes to build standard library,
- implement test command,
- make sure use of pthread for gcc-4.5 and beyond (thanks Mikio Hara),
- respect $GCFLAGS,
- use spaces consistently in help message (thanks Roger Peppe),
- many other improvements.
-* codereview: initialize "found" in codereview.py (thanks Miki Tebeka).
-* crypto/mime/net/time: add netbsd to +build tags (thanks Joel Sing).
-* crypto/tls: don't assume an RSA private key in the API.
-* crypto/x509: don't crash with nil receiver in accessor method.
-* doc/effective_go: discuss redeclaration.
-* doc: delete go course notes,
- refer to http://build.golang.org/ where applicable (thanks Robert Hencke),
- suggest code.google.com/p/go instead of go.googlecode.com/hg.
-* encoding/binary: add Write and Read examples,
- add more benchmarks (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* encoding/gob: arrays are zero only if their elements are zero.
-* encoding/json: cleanup leftover variables in array decoding (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- examples for Marshal and Unmarshal.
-* exp/ssh: rename ClientAuthPublicKey helper ClientAuthKeyring (thanks Dave Cheney),
- simplify Stdin/out/errPipe methods (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* fmt: speed up floating point print, clean up some code,
- make the malloc test check its counts.
-* gc: allow use of unsafe.Pointer in generated code,
- avoid unsafe in defn of package runtime,
- better linenumbers for inlined functions,
- better loopdepth analysis for labels,
- implement and test \r in raw strings,
- inlining, allow empty bodies, fix _ arguments,
- omit argument names from function types in error messages.
-* go/ast, parser: remember short variable decls. w/ correspoding ident objects.
-* go/build: add new +build tags 'cgo' and 'nocgo'.
-* go/doc, godoc: move export filtering into go/doc
-* go/printer, gofmt: fine tuning of line spacing.
-* go/scanner: strip CRs from raw literals.
-* gob: isZero for struct values.
-* godoc: allow examples for methods (thanks Volker Dobler),
- show methods of anonymous fields.
-* goinstall: only suggest -fix for bad imports when appropriate.
-* govet: add checking for printf verbs,
- divide the program into one file per vetting suite.
-* html: more parser improvements (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* json: some tests to demonstrate bad error messages,
- use strconv.Append variants to avoid allocations in encoding.
-* ld: add support for netbsd signature note section (thanks Joel Sing),
- allow for IMAGE_REL_AMD64_ADDR32NB relocation type (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* math/big: Rand shouldn't hang if argument is also receiver.
-* misc/builder: set default builder host to build.golang.org.
-* misc/dashboard: delete old build dashboard code ,
- improvements and fixes for the go implementation.
-* misc/vim: fix go filetype detection (thanks Paul Sbarra).
-* net, syscall, os: set CLOEXEC flag on epoll/kqueue descriptor.
-* net, syscall: interface address and mask (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* net/http: added interface for a cookie jar (thanks Volker Dobler),
- test fixes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* net: add DialTimeout,
- sort Makefile entries (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os, syscall: beginnings of NetBSD support (thanks Christopher Nielsen).
-* os/exec: add test to verify net package's epoll fd doesn't go to child,
- disable the ExtraFiles test on darwin.
-* os: don't trust O_CLOEXEC on OS X,
- make sure Remove returns correct error on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* path, path/filepath: add Dir to complement Base.
-* path/filepath.Rel: document that the returned path is always relative.
-* runtime: don't panic on SIGILL, just crash.
-* spec: be precise about newlines.
-* sql: add Rows.Columns.
-* strconv: fix bug in extended-float based conversion,
- implement faster parsing of decimal numbers, and
- reduce buffer size for multi-precision decimals (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* syscall: regenerate z-files for linux/arm (thanks Mikio Hara),
- sort Makefile, mkall.sh and mkerrors.sh entries (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* test/bench/go1: first draft of Go 1 benchmark suite.
-* testing: compare Log to Println (thanks Robert Hencke),
- make signalling safer for parallel tests.
-* text/template: better error message for empty templates,
- fix handing of nil arguments to functions (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* time: add JSON marshaler for Time (thanks Robert Hencke),
- new AddDate method (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* various: use $GCFLAGS and $GCIMPORTS like Make does (thanks Maxim Pimenov).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-12-14">2011-12-14</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes language changes and changes to goinstall and gofmt.
-
-Equality and inequality (== and !=) are now defined for struct and array
-values, respectively, provided the elements of the data structures can
-themselves be compared. See the Go 1 release notes for the details:
- http://weekly.golang.org/doc/go1.html#equality
-
-The rune type is now an alias for int32 and character literals have the default
-type of rune. Code that uses int where it should use rune will break.
-See the Go 1 release notes for the details:
- http://weekly.golang.org/doc/go1.html#rune
-
-Goinstall now expects Google Code import paths to be of the form:
- "code.google.com/p/go-tour/tree"
-It will reject imports in the old style "go-tour.googlecode.com/hg/tree".
-There is a gofix module to rename such imports.
-Use goinstall -fix to update broken packages.
-
-Gofmt's flags have been modified slightly.
-The -tabintent flag has been renamed -tabs.
-The -spaces flag has been removed.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5c, 6c, 8c: support 64-bit switch value (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* 8c: handle 64-bit switch value.
-* archive/tar: use struct comparison not DeepEqual (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* archive/zip: make zip understand os.FileMode (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* bufio: make the minimum read buffer size 16 bytes.
-* build: disable cgo on Windows/amd64,
- regularize packages so they may be built without Makefiles.
-* bytes: faster Count, Index, Equal.
-* cgo: add basic gccgo support (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* codereview: fix path slash issue (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* compress/flate: fix out of bounds error.
-* contribute.html: do not fill in the reviewer field (thanks Florian Weimer).
-* crypto/aes: made faster by eliminating some indirection (thanks Taru Karttunen).
-* crypto/dsa: don't truncate input hashes.
-* doc/go_tutorial: make clear the file example is Unix-specific.
-* doc: add Defer, Panic, and Recover article,
- add Error Handling article,
- add Go 1 release notes document.
-* encoding/gob: better error messages when types mismatch.
-* env.bash: export CGO_ENABLED so cgo tests run (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* exp/sql: simplify some string conversions.
-* exp/ssh: Wait returns an *ExitError (thanks Gustav Paul).
-* exp/ssh: improve client channel close behavior (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* fmt: don't recur if String method (etc.) misbehaves.
-* gc: better error messages,
- inlining (disabled without -l),
- many bug fixes (thanks Lucio De Re and Rémy Oudompheng).
-* go/printer, godoc: print comments in example code.
-* go: implement doc, fmt, fix, list, vet, build, and install.
-* gobuilder: goinstall packages after building go tree.
-* godoc: <pre> must not occur inside <p> (thanks Olivier Duperray),
- added an opensearch description document (thanks Christoph Hack),
- text wrapping.
-* gofix: add httputil fix (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* gotest: use go/build more (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* gzip: convert between Latin-1 and Unicode (thanks Vadim Vygonets).
-* html/template: define the FuncMap type locally.
-* html: a first step at parsing foreign content (MathML, SVG),
- more parser improvements (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* http: close connection after printing panic stack trace (thanks Roger Peppe),
- fix failing Transport HEAD request with gzip-looking response.
-* json: treat renamed byte slices the same as []byte.
-* ld: first pass at linker support for NetBSD binaries (thanks Christopher Nielsen),
- fix memory leaks (thanks Scott Lawrence),
- increase default stack size on Windows for cgo.
-* math: delete non-Sqrt-based Hypot,
- implement, document, and fix special cases (thanks Charles L. Dorian),
-* misc/benchcmp: don't require "Benchmark" at beginning of line.
-* misc/osx: rename profile.go to profile_go (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* net/http: fix trivial example server (thanks Olivier Duperray),
- net/http: make test remove temporary file and directory.
-* net/smtp: add CRAM-MD5 authentication (thanks Vadim Vygonets).
-* reflect: fix Slice cap (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* regexp: performance improvements; avoid allocation of input interface.
-* runtime: bump gc 'extra bytes' check (thanks Christopher Wedgwood),
- madvise and SysUnused for Linux (thanks Sébastien Paolacci),
- make gc_test test extra allocated space, not total space,
- support for NetBSD (thanks Christopher Nielsen).
-* spec: adjust complex constant example (thanks Robert Hencke),
- values of underlying type uintptr can be converted to unsafe.Pointer,
- var x = 'a' defaults to type rune.
-* strconv: include package and function name in error strings,
- make QuoteRune etc. take a rune argument,
- some performance improvements.
-* syscall: add constants for flock() system call under Linux,
- regenerate z-files for darwin, freebsd (thanks Mikio Hara),
- regenerate z-files for openbsd,
- return error, not uintptr, when function returns error (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* test/bench: move to test/bench/shootout.
-* test/garbage: move to test/bench/garbage.
-* test: make array smaller in nilptr test.
-* time: allow sleep tests to run for 200% too long,
- fix Time.Add (thanks Hector Chu),
- fix daysIn for December (thanks Peter Mundy),
- gob marshaler for Time (thanks Robert Hencke),
- use Duration for AfterFunc.
-* various: a grab-bag of time.Duration cleanups.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-12-06">2011-12-06</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes a language change and changes to the strconv and go/doc
-packages. The package changes require changes to client code.
-The language change is backwards-compatible.
-
-Type elision in arrays, slices, or maps of composite literals has been
-extended to include pointers to composite literals. Code like this
- var t = []*T{&T{}, &T{}}
-may now be written as
- var t = []*T{{}, {}}
-You can use gofmt -s to simplify such code.
-
-The strconv package has been given a more idiomatic and efficient interface.
-Client code can be updated with gofix. See the docs for the details:
- http://weekly.golang.org/pkg/strconv/
-
-The go/doc package's ToHTML function now takes a []byte argument instead of a
-string.
-
-Other changes:
-* crypto/aes: eliminate some bounds checking and truncation (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* crypto/x509: if a parent cert has a raw subject, use it.
-* encoding/gob: don't send type info for unexported fields.
-* exp/ssh: allow for msgUserAuthBanner during authentication (thanks Gustav Paul).
-* fmt: benchmark floating point,
- only use Stringer or Error for strings.
-* gc: changes in export format in preparation of inlining,
- disallow map/func equality via interface comparison,
- use gofmt spacing when printing map type.
-* go/doc: exclude lines ending in ':' from possible headings.
-* gobuilder: -commit mode for packages,
- cripple -package mode temporarily,
- use new dashboard protocol.
-* godoc: improved output of examples in html (thanks Volker Dobler).
-* gofmt: handle &T in composite literal simplify.
-* goinstall: honour -install=false flag when -make=true.
-* hash: rewrite comment on Hash.Sum method.
-* html: more parser improvements (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* image: avoid func comparison during ColorModel comparison.
-* math: add special-cases comments to Sinh and Tanh (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/dashboard: further implementation work.
-* net, syscall: remove BindToDevice from UDPConn, IPConn (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* net/mail: correctly compare parsed times in the test.
-* os/exec: make LookPath always search CWD under Windows (thanks Benny Siegert).
-* runtime: prep for type-specific algorithms.
-* strconv: 34% to 63% faster conversions.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-12-02">2011-12-02</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes changes to the hash package and a gofix for the
-time and os.FileInfo changes in the last snapshot.
-
-The hash.Hash's Sum method has been given a []byte argument,
-permitting the user to append the hash to an existing byte slice.
-Existing code that uses Sum can pass nil as the argument.
-Gofix will make this change automatically.
-
-Other changes:
-* crypto/tls: cleanup certificate load on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* exp/ssh: add Std{in,out,err}Pipe methods to Session (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* dashboard: don't choke on weird builder names.
-* exp/ssh: export type signal, now Signal (thanks Gustav Paul).
-* os: add ModeType constant to mask file type bits (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* text/template: replace Add with AddParseTree.
-* go/doc: detect headings and format them in html (thanks Volker Dobler).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-12-01">2011-12-01</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes changes to the time, os, and text/template
-packages. The changes to the time and os packages are significant and related.
-Code that uses package time, package text/template, or package os's FileInfo
-type will require changes.
-
-In package time, there is now one type - time.Time - to represent times.
-Note that time.Time should be used as a value, in contrast to old code
-which typically used a *time.Time, a pointer to a large struct. (Drop the *.)
-Any function that previously accepted a *time.Time, an int64
-number of seconds since 1970, or an int64 number of nanoseconds
-since 1970 should now accept a time.Time. Especially as a replacement
-for the int64s, the type is good documentation about the meaning of
-its value.
-
-Whether you were previously calling time.Seconds, time.Nanoseconds,
-time.LocalTime, or time.UTC, the replacement is the new function
-time.Now.
-
-If you previously wrote code like:
-
- t0 := time.Nanoseconds()
- myFunction()
- t1 := time.Nanoseconds()
- delta := t1 - t0
- fmt.Printf("That took %.2f seconds\n", float64(t1-t0)/1e9)
-
-you can now write:
-
- t0 := time.Now()
- myFunction()
- t1 := time.Now()
- delta := t1.Sub(t0)
- fmt.Printf("That took %s\n", delta)
-
-In this snippet, the variable delta is of the new type time.Duration, the
-replacement for the many int64 parameters that were nanosecond
-counts (but not since 1970).
-
-Gofix can do the above conversions and some others, but it does not
-rewrite explicit int64 types as time.Time. It is very likely that you will
-need to edit your program to change these types after running gofix.
-As always, be sure to read the changes that gofix makes using your
-version control system's diff feature.
-
-See http://weekly.golang.org/pkg/time/ for details.
-
-In package os, the FileInfo struct is replaced by a FileInfo interface,
-admitting implementations by code beyond the operating system.
-Code that refers to *os.FileInfo (a pointer to the old struct) should
-instead refer to os.FileInfo (the new interface).
-The interface has just a few methods:
-
- type FileInfo interface {
- Name() string // base name of the file
- Size() int64 // length in bytes
- Mode() FileMode // file mode bits
- ModTime() time.Time // modification time
- IsDir() bool // abbreviation for Mode().IsDir()
- }
-
-If you need access to the underlying stat_t provided by the operating
-system kernel, you can access it by assuming that the FileInfo you are
-holding is actually an *os.FileStat, and that it's Sys field is actually a
-*syscall.Stat_t, as in:
-
- dev := fi.(*os.FileStat).Sys.(*syscall.Stat_t).Dev
-
-Of course, this is not necessarily portable across different operating
-systems.
-
-Gofix will take care of rewriting *os.FileInfo to os.FileInfo for you,
-and it will also rewrite expressions like fi.Name into calls like fi.Name().
-
-See http://weekly.golang.org/pkg/os/#FileInfo for details.
-
-The template package has been changed to export a new, simpler API.
-The Set type is gone. Instead, templates are automatically associated by
-being parsed together; nested definitions implicitly create associations.
-Only associated templates can invoke one another.
-This approach dramatically reduces the breadth of the construction API.
-The html/template package has been updated also.
-There's a gofix for the simplest and most common uses of the old API.
-Code that doesn't mention the Set type is likely to work after running gofix;
-code that uses Set will need to be updated by hand.
-The template definition language itself is unchanged.
-
-See http://weekly.golang.org/pkg/text/template/ for details.
-
-
-Other changes:
-* cgo: add support for callbacks from dynamic libraries.
-* codereview: gofmt check for non-src/ files (thanks David Crawshaw).
-* crypto/openpgp/packet: fix private key checksum.
-* crypto/tls: add openbsd root certificate location,
- don't rely on map iteration order.
-* crypto/x509, crypto/tls: support PKCS#8 private keys.
-* dashboard: start of reimplementation in Go for App Engine.
-* encoding/xml: fix copy bug.
-* exp/gui: move exp/gui and exp/gui/x11 to http://code.google.com/p/x-go-binding
-* exp/ssh: various improvements (thanks Dave Cheney and Gustav Paul).
-* filepath/path: fix Rel buffer sizing (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* gc: fix Nconv bug (thanks Rémy Oudompheng) and other fixes.
-* go/printer, gofmt: performance improvements.
-* gofix: test and fix missorted renames.
-* goinstall: add -fix flag to run gofix on packages on build failure,
- better error reporting,
- don't hit network unless a checkout or update is required,
- support Google Code sub-repositories.
-* html: parser improvements (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* http: fix sniffing bug causing short writes.
-* json: speed up encoding, caching reflect calls.
-* ld: align ELF data sections.
-* math/big: fix destination leak into result value (thanks Roger Peppe),
- use recursive subdivision for significant speedup.
-* math: faster Cbrt and Sincos (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/osx: scripts to make OS X package and disk image (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* os: fail if Open("") is called on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* runtime: make sure stack is 16-byte aligned on syscall (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* spec, gc: allow direct conversion between string and named []byte, []rune.
-* sql: add Tx.Stmt to use an existing prepared stmt in a transaction,
- more driver docs & tests; no functional changes.
-* strings: add ContainsAny and ContainsRune (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* syscall: add SUSv3 RLIMIT/RUSAGE constants (thanks Sébastien Paolacci),
- fix openbsd sysctl hostname/domainname workaround,
- implement Syscall15 (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* time: fix Timer stop.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-11-18">2011-11-18</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes some language changes.
-
-Map and function value comparisons are now disallowed (except for comparison
-with nil) as per the Go 1 plan. Function equality was problematic in some
-contexts and map equality compares pointers, not the maps' content.
-
-As an experiment, structs are now allowed to be copied even if they contain
-unexported fields. This gives packages the ability to return opaque values in
-their APIs.
-
-Other changes:
-* 6a, 8a: allow $(-1) for consistency with $1, $(1), $-1.
-* 6l: code generation fixes (thanks Michał Derkacz).
-* build: fix check for selinux allow_execstack on Fedora (thanks Bobby Powers).
-* builtin: document delete.
-* cgo: don't panic on undeclared enums/structs (thanks Rémy Oudompheng),
- fix g0 stack guard.
-* crypto/tls: fix handshake message test.
-* crypto: update incorrect references to Cipher interface; should be Block.
-* doc: clean ups, additions, and fixes to several documents.
-* doc/install: add openbsd (thanks Joel Sing!).
-* doc: link to Chinese translation of A Tour of Go.
-* encoding/json: add marshal/unmarshal benchmark,
- decode [] as empty slice, not nil slice,
- make BenchmarkSkipValue more consistent.
-* env.bash: check for presence of make/gmake (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* exp/sql: NumInput() allow -1 to ignore checking (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
- add DB.Close, fix bugs, remove Execer on Driver (only Conn),
- document that for drivers, io.EOF means no more rows,
- add client side support for publickey auth (thanks Dave Cheney),
- add direct-tcpip client support (thanks Dave Cheney),
- change test listen address, also exit test if fails,
- other fixes and improvements (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* exp/terminal: rename shell to terminal and add SetSize.
-* fcgi: fix server capability discovery.
-* fmt: distinguish empty vs nil slice/map in %#v.
-* gc: better error, type checks, and many fixes,
- remove m[k] = x, false syntax (use delete(m, k) instead),
- support for building with Plan 9 yacc (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* go/printer: make //line formatting idempotent.
-* godefs: delete, replaced by cgo -godefs.
-* godoc: document -templates flag, fix remote search,
- provide mode for flat (non-indented) directory listings.
-* gofmt: leave nil nodes of the AST unchanged (thanks Rémy Oudompheng).
-* html/template: indirect top-level values before printing.
-* html: more parser improvements (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* http: fix serving from CWD with http.ServeFile,
- make Dir("") equivalent to Dir(".").
-* ld: fix .bss for ldpe (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* math/big: replace nat{} -> nat(nil).
-* math: faster Lgamma (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* mime: implement TypeByExtension for windows.
-* misc/bbedit: error and rune support (thanks Anthony Starks).
-* misc/benchcmp: benchmark comparison script.
-* misc/emacs: add delete builtin (thanks Bobby Powers).
-* misc/kate: add error and rune (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* misc/notepadplus: error and rune support (thanks Anthony Starks).
-* misc/windows: Windows installer in MSI format (thanks Joe Poirier).
-* net, io/ioutil: remove use of os.Time (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* net/http: fix EOF handling on response body (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fix sniffing when using ReadFrom,
- use t.Errorf from alternate goroutine in test.
-* os: remove undocumented Envs (use os.Environ instead).
-* reflect: empty slice/map is not DeepEqual to nil,
- make Value an opaque struct.
-* runtime, syscall: convert from godefs to cgo.
-* runtime: add nanotime for Plan 9 (thanks Anthony Martin),
- add timer support, use for package time,
- avoid allocation for make([]T, 0).
-* strconv: add Ftoa benchmarks, make Ftoa faster.
-* syscall: delete syscall.Sleep, take over env implementation, use error.
-* testing: add file:line stamps to messages, print results to standard output.
-* text/template: refactor set parsing.
-* time: add ISOWeek method to Time (thanks Volker Dobler).
-* various: avoid func compare, reduce overuse of os.EINVAL + others.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-11-09">2011-11-09</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot renames various Go packages as described in the Go 1 plan.
-Import statements in client code can be updated automatically with gofix.
-
-The changes are:
- asn1 -> encoding/asn1
- big -> math/big
- cmath -> math/cmplx
- csv -> encoding/csv
- exec -> os/exec
- exp/template/html -> html/template
- gob -> encoding/gob
- http -> net/http
- http/cgi -> net/http/cgi
- http/fcgi -> net/http/fcgi
- http/httptest -> net/http/httptest
- http/pprof -> net/http/pprof
- json -> encoding/json
- mail -> net/mail
- rpc -> net/rpc
- rpc/jsonrpc -> net/rpc/jsonrpc
- scanner -> text/scanner
- smtp -> net/smtp
- syslog -> log/syslog
- tabwriter -> text/tabwriter
- template -> text/template
- template/parse -> text/template/parse
- rand -> math/rand
- url -> net/url
- utf16 -> unicode/utf16
- utf8 -> unicode/utf8
- xml -> encoding/xml
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-11-08">2011-11-08</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes some package changes.
-
-In preparation for the Go 1 package reorganziation the sources for various
-packages have been moved, but the import paths remain unchanged. This
-inconsistency breaks goinstall at this snapshot. If you use goinstall, please
-stay synced to the previous weekly snapshot until the next one is tagged.
-
-The Error methods in the html, bzip2, and sql packages that return error values
-have been renamed to Err.
-
-Some non-core parts of the http package have been moved to net/http/httputil.
-The Dump* and NewChunked* functions and ClientConn, ServerConn, and
-ReverseProxy types have been moved from http to httputil.
-
-The API for html/template is now a direct copy of the template API, instead of
-exposing a single Escape function. For HTML templates, use the
-html/template package as you would the template package.
-
-Other changes:
-* all: rename os.EOF to io.EOF in non-code contexts (thanks Vincent Vanackere),
- sort imports with gofix.
-* archive/zip: close file opened with OpenReader (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh).
-* bufio: return nil line from ReadLine on error, as documented.
-* builtin: document basic types and the built-in error type.
-* bytes: add Contains function.
-* exp/sql: finish implementation of transactions, flesh out types, docs.
-* exp/ssh: improved client authentication support (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* gc: better error message for range over non-receive channel,
- bug fixes and clean-ups,
- detect type switch variable not used cases,
- fix escaping of package paths in symbol names,
- helpful error message on method call on pointer to pointer,
- portably read archive headers (thanks Ron Minnich).
-* gob: fix bug when registering the same type multiple times.
-* gofix: avoid panic on body-less functions in netudpgroup,
- make fix order implicit by date.
-* gofmt, gofix: sort imports.
-* goinstall: support launchpad.net/~user branches (thanks Jani Monoses).
-* gopack: do not look for Go metadata in non-Go objects.
-* gotest: don't run examples that have no expected output.
-* html: the parser bug fixing campaign continues (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* http: fix whitespace handling in sniffer,
- only recognize application/x-www-form-urlencoded in ParseForm,
- support Trailers in ReadRequest.
-* lib9: add ctime.
-* math: faster Gamma (thanks Charles L. Dorian),
- improved accuracy for Tan (thanks Charles L. Dorian),
- improved high-angle test for Cos, Sin and Tan (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* net: implement LookupTXT for windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* os,text,unicode: renamings.
-* runtime/cgo: fix data declaration to be extern.
-* runtime: add timespec definition for freebsd,
- add windows callback tests (thanks Alex Brainman),
- fix prototype for openbsd thrsleep,
- fix set and not used,
- unify mutex code across OSes,
- windows_386 sighandler to use correct g (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* template: format error with pointer receiver,
- make redefinition of a template in a set more consistent.
-* test: clear execute bit from source file (thanks Mikio Hara),
- make closedchan.go exit with failure if something fails.
-* time: faster Nanoseconds call.
-* websocket: return an error HTTP response for bad websocket request.
-* xml: allow parsing of <_> </_>. (thanks David Crawshaw).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-11-02">2011-11-02 (new error type)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot introduces the built-in error type, defined as
-
- type error interface {
- Error() string
- }
-
-The error type replaces os.Error. Notice that the method name has changed from
-String to Error. Package fmt's Print formats both Stringers and errors:
-in general there is no need to implement both String and Error methods.
-
-Gofix can update most code. If you have split your package across many files,
-it may help to use the -force=error command-line option, which forces gofix to
-apply the error fix even if it is not obvious that a particular file needs it.
-As always, it is a good idea to read and test the changes that gofix made
-before committing them to your version control system.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-11-01">2011-11-01</h2>
-
-<pre>
-* 6l: remove mention of -e flag - it does nothing.
-* cc: change cas to newcase (thanks Ron Minnich).
-* crypto/openpgp/error: use Error in names of error impl types.
-* crypto/rsa: change public exponent from 3 to 65537.
-* crypto/tls: add Error method to alert.
-* doc: add link to A Tour of Go in Japanese,
- add 'all' make rule to build all docs,
- refer to tour.golang.org instead of go-tour.appspot.com.
-* exp/norm: fixed bug that crept in with moving to the new regexp.
-* exp/ssh: fix length header leaking into channel data (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* fmt: handle os.Error values explicity (as distinct from Stringer).
-* gc: clean up printing,
- fix [568]g -V crash (thanks Mikio Hara),
- test + fix escape analysis bug.
-* go/build: avoid os.Error in tests.
-* go/doc: remove os.NewError anti-heuristic.
-* go/parser: test and fix := scoping bug.
-* gob: split uses of gobError, remove unnecessary embedding.
-* gofix: test import insertion, deletion.
-* goinstall: intelligent vcs selection for common sites (thanks Julian Phillips).
-* gopack: change archive file name length back to 16.
-* html: fix print argument in test,
- more parser improvements (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* json: properly handle nil slices (thanks Alexander Reece).
-* math: improved accuracy for Sin and Cos (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/emacs: fix restoration of windows after gofmt (thanks Jan Newmarch).
-* misc/vim: add rune keyword (thanks Jongmin Kim).
-* misc/windows: can be used for amd64 (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* net: document why we do not use SO_REUSEADDR on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* os: do not interpret 0-length read as EOF.
-* pkg: remove .String() from some print arguments.
-* rpc: avoid infinite loop on input error.
-* runtime/pprof: document OS X being broken.
-* runtime: lock the main goroutine to the main OS thread during init.
-* spec: define that initialization is sequential.
-* strconv: use better errors than os.EINVAL, os.ERANGE.
-* syscall: fix Await msg on Plan 9 (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski).
-* template: do not use error as stringer,
- fix error checking on execute without parse (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* test/alias.go: additional tests.
-* test: error-related fixes.
-* textproto: prevent long lines in HTTP headers from causing HTTP 400 responses.
-* time: add RFC1123 with numeric timezone format (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-10-26">2011-10-26 (new rune type)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot introduces the rune type, an alias for int that
-should be used for Unicode code points.
-
-A future release of Go (after Go 1) will change rune to be an
-alias for int32 instead of int. Using rune consistently is the way
-to make your code build both before and after this change.
-
-To test your code for rune safety, you can rebuild the Go tree with
-
- GOEXPERIMENT=rune32 ./all.bash
-
-which builds a compiler in which rune is an alias for int32 instead of int.
-
-Also, run govet on your code to identify methods that might need to have their
-signatures updated.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-10-25">2011-10-25</h2>
-
-<pre>
-* big: make SetString return nil if an error occurs,
- new Rat.Inv method,
- usable zero Rat values without need for explicit initialization.
-* codereview: show LGTMs in hg p.
-* crypto/x509: fix names in certificate generation.
-* exp/ssh: add experimental ssh client,
- introduce Session to replace Cmd for interactive commands,
- server cleanups (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* exp/types: fix crash in parseBasicType on unknown type.
-* fmt: don't panic formatting nil interfaces (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* go/ast, go/token: actually run tests; fix go/ast test.
-* gotest: explicit -help flag, use $GCFLAGS like make does.
-* govet: check canonical dynamic method signatures.
-* html: improved parsing (thanks Andrew Balholm),
- parse <select> tags, parse and render comment nodes,
- remove the Tokenizer.ReturnComments option.
-* http: Transport: with TLS InsecureSkipVerify, skip hostname check.
-* misc/vim: add highlighting for delete (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* net: do not set SO_REUSEADDR for windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* os/inotify: move to exp/inotify (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* runtime: include bootstrap m in mcpu accounting (thanks Hector Chu).
-* syscall: use uintptr for Mount flags.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-10-18">2011-10-18</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes some language and package changes that may
-require code changes. Please read these notes carefully, as there are many
-changes and your code will likely be affected.
-
-The syntax for map deletion has been changed. Code that looks like:
- m[x] = 0, false
-should be written as:
- delete(m, x)
-The compiler still accepts m[x] = 0, false for now; even so, you can use gofix
-to rewrite such assignments into delete(m, x).
-
-The Go compiler will reject a return statement without arguments when any of
-the result variables has been shadowed. Code rejected as a result of this
-change is likely to be buggy.
-
-Receive-only channels (<-chan T) cannot be closed.
-The compiler will diagnose such attempts.
-
-The first element of a map iteration is chosen at random. Code that depends on
-iteration order will need to be updated.
-
-Goroutines may be run during program initialization.
-
-A string may be appended to a byte slice. This code is now legal:
- var b []byte
- var s string
- b = append(b, s...)
-
-The gotry command and its associated try package have been deleted.
-It was a fun experiment that - in the end - didn't carry its weight.
-
-The gotype tool has been moved to exp/gotype and its associated go/types
-package has been moved to exp/types. The deprecated go/typechecker package has
-been deleted.
-
-The enbflint tool has been moved to pkg/exp/ebnflint and its associated ebnf
-package has been moved to pkg/exp/ebnf.
-
-The netchan package has been moved to old/netchan.
-
-The http/spdy package has been moved to exp/spdy.
-
-The exp/datafmt package has been deleted.
-
-The container/vector package has been deleted. Slices are better:
- http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/SliceTricks
-
-Other changes:
-* 5l/6l/8l: correct ELFRESERVE diagnostic (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* 6l/8l: support OS X code signing (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* asn1: accept UTF8 strings as ASN.1 ANY values.
-* big: handle aliasing correctly for Rat.SetFrac.
-* build: add missing nuke target (thanks Anthony Martin),
- catch future accidental dependencies to exp or old packages,
- more robustly detect gold 2.20 (thanks Christopher Wedgwood),
- pass $GCFLAGS to compiler,
- stop on failed deps.bash.
-* crypto/tls: add 3DES ciphersuites,
- add server side SNI support,
- fetch root CA from Windows store (thanks Mikkel Krautz),
- fetch root certificates using Mac OS API (thanks Mikkel Krautz),
- fix broken looping code in windows root CA fetcher (thanks Mikkel Krautz),
- more Unix root certificate locations.
-* crypto/x509: add code for dealing with PKIX public keys,
- keep the raw Subject and Issuer.
-* csv: fix overly aggressive TrimLeadingSpace.
-* exp/ssh: general cleanups for client support (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* exp/template/html: fix bug in cssEscaper.
-* exp/terminal: split terminal handling from exp/ssh.
-* exp/winfsnotify: filesystem watcher for Windows (thanks Hector Chu).
-* fmt: fix test relying on map iteration order.
-* gc: changes to export format in preparation for inlining,
- pass FlagNoPointers to runtime.new,
- preserve uint8 and byte distinction in errors and import data,
- stricter multiple assignment + test,
- treat uintptr as potentially containing a pointer.
-* go/scanner: remove AllowIllegalChars mode.
-* go/token: document deserialization property.
-* gob: avoid one copy for every message written.
-* godefs: add enum/const testdata (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* godoc: generate package toc in template, not in JavaScript,
- show "unexported" declarations when executing "godoc builtin",
- show correct source name with -path.
-* gofix: make fix order explicit, add mapdelete.
-* gofmt: fix //line handling,
- disallow rewrites for incomplete programs.
-* gotest: avoid conflicts with the name of the tested package (thanks Esko Luontola),
- test example code.
-* goyacc: clean up after units (thanks Anthony Martin),
- make more gofmt-compliant.
-* html: add a Render function, various bug fixes and improvements,
- parser improvements (thanks Andrew Balholm).
-* http: DoS protection: cap non-Handler Request.Body reads,
- RoundTrippers shouldn't mutate Request,
- avoid panic caused by nil URL (thanks Anthony Martin),
- fix read timeouts and closing,
- remove Request.RawURL.
-* image/tiff: implement PackBits decoding (thanks Benny Siegert).
-* ld: fix "cannot create 8.out.exe" (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko).
-* misc/emacs: add a "godoc" command, like M-x man (thanks Evan Martin).
-* misc/swig: delete binaries (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* misc/windows: automated toolchain packager (thanks Joe Poirier).
-* net/windows: implement ip protocol name to number resolver (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* net: add File method to IPConn (thanks Mikio Hara),
- allow LookupSRV on non-standard DNS names,
- fix "unexpected socket family" error from WriteToUDP (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- fix socket leak in case of Dial failure (thanks Chris Farmiloe),
- remove duplicate error information in Dial (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski),
- return error from CloseRead and CloseWrite (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- skip ICMP test on Windows too unless uid 0.
-* reflect: disallow Interface method on Value obtained via unexported name,
- make unsafe use of SliceHeader gc-friendly.
-* rpc: don't panic on write error.
-* runtime: faster strings,
- fix crash if user sets MemProfileRate=0,
- fix crash when returning from syscall during gc (thanks Hector Chu),
- fix memory leak in parallel garbage collector.
-* scanner: invalidate scanner.Position when no token is present.
-* spec: define order of multiple assignment.
-* syscall/windows: dll function load and calling changes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* syscall: add #ifdefs to fix the manual corrections in ztypes_linux_arm.go (thanks Dave Cheney),
- adjust Mount to accommodate stricter FS implementations.
-* testing: fix time reported for failing tests.
-* utf8: add Valid and ValidString.
-* websocket: tweak hybi ReadHandshake to support Firefox (thanks Luca Greco).
-* xml: match Marshal's XMLName behavior in Unmarshal (thanks Chris Farmiloe).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-10-06">2011-10-06</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes changes to the io, image, and math packages that
-may require changes to client code.
-
-The io package's Copyn function has been renamed to CopyN.
-
-The math package's Fabs, Fdim, Fmax, Fmin and Fmod functions
-have been renamed to Abs, Dim, Max, Min, and Mod.
-
-Parts of the image package have been moved to the new image/color package.
-The spin-off renames some types. The new names are simply better:
- image.Color -> color.Color
- image.ColorModel -> color.Model
- image.ColorModelFunc -> color.ModelFunc
- image.PalettedColorModel -> color.Palette
- image.RGBAColor -> color.RGBA
- image.RGBAColorModel -> color.RGBAModel
- image.RGBA64Color -> color.RGBA64
- image.RGBA64ColorModel -> color.RGBA64Model
-(similarly for NRGBAColor, GrayColorModel, etc)
-The image.ColorImage type stays in the image package, but is renamed:
- image.ColorImage -> image.Uniform
-The image.Image implementations (image.RGBA, image.RGBA64, image.NRGBA,
-image.Alpha, etc) do not change their name, and gain a nice symmetry:
-an image.RGBA is an image of color.RGBA, etc.
-The image.Black, image.Opaque uniform images remain unchanged (although their
-type is renamed from image.ColorImage to image.Uniform).
-The corresponding color types (color.Black, color.Opaque, etc) are new.
-Nothing in the image/ycbcr is renamed yet. The ycbcr.YCbCrColor and
-ycbcr.YCbCrImage types will eventually migrate to color.YCbCr and image.YCbCr,
-at a later date.
-
-* 5g/6g/8g: fix loop finding bug, fix -f(), registerize variables again.
-* 5l/6l/8l: add a DT_DEBUG dynamic tag to a dynamic ELF binary.
-* archive/zip: read and write unix file modes (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* build: clear execute bit from source files (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* bytes: add EqualFold.
-* cgo: allow Windows path characters in flag directives (thanks Joe Poirier),
- support for mingw-w64 4.5.1 and newer (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* codereview: extra repo sanity check,
- fix for Mercurial 1.9.2,
- fix hg change in Windows console (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* crypto/elliptic: use %x consistently in error print.
-* doc/spec: remove notes about gccgo limitations, now fixed.
-* doc: add 'Debugging Go code with GDB' tutorial,
- fix memory model read visibility bug.
-* encoding/binary: PutX functions require buffer of sufficient size,
- added benchmarks, support for varint encoding.
-* exec: add Command.ExtraFiles.
-* exp/sql{,/driver}: new database packages.
-* exp/ssh: move common code to common.go (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* exp/template/html: work continues.
-* fmt: replace channel cache with slice.
-* gc: limit helper threads based on ncpu.
-* go/doc, godoc, gotest: support for reading example documentation.
-* go: documentation and skeleton implementation of new command.
-* gob: protect against invalid message length,
- allow sequential decoders on the same input stream.
-* hgpatch: do not use hg exit status (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* http: add Location method to Response,
- don't send a 400 Bad Request after a client shutdown.
-* index/suffixarray: 4.5x faster index serialization (to memory).
-* io/ioutil: add a comment on why devNull is a ReaderFrom.
-* json: use strings.EqualFold instead of strings.ToLower.
-* misc/emacs: fix indent bug.
-* net: add shutdown: TCPConn.CloseWrite and CloseRead.
-* net: use AF_UNSPEC instead of individual address family (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* path/filepath: added Rel as the complement of Abs (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* pkg/syscall: add Mkfifo for linux platforms.
-* regexp: move to old/regexp, replace with exp/regexp, speedups.
-* runtime/gdb: fix pretty printing of channels,
- gracefully handle not being able to find types.
-* runtime: check for nil value pointer in select syncsend case,
- faster finalizers,
- fix malloc sampling bug,
- fix map memory leak,
- fix spurious deadlock reporting,
- fix usleep on linux/386 and re-enable parallel gc (thanks Hector Chu),
- parallelize garbage collector mark + sweep.
-* strconv: faster Unquote in common case.
-* strings: add EqualFold, Replacer, NewReplacer.
-* suffixarray: add benchmarks for construction (thanks Eric Eisner).
-* syscall: add GetsockoptByte, SetsockoptByte for openbsd (thanks Mikio Hara),
- add IPv4 ancillary data for linux (thanks Mikio Hara),
- mark stdin, stdout, stderr non-inheritable by child processes (thanks Alex Brainman),
- mksyscall_windows.pl creates non-syscall packages (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko),
- update multicast socket options (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* testing: support for running tests in parallel (thanks Miki Tebeka).
-* time: make month/day name comparisons case insenstive.
-* unicode: fix make tables.
-* vim: Send GoFmt errors to a location list (thanks Paul Sbarra).
-* websocket: add hybi-13 support, add mutex to make websocket full-duplex.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-09-21">2011-09-21</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly contains several improvements, bug fixes, and new packages.
-
-* archive/tar: document Header fields and Type flags (thanks Mike Rosset).
-* bytes: fix Replace so it actually copies (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* cgo: use GOARCH from the environment (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko).
-* codereview: save CL messages in $(hg root)/last-change.
-* crypto/bcrypt: new package (thanks Jeff Hodges).
-* crypto/blowfish: exposing the blowfish key schedule (thanks Jeff Hodges).
-* doc: link to golang-france.
-* doc: when configuring gold for gccgo, use --enable-gold=default.
-* exp/norm: changed trie to produce smaller tables.
-* exp/ssh: new package,
- refactor halfConnection to transport (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* exp/template/html: more fixes and improvements.
-* filepath: fix Glob to return no error on nonmatching patterns.
-* gc: disallow invalid map keys,
- handle complex CONVNOP.
-* gob: allocation fixes.
-* godoc: simplify internal FileSystem interface.
-* http/cgi: clean up environment (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* http: always include Content-Length header, even for 0 (thanks Dave Grijalva),
- check explicit wrong Request.ContentLength values,
- fix TLS handshake blocking server accept loop,
- prevent DumpRequest from adding implicit headers.
-* httptest: add NewUnstartedServer.
-* json: clearer Unmarshal doc,
- skip nil in UnmarshalJSON and (for symmetry) MarshalJSON.
-* net: use /etc/hosts first when looking up IP addresses (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski).
-* reflect: add comment about the doubled semantics of Value.String.
-* runtime: implement pprof support for windows (thanks Hector Chu),
- increase stack system space on windows/amd64 (thanks Hector Chu).
-* suffixarray: generate less garbage during construction (thanks Eric Eisner),
- improved serialization code using gob instead of encoding/binary.
-* sync/atomic: replace MFENCE with LOCK XADD.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-09-16">2011-09-16</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes changes to the image, path/filepath, and time
-packages. Code that uses these packages may need to be updated.
-
-The image package's NewX functions (NewRGBA, NewNRGBA, etc) have been changed
-to take a Rectangle argument instead of a width and height.
-Gofix can make these changes automatically.
-
-The path/filepath package's Walk function has been changed to take a WalkFunc
-function value instead of a Visitor interface value. WalkFunc is like the
-Visitor's VisitDir and VisitFile methods except it handles both files and
-directories:
- func(path string, info *os.FileInfo, err os.Error) os.Error
-To skip walking a directory (like returning false from VisitDir) the WalkFunc
-must return SkipDir.
-
-The time package's Time struct's Weekday field has been changed to a method.
-The value is calculated on demand, avoiding the need to re-parse
-programmatically-constructed Time values to find the correct weekday.
-
-There are no gofixes for the filepath or time API changes, but instances of the
-old APIs will be caught by the compiler. The Weekday one is easy to update by
-hand. The Walk one may take more consideration, but will have fewer instances
-to fix.
-
-* build: add build comments to core packages.
-* codereview: Mercurial 1.9 fix for hg diff @nnn.
-* crypto/tls: handle non-TLS more robustly,
- support SSLv3.
-* debug/elf: permit another case of SHT_NOBITS section overlap in test.
-* exm/template/html: more work on this auto-escaping HTML template package.
-* exp/norm: added regression test tool for the standard Unicode test set.
-* exp/regexp/syntax: fix invalid input parser crash,
- import all RE2 parse tests + fix bugs.
-* exp/regexp: add MustCompilePOSIX, CompilePOSIX, leftmost-longest matching.
-* flag: make zero FlagSet useful.
-* gc: clean up if grammar.
-* go/build: handle cgo, // +build comments.
-* go/printer: use panic/defer instead of goroutine for handling errors.
-* go/token: support to serialize file sets.
-* godoc, suffixarray: switch to exp/regexp.
-* godoc: show packages matching a query at the top,
- support for complete index serialization,
- use go/build to find files in a package.
-* gofmt: accept program fragments on standard input, add else test.
-* http/cgi: add openbsd environment configuration.
-* http: document that Response.Body is non-nil.
-* image/png: don't use a goroutine to decode, to permit decode during init.
-* json: if a field's tag is "-", ignore the field for encoding and decoding.
-* ld: grow dwarf includestack on demand.
-* net, syscall: implement SetsockoptIPMReq(), and
- move to winsock v2.2 for multicast support (thanks Paul Lalonde).
-* net: add a LookupTXT function.
-* os: os.RemoveAll to check for wboth error codes on Windows (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko).
-* path/filepath: fix Visitor doc (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- make UNC file names work (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* runtime: optimizations to channels on Windows (thanks Hector Chu),
- syscall to return both AX and DX for windows/386 (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* sync/atomic: add 64-bit Load and Store.
-* syscall: add route flags for linux (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* test: add test for inheriting private method from anonymous field.
-* websocket: fix infinite recursion in Addr.String() (thanks Tarmigan Casebolt),
- rename websocket.WebSocketAddr to *websocket.Addr.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-09-07">2011-09-07</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot consists of improvements and bug fixes, including fixes
-for issues introduced by escape analysis changes in the gc compiler.
-
-* build: clear execute bit from Go files (thanks Mike Rosset),
- error out if problem with sudo.bash /usr/local/bin (thanks Mike Rosset).
-* exp/norm: add Reader and Writer,
- performance improvements of quickSpan.
-* exp/regexp: bug fixes and RE2 tests.
-* exp/template/html: string replacement refactoring,
- tweaks to js{,_test}.go.
-* gc: add -p flag to catch import cycles earlier,
- fix label recursion bugs,
- fix zero-length struct eval,
- zero stack-allocated slice backing arrays,
-* gc, ld: fix Windows file paths (thanks Hector Chu).
-* go/parser: accept corner cases of signature syntax.
-* gobuilder: ignore _test.go files when looking for docs, more logging.
-* godoc: minor tweaks for App Engine use.
-* gofix: do not convert url in field names (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* gofmt: indent multi-line signatures.
-* gopprof: regexp fixes (thanks Hector Chu).
-* image/png: check zlib checksum during Decode.
-* libmach: fix incorrect use of memset (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* misc/goplay: fix template output.
-* net: ParseCIDR returns IPNet instead of IPMask (thanks Mikio Hara),
- sync CIDRMask code, doc.
-* os: use GetFileAttributesEx to implement Stat on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* runtime: fix openbsd 386 raisesigpipe,
- implement exception handling on windows/amd64 (thanks Hector Chu),
- test for concurrent channel consumers (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* sort: use heapsort to bail out quicksort (thanks Ziad Hatahet).
-* sync/atomic: add LoadUintptr, add Store functions.
-* syscall: update routing message attributes handling (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* template: fix deadlock,
- indirect or dereference function arguments if necessary,
- slightly simplify the test for assignability of arguments.
-* url: handle ; in ParseQuery.
-* websocket: fix incorrect prints found by govet (thanks Robert Hencke).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-09-01">2011-09-01</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly contains performance improvements and bug fixes.
-
-The gc compiler now does escape analysis, which improves program performance
-by placing variables on the call stack instead of the heap when it is safe to
-do so.
-
-The container/vector package is deprecated and will be removed at some point
-in the future.
-
-Other changes:
-* archive/tar: support symlinks. (thanks Mike Rosset)
-* big: fix nat.scan bug. (thanks Evan Shaw)
-* bufio: handle a "\r\n" that straddles the buffer.
- add openbsd.
- avoid redundant bss declarations.
- fix unused parameters.
- fix windows/amd64 build with newest mingw-w64. (thanks Hector Chu)
-* bytes: clarify that NewBuffer is not for beginners.
-* cgo: explain how to free something.
- fix GoBytes. (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer)
- fixes callback for windows amd64. (thanks Wei Guangjing)
- note that CString result must be freed. (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer)
-* cov: remove tautological #defines. (thanks Lucio De Re)
-* dashboard: yet another utf-8 fix.
-* doc/codelab/wiki: fix Makefile.
-* doc/progs: fix windows/amd64. (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko)
-* doc/tmpltohtml: update to new template package.
-* doc: emphasize that environment variables are optional.
-* effective_go: convert to use tmpltohtml.
-* exp/norm: reduced the size of the byte buffer used by reorderBuffer by half by reusing space when combining.
- a few minor fixes to support the implementation of norm.
- added implementation for []byte versions of methods.
-* exp/template/html: add some tests for ">" attributes.
- added handling for URL attributes.
- differentiate URL-valued attributes (such as href).
- reworked escapeText to recognize attr boundaries.
-* exp/wingui: made compatible with windows/amd64. (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko)
-* flag: add Parsed, restore Usage.
-* gc: add openbsd.
- escape analysis.
- fix build on Plan 9. (thanks Lucio De Re)
- fix div bug.
- fix pc/line table. (thanks Julian Phillips)
- fix some spurious leaks.
- make static initialization more static.
- remove JCXZ; add JCXZW, JCXZL, and JCXZQ instructions. (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko)
- shuffle #includes.
- simplify escape analysis recursion.
- tweak and enable escape analysis.
-* go/ast cleanup: base File/PackageExports on FilterFile/FilterPackage code.
- adjustments to filter function.
- fix ast.MergePackageFiles to collect infos about imports. (thanks Sebastien Binet)
- generalize ast.FilterFile.
-* go/build: add test support & use in gotest.
- separate test imports out when scanning. (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer)
-* go/parser: fix type switch scoping.
- fix type switch scoping.
-* gob: explain that Debug isn't useful unless it's compiled in.
-* gobuilder: increase log limit.
-* godashboard: fix utf-8 in user names.
-* godoc: first step towards reducing index size.
- add dummy playground.js to silence godoc warning at start-up.
- added systematic throttling to indexing goroutine.
- fix bug in zip.go.
- support for reading/writing (splitted) index files.
- use virtual file system when generating package synopses.
-* gofix: forgot to rename the URL type.
- osopen: fixed=true when changing O_CREAT. (thanks Tarmigan Casebolt)
-* goinstall: error out with paths that end with '/'. (thanks Tarmigan Casebolt)
- report lack of $GOPATH on errors. (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer)
- select the tag that is closest to runtime.Version.
-* gotry: add missing $. (thanks Tarmigan Casebolt)
-* http: add MaxBytesReader to limit request body size.
- add file protocol transport.
- adjust test threshold for larger suse buffers.
- delete error kludge.
- on invalid request, send 400 response.
- return 413 instead of 400 when the request body is too large. (thanks Dave Cheney)
- support setting Transport's TLS client config.
-* image/tiff: add a decode benchmark. (thanks Benny Siegert)
- decoder optimization. (thanks Benny Siegert)
-* image: add PalettedImage interface, and make image/png recognize it. (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko)
-* io: add TeeReader. (thanks Hector Chu)
-* json: add struct tag option to wrap literals in strings.
- calculate Offset for Indent correctly. (thanks Jeff Hodges)
- fix decode bug with struct tag names with ,opts being ignored.
-* ld: handle Plan 9 ar format. (thanks Lucio De Re)
- remove duplicate bss definitions.
-* libmach: support reading symbols from Windows .exe for nm. (thanks Mateusz Czapliński)
-* math: fix Pow10 loop. (thanks Volker Dobler)
-* mime: ParseMediaType returns os.Error now, not a nil map.
- media type formatter. (thanks Pascal S. de Kloe)
- text charset defaults. (thanks Pascal S. de Kloe)
-* misc/dashboard: remove limit for json package list.
-* misc/emacs: refine label detection.
-* net: add ParseMAC function. (thanks Paul Borman)
- change the internal form of IPMask for IPv4. (thanks Mikio Hara)
- disable "tcp" test on openbsd.
- fix windows build. (thanks Alex Brainman)
- join and leave a IPv6 group address, on a specific interface. (thanks Mikio Hara)
- make use of IPv4len, IPv6len. (thanks Mikio Hara)
- move internal string manipulation routines to parse.go. (thanks Mikio Hara)
-* os: disable Hostname test on OpenBSD.
- fix WNOHANG Waitmsg. (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer)
-* reflect: add Value.Bytes, Value.SetBytes methods.
-* rpc: add benchmark for async rpc calls.
-* runtime: add openbsd 386 defs.h.
- add runtime support for openbsd 386.
- add runtime· prefix to showframe.
- ctrlhandler for windows amd64. (thanks Wei Guangjing)
- fix stack cleanup on windows/amd64. (thanks Hector Chu)
- fix void warnings.
- go interface to cdecl calbacks. (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko)
- handle string + char literals in goc2c.
- make arm work on Ubuntu Natty qemu.
- openbsd thread tweaks.
- simplify stack traces.
- speed up cgo calls. (thanks Alex Brainman)
- use cgo runtime functions to call windows syscalls. (thanks Alex Brainman)
- windows/amd64 callbacks fixed and syscall fixed to allow using it in callbacks. (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko)
-* strconv: put decimal on stack.
-* spec: update section on Implementation Differences.
-* syscall: SOMAXCONN should be 0x7fffffff at winsock2. (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto)
- add openbsd 386.
- handle RTM_NEWROUTE in ParseNetlinkRouteAttr on Linux. (thanks Albert Strasheim)
- handle routing entry in ParseRoutingSockaddr on BSD variants. (thanks Mikio Hara)
- openbsd amd64 syscall support.
- use the vdso page on linux x86 for faster syscalls instead of int $0x80. (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover)
-* template/parse: give if, range, and with a common representation.
-* template: grammar fix for template documentation. (thanks Bill Neubauer)
- range over channel.
- remove else and end nodes from public view.
-* test: put GOROOT/bin before all others in run.
-* time: fix Plan 9 build. (thanks Fazlul Shahriar)
- fix zone during windows test.
-* type switches: test for pathological case.
-* version.bash: update VERSION on -save if already present. (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer)
-* websocket: implements new version of WebSocket protocol. (thanks Fumitoshi Ukai)
-* windows/386: clean stack after syscall. (thanks Jaroslavas Počepko)
-* xml: marshal "parent>child" tags correctly. (thanks Ross Light)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-08-17">2011-08-17 (<a href="release.html#r60">base for r60</a>)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly contains some package re-shuffling. Users of the http and
-template packages may be affected.
-
-This weekly replaces the template package with exp/template.
-The original template package is still available as old/template.
-The old/template package is deprecated and will be removed at some point
-in the future. The Go tree has been updated to use the new template package.
-We encourage users of the old template package to switch to the new one.
-Code that uses template or exp/template will need to change
-its import lines to "old/template" or "template", respectively.
-
-The http package's URL parsing and query escaping code (such as ParseURL and
-URLEscape) has been moved to the new url package, with several simplifications
-to the names. Client code can be updated automatically with gofix.
-
-* asn1: support unmarshaling structs with int32 members (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* build: allow builds without cgo or hg,
- support versioning without hg (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* builtin: add documentation for builtins.
-* cgo: omit duplicate symbols in writeDefs (thanks Julian Phillips).
-* misc: add support for OpenBSD.
-* doc/codewalk: new Markov chain codewalk.
-* exp/norm: added trie lookup code and associated tests,
- generate trie struct in triegen.go for better encapsulation,
- implementation of decomposition and composing functionality.
-* exp/template/html: new experimental package for auto-escaping HTML templates.
-* exp/template: don't panic on range of nil interface,
- rename Parse*File and Parse*Files for clarity,
- support field syntax on maps (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer), and
- many other fixes and changes.
-* gc: implement nil chan and nil map support.
-* go/parser: range clause and type literal fixes.
-* godoc: show all top-level decls for (fake) package builtin.
-* goinstall: really report all newly-installed public packages.
-* html: parse more malformed tags.
-* http: fix ParseMultipartForm after MultipartReader error,
- fix side effects in DefaultTransport's RoundTrip method (thanks Dave Grijalva).
-* json: fix []unmarshaler case.
-* ld: make addaddrplus4 static (thanks Lucio De Re).
-* syscall: move multicast address handling to the net package.
-* net: Plan 9 support (thanks Fazlul Shahriar),
- add SetTimeout to Listener interface (thanks Aleksandar Dezelin),
- add multicast stubs for OpenBSD,
- return correct local address for an accepted TCP connection (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* reflect: panic on Invalid Interface call (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* rpc: implement ServeRequest to synchronously serve a single request,
- make Server.Mutex unexported.
-* runtime: better checks for syscall.NewCallback parameter (thanks Alex Brainman),
- correct SEH installation during callbacks (thanks Alex Brainman),
- fix GC bitmap corruption,
- fix pseudo-randomness on some selects (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* syscall: make LazyDLL/LazyProc.Mutex unexported.
-* test: allow multiple patterns in errchk,
- new nil semantics.
-* time: take fractional seconds even if not in the format string.
-* url: new package.
-* utf8: rename some internal constants to remove leading underscores.
-* xml: escape string chardata in xml.Marshal.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-08-10">2011-08-10</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly contains performance improvements and bug fixes.
-
-There are no outward-facing changes, but imports of the old-style
-container/vector package have also been removed from the core library (thanks
-John Asmuth, Kyle Consalus).
-
-Other changes:
-
-* 5g: fix set but not used error (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* cmd/ld: Corrected mismatched print formats and variables (thanks Lucio De Re).
-* errchk: add -0 flag.
-* exp/norm: fix build by adding a test placeholder,
- maketables tool for generating tables for normalization.
-* exp/template: bug fixes,
- ensure that a valid Set is returned even on error (thanks Roger Peppe),
- make index on maps return zero when key not present (thanks Roger Peppe),
- split the parse tree into a separate package exp/template/parse,
- add url query formatting filter.
-* faq: lots of small tweaks plus a couple of new discussions,
- variant types, unions.
-* fmt: call UpdateMemStats in malloc counter.
-* go/build: use GOBIN as binary path for GOROOT.
-* gob: add UpdateMemStats calls to malloc counter,
- avoid a couple of init-time allocations,
- don't invoke GobEncoder on zero values.
-* gofmt: update test script so 'make test' succeeds.
-* html: parse doctype tokens; merge adjacent text nodes.
-* http: add more MPEG-4 MIME types to sniffer, and disable MP4 sniffing,
- add test to serve content in index.html (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
- configurable and default request header size limit,
- correct format flags when printing errors in tests (thanks Alex Brainman),
- correct path to serve index.html (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
-* ld: add one empty symbol into pe to make dumpbin works (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- fail linking if the top-level package is not main.
-* misc/vim: godoc command (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* net: add support for openbsd (thanks Joel Sing),
- fix /proc/net/igmp,igmp6 reading bug on linux (thanks Mikio Hara),
- implement windows LookupMX and LookupAddr (thanks Mikio Hara),
- sort SRV records before returning from LookupSRV (thanks Alex Brainman),
-* os: add support for openbsd (thanks Joel Sing).
-* runtime: add more specialized type algorithms,
- correct Note documentation,
- faster chan creation on Linux/FreeBSD/Plan9,
- openbsd amd64 runtime support (thanks Joel Sing),
- remove unnecessary locking (thanks Hector Chu).
-* scanner: correct error position for illegal UTF-8 encodings.
-* syscall: delay load of dll functions on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- move BSD mmap syscall (thanks Joel Sing),
- update routing message support for BSD variants (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* test/bench: note changes after recent improvements to locking and runtime.
-* time: add nanoseconds to the Time structure,
- parse and format fractional seconds.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-07-29">2011-07-29</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly contains performance improvements and many bug fixes.
-
-* 6l: OpenBSD support.
-* archive/zip: handle zip files with more than 65535 files,
- more efficient reader and bug fix.
-* big: refine printf formatting and optimize string conversion.
-* build: fixes for mingw-w64 (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- miscellaneous fixes.
-* cgo: add GoBytes, fix gmp example.
-* exp/norm: API for normalization library.
-* exp/regexp: implement regexp API using exp/regexp/syntax.
-* exp/template: more tweaks and fixes, convert the tree to use exp/template.
-* fmt: handle precision 0 format strings in standard way.
-* gc: a raft of bug fixes.
-* go/parser: report illegal label declarations at ':'.
-* gob: send empty but non-nil maps.
-* godoc: allow form feed in text files,
- app engine configuration and updated documentation.
-* goinstall: abort and warn when using any url scheme, not just 'http://',
- write to goinstall.log in respective GOPATH.
-* html: handle character entities without semicolons (thanks Andrew Balholm),
- parse misnested formatting tags according to the HTML5 spec,
- sync html/testdata/webkit with upstream WebKit.
-* http: content-type sniffing,
- make serveFile redirects relative (thanks Andrew Balholm),
- other fixes.
-* image/tiff: Do not panic when RowsPerStrip is missing (thanks Benny Siegert).
-* io/ioutil: improve performance of ioutil.Discard (thanks Mike Solomon).
-* ld: detect all import cycles,
- ldpe fixes (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- remove cseekend and redo pe writing (thanks Alex Brainman),
- remove overlap of ELF sections on dynamic binaries (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* net/textproto: avoid 1 copy in ReadLine, ReadContinuedLine.
-* net: fix memory corruption in windows *netFD.ReadFrom (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* runtime: faster entersyscall/exitsyscall,
- fix scheduler races (thanks Hector Chu),
- higher goroutine arg limit, clearer error,
- parallelism-related performance optimizations and fixes,
- replace byte-at-a-time zeroing loop with memclr (thanks Quan Yong Zhai).
-* sort: fix Float64Slice sort; NaN smallest value (thanks Florian Uekermann).
-* src: removed some uses of container/vector (thanks John Asmuth).
-* sync: improve Once fast path.
-* unicode: fix case-mapping for roman numerals.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-07-19">2011-07-19</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes a language change and a change to the image
-package that may require changes to client code.
-
-The language change is that an "else" block is now required to have braces
-except if the body of the "else" is another "if". Since gofmt always puts those
-braces in anyway, programs will not be affected unless they contain "else for",
-"else switch", or "else select". Run gofmt to fix any such programs.
-
-The image package has had significant changes made to the Pix field of struct
-types such as image.RGBA and image.NRGBA. The image.Image interface type has
-not changed, though, and you should not need to change your code if you don't
-explicitly refer to Pix fields. For example, if you decode a number of images
-using the image/jpeg package, compose them using image/draw, and then encode
-the result using image/png, then your code should still work as before.
-
-If you do explicitly refer to Pix fields, there are two changes. First, Pix[0]
-now refers to the pixel at Bounds().Min instead of the pixel at (0, 0). Second,
-the element type of the Pix slice is now uint8 instead of image.FooColor. For
-example, for an image.RGBA, the channel values will be packed R, G, B, A, R, G,
-B, A, etc. For 16-bits-per-channel color types, the pixel data will be stored
-as big-endian uint8s.
-
-Most Pix field types have changed, and so if your code still compiles after
-this change, then you probably don't need to make any further changes (unless
-you use an image.Paletted's Pix field). If you do get compiler errors, code
-that used to look like this:
-
- // Get the R, G, B, A values for the pixel at (x, y).
- var m *image.RGBA = loadAnImage()
- c := m.Pix[y*m.Stride + x]
- r, g, b, a := c.R, c.G, c.B, c.A
-
-should now look like this:
-
- // Get the R, G, B, A values for the pixel at (x, y).
- var m *image.RGBA = loadAnImage()
- i := (y-m.Rect.Min.Y)*m.Stride + (x-m.Rect.Min.X)*4
- r := m.Pix[i+0]
- g := m.Pix[i+1]
- b := m.Pix[i+2]
- a := m.Pix[i+3]
-
-This image package change will not be fixed by gofix: how best to translate
-code into something efficient and idiomatic depends on the surrounding context,
-and is not easily automatable. Examples of what to do can be found in the
-changes to image/draw/draw.go in http://codereview.appspot.com/4675076/
-
-Other changes:
-* 6l: change default output name to 6.out.exe on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* archive/zip: add Writer,
- add Mtime_ns function to get modified time in sensible format.
-* cc, ld, gc: fixes for Plan 9 build (thanks Lucio De Re).
-* cgi: close stdout reader pipe when finished.
-* cgo: add missing semicolon in generated struct,
- windows amd64 port (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* codereview: fix for Mercurial 1.9.
-* dashboard: list "most installed this week" with rolling count.
-* debug/elf: read ELF Program headers (thanks Matthew Horsnell).
-* debug/pe: fixes ImportedSymbols for Win64 (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* debug/proc: remove unused package.
-* doc/talks/io2010: update with gofix and handle the errors.
-* exp/eval, exp/ogle: remove packages eval and ogle.
-* exp/regexp/syntax: add Prog.NumCap.
-* exp/template: API changes, bug fixes, and tweaks.
-* flag: make -help nicer.
-* fmt: Scan(&int) was mishandling a lone digit.
-* gc: fix closure bug,
- fix to build with clang (thanks Dave Cheney),
- make size of struct{} and [0]byte 0 bytes (thanks Robert Hencke),
- some enhancements to printing debug info.
-* gif: fix local color map and coordinates.
-* go/build: fixes for windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- include processing of .c files for cgo packages (thanks Alex Brainman),
- less aggressive failure when GOROOT not found.
-* go/printer: changed max. number of newlines from 3 to 2.
-* gob: register more slice types (thanks Bobby Powers).
-* godoc: support for file systems stored in .zip files.
-* goinstall, dashboard: Google Code now supports git (thanks Tarmigan Casebolt).
-* hash/crc32: add SSE4.2 support.
-* html: update section references in comments to the latest HTML5 spec.
-* http: drain the pipe output in TestHandlerPanic to avoid logging deadlock,
- fix Content-Type of file extension (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
- implement http.FileSystem for zip files,
- let FileServer work when path doesn't begin with a slash,
- support for periodic flushing in ReverseProxy.
-* image/draw: add benchmarks.
-* json: add omitempty struct tag option,
- allow using '$' and '-' as the struct field's tag (thanks Mikio Hara),
- encode \r and \n in strings as e.g. "\n", not "\u000A" (thanks Evan Martin),
- escape < and > in any JSON string for XSS prevention.
-* ld: allow seek within write buffer<
- add a PT_LOAD PHDR entry for the PHDR (thanks David Anderson).
-* net: windows/amd64 port (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* os: plan9: add Process.Signal as a way to send notes (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover).
-* os: don't permit Process.Signal after a successful Wait.
-* path/filepath: fixes for windows paths (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* reflect: add Value.NumMethod,
- panic if Method index is out of range for a type.
-* runtime: faster entersyscall, exitsyscall,
- fix panic for make(chan [0]byte),
- fix subtle select bug (thanks Hector Chu),
- make goc2c build on Plan 9 (thanks Lucio De Re),
- make TestSideEffectOrder work twice,
- several parallelism-related optimizations and fixes,
- stdcall_raw stack 16byte align for Win64 (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- string-related optimizations (thanks Quan Yong Zhai),
- track running goroutine count.
-* strconv: handle [-+]Infinity in atof.
-* sync: add fast paths to WaitGroup,
- improve RWMutex performance.
-* syscall: add Flock on Linux,
- parse and encode SCM_RIGHTS and SCM_CREDENTIALS (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-07-07">2011-07-07 (<a href="release.html#r59">base for r59</a>)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly snapshot includes changes to the strings, http, reflect, json, and
-xml packages. Code that uses these packages will need changes. Most of these
-changes can be made automatically with gofix.
-
-The strings package's Split function has itself been split into Split and
-SplitN. SplitN is the same as the old Split. The new Split is equivalent to
-SplitN with a final argument of -1.
-
-The http package has a new FileSystem interface that provides access to files.
-The FileServer helper now takes a FileSystem argument instead of an explicit
-file system root. By implementing your own FileSystem you can use the
-FileServer to serve arbitrary data.
-
-The reflect package supports a new struct tag scheme that enables sharing of
-struct tags between multiple packages.
-In this scheme, the tags must be of the form:
- key:"value" key2:"value2"
-reflect.StructField's Tag field now has type StructTag (a string type), which
-has method Get(key string) string that returns the associated value.
-Clients of json and xml will need to be updated. Code that says
- type T struct {
- X int "name"
- }
-should become
- type T struct {
- X int `json:"name"` // or `xml:"name"`
- }
-Use govet to identify struct tags that need to be changed to use the new syntax.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5l, 6l, 8l: drop use of ed during build.
-* asn1: support T61 and UTF8 string.
-* bufio: do not cache Read errors (thanks Graham Miller).
-* build: make version.bash aware of branches.
-* cgi: don't depend on CGI.pm for tests.
-* codereview: make --ignore_hgpatch_failure work again,
- restrict sync to default branch.
-* crypto/openpgp: add ability to reserialize keys,
- bug fix (thanks Gideon Jan-Wessel Redelinghuys).
-* crypto/tls: fix generate_cert.go.
-* crypto/x509: prevent chain cycles in Verify.
-* csv: new package.
-* doc: remove ed from apt-get package list.
-* docs: fold the prog.sh scripting from makehtml into htmlgen itself.
-* ebnflint: better handling of stdin.
-* exp/regexp/syntax: new experimental RE2-based regexp implementation.
-* exp/template: a new experimental templating package.
-* fmt: add SkipSpace to fmt's ScanState interface.
-* fmt: rename errno and error to err for doc consistency.
-* gc: avoid package name ambiguity in error messages,
- fix package quoting logic,
- fixes for Plan 9 (thanks Lucio De Re).
-* go/build: evaluate symlinks before comparing path to GOPATH.
-* gob: use exported fields in structs in the package documentation.
-* godoc: ignore directories that begin with '.',
- search GOPATH for documentation.
-* gofix: os/signal, path/filepath, and sort fixes (thanks Robert Hencke),
-* goinstall: add support for generic hosts (thanks Julian Phillips),
- only report successfully-installed packages to the dashboard,
- try to access via https (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* gotest: add -test.benchtime and -test.cpu flags.
-* html: fixes and improvements (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* http/cgi: add Handler.Dir to specify working directory (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* http: add StripPrefix handler wrapper,
- assume ContentLength 0 on GET requests,
- better handling of 0-length Request.Body,
- do TLS handshake explicitly before copying TLS state,
- document that ServerConn and ClientConn are low-level,
- make NewChunkedReader public (thanks Andrew Balholm),
- respect Handlers setting Connection: close in their response.
-* image: more tests, Paletted.Opaque optimization.
-* io.WriteString: if the object has a WriteString method, use it (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* ld: elide the Go symbol table when using -s (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* ld: fix ELF strip by removing overlap of sections (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* mime/multipart: parse LF-delimited messages, not just CRLF.
-* mime: permit lower-case media type parameters (thanks Pascal S. de Kloe).
-* misc/dashboard: new features and improvements (not yet deployed).
-* misc/emacs: update list of builtins (thanks Quan Yong Zhai).
-* misc/vim: allow only utf-8 for file encoding (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* os: fix documentation for FileInfo.Name,
- simplify WriteString,
- use a different symbol from syscall in mkunixsignals.sh.
-* path/filepath: enable TestWalk to run on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* reflect: add MethodByName,
- allow Len on String values.
-* regexp: document that Regexp is thread-safe.
-* runtime/cgo: check for errors from pthread_create (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* runtime: add Semacquire/Semrelease benchmarks,
- improved Semacquire/Semrelease implementation,
- windows/amd64 port (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* sync: add fast path to Once,
- improve Mutex to allow successive acquisitions,
- new and improved benchmarks.
-* syscall: regenerate zerrors for darwin/linux/freebsd,
- support for tty options in StartProcess (thanks Ken Rockot).
-* testing: make ResetTimer not start/stop the timer,
- scale benchmark precision to 0.01ns if needed.
-* time: zero-pad two-digit years.
-* unicode/maketables: update debugging data.
-* windows: define and use syscall.Handle (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* xml: add Marshal and MarshalIndent.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-06-23">2011-06-23</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes a language change that restricts the use of goto.
-In essence, a "goto" statement outside a block cannot jump to a label inside
-that block. Your code may require changes if it uses goto.
-This changeset shows how the new rule affected the Go tree:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=dc6d3cf9279d
-
-The os.ErrorString type has been hidden. If your code uses os.ErrorString it
-must be changed. Most uses of os.ErrorString can be replaced with os.NewError.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5c: do not use R9 and R10.
-* 8l: more fixes for Plan 9 (thanks Lucio De Re).
-* build: Make.ccmd: link with mach lib (thanks Joe Poirier).
-* build: exclude packages that fail on Plan 9 (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* cc: nit: silence comment warnings (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* codereview.py: note that hg change -d abandons a change list (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* crypto/openpgp: add ElGamal support.
-* doc/faq: add question about converting from []T to []interface{}.
-* doc: Effective Go: fix variadic function example (thanks Ben Lynn).
-* exec: LookPath should not search %PATH% for files like c:cmd.exe (thanks Alex Brainman),
- add support for Plan 9 (thanks Anthony Martin),
- better error message for windows LookPath (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* fmt: catch panics from calls to String etc.
-* gc: descriptive panic for nil pointer -> value method call,
- implement goto restriction,
- unsafe.Alignof, unsafe.Offsetof, unsafe.Sizeof now return uintptr.
-* go/build: include Import objects in Script Inputs.
-* godefs: rudimentary tests (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* goinstall: refactor and generalize repo handling code (thanks Julian Phillips),
- temporarily use Makefiles by default (override with -make=false).
-* gopprof: update list of memory allocators.
-* http: add Server.ListenAndServeTLS,
- buffer request.Write,
- fix req.Cookie(name) with cookies in one header,
- permit handlers to explicitly remove the Date header,
- write Header keys with empty values.
-* image: basic test for the 16-bits-per-color-channel types.
-* io: clarify Read, ReadAt, Copy, Copyn EOF behavior.
-* ld: don't attempt to build dynamic sections unnecessarily (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* libmach: fix disassembly of FCMOVcc and FCOMI (thanks Anthony Martin),
- fix tracing on linux (for cov) (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* mime: fix RFC references (thanks Pascal S. de Kloe).
-* misc/gobuilder: run make single-threaded on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* misc/godashboard: Accept sub-directories for goinstall's report (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* nacl, tiny: remove vestiges (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* net, syscall: interface for windows (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* os: change Waitmsg String method to use pointer receiver (thanks Graham Miller).
-* runtime: don't use twice the memory with grsec-like kernels (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
-* spec: disallow goto into blocks.
-* sync: restore GOMAXPROCS during benchmarks.
-* syscall: add LSF support for linux (thanks Mikio Hara),
- add socket control message support for darwin, freebsd, linux (thanks Mikio Hara),
- add tty support to StartProcess (thanks Ken Rockot),
- fix build for Sizeof change.
-* test: test of goto restrictions.
-* time: add support for Plan 9 (thanks Anthony Martin).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-06-16">2011-06-16</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes changes to the sort and image/draw packages that will
-require changes to client code.
-
-The sort.IntArray type has been renamed to IntSlice, and similarly for
-StringArray and Float64Array.
-
-The image/draw package's Draw function now takes an additional argument,
-a compositing operator. If in doubt, use draw.Over.
-
-Other changes:
-* build: fix header files for Plan 9 (thanks Lucio De Re).
-* cgo: handle new Apple LLVM-based gcc from Xcode 4.2.
-* crypto/openpgp: add ability to encrypt and sign messages.
-* doc/gopher: add goggled gopher logo for App Engine.
-* doc: Update notes for 3-day Go course.
-* exec: make LookPath work when PATHEXT var not set on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* exp/regexp/syntax: syntax data structures, parser, escapes, character classes.
-* exp/template: lexical scanner for new template package.
-* fmt: debugging formats for characters: %+q %#U.
-* gc: frame compaction for arm,
- handle go print() and go println(),
- work around goto bug.
-* go/build: fixes, self-contained tests.
-* go/printer, gofmt: print "select {}" on one line.
-* godoc: replace OS file system accesses in favor of a FileSystem interface.
-* gofix: fix inconsistent indentation in help output (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* goinstall: use go/build package to scan and build packages.
-* http/spdy: improve error handling (thanks William Chan).
-* http: use runtime/debug.Stack() to dump stack trace on panic.
-* ld: dwarf emit filenames in debug_line header instead of as extended opcodes,
- fix link Windows PE __declspec(dllimport) symbol (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- make .rodata section read-only (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* mail: decode RFC 2047 "B" encoding.
-* mime/multipart: remove temp files after tests on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* net: export all fields in Interface (thanks Mikio Hara),
- rearrange source to run more tests on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- sendfile for win32 (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* os: Plan 9, fix OpenFile & Chmod, add Process.Kill (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover).
-* runtime: fix Plan 9 "lingering goroutines bug" (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover).
-* spec: clarify rules for append, scope rules for :=,
- specify constant conversions,
- unsafe.Alignof/Offsetof/Sizeof return uintptr.
-* syscall, os, exec: add *syscall.SysProcAttr field to os.ProcAttr and exec.Cmd.
-* syscall: add ptrace on darwin (thanks Jeff Hodges),
- mksyscall_windows.pl should output unix newline (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
- update BPF support for BSD variants (thanks Mikio Hara),
- use strict in perl scripts (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* xml: handle non-string attribute fields (thanks Maxim Ushakov).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-06-09">2011-06-09 (<a href="release.html#r58">base for r58</a>)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes changes to the strconv, http, and exp/draw packages.
-Client code that uses the http or exp/draw packages will need to be changed,
-and code that uses strconv or fmt's "%q" formatting directive merits checking.
-
-The strconv package's Quote function now escapes only those Unicode code points
-not classified as printable by unicode.IsPrint. Previously Quote would escape
-all non-ASCII characters. This also affects the fmt package's "%q" formatting
-directive. The previous quoting behavior is still available via strconv's new
-QuoteToASCII function.
-
-Most instances of the type map[string][]string in the http package have been
-replaced with the new Values type. The http.Values type has the Get, Set, Add,
-and Del helper methods to make working with query parameters and form values
-more convenient.
-
-The exp/draw package has been split into the image/draw and exp/gui packages.
-
-Other changes:
-* 8l, ld: initial adjustments for Plan 9 native compilation of 8l (thanks Lucio De Re).
-* arm: floating point improvements (thanks Fan Hongjian).
-* big: Improved speed of nat-to-string conversion (thanks Michael T. Jones),
- Rat outputs the requested precision from FloatString (thanks Graham Miller),
- gobs for big.Rats.
-* cgo: support non intel gcc machine flags (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* compress/lzw: do not use background goroutines,
- reduce decoder buffer size from 3*4096 to 2*4096.
-* crypto/twofish: fix Reset index overflow bug.
-* crypto: reorg, cleanup and add function for generating CRLs.
-* exec: export the underlying *os.Process in Cmd.
-* gc: enable building under clang/2.9 (thanks Dave Cheney),
- preparatory work toward escape analysis, compact stack frames.
-* go/build: new incomplete package for building go programs.
-* godefs: do not assume forward type references are enums (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* gofix, gofmt: fix diff regression from exec change.
-* html: improve attribute parsing, note package status.
-* http: don't fail on accept hitting EMFILE,
- fix handling of 0-length HTTP requests.
-* image/draw: fix clipping bug where sp/mp were not shifted when r.Min was.
-* image/gif: fix buglet in graphics extension.
-* image/tiff: support for bit depths other than 8 (thanks Benny Siegert).
-* ld: fix and simplify ELF symbol generation (thanks Anthony Martin)
-* libmach: use the standardized format for designated initializers (thanks Jeff Hodges)
-* mail: address list parsing.
-* net: add network interface identification API (thanks Mikio Hara),
- fix bug in net.Interfaces: handle elastic sdl_data size correctly (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* netchan: added drain method to importer (thanks David Jakob Fritz).
-* os: add Process.Kill and Process.Signal (thanks Evan Shaw),
- fix Getenv for Plan 9 (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover).
-* runtime: improve memmove by checking memory overlap (thanks Quan Yong Zhai),
- support for Linux grsecurity systems (thanks Jonathan Mark).
-* spec: handle a corner case for shifts.
-* testing: check that tests and benchmarks do not affect GOMAXPROCS (thanks Dmitriy Vyukov).
-* unicode: add IsPrint and related properties, general categories.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-06-02">2011-06-02</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes changes to the exec package that will require changes
-to client code.
-
-The exec package has been re-designed with a more convenient and succinct API.
-This code:
- args := []string{"diff", "-u", "file1.txt", "file2.txt"}
- p, err := exec.Run("/usr/bin/diff", args, os.Environ(), "",
- exec.DevNull, exec.Pipe, exec.DevNull)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- var buf bytes.Buffer
- io.Copy(&buf, p.Stdout)
- w, err := p.Wait(0)
- p.Close()
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- return buf.Bytes(), err
-can be rewritten as:
- return exec.Command("diff", "-u", "file1.txt", "file2.txt").Output()
-See the exec package documentation for the details ("godoc exec").
-
-By setting the GOPATH environment variable you can use goinstall to build and
-install your own code and external libraries outside of the Go tree (and avoid
-writing Makefiles).
-See the goinstall command documentation for the details ("godoc goinstall").
-
-Other changes:
-* 5g: alignment fixes.
-* 6l, 8l: fix Mach-O binaries with many dynamic libraries.
-* 8l: emit resources (.rsrc) in Windows PE. (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* asn1: fix marshaling of empty optional RawValues (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* big: make Int and Rat implement fmt.Scanner (thanks Evan Shaw),
- ~8x faster number scanning,
- remove some unnecessary conversions.
-* cgo: restrict #cgo directives to prevent shell expansion (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- support pkg-config for flags and libs (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* compress/flate: fix Huffman tree bug,
- do not use background goroutines.
-* crypto/openpgp: add support for symmetrically encrypting files.
-* crypto/tls/generate_cert.go: fix misspelling of O_CREATE.
-* dashboard: send notification emails when the build breaks.
-* doc: mention go/printer instead of container/vector in effective go,
- put Release History link on 'Documentation' page,
- put Weekly Snapshot History link on 'Contributing' page.
-* encoding/base64: add DecodeString and EncodeToString.
-* encoding/binary: add a non-reflect fast path for Read,
- add a non-reflect fast path for Write.
-* encoding/hex: add hex dumping.
-* encoding/line: delete package. Its functionality is now in bufio.
-* filepath: Abs must always return a clean path (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* fmt: fix bug in UnreadRune,
- make %q work for integers, printing a quoted character literal,
- return EOF when out of input in Scan*.
-* gc: check parameter declarations in interface fields (thanks Anthony Martin),
- disallow ... in type conversions (thanks Anthony Martin),
- do not force heap allocation on referencing outer variable in a closure,
- fix m[x], _ = y.(T),
- implement new shift rules,
- patch y.tab.c to fix build when using Bison 2.5,
- relax assignability of method receivers (thanks Anthony Martin),
- typecheck the whole tree before walking.
-* go/scanner: don't allow "0x" and "0X" as integers (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* gobuilder: fixes for windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* godoc: basic setup for running godoc on local app engine emulator,
- display advert for the package dashboard on package list page.
-* goinstall: fixes for windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- more verbose logging with -v.
-* gotest, pkg/exec: use bash to run shell scripts on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* http/spdy: redo interfaces, flesh out implementation & frame types (thanks William Chan).
-* http: Transport hook to register non-http(s) protocols,
- add client+server benchmark,
- catch Handler goroutine panics,
- fix Set-Cookie date parsing,
- have client set Content-Length when possible,
- let Transport use a custom net.Dial function,
- propagate Set-Cookie in reverse proxy,
- ServeFile shouldn't send Content-Length when Content-Encoding is set.
-* image: add a SubImage method.
-* image/gif: simplify blockReader.Read.
-* image/png: fix encoding of images that don't start at (0, 0).
-* io, net, http: sendfile support.
-* io: add ByteScanner, RuneScanner interfaces.
-* ld: add -w to disable dwarf, make errors obviously from dwarf.
-* mail: new package.
-* mime/multipart: misc code/doc fixes.
-* misc/cgo: remove reference to 'destroy' function.
-* misc/emacs: don't select the mark after gofmt (thanks Eric Eisner).
-* misc/gophertool: Chrome extension to aid in Go development
-* misc/vim: limit Fmt command to Go buffers (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* net: if we stop polling, remove any pending events for the socket,
- update IP multicast socket options (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os: Fix test to work on Solaris,
- fix Readdir(0) on EOF,
- fix Readdir, Readdirnames (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover),
- fix os.MkdirAll with backslash path separator (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
- handle OpenFile flag parameter properly on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* path/filepath: remove string constants.
-* pkg: spelling tweaks, I-Z (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* quietgcc: fix typo, respect $TMPDIR.
-* runtime: do not garbage collect windows callbacks (thanks Alex Brainman),
- fix mmap error return on linux (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh),
- reset GOMAXPROCS during tests,
- save cdecl registers in Windows SEH handler (thanks Alexey Borzenkov).
-* spec: be precise with the use of the informal ellipsis and the Go token,
- clarify rules for shifts.
-* strconv: add QuoteRune; analogous to Quote but for runes rather than strings.
-* strings: implement UnreadByte, UnreadRune.
-* sync: always wake up sleeping goroutines on Cond.Signal (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* sync/atomic: fix check64.
-* syscall: add ProcAttr field to pass an unescaped command line on windows (thanks Vincent Vanackere),
- add routing messages support for Linux and BSD (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* template: fixes and clean-ups (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* time: fix Format bug: midnight/noon are 12AM/PM not 0AM/PM.
-* unicode: make the tables smaller.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-05-22">2011-05-22</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes changes to the http package that will require changes to
-client code.
-
-The finalURL return value of the Client.Get method has been removed.
-This value is now accessible via the new Request field on http.Response.
-For example, this code:
-
- res, finalURL, err := http.Get(...)
-
-should be rewritten as:
-
- res, err := http.Get(...)
- if err != nil {
- // ...
- }
- finalURL := res.Request.URL.String()
-
-Uses of http.Get that assign the finalURL value to _ can be rewritten
-automatically with gofix.
-
-This snapshot also includes an optimization to the append function that makes it
-between 2 and 5 times faster in typical use cases.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5a, 6a, 8a, cc: remove old environment variables.
-* 5c, 5g: fix build with too-smart gcc.
-* 5l, 8l: add ELF symbol table to binary.
-* 5l: delete pre-ARMv4 instruction implementations, other fixes.
-* 6l, 8l: emit windows dwarf sections like other platforms (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* 6l: fix emit windows dwarf sections (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* 8g: fix conversion from float to uint64 (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* Make.cmd: create TARGDIR if necessary (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* asn1: add big support.
-* big: add Int methods to act on numbered bits (thanks Roger Peppe),
- better support for string conversions,
- support %v and # modifier, better handling of unknown formats.
-* cgi: export RequestFromMap (thanks Evan Shaw),
- set Request.TLS and Request.RemoteAddr for children.
-* cgo: use packed struct to fix Windows behavior.
-* codereview: add release branch support,
- fetch metadata using JSON API, not XML scraping,
- handle 'null as missing field' in rietveld json.
-* compress/lzw: silently drop implied codes that are too large.
-* compress/zlib: actually use provided dictionary in NewWriterDict
-* crypto/openpgp: add key generation support,
- change PublicKey.Serialize to include the header.
-* crypto/rand: add utility functions for number generation (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* crypto/tls: export the verified chains.
-* crypto/x509/crl: add package.
-* crypto/x509: export raw SubjectPublicKeyInfo,
- support DSA public keys in X.509 certs,
- support parsing and verifying DSA signatures (thanks Jonathan Allie).
-* doc/roadmap: put "App Engine support" under "Done".
-* doc: add I/O 2011 talks to talks/, docs.html, and front page.
-* effective go: explain about values/pointers in String() example,
- update to new Open signature.
-* exp/draw: fast paths for drawing a YCbCr or an NRGBA onto an RGBA.
-* filepath: make EvalSymlinks work on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* flag: allow distinct sets of flags.
-* gc: fix type switch error message for invalid cases (thanks Lorenzo Stoakes),
- fix unsafe.Sizeof,
- preserve original expression for errors.
-* go/ast, go/doc, godoc: consider struct fields and interface methods when filtering ASTs.
-* go/ast: consider anonymous fields and set Incomplete bit when filtering ASTs,
- properly maintain map of package global imports.
-* go/doc, godoc: when filtering for godoc, don't remove elements of a declaration.
-* go/parser: accept parenthesized receive operations in select statements,
- always introduce an ast.Object when declaring an identifier.
-* go/printer, gofmt: fix alignment of "=" in const/var declarations,
- fix formatting of expression lists (missing blank).
-* go/printer: added simple performance benchmark,
- make tests follow syntactic restrictions,
- more accurate comment for incomplete structs/interfaces,
-* go/token: faster FileSet.Position implementation.
-* go/types: type checker API + testing infrastructure.
-* godoc: added -index flag to enable/disable search index,
- if there is no search box, don't run the respective JS code.
-* gofmt: update test.sh (exclude a file w/ incorrect syntax).
-* html: parse empty, unquoted, and single-quoted attribute values.
-* http/cgi: correctly set request Content-Type (thanks Evan Shaw),
- pass down environment variables for IRIX and Solaris.
-* http/pprof: fix POST reading bug.
-* http/spdy: new incomplete package (thanks Ross Light).
-* http: Client.Do should follow redirects for GET and HEAD,
- add Header.Write method (thanks Evan Shaw),
- add Request.SetBasicAuth method,
- add Transport.ProxySelector,
- add http.SetCookie(ResponseWriter, *Cookie),
- don't Clean query string in relative redirects,
- fix FormFile nil pointer dereference on missing multipart form,
- fix racy test with a simpler version,
- fix two Transport gzip+persist crashes,
- include Host header in requests,
- make HEAD client request follow redirects (thanks Eivind Uggedal).
- update cookie doc to reference new RFC 6265,
- write cookies according to RFC 6265 (thanks Christian Himpel).
-* image/bmp: implement a BMP decoder.
-* image/gif: new package provides a GIF decoder.
-* image/jpeg: decode grayscale images, not just color images.
- optimizations and tweaks.
-* image/png: encode paletted images with alpha channel (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh),
- speed up opaque RGBA encoding.
-* image/tiff: implement a decoder (thanks Benny Siegert).
-* image: add type-specific Set methods and use them when decoding PNG,
- make AlphaColor.Set conform to usual signature (thanks Roger Peppe),
- png & jpeg encoding benchmarks.
-* ld: do not emit reference to dynamic library named "",
- fix alignment of rodata section on Plan 9 (thanks Anthony Martin),
- make ELF binaries with no shared library dependencies static binaries.
-* make.bash: remove old bash version of gotest on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* make: add nuke target for C commands and libs (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* mime/multipart: add FileName accessor on Part,
- add Writer,
- return an error on Reader EOF, not (nil, nil).
-* misc/cgo/test: run tests.
-* misc/emacs: use UTF-8 when invoking gofmt as a subprocess (thanks Sameer Ajmani).
-* misc/vim: new Vim indentation script.
-* net, http: add and make use of IP address scope identification API (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* net: default to 127.0.0.1, not localhost, in TestICMP,
- don't crash on unexpected DNS SRV responses,
- enable SO_REUSEPORT on BSD variants (thanks Mikio Hara),
- protocol family adaptive address family selection (thanks Mikio Hara),
- re-enable wildcard listening (thanks Mikio Hara),
- sort records returned by LookupSRV (thanks Gary Burd).
-* os: make Readdir & Readdirnames return os.EOF at end,
- make Setenv update C environment variables.
-* reflect: allow unexported key in Value.MapIndex.
-* runtime, sync/atomic: fix arm cas.
-* runtime: add newline to "finalizer already set" error (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- handle out-of-threads on Linux gracefully (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- fix function args not checked warning on ARM (thanks Dave Cheney),
- make StackSystem part of StackGuard (thanks Alexey Borzenkov),
- maybe fix Windows build broken by cgo setenv CL.
-* spec: clarify semantics of integer division,
- clarify semantics of range clause,
- fix error in production syntax,
- narrow syntax for expression and select statements,
- newlines cannot be used inside a char or "" string literal,
- restricted expressions may still be parenthesized.
-* strings: make Reader.Read use copy instead of an explicit loop.
-* syscall: add Windows file mapping functions and constants (thanks Evan Shaw),
- add IPv6 scope zone ID support (thanks Mikio Hara),
- add netlink support for linux/386, linux/amd64, linux/arm (thanks Mikio Hara),
- add Sendfile,
- adjust freebsd syscalls.master URL properly (thanks Mikio Hara),
- change Overlapped.HEvent type, it is a handle (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* syslog: fix skipping of net tests (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* template: support string, int and float literals (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* xml: fix reflect error.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-04-27">2011-04-27 (<a href="release.html#r57">base for r57</a>)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes revisions to the reflect package to make it more
-efficient, after the last weekly's major API update. If your code uses reflect
-it may require further changes, not all of which can be made automatically by
-gofix. For the full details of the change, see
- http://codereview.appspot.com/4435042
-Also, the Typeof and NewValue functions have been renamed to TypeOf and ValueOf.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5c: make alignment rules match 5g, just like 6c matches 6g.
-* 8g, 8l: fix "set but not used" gcc error (thanks Fazlul Shahriar).
-* all-qemu.bash: remove DISABLE_NET_TESTS.
-* build: remove DISABLE_NET_TESTS.
-* builder: build multiple targets in parallel.
-* cgo: avoid "incompatible pointer type" warning (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* codereview: add 'hg undo' command, various other fixes.
-* compress/flate: dictionary support.
-* compress/zlib: add FDICT flag in Reader/Writer (thanks Ross Light).
-* container/heap: fix circular dependency in test.
-* crypto/openpgp: better handling of keyrings.
-* crypto/rsa: support > 3 primes.
-* crypto/tls: add server-side OCSP stapling support.
-* crypto/x509: memorize chain building.
-* crypto: move certificate verification into x509.
-* dashboard: build most recent revision first.
-* doc: mention make version in install.html.
-* expvar: add Func for functions that return values that are JSON marshalable.
-* fmt: decrease recursion depth in tests to permit them to run under gccgo,
- tweak the doc for %U.
-* gc: allow complex types to be receiver types (thanks Robert Hencke),
- correct handling of unexported method names in embedded interfaces,
- explain why invalid receiver types are invalid,
- fix copy([]int, string) error message (thanks Quan Yong Zhai),
- fix 'invalid recursive type' error (thanks Lorenzo Stoakes),
- many bug fixes.
-* go spec: attempt at clarifying language for "append",
- for map types, mention indexing operations.
-* go/types: update for export data format change.
-* gob: fix handling of indirect receivers for GobDecoders,
- fix trivial bug in map marshaling,
- have errorf always prefix the message with "gob: ",
- test case for indirection to large field,
- use new Implements and AssignableTo methods in reflect,
- when decoding a string, allocate a string, not a []byte.
-* gobuilder: permit builders of the form goos-goarch-foo,
- respect MAKEFLAGS if provided (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* godoc: use "search" input type for search box (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh).
-* gofix: add support for reflect rename.
-* gofmt: add -d (diff) (thanks David Crawshaw),
- don't crash when rewriting nil interfaces in AST,
- exclude test case that doesn't compile w/o errors,
- gofmt test harness bug fix.
-* goinstall: support GOPATH; building and installing outside the Go tree,
- support building executable commands.
-* gopack: fix prefix bug,
- preserve safe flag when not adding unsafe objects to archive.
-* gotest: add timing, respect $GOARCH,
- generate gofmt-compliant code.
-* http/cgi: copy some PATH environment variables to child,
- improve Location response handling,
- pass some default environment variables.
-* http/fcgi: new package (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* http: add NewRequest helper,
- add MultipartForm, ParseMultipartForm, and FormFile to Request,
- be clear when failing to connect to a proxy,
- bug fixes and new tests,
- consume request bodies before replying,
- don't quote Set-Cookie Domain and Path (thanks Petar Maymounkov),
- fix IP confusion in TestServerTimeouts,
- handler timeout support,
- ServerConn, ClientConn: add real Close (thanks Petar Maymounkov),
- make Client redirect policy configurable,
- put a limit on POST size,
- reverse proxy handler.
-* image/jpeg: add an encoder,
- decode to a YCbCr image instead of an RGBA image.
-* ioutil: add Discard.
-* json: keep track of error offset in SyntaxError.
-* ld: defend against some broken object files,
- do not emit empty dwarf pe sections (thanks Alex Brainman),
- fix 6l -d on Mac, diagnose invalid use of -d,
- fix Plan 9 symbol table (thanks Anthony Martin),
- remove MachoLoad limit.
-* make: prevent rm provoking 'text file busy' errors (thanks Lorenzo Stoakes).
-* mime/multipart: add ReadForm for parsing multipart forms,
- limit line length to prevent abuse.
-* mime: RFC 2231 continuation / non-ASCII support,
- bunch more tests, few minor parsing fixes.
-* misc/goplay: fix Tab and Shift+Enter in Firefox (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh).
-* net: disable one more external network test,
- fix EAI_BADFLAGS error on freebsd (thanks Mikio Hara),
- fix ParseIP (thanks Quan Yong Zhai),
- fix dialgoogle_test.go (thanks Quan Yong Zhai),
- try /etc/hosts before loading DNS config (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh),
- use C library resolver on FreeBSD, Linux, OS X / amd64, 386.
-* os/user: new package to look up users.
-* os: Open with O_APPEND|O_CREATE to append on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- fix race in ReadAt/WriteAt on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- turn EPIPE exit into panic.
-* rc/env.bash: fix to build on windows under msys (thanks Joe Poirier).
-* reflect: allow Slice of arrays,
- fix Copy of arrays (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- require package qualifiers to match during interface check,
- add Type.Implements, Type.AssignableTo, Value.CallSlice,
- make Set match Go.
-* rpc: allow the first argument of a method to be a value rather than a pointer,
- run benchmarks over HTTP as well as direct network connections.
-* run.bash: remove redundant rebuilds.
-* runtime/plan9: warning remediation for Plan 9 (thanks Lucio De Re),
-* runtime: many bug fixes,
- fix GOMAXPROCS vs garbage collection bug (thanks Dmitriy Vyukov),
- fix mkversion to output valid path separators (thanks Peter Mundy),
- more graceful out-of-memory crash,
- require package qualifiers to match during interface check,
- skip functions with no lines when building src line table,
- turn "too many EPIPE" into real SIGPIPE.
-* src/pkg: make package doc comments consistently start with "Package foo".
-* syscall: Madvise and Mprotect for Linux (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- Mlock, Munlock, Mlockall, Munlockall on Linux (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- add BPF support for darwin/386, darwin/amd64 (thanks Mikio Hara),
- correct Windows CreateProcess input parameters (thanks Alex Brainman),
- fix Ftruncate under linux/arm5 (thanks Dave Cheney),
- permit StartProcess to hide the executed program on windows (thanks Vincent Vanackere).
-* test/bench: update timings; moving to new machine.
-* time: support Irix 6 location for zoneinfo files.
-* tutorial: modernize the definition and use of Open,
- replace the forever loops with finite counts in sieve programs.
-* websocket: include *http.Request in websocket.Conn.
-* xml: Parser hook for non-UTF-8 charset converters.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-04-13">2011-04-13</h2>
-
-<pre>
-weekly.2011-04-13
-
-This weekly snapshot includes major changes to the reflect package and the
-os.Open function. Code that uses reflect or os.Open will require updating,
-which can be done mechanically using the gofix tool.
-
-The reflect package's Type and Value types have changed. Type is now an
-interface that implements all the possible type methods. Instead of a type
-switch on a reflect.Type t, switch on t.Kind(). Value is now a struct value
-that implements all the possible value methods. Instead of a type switch on a
-reflect.Value v, switch on v.Kind(). See the change for the full details:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=843855f3c026
-
-The os package's Open function has been replaced by three functions:
- OpenFile(name, flag, perm) // same as old Open
- Open(name) // same as old Open(name, O_RDONLY, 0)
- Create(name) // same as old Open(name, O_RDWR|O_TRUNC|O_CREAT, 0666)
-
-To update your code to use the new APIs, run "gofix path/to/code". Gofix can't
-handle all situations perfectly, so read and test the changes it makes before
-committing them.
-
-Other changes:
-* archive/zip: add func OpenReader, type ReadCloser (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh).
-* asn1: Implement correct marshaling of length octets (thanks Luit van Drongelen).
-* big: don't crash when printing nil ints.
-* bufio: add ReadLine, to replace encoding/line.
-* build: make the build faster, quieter.
-* codereview: automatically port old diffs forward,
- drop Author: line on self-clpatch,
- recognize code URL without trailing slash.
-* crypto/block: remove deprecated package.
-* crypto/des: new package implementating DES and TDEA (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* crypto/ecdsa, crypto/rsa: use io.ReadFull to read from random source (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh).
-* crypto/rsa: add 3-prime support,
- add support for precomputing CRT values,
- flip the CRT code over so that it matches PKCS#1.
-* crypto/x509: expose complete DER data (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* doc: new "Functions" codewalk (thanks John DeNero).
-* doc/roadmap: add sections on tools, packages.
-* fmt: allow %U for unsigned integers.
-* gc: fixes and optimizations.
-* go/printer, gofmt: use blank to separate import rename from import path.
-* go/scanner: better TokenString output.
-* go/types: new Go type hierarchy implementation for AST.
-* godashboard: show packages at launchpad.net (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* gofix: add -diff, various fixes and helpers.
-* gotest: fix a bug in error handling,
- fixes for [^.]_test file pattern (thanks Peter Mundy),
- handle \r\n returned by gomake on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* gotype: use go/types GcImporter.
-* govet: make name-matching for printf etc. case-insensitive.
-* http: allow override of Content-Type for ServeFile,
- client gzip support,
- do not listen on 0.0.0.0 during test,
- flesh out server Expect handling + tests.
-* image/ycbcr: new package.
-* image: allow "?" wildcards when registering image formats.
-* io: fixes for Read with n > 0, os.EOF (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* ld: correct Plan 9 compiler warnings (thanks Lucio De Re),
- ELF header function declarations (thanks Lucio De Re),
- fix Mach-O X86_64_RELOC_SIGNED relocations (thanks Mikkel Krautz),
- fix Mach-O bss bug (thanks Mikkel Krautz),
- fix dwarf decoding of strings for struct's fieldnames (thanks Luuk van Dijk),
- fixes and optimizations (25% faster).
-* log: generalize getting and setting flags and prefix.
-* misc/cgo/life: enable build and test on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* misc/vim: add plugin with Fmt command (thanks Dmitry Chestnykh),
- update type highlighting for new reflect package.
-* net: disable multicast tests by default (thanks Dave Cheney),
- sort records returned by LookupMX (thanks Corey Thomasson).
-* openpgp: Fix improper := shadowing (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* os: rename Open to OpenFile, add new Open, Create,
- fix Readdir in Plan 9 (thanks Fazlul Shahriar).
-* os/inotify: use _test for test files, not _obj.
-* pkg/path: enable tests on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* reflect: new Type and Value API.
-* src/pkg/Makefile: trim per-directory make output except on failure.
-* syscall: Add DT_* and MADV_* constants on Linux (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- add Mmap, Munmap on Linux, FreeBSD, OS X,
- fix StartProcess in Plan 9 (thanks Fazlul Shahriar),
- fix Windows Signaled (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* test/bench: enable build and test on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-04-04">2011-04-04</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This snapshot includes changes to the net package. Your code will require
-changes if it uses the Dial or LookupHost functions.
-
-The laddr argument has been removed from net.Dial, and the cname return value
-has been removed from net.LookupHost. The new net.LookupCNAME function can be
-used to find the canonical host for a given name. You can update your
-networking code with gofix.
-
-The gotest shell script has been replaced by a Go program, making testing
-significantly faster.
-
-Other changes:
-* asn1: extensions needed for parsing Kerberos.
-* bufio: Write and WriteString cleanup (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* bytes, strings: simplify Join (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* crypto/cipher: bad CTR IV length now triggers panic.
-* crypto/tls: extend NPN support to the client,
- added X509KeyPair function to parse a Certificate from memory.
-* crypto/x509: parse Extended Key Usage extension (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* debug/gosym: remove need for gotest to run preparatory commands.
-* fmt: implement precision (length of input) values for %q: %.20q.
-* go/parser: fix scoping for local type declarations (thanks Roger Peppe),
- package name must not be the blank identifier.
-* go/printer, gofmt: remove special case for multi-line raw strings.
-* gopack: add P flag to remove prefix from filename information.
-* gotest: add -test.timeout option,
- replace the shell script with the compiled program written in go,
- execute gomake properly on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* gotry: move into its own directory, separate from gotest.
-* gotype: support for more tests, added one new test.
-* http: add Transport.MaxIdleConnsPerHost,
- use upper case hex in URL escaping (thanks Matt Jones).
-* httptest: add NewTLSServer.
-* misc/kate: reorganize, remove closed() (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* misc/notepadplus: support for notepad++ (thanks Anthony Starks).
-* net: implement non-blocking connect (thanks Alexey Borzenkov).
-* os: fix MkdirAll("/thisdoesnotexist") (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- Plan 9 support (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover),
- add a few missing Plan 9 errors (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski),
- fix FileInfo.Name returned by Stat (thanks David Forsythe).
-* path/filepath.Glob: add an error return,
- don't drop known matches on error.
-* path/filepath: add support for Plan 9 (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski).
-* scanner: treat line comments like in Go.
-* syscall: Plan 9 support (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover),
- StartProcess Chroot and Credential (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- add BPF support for freebsd/386, freebsd/amd64 (thanks Mikio Hara),
- make [Raw]Syscall6 pass 6th arg on linux/386 (thanks Evan Shaw).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-03-28">2011-03-28</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This weekly release includes improved support for testing.
-
-Memory and CPU profiling is now available via the gotest tool. Gotest will
-produce memory and CPU profiling data when invoked with the -test.memprofile
-and -test.cpuprofile flags. Run "godoc gotest" for details.
-
-We have also introduced a way for tests to run quickly when an exhaustive test
-is unnecessary. Gotest's new -test.short flag in combination with the testing
-package's new Short function allows you to write tests that can be run in
-normal or "short" mode; short mode is now used by all.bash to reduce
-installation time.
-The Makefiles know about the flag - you can just run "make testshort".
-
-Other changes:
-* .hgignore: Ignore all goinstalled packages (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* build: add all-qemu.bash, handful of arm fixes,
- add support for SWIG, and add two SWIG examples,
- diagnose Ubuntu's buggy copy of gold,
- handle broken awk in version.bash (thanks Dave Cheney),
- reenable clean.bash without gomake (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* cgo: fix index-out-of-bounds bug.
-* codereview: permit CLs of the form weekly.DATE
-* crypto/ecdsa: truncate hash values.
-* crypto/openpgp: add DSA signature support.
-* dashboard: remove old python/bash builder, update README.
-* doc: explain release and weekly tags in install.html.
-* exec: document dir option for Run (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* flag: document Nflag function (thanks Fazlul Shahriar).
-* gc: remove interim ... error which rejects valid code.
-* go/ast: implemented NewPackage,
- merge CaseClause and TypeCaseClause.
-* go/parser: fix memory leak by making a copy of token literals,
- resolve identifiers properly.
-* go/printer, gofmt: avoid exponential layout algorithm,
- gofmt: simplify struct formatting and respect line breaks.
-* go/scanner: to interpret line comments with Windows filenames (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* go/token: use array instead of map for token->string table.
-* gob: optimizations to reduce allocations,
- use pointers in bootstrapType so interfaces behave properly.
-* gobuilder: recognize CLs of the form weekly.DATE.
-* godefs: handle volatile.
-* godoc: add -template flag to specify custom templates,
- fix path problem for windows (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* gofix: httpserver - rewrite rw.SetHeader to rw.Header.Set.
-* gofmt: add profiling flag.
-* gopprof: fix bug: do not rotate 180 degrees for large scrolls,
- update list of memory allocation functions.
-* gotest: fix gofmt issue in generated _testmain.go.
-* http: add NewProxyClientConn,
- avoid crash when asked for multiple file ranges,
- don't chunk 304 responses,
- export Transport, add keep-alive support.
-* ld: return > 0 exit code on unsafe import.
-* misc/bbedit: remove closed keyword (thanks Anthony Starks).
-* misc/emacs: gofmt: don't clobber the current buffer on failure.
-* misc/vim: remove 'closed' as a builtin function.
-* net: add FileConn, FilePacketConn, FileListener (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- don't force epoll/kqueue to wake up in order to add new events,
- let OS-specific AddFD routine wake up polling thread,
- use preallocated buffer for epoll and kqueue/kevent.
-* path/filepath: add EvalSymlinks function,
- fix TestEvalSymlinks when run under symlinked GOROOT.
-* path: work for windows (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* rpc: increase server_test timeout (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- optimizations to reduce allocations.
-* runtime: fix darwin/amd64 thread VM footprint (thanks Alexey Borzenkov),
- fix gdb support for goroutines,
- more stack split fixes,
- os-specific types and code for setitimer,
- update defs.h for freebsd-386 (thanks Devon H. O'Dell).
-* strings: Map: avoid allocation when string is unchanged.
-* syscall: GetsockoptInt (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- StartProcess fixes for windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- permit non-blocking syscalls,
- rename from .sh to .pl, because these files are in Perl.
-* test: enable tests using v, ok := <-ch syntax (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* time: give a helpful message when we can't set the time zone for testing.
- isolate syscall reference in sys.go.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-03-15">2011-03-15</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This week's release introduces a new release tagging scheme. We intend to
-continue with our weekly releases, but have renamed the existing tags from
-"release" to "weekly". The "release" tag will now be applied to one hand-picked
-stable release each month or two.
-
-The revision formerly tagged "release.2011-03-07.1" (now "weekly.2011-03-07.1")
-has been nominated our first stable release, and has been given the tag
-"release.r56". As we tag each stable release we will post an announcement to
-the new golang-announce mailing list:
- http://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce
-
-You can continue to keep your Go installation updated using "hg update
-release", but now you should only need to update once we tag a new stable
-release, which we will announce here. If you wish to stay at the leading edge,
-you should switch to the weekly tag with "hg update weekly".
-
-
-This weekly release includes significant changes to the language spec and the
-http, os, and syscall packages. Your code may need to be changed. It also
-introduces the new gofix tool.
-
-The closed function has been removed from the language. The syntax for channel
-receives has been changed to return an optional second value, a boolean value
-indicating whether the channel is closed. This code:
- v := <-ch
- if closed(ch) {
- // channel is closed
- }
-should now be written as:
- v, ok := <-ch
- if !ok {
- // channel is closed
- }
-
-It is now illegal to declare unused labels, just as it is illegal to declare
-unused local variables.
-
-The new gofix tool finds Go programs that use old APIs and rewrites them to use
-newer ones. After you update to a new Go release, gofix helps make the
-necessary changes to your programs. Gofix will handle the http, os, and syscall
-package changes described below, and we will update the program to keep up with
-future changes to the libraries.
-
-The Hijack and Flush methods have been removed from the http.ResponseWriter
-interface and are accessible via the new http.Hijacker and http.Flusher
-interfaces. The RemoteAddr and UsingTLS methods have been moved from
-http.ResponseWriter to http.Request.
-
-The http.ResponseWriter interface's SetHeader method has been replaced by a
-Header() method that returns the response's http.Header. Caller code needs to
-change. This code:
- rw.SetHeader("Content-Type", "text/plain")
-should now be written as:
- rw.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/plain")
-The os and syscall packages' StartProcess functions now take their final three
-arguments as an *os.ProcAttr and *syscall.ProcAttr values, respectively. This
-code:
- os.StartProcess(bin, args, env, dir, fds)
-should now be written as:
- os.StartProcess(bin, args, &os.ProcAttr{Files: fds, Dir: dir, Env: env})
-
-The gob package will now encode and decode values of types that implement the
-gob.GobEncoder and gob.GobDecoder interfaces. This allows types with unexported
-fields to transmit self-consistent descriptions; one instance is big.Int and
-big.Rat.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5l, 6l, 8l: reduce binary size about 40% by omitting symbols for type, string, go.string.
-* 5l, 8l: output missing section symbols (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* 6l, 8l: fix gdb crash.
-* Make.cmd: also clean _test* (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* big: implemented custom Gob(En/De)coder for Int type.
-* build: remove duplicate dependency in Make.cmd (thanks Robert Hencke),
- run gotest in misc/cgo/test.
-* codereview.py: don't suggest change -d if user is not CL author (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* compress/lzw: benchmark a range of input sizes.
-* crypto/ecdsa: add package.
-* crypto/elliptic: add the N value of each curve.
-* crypto/openpgp: bug fixes and fix misnamed function.
-* crypto/tls: fix compile error (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* doc: Effective Go: some small cleanups,
- update FAQ. hello, world is now 1.1MB, down from 1.8MB,
- update codelab wiki to fix template.Execute argument order.
-* flag: visit the flags in sorted order, for nicer messages.
-* fmt: do not export EOF = -1.
-* fmt: make ScanState.Token more general (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* gc: diagnose unused labels,
- fix handling of return values named _,
- include all dependencies in export metadata,
- make unsafe.Pointer its own kind of type, instead of an equivalent to *any.
-* go/ast, go/parser: populate identifier scopes at parse time.
-* go/ast: add FileSet parameter to ast.Print and ast.Fprint.
-* go/parser: first constant in a constant declaration must have a value.
-* gob: efficiency and reliability fixes.
-* gofmt: remove -trace and -ast flags.
-* goinstall: handle $(GOOS) and $(GOARCH) in filenames,
- handle .c files with gc when cgo isn't used, and
- handle .s files with gc (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* gopack: omit time stamps, makes output deterministic.
-* gotype: commandline tool to typecheck go programs.
-* govet: handle '*' in print format strings.
-* hash: new FNV-1a implementation (thanks Pascal S. de Kloe).
-* http/cgi: child support (e.g. Go CGI under Apache).
-* http: adapt Cookie code to follow IETF draft (thanks Petar Maymounkov),
- add test for fixed HTTP/1.0 keep-alive issue,
- don't hit external network in client_test.go,
- fix transport crash when request URL is nil,
- rename interface Transport to RoundTripper,
- run tests even with DISABLE_NET_TESTS=1.
-* httptest: default the Recorder status code to 200 on a Write.
-* io/ioutil: clean-up of ReadAll and ReadFile.
-* ioutil: add NopCloser.
-* ld: preserve symbol sizes during data layout.
-* lib9, libmach: Change GOOS references to GOHOSTOS (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* libmach: correct string comparison to revive 6cov on darwin (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* misc/vim: Add indent script for Vim (thanks Ross Light).
-* net, os, syslog: fixes for Solaris support.
-* net: don't loop to drain wakeup pipe.
-* nm: document -S flag.
-* openpgp: add PublicKey KeyId string accessors.
-* rpc: optimizations, add benchmarks and memory profiling,
- use httptest.Server for tests (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* runtime: reduce lock contention via wakeup on scheduler unlock,
- scheduler, cgo reorganization,
- split non-debugging malloc interface out of debug.go into mem.go.
-* spec: clarify return statement rules.
-* strings: add IndexRune tests, ASCII fast path,
- better benchmark names; add BenchmarkIndex.
-* syscall: implement Mount and Unmount for linux,
- implement Reboot for linux.
-* time: fix Time.ZoneOffset documentation (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* tls: move PeerCertificates to ConnectionState.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-03-07">2011-03-07 (<a href="release.html#r56">base for r56</a>)</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes changes to the reflect and path packages.
-Code that uses reflect or path may need to be updated.
-
-The reflect package's Value.Addr method has been renamed to Value.UnsafeAddr.
-Code that uses the Addr method will have to call UnsafeAddr instead.
-
-The path package has been split into two packages: path and path/filepath.
-Package path manipulates slash-separated paths, regardless of operating system.
-Package filepath implements the local operating system's native file paths.
-OS-specific functioanlity in pacakge path, such as Walk, moved to filepath.
-
-Other changes:
-* build: fixes and simplifications (thanks Dave Cheney),
- move $GOBIN ahead of /bin, /usr/bin in build $PATH.
-* bzip2: speed up decompression.
-* cgo: fix dwarf type parsing (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- put temporary source files in _obj (thanks Roger Peppe),
- fix bug involving 0-argument callbacks.
-* compress/lzw: optimizations.
-* doc: add FAQ about "implements",
- add FAQ about large binaries ,
- add FAQ about stack vs heap allocation,
- add internationalization to roadmap,
- describe platform-specific conventions in code.html.
-* fmt: allow recursive calls to Fscan etc (thanks Roger Peppe),
- make %#p suppress leading 0x.
-* gc, gopack: add some missing flags to the docs.
-* gc: fix init of packages named main (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
-* gob: make recursive map and slice types work, and other fixes.
- tentative support for GobEncoder/GobDecoder interfaces.
-* gobuilder: add -package flag to build external packages and -v for verbose.
-* gofmt: exclude test file that is not legal Go.
-* goinstall: protect against malicious filenames (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* goyacc: provide -p flag to set prefix for names, documentation update.
-* http: add cookie support (thanks Petar Maymounkov),
- allow handlers to send non-chunked responses,
- export ParseHTTPVersion,
- expose Client's Transport,
- use WriteProxy,
- rename ClientTransport to Transport.
-* http/cgi: new package.
-* http/httptest: new package.
-* image: add a decoding test for common file formats.
-* io/ioutil: add TempDir.
-* mime/multipart: Header changed from map to MIMEHeader
-* path/filepath: new OS-specific path support (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* reflect: add PtrTo, add Value.Addr (old Addr is now UnsafeAddr).
-* runtime: use kernel-supplied compare-and-swap on linux/arm.
-* spec: minor clarification of scope rule for functions.
-* sync/atomic: new package to expose atomic operations.
-* syscall: regenerate zerrors_freebsd_amd64.go (thanks Mikio Hara),
- work around FreeBSD execve kernel bug (thanks Devon H. O'Dell).
-* template: document the delimiters.
-* testing: run GC before each benchmark run (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* unsafe: fix the documentation.
-* websocket: use httptest.Server for tests (thanks Robert Hencke).
-* xml: permit nested directives (thanks Chris Dollin).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-02-24">2011-02-24</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes changes to the http package and a small language change.
-Your code will require changes if it manipulates http Headers or omits the
-condition in if statements.
-
-The new http.Header type replaces map[string]string in the Header and Trailer
-fields of http.Request and http.Response.
-A Header value can be manipulated via its Get, Set, Add, and Del methods.
-See http://golang.org/pkg/http/#Header
-
-The condition is now mandatory in if statements.
-Previously it would default to true, as in switch and for statements.
-This code is now illegal:
- if x := foo(); {
- // code that is always executed
- }
-The same effect can be achieved like this:
- if x := foo(); true {
- // code
- }
-Or, in a simpler form:
- {
- x := foo()
- // code
- }
-
-Other changes:
-* 6l: new -Hwindowsgui flag allows to build windows gui pe (thanks Alex Brainman),
- pe fixes (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* 8l, 6l: allow for more os threads to be created on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
-* build: reduce the use of subshells in recursive make, and
- remove unused NaCl conditional from make.bash (thanks Dave Cheney).
-* codereview: fix clpatch with empty diffs (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* compress/bzip2: add package.
-* compress/lzw: implement a decoder.
-* crypto/openpgp: add package.
-* crypto/rand: add read buffer to speed up small requests (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* crypto/rsa: left-pad OAEP results when needed.
-* crypto/tls: make protocol negotiation failure fatal.
-* fmt: stop giving characters to the Scan method of Scanner when we hit a newline in Scanln.
-* gc: interface error message fixes,
- make string const comparison unsigned (thanks Jeff R. Allen).
-* go spec: minor clarification on channel types.
-* go/ast, parser: condition in if statement is mandatory.
-* gob: compute information about a user's type once.
- protect against pure recursive types.
-* godoc: accept symbolic links as path names provided to -path,
- add robots.txt, log errors when reading filter files.
-* html: tokenize HTML comments.
-* http: add proxy support (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
- implement with net/textproto (thanks Petar Maymounkov),
- send full URL in proxy requests,
- introduce start of Client and ClientTransport.
-* image/png: support for more formats (thanks Mikael Tillenius).
-* json: only use alphanumeric tags,
- use base64 to encode []byte (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* ld: detect stack overflow due to NOSPLIT, drop rpath, support weak symbols.
-* misc/dashboard/builder: talk to hg with utf-8 encoding.
-* misc/dashboard: notify golang-dev on build failure.
-* net: *netFD.Read to return os.EOF on eof under windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- add IPv4 multicast to UDPConn (thanks Dave Cheney),
- more accurate IPv4-in-IPv6 API test (thanks Mikio Hara),
- reject invalid net:proto network names (thanks Olivier Antoine).
-* netchan: allow use of arbitrary connections (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* os: add ENODATA and ENOTCONN (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* reflect: add a couple of sentences explaining how Methods operate,
- add a secret method to ArrayOrSliceType to ensure it's only implemented by arrays and slices,
- add pointer word to CommonType (placeholder for future work).
-* runtime-gdb.py: gdb pretty printer for go strings properly handles length.
-* runtime: various bug fixes, more complete stack traces,
- record $GOROOT_FINAL for runtime.GOROOT.
-* spec: delete incorrect mention of selector working on pointer to interface type.
-* sync: add Cond (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* syscall: add MCL_* flags for mlockall (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- implement chmod() for win32 (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* test/bench: update timings for new GC.
-* testing: rename cmdline flags to avoid conflicts (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* textproto: introduce Header type (thanks Petar Maymounkov).
-* websocket: use new interface to access Header.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-02-15">2011-02-15</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes changes to the io, os, and template packages.
-You may need to update your code.
-
-The io.ReadByter and io.ReadRuner interface types have been renamed to
-io.ByteReader and io.RuneReader respectively.
-
-The os package's ForkExec function has been superseded by the new StartProcess
-function and an API built around the Process type:
- http://golang.org/pkg/os/#Process
-
-The order of arguments to template.Execute has been reversed to be consistent
-the notion of "destination first", as with io.Copy, fmt.Fprint, and others.
-
-Gotest now works for package main in directories using Make.cmd-based makefiles.
-
-The memory allocation runtime problems from the last release are not completely
-fixed. The virtual memory exhaustion problems encountered by people using
-ulimit -v have been fixed, but there remain known garbage collector problems
-when using GOMAXPROCS > 1.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5l: stopped generating 64-bit eor.
-* 8l: more work on plan9 support (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover).
-* archive/zip: handle files with data descriptors.
-* arm: working peep-hole optimizer.
-* asn1: marshal true as 255, not 1.
-* buffer.go: minor optimization, expanded comment.
-* build: drop syslog on DISABLE_NET_TESTS=1 (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- allow clean.bash to work on fresh checkout,
- change "all tests pass" message to be more obvious,
- fix spaces in GOROOT (thanks Christopher Nielsen).
-* bytes: fix bug in buffer.ReadBytes (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* 5g: better int64 code,
- don't use MVN instruction.
-* cgo: don't run cgo when not compiling (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fix _cgo_run timestamp file order (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- fix handling of signed enumerations (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- os/arch dependent #cgo directives (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- rename internal f to avoid conflict with possible C global named f.
-* codereview: fix hgpatch on windows (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
- record repository, base revision,
- use cmd.communicate (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* container/ring: replace Iter() with Do().
-* crypto/cipher: add resync open to OCFB mode.
-* crypto/openpgp/armor: bug fixes.
-* crypto/openpgp/packet: new subpackage.
-* crypto/tls: load a chain of certificates from a file,
- select best cipher suite, not worst.
-* crypto/x509: add support for name constraints.
-* debug/pe: ImportedSymbols fixes (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* doc/code: update to reflect that package names need not be unique.
-* doc/codelab/wiki: a bunch of fixes (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski).
-* doc/install: update for new versions of Mercurial.
-* encoding/line: fix line returned after EOF.
-* flag: allow hexadecimal (0xFF) and octal (0377) input for integer flags.
-* fmt.Scan: scan binary-exponent floating format, 2.4p-3,
- hexadecimal (0xFF) and octal (0377) integers.
-* fmt: document %%; also %b for floating point.
-* gc, ld: detect stale or incompatible object files,
- package name main no longer reserved.
-* gc: correct receiver in method missing error (thanks Lorenzo Stoakes),
- correct rounding of denormal constants (thanks Eoghan Sherry),
- select receive bug fix.
-* go/printer, gofmt: smarter handling of multi-line raw strings.
-* go/printer: line comments must always end in a newline,
- remove notion of "Styler", remove HTML mode.
-* gob: allow Decode(nil) and have it just discard the next value.
-* godoc: use IsAbs to test for absolute paths (fix for win32) (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto),
- don't hide package lookup error if there's no command with the same name.
-* gotest: enable unit tests for main programs.
-* http: add Server type supporting timeouts,
- add pipelining to ClientConn, ServerConn (thanks Petar Maymounkov),
- handle unchunked, un-lengthed HTTP/1.1 responses.
-* io: add RuneReader.
-* json: correct Marshal documentation.
-* netchan: graceful handling of closed connection (thanks Graham Miller).
-* os: implement new Process API (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* regexp tests: make some benchmarks more meaningful.
-* regexp: add support for matching against text read from RuneReader interface.
-* rpc: make more tolerant of errors, properly discard values (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* runtime: detect failed thread creation on Windows,
- faster allocator, garbage collector,
- fix virtual memory exhaustion,
- implemented windows console ctrl handler (SIGINT) (thanks Hector Chu),
- more detailed panic traces, line number work,
- improved Windows callback handling (thanks Hector Chu).
-* spec: adjust notion of Assignability,
- allow import of packages named main,
- clarification re: method sets of newly declared pointer types,
- fix a few typos (thanks Anthony Martin),
- fix Typeof() return type (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- move to Unicode 6.0.
-* sync: diagnose Unlock of unlocked Mutex,
- new Waitgroup type (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* syscall: add SetsockoptIpMreq (thanks Dave Cheney),
- add sockaddr_dl, sysctl with routing message support for darwin, freebsd (thanks Mikio Hara),
- do not use NULL for zero-length read, write,
- implement windows version of Fsync (thanks Alex Brainman),
- make ForkExec acquire the ForkLock under windows (thanks Hector Chu),
- make windows API return errno instead of bool (thanks Alex Brainman),
- remove obsolete socket IO control (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* template: add simple formatter chaining (thanks Kyle Consalus),
- allow a leading '*' to indirect through a pointer.
-* testing: include elapsed time in test output
-* windows: replace remaining __MINGW32__ instances with _WIN32 (thanks Joe Poirier).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-02-01">2011-02-01</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes significant changes to channel operations and minor
-changes to the log package. Your code will require modification if it uses
-channels in non-blocking communications or the log package's Exit functions.
-
-Non-blocking channel operations have been removed from the language.
-The equivalent operations have always been possible using a select statement
-with a default clause. If a default clause is present in a select, that clause
-will execute (only) if no other is ready, which allows one to avoid blocking on
-a communication.
-
-For example, the old non-blocking send operation,
-
- if ch <- v {
- // sent
- } else {
- // not sent
- }
-
-should be rewritten as,
-
- select {
- case ch <- v:
- // sent
- default:
- // not sent
- }
-
-Similarly, this receive,
-
- v, ok := <-ch
- if ok {
- // received
- } else {
- // not received
- }
-
-should be rewritten as,
-
- select {
- case v := <-ch:
- // received
- default:
- // not received
- }
-
-This change is a prelude to redefining the 'comma-ok' syntax for a receive.
-In a later release, a receive expression will return the received value and an
-optional boolean indicating whether the channel has been closed. These changes
-are being made in two stages to prevent this semantic change from silently
-breaking code that uses 'comma-ok' with receives.
-There are no plans to have a boolean expression form for sends.
-
-Sends to a closed channel will panic immediately. Previously, an unspecified
-number of sends would fail silently before causing a panic.
-
-The log package's Exit, Exitf, and Exitln functions have been renamed Fatal,
-Fatalf, and Fatalln respectively. This brings them in line with the naming of
-the testing package.
-
-The port to the "tiny" operating system has been removed. It is unmaintained
-and untested. It was a toy to show that Go can run on raw hardware and it
-served its purpose. The source code will of course remain in the repository
-history, so it could be brought back if needed later.
-
-This release also changes some of the internal structure of the memory
-allocator in preparation for other garbage collector changes.
-If you run into problems, please let us know.
-There is one known issue that we are aware of but have not debugged yet:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=1464&.
-
-Other changes in this release:
-* 5l: document -F, force it on old ARMs (software floating point emulation)
-* 6g: fix registerization of temporaries (thanks Eoghan Sherry),
- fix uint64(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&x))).
-* 6l: Relocate CMOV* instructions (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- windows/amd64 port (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* 8l: add PE dynexport, emit DWARF in Windows PE, and
- code generation fixes (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* bufio: make Flush a no-op when the buffer is empty.
-* bytes: Add Buffer.ReadBytes, Buffer.ReadString (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* cc: mode to generate go-code for types and variables.
-* cgo: define CGO_CFLAGS and CGO_LDFLAGS in Go files (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- windows/386 port (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* codereview: fix windows (thanks Hector Chu),
- handle file patterns better,
- more ASCII vs. Unicode nonsense.
-* crypto/dsa: add support for DSA.
-* crypto/openpgp: add s2k.
-* crypto/rand: use defer to unlock mutex (thanks Anschel Schaffer-Cohen).
-* crypto/rsa: correct docstring for SignPKCS1v15.
-* crypto: add package, a common place to store identifiers for hash functions.
-* doc/codelab/wiki: update to work with template changes, add to run.bash.
-* doc/spec: clarify address operators.
-* ebnflint: exit with non-zero status on error.
-* encoding/base32: new package (thanks Miek Gieben).
-* encoding/line: make it an io.Reader too.
-* exec: use custom error for LookPath (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* fmt/doc: define width and precision for strings.
-* gc: clearer error for struct == struct,
- fix send precedence,
- handle invalid name in type switch,
- special case code for single-op blocking and non-blocking selects.
-* go/scanner: fix build (adjust scanner EOF linecount).
-* gob: better debugging, commentary,
- make nested interfaces work,
- report an error when encoding a non-empty struct with no public fields.
-* godoc: full text index for whitelisted non-Go files,
- show line numbers for non-go files (bug fix).
-* gofmt -r: match(...) arguments may be nil; add missing guards.
-* govet: add Panic to the list of functions.
-* http: add host patterns (thanks Jose Luis Vázquez González),
- follow relative redirect in Get.
-* json: handle capital floating point exponent (1E100) (thanks Pieter Droogendijk).
-* ld: add -I option to set ELF interpreter,
- more robust decoding of reflection type info in generating dwarf.
-* lib9: update to Unicode 6.0.0.
-* make.bash: stricter selinux test (don't complain unless it is enabled).
-* misc/vim: Import/Drop commands (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer),
- set 'syntax sync' to a large value (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* net: fix race condition in test,
- return cname in LookupHost.
-* netchan: avoid race condition in test,
- fixed documentation for import (thanks Anschel Schaffer-Cohen).
-* os: add ETIMEDOUT (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* runtime: generate Go defs for C types,
- implementation of callback functions for windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- make Walk web browser example work (thanks Hector Chu),
- make select fairer,
- prefer fixed stack allocator over general memory allocator,
- simpler heap map, memory allocation.
-* scanner: fix Position returned by Scan, Pos,
- don't read ahead in Init.
-* suffixarray: use binary search for both ends of Lookup (thanks Eric Eisner).
-* syscall: add missing network interface constants (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* template: treat map keys as zero, not non-existent (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* time: allow canceling of After events (thanks Roger Peppe),
- support Solaris zoneinfo directory.
-* token/position: added SetLinesForContent.
-* unicode: update to unicode 6.0.0.
-* unsafe: add missing case to doc for Pointer.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-01-20">2011-01-20</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release removes the float and complex types from the language.
-
-The default type for a floating point literal is now float64, and
-the default type for a complex literal is now complex128.
-
-Existing code that uses float or complex must be rewritten to
-use explicitly sized types.
-
-The two-argument constructor cmplx is now spelled complex.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-01-19">2011-01-19</h2>
-
-<pre>
-The 5g (ARM) compiler now has registerization enabled. If you discover it
-causes bugs, use 5g -N to disable the registerizer and please let us know.
-
-The xml package now allows the extraction of nested XML tags by specifying
-struct tags of the form "parent>child". See the XML documentation for an
-example: http://golang.org/pkg/xml/
-
-* 5a, 5l, 6a, 6l, 8a, 8l: handle out of memory, large allocations (thanks Jeff R. Allen).
-* 8l: pe changes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* arm: fixes and improvements.
-* cc: fix vlong condition.
-* cgo: add complex float, complex double (thanks Sebastien Binet),
- in _cgo_main.c define all provided symbols as functions.
-* codereview: don't mail change lists with no files (thanks Ryan Hitchman).
-* crypto/cipher: add OFB mode.
-* expvar: add Float.
-* fmt: document %X of string, []byte.
-* gc, runtime: make range on channel safe for multiple goroutines.
-* gc: fix typed constant declarations (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* go spec: adjust language for constant typing.
-* go/scanner: Make Init take a *token.File instead of a *token.FileSet.
-* godoc: bring back "indexing in progress" message,
- don't double HTML-escape search result snippets,
- enable qualified identifiers ("math.Sin") as query strings again,
- peephole optimization for generated HTML,
- remove tab before formatted section.
-* gofmt, go/printer: do not insert extra line breaks where they may break the code.
-* http: fix Content-Range and Content-Length in response (thanks Clement Skau),
- fix scheme-relative URL parsing; add ParseRequestURL,
- handle HEAD requests correctly,
- support for relative URLs.
-* math: handle denormalized numbers in Frexp, Ilogb, Ldexp, and Logb (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* net, syscall: return source address in Recvmsg (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* net: add LookupAddr (thanks Kyle Lemons),
- add unixpacket (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- avoid nil dereference if /etc/services can't be opened (thanks Corey Thomasson),
- implement windows timeout (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* netchan: do not block sends; implement flow control (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* regexp: reject bare '?'. (thanks Ben Lynn)
-* runtime/cgo: don't define crosscall2 in dummy _cgo_main.c.
-* runtime/debug: new package for printing stack traces from a running goroutine.
-* runtime: add per-pause gc stats,
- fix arm reflect.call boundary case,
- print signal information during panic.
-* spec: specify that int and uint have the same size.
-* syscall: correct WSTOPPED on OS X,
- correct length of GNU/Linux abstract Unix domain sockaddr,
- correct length of SockaddrUnix.
-* tutorial: make stdin, stdout, stderr work on Windows.
-* windows: implement exception handling (thanks Hector Chu).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-01-12">2011-01-12</h2>
-
-<pre>
-The json, gob, and template packages have changed, and code that uses them
-may need to be updated after this release. They will no longer read or write
-unexported struct fields. When marshaling a struct with json or gob the
-unexported fields will be silently ignored. Attempting to unmarshal json or
-gob data into an unexported field will generate an error. Accessing an
-unexported field from a template will cause the Execute function to return
-an error.
-
-Godoc now supports regular expression full text search, and this
-functionality is now available on golang.org.
-
-Other changes:
-* arm: initial cut at arm optimizer.
-* bytes.Buffer: Fix bug in UnreadByte.
-* cgo: export unsafe.Pointer as void*, fix enum const conflict,
- output alignment fix (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* crypto/block: mark as deprecated.
-* crypto/openpgp: add error and armor.
-* crypto: add twofish package (thanks Berengar Lehr).
-* doc/spec: remove Maxalign from spec.
-* encoding/line: new package for reading lines from an io.Reader.
-* go/ast: correct end position for Index and TypeAssert expressions.
-* gob: make (en|dec)code(Ui|I)nt methods rather than functions.
-* godefs: better handling of enums.
-* gofmt: don't attempt certain illegal rewrites,
- rewriter matches apply to expressions only.
-* goinstall: preliminary support for cgo packages (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* hg: add cgo/_cgo_* to .hgignore.
-* http: fix text displayed in Redirect.
-* ld: fix exported dynamic symbols on Mach-O,
- permit a Mach-O symbol to be exported in the dynamic symbol table.
-* log: add methods for exit and panic.
-* net: use closesocket api instead of CloseHandle on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* netchan: make fields exported for gob change.
-* os: add Sync to *File, wraps syscall.Fsync.
-* runtime/cgo: Add callbacks to support SWIG.
-* runtime: Restore scheduler stack position if cgo callback panics.
-* suffixarray: faster creation algorithm (thanks Eric Eisner).
-* syscall: fix mksysnum_linux.sh (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* time.NewTicker: panic for intervals <= 0.
-* time: add AfterFunc to call a function after a duration (thanks Roger Peppe),
- fix tick accuracy when using multiple Tickers (thanks Eoghan Sherry).</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2011-01-06">2011-01-06</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes several fixes and changes:
-
-* build: Make.pkg: use installed runtime.h for cgo.
-* cgo: disallow use of C.errno.
-* crypto/cipher: fix OCFB,
- make NewCBCEncrypter return BlockMode.
-* doc: 6l: fix documentation of -L flag,
- add golanguage.ru to foreign-language doc list,
- effective go: explain the effect of repanicking better,
- update Effective Go for template API change,
- update contribution guidelines to prefix the change description.
-* encoding/binary: reject types with implementation-dependent sizes (thanks Patrick Gavlin).
-* exp/evalsimple fix handling of slices like s[:2] (thanks Sebastien Binet).
-* fmt: made format string handling more efficient,
- normalize processing of format string.
-* gc: return constant floats for parts of complex constants (thanks Anthony Martin),
- rewrite complex /= to l = l / r (thanks Patrick Gavlin),
- fix &^=.
-* go/ast: provide complete node text range info.
-* gob: generate a better error message in one confusing place.
-* godoc: fix godoc -src (thanks Icarus Sparry).
-* goinstall: add -clean flag (thanks Kyle Lemons),
- add checkout concept (thanks Caine Tighe),
- fix -u for bzr (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* http: permit empty Reason-Phrase in response Status-Line.
-* io: fix Copyn EOF handling.
-* net: fix close of Listener (thanks Michael Hoisie).
-* regexp: fix performance bug, make anchored searches fail fast,
- fix prefix bug.
-* runtime/cgo: fix stackguard on FreeBSD/amd64 (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* strconv: atof: added 'E' as valid token for exponent (thanks Stefan Nilsson),
- update ftoa comment for 'E' and 'G'.
-* strings: fix description of FieldsFunc (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* syscall: correct Linux Splice definition,
- make Access second argument consistently uint32.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-12-22">2010-12-22</h2>
-
-<pre>
-A small release this week. The most significant change is that some
-outstanding cgo issues were resolved.
-
-* cgo: handle references to symbols in shared libraries.
-* crypto/elliptic: add serialisation and key pair generation.
-* crypto/hmac: add HMAC-SHA256 (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* crypto/tls: add ECDHE support ("Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman Ephemeral"),
- add support code for generating handshake scripts for testing.
-* darwin, freebsd: ignore write failure (during print, panic).
-* exp/draw: remove Border function.
-* expvar: quote StringFunc output, same as String output.
-* hash/crc64: fix typo in Sum.
-* ld: allow relocations pointing at ELF .bss symbols, ignore stab symbols.
-* misc/cgo/life: fix, add to build.
-* regexp: add HasMeta, HasOperator, and String methods to Regexp.
-* suffixarray: implemented FindAllIndex regexp search.
-* test/bench: update numbers for regex-dna after speedup to regexp.
-* time: explain the formats a little better.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-12-15">2010-12-15</h2>
-
-<pre>
-Package crypto/cipher has been started, to replace crypto/block.
-As part of the changes, rc4.Cipher's XORKeyStream method signature has changed from
- XORKeyStream(buf []byte)
-to
- XORKeyStream(dst, src []byte)
-to implement the cipher.Stream interface. If you use crypto/block, you'll need
-to switch to crypto/cipher once it is complete.
-
-Package smtp's StartTLS now takes a *tls.Config argument.
-
-Package reflect's ArrayCopy has been renamed to Copy. There are new functions
-Append and AppendSlice.
-
-The print/println bootstrapping functions now write to standard error.
-To write to standard output, use fmt.Print[ln].
-
-A new tool, govet, has been added to the Go distribution. Govet is a static
-checker for Go programs. At the moment, and for the foreseeable future,
-it only checks arguments to print calls.
-
-The cgo tool for writing Go bindings for C code has changed so that it no
-longer uses stub .so files (like cgo_stdio.so). Cgo-based packages using the
-standard Makefiles should build without any changes. Any alternate build
-mechanisms will need to be updated.
-
-The C and Go compilers (6g, 6c, 8g, 8c, 5g, 5c) now align structs according to
-the maximum alignment of the fields they contain; previously they aligned
-structs to word boundaries. This may break non-cgo-based code that attempts to
-mix C and Go.
-
-NaCl support has been removed. The recent linker changes broke NaCl support
-a month ago, and there are no known users of it.
-If necessary, the NaCl code can be recovered from the repository history.
-
-* 5g/8g, 8l, ld, prof: fix output of 32-bit values (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* [68]l and runtime: GDB support for interfaces and goroutines.
-* 6l, 8l: support for linking ELF and Mach-O .o files.
-* all: simplify two-variable ranges with unused second variable (thanks Ryan Hitchman).
-* arm: updated soft float support.
-* codereview: keep quiet when not in use (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* compress/flate: implement Flush, equivalent to zlib's Z_SYNC_FLUSH.
-* crypto/tls: use rand.Reader in cert generation example (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* dashboard: fix project tag filter.
-* debug/elf, debug/macho: add ImportedLibraries, ImportedSymbols.
-* doc/go_mem: goroutine exit is not special.
-* event.go: another print glitch from gocheck.
-* gc: bug fixes,
- syntax error for incomplete chan type (thanks Ryan Hitchman).
-* go/ast: fix ast.Walk.
-* gob: document the byte count used in the encoding of values,
- fix bug sending zero-length top-level slices and maps,
- Register should use the original type, not the indirected one.
-* godashboard: support submitting projects with non-ascii names (thanks Ryan Hitchman)
-* godefs: guard against structs with pad fields
-* godoc: added textual search, to enable use -fulltext flag.
-* gofmt: simplify "x, _ = range y" to "x = range y".
-* gopack: allow ELF/Mach-O objects in .a files without clearing allobj.
-* go/token,scanner: fix comments so godoc aligns properly.
-* govet: on error continue to the next file (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* html: improved parsing.
-* http: ServeFile handles Range header for partial requests.
-* json: check for invalid UTF-8.
-* ld: allow .o files with no symbols,
- reading of ELF object files,
- reading of Mach-O object files.
-* math: change float64 bias constant from 1022 to 1023 (thanks Eoghan Sherry),
- rename the MinFloat constant to SmallestNonzeroFloat.
-* nm: silently ignore .o files in .a files.
-* os: fix test of RemoveAll.
-* os/inotify: new package (thanks Balazs Lecz).
-* os: make MkdirAll work with symlinks (thanks Ryan Hitchman).
-* regexp: speed up by about 30%; also simplify code for brackets.
-* runtime/linux/386: set FPU to 64-bit precision.
-* runtime: remove paranoid mapping at 0.
-* suffixarray: add Bytes function.
-* syscall: add network interface constants for linux/386, linux/amd64 (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* syscall/windows: restrict access rights param of OpenProcess(),
- remove \r and \n from error messages (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* test/bench: fixes to timing.sh (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* time: fix bug in Ticker: shutdown using channel rather than memory.
-* token/position: provide FileSet.File, provide files iterator.
-* xml: disallow invalid Unicode code points (thanks Nigel Kerr).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-12-08">2010-12-08</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes some package changes. If you use the crypto/tls or
-go/parser packages your code may require changes.
-
-The crypto/tls package's Dial function now takes an additional *Config
-argument. Most uses will pass nil to get the same default behavior as before.
-See the documentation for details:
- http://golang.org/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config
- http://golang.org/pkg/crypto/tls/#Dial
-
-The go/parser package's ParseFile function now takes a *token.FileSet as its
-first argument. This is a pointer to a data structure used to store
-position information. If you don't care about position information you
-can pass "token.NewFileSet()". See the documentation for details:
- http://golang.org/pkg/go/parser/#ParseFile
-
-This release also splits the patent grant text out of the LICENSE file into a
-separate PATENTS file and changes it to be more like the WebM grant.
-These clarifications were made at the request of the Fedora project.
-
-Other changes:
-* [68]l: generate debug info for builtin structured types, prettyprinting in gdb.
-* 8l: add dynimport to import table in Windows PE (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* 8l, runtime: fix Plan 9 386 build (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover).
-* all: fix broken calls to Printf etc.
-* bufio: make Reader.Read implement io.Reader semantics (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* build: allow archiver to be specified by HOST_AR (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* bytes: add Buffer.UnreadRune, Buffer.UnreadByte (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* crypto/tls: fix build of certificate generation example (thanks Christian Himpel).
-* doc/install: describe GOHOSTOS and GOHOSTARCH.
-* errchk: accept multiple source files (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* exec.LookPath: return os.PathError instad of os.ENOENT (thanks Michael Hoisie)..
-* flag: fix format error in boolean error report,
- handle multiple calls to flag.Parse.
-* fmt: add %U format for standard Unicode representation of code point values.
-* gc: fix method offsets of anonymous interfaces (thanks Eoghan Sherry),
- skip undefined symbols in import . (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* go/scanner: remove Tokenize - was only used in tests
-* gobuilder: add buildroot command-line flag (thanks Devon H. O'Dell).
-* html: unescape numeric entities (thanks Ryan Hitchman).
-* http: Add EncodeQuery, helper for constructing query strings.
-* ld: fix dwarf decoding of 64-bit reflect values (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* math: improve accuracy of Exp2 (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* runtime: add Goroutines (thanks Keith Rarick).
-* sync: small naming fix for armv5 (thanks Dean Prichard).
-* syscall, net: Add Recvmsg and Sendmsg on Linux (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* time: make After use fewer goroutines and host processes (thanks Roger Peppe).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-12-02">2010-12-02</h2>
-
-<pre>
-Several package changes in this release may require you to update your code if
-you use the bytes, template, or utf8 packages. In all cases, any outdated code
-will fail to compile rather than behave erroneously.
-
-The bytes package has changed. Its Add and AddByte functions have been removed,
-as their functionality is provided by the recently-introduced built-in function
-"append". Any code that uses them will need to be changed:
-s = bytes.Add(s, b) -> s = append(s, b...)
-s = bytes.AddByte(b, c) -> s = append(s, b)
-s = bytes.Add(nil, c) -> append([]byte(nil), c)
-
-The template package has changed. Your code will need to be updated if it calls
-the HTMLFormatter or StringFormatter functions, or implements its own formatter
-functions. The function signature for formatter types has changed to:
- func(wr io.Writer, formatter string, data ...interface{})
-to allow multiple arguments to the formatter. No templates will need updating.
-See the change for examples:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=2c2be793120e
-
-The template change permits the implementation of multi-word variable
-instantiation for formatters. Before one could say
- {field}
-or
- {field|formatter}
-Now one can also say
- {field1 field2 field3}
-or
- {field1 field2 field3|formatter}
-and the fields are passed as successive arguments to the formatter,
-by analogy to fmt.Print.
-
-The utf8 package has changed. The order of EncodeRune's arguments has been
-reversed to satisfy the convention of "destination first".
-Any code that uses EncodeRune will need to be updated.
-
-Other changes:
-* [68]l: correct dwarf location for globals and ranges for arrays.
-* big: fix (*Rat) SetFrac64(a, b) when b < 0 (thanks Eoghan Sherry).
-* compress/flate: fix typo in comment (thanks Mathieu Lonjaret).
-* crypto/elliptic: use a Jacobian transform for better performance.
-* doc/code.html: fix reference to "gomake build" (thanks Anschel Schaffer-Cohen).
-* doc/roadmap: update gdb status.
-* doc/spec: fixed some omissions and type errors.
-* doc: some typo fixes (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* exp/eval: build fix for parser.ParseFile API change (thanks Anschel Schaffer-Cohen).
-* fmt: Scan accepts Inf and NaN,
- allow "% X" as well as "% x".
-* go/printer: preserve newlines in func parameter lists (thanks Jamie Gennis).
-* http: consume request body before next request.
-* log: ensure writes are atomic (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* path: Windows support for Split (thanks Benny Siegert).
-* runtime: fix SysFree to really free memory on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- parallel definitions in Go for all C structs.
-* sort: avoid overflow in pivot calculation,
- reduced stack depth to lg(n) in quickSort (thanks Stefan Nilsson).
-* strconv: Atof on Infs and NaNs.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-11-23">2010-11-23</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a backwards-incompatible package change to the
-sort.Search function (introduced in the last release).
-See the change for details and examples of how you might change your code:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=102866c369
-
-* build: automatically #define _64BIT in 6c.
-* cgo: print required space after parameter name in wrapper function.
-* crypto/cipher: new package to replace crypto/block (thanks Adam Langley).
-* crypto/elliptic: new package, implements elliptic curves over prime fields (thanks Adam Langley).
-* crypto/x509: policy OID support and fixes (thanks Adam Langley).
-* doc: add link to codewalks,
- fix recover() documentation (thanks Anschel Schaffer-Cohen),
- explain how to write Makefiles for commands.
-* exec: enable more tests on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* gc: adjustable hash code in typecheck of composite literals
- (thanks to vskrap, Andrey Mirtchovski, and Eoghan Sherry).
-* gc: better error message for bad type in channel send (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* godoc: bug fix in relativePath,
- compute search index for all file systems under godoc's observation,
- use correct time stamp to indicate accuracy of search result.
-* index/suffixarray: use sort.Search.
-* net: add ReadFrom and WriteTo windows version (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* reflect: remove unnecessary casts in Get methods.
-* rpc: add RegisterName to allow override of default type name.
-* runtime: free memory allocated by windows CommandLineToArgv (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* sort: simplify Search (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* strings: add LastIndexAny (thanks Benny Siegert).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-11-10">2010-11-10</h2>
-
-<pre>
-The birthday release includes a new Search capability inside the sort package.
-It takes an unusual but very general and easy-to-use approach to searching
-arbitrary indexable sorted data. See the documentation for details:
- http://golang.org/pkg/sort/#Search
-
-The ARM port now uses the hardware floating point unit (VFP). It still has a
-few bugs, mostly around conversions between unsigned integer and floating-point
-values, but it's stabilizing.
-
-In addition, there have been many smaller fixes and updates:
-
-* 6l: generate dwarf variable names with disambiguating suffix.
-* container/list: make Remove return Value of removed element.
- makes it easier to remove first or last item.
-* crypto: add cast5 (default PGP cipher),
- switch block cipher methods to be destination first.
-* crypto/tls: use pool building for certificate checking
-* go/ast: change embedded token.Position fields to named fields
- (preparation for a different position representation)
-* net: provide public access to file descriptors (thanks Keith Rarick)
-* os: add Expand function to evaluate environment variables.
-* path: add Glob (thanks Benny Siegert)
-* runtime: memequal optimization (thanks Graham Miller)
- prefix all external symbols with "runtime·" to avoid
- conflicts linking with external C libraries.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-11-02">2010-11-02</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a language change: the new built-in function, append.
-Append makes growing slices much simpler. See the spec for details:
- http://golang.org/doc/go_spec.html#Appending_and_copying_slices
-
-Other changes:
-* 8l: pe generation fixes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* doc: Effective Go: append and a few words about "..." args.
-* build: fiddle with make variables.
-* codereview: fix sync and download in Python 2.7 (thanks Fazlul Shahriar).
-* debug/pe, cgo: add windows support (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* go/ast: add Inspect function for easy AST inspection w/o a visitor.
-* go/printer: do not remove parens around composite literals starting with
- a type name in control clauses.
-* go/scanner: bug fixes, revisions, and more tests.
-* gob: several fixes and documentation updates.
-* godoc: bug fix (bug introduced with revision 3ee58453e961).
-* gotest: print empty benchmark list in a way that gofmt will leave alone.
-* http server: correctly respond with 304 NotModified (thanks Michael Hoisie).
-* kate: update list of builtins (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* libutf: update to Unicode 5.2.0 to match pkg/unicode (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* misc/bbedit: update list of builtins (thanks Anthony Starks).
-* misc/vim: update list of builtins.
-* mkrunetype: install a Makefile and tweak it slightly so it can be built.
-* netchan: fix locking bug.
-* pidigits: minor improvements (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* rpc: fix client deadlock bug.
-* src: use append where appropriate (often instead of vector).
-* strings: add Contains helper function (thanks Brad Fitzpatrick).
-* syscall: SIO constants for Linux (thanks Albert Strasheim),
- Stat(path) on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* test/ken/convert.go: add conversion torture test.
-* testing: add Benchmark (thanks Roger Peppe).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-10-27">2010-10-27</h2>
-
-<pre>
-*** This release changes the encoding used by package gob.
- If you store gobs on disk, see below. ***
-
-The ARM port (5g) now passes all tests. The optimizer is not yet enabled, and
-floating point arithmetic is performed entirely in software. Work is underway
-to address both of these deficiencies.
-
-The syntax for arrays, slices, and maps of composite literals has been
-simplified. Within a composite literal of array, slice, or map type, elements
-that are themselves composite literals may elide the type if it is identical to
-the outer literal's element type. For example, these expressions:
- [][]int{[]int{1, 2, 3}, []int{4, 5}}
- map[string]Point{"x": Point{1.5, -3.5}, "y": Point{0, 0}}
-can be simplified to:
- [][]int{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5}}
- map[string]Point{"x": {1.5, -3.5}, "y": {0, 0}}
-Gofmt can make these simplifications mechanically when invoked with the
-new -s flag.
-
-The built-in copy function can now copy bytes from a string value to a []byte.
-Code like this (for []byte b and string s):
- for i := 0; i < len(s); i++ {
- b[i] = s[i]
- }
-can be rewritten as:
- copy(b, s)
-
-The gob package can now encode and decode interface values containing types
-registered ahead of time with the new Register function. These changes required
-a backwards-incompatible change to the wire format. Data written with the old
-version of the package will not be readable with the new one, and vice versa.
-(Steps were made in this change to make sure this doesn't happen again.)
-We don't know of anyone using gobs to create permanent data, but if you do this
-and need help converting, please let us know, and do not update to this release
-yet. We will help you convert your data.
-
-Other changes:
-* 5g, 6g, 8g: generate code for string index instead of calling function.
-* 5l, 6l, 8l: introduce sub-symbols.
-* 6l/8l: global and local variables and type info.
-* Make.inc: delete unnecessary -fno-inline flag to quietgcc.
-* arm: precise float64 software floating point, bug fixes.
-* big: arm assembly, faster software mulWW, divWW.
-* build: only print "You need to add foo to PATH" when needed.
-* container/list: fix Remove bug and use pointer to self as identifier.
-* doc: show page title in browser title bar,
- update roadmap.
-* encoding/binary: give LittleEndian, BigEndian specific types.
-* go/parser: consume auto-inserted semi when calling ParseExpr().
-* gobuilder: pass GOHOSTOS and GOHOSTARCH to build,
- write build and benchmarking logs to disk.
-* goinstall: display helpful message when encountering a cgo package,
- fix test for multiple package names (thanks Fazlul Shahriar).
-* gotest: generate correct gofmt-formatted _testmain.go.
-* image/png: speed up paletted encoding ~25% (thanks Brad Fitzpatrick).
-* misc: update python scripts to specify python2 as python3 is now "python".
-* net: fix comment on Dial to mention unix/unixgram.
-* rpc: expose Server type to allow multiple RPC Server instances.
-* runtime: print unknown types in panic.
-* spec: append built-in (not yet implemented).
-* src: gofmt -s -w src misc.
- update code to use copy-from-string.
-* test/bench: update numbers.
-* websocket: fix short Read.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-10-20">2010-10-20</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release removes the log package's deprecated functions.
-Code that has not been updated to use the new interface will break.
-See the previous release notes for details:
- http://golang.org/doc/devel/release.html#2010-10-13
-
-Also included are major improvements to the linker. It is now faster,
-uses less memory, and more parallelizable (but not yet parallel).
-
-The nntp package has been removed from the standard library.
-Its new home is the nntp-go project at Google Code:
- http://code.google.com/p/nntp-go
-You can install it with goinstall:
- goinstall nntp-go.googlecode.com/hg/nntp
-And import it in your code like so:
- import "nntp-go.googlecode.com/hg/nntp"
-
-Other changes:
-* 6g: avoid too-large immediate constants.
-* 8l, runtime: initial support for Plan 9 (thanks Yuval Pavel Zholkover).
-* 6l, 8l: more improvements on exporting debug information (DWARF).
-* arm: code gen fixes. Most tests now pass, except for floating point code.
-* big: add random number generation (thanks Florian Uekermann).
-* gc: keep track of real actual type of identifiers,
- report that shift must be unsigned integer,
- select receive with implicit conversion.
-* goplay: fix to run under windows (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* http: do not close connection after sending HTTP/1.0 request.
-* netchan: add new method Hangup to terminate transmission on a channel.
-* os: change TestForkExec so it can run on windows (thanks Yasuhiro Matsumoto).
-* runtime: don't let select split stack.
-* syscall/arm: correct 64-bit system call arguments.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-10-13">2010-10-13</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes changes to the log package, the removal of exp/iterable,
-two new tools (gotry and goplay), one small language change, and many other
-changes and fixes. If you use the log or iterable packages, you need to make
-changes to your code.
-
-The log package has changed. Loggers now have only one output, and output to
-standard error by default. The names have also changed, although the old names
-are still supported. They will be deleted in the next release, though, so it
-would be good to update now if you can. For most purposes all you need to do
-is make these substitutions:
- log.Stderr -> log.Println or log.Print
- log.Stderrf -> log.Printf
- log.Crash -> log.Panicln or log.Panic
- log.Crashf -> log.Panicf
- log.Exit -> log.Exitln or log.Exit
- log.Exitf -> log.Exitf (no change)
-Calls to log.New() must drop the second argument.
-Also, custom loggers with exit or panic properties will need to be reworked.
-For full details, see the change description:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=d8a3c7563d
-
-The language change is that uses of pointers to interface values no longer
-automatically dereference the pointer. A pointer to an interface value is more
-often a beginner's bug than correct code.
-
-The package exp/iterable has been removed. It was an interesting experiment,
-but it encourages writing inefficient code and has outlived its utility.
-
-The new tools:
-* gotry: an exercise in reflection and an unusual tool. Run 'gotry' for details.
-* goplay: a stand-alone version of the Go Playground. See misc/goplay.
-
-Other changes:
-* 6l: Mach-O fixes, and fix to work with OS X nm/otool (thanks Jim McGrath).
-* [568]a: correct line numbers for statements.
-* arm: code generation and runtime fixes,
- adjust recover for new reflect.call,
- enable 6 more tests after net fix.
-* big: fix panic and round correctly in Rat.FloatString (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* build: Make.cmd: remove $(OFILES) (thanks Eric Clark),
- Make.pkg: remove .so before installing new one,
- add GOHOSTOS and GOHOSTARCH environment variables.
-* crypto/tls: better error messages for certificate issues,
- make SetReadTimeout work.
-* doc: add Sydney University video,
- add The Expressiveness of Go talk.
-* exp/draw/x11: support X11 vendors other than "The X.Org Foundation".
-* expvar: add (*Int).Set (thanks Sam Thorogood).
-* fmt: add Errorf helper function,
- allow %d on []byte.
-* gc: O(1) string comparison when lengths differ,
- various bug fixes.
-* http: return the correct error if a header line is too long.
-* image: add image.Tiled type, the Go equivalent of Plan 9's repl bit.
-* ld: be less picky about bad line number info.
-* misc/cgo/life: fix for new slice rules (thanks Graham Miller).
-* net: allow _ in DNS names.
-* netchan: export before import when testing, and
- zero out request to ensure correct gob decoding. (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* os: make tests work on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* runtime: bug fix: serialize mcache allocation,
- correct iteration of large map values,
- faster strequal, memequal (thanks Graham Miller),
- fix argument dump in traceback,
- fix tiny build.
-* smtp: new package (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* syscall: add sockaddr_ll support for linux/386, linux/amd64 (thanks Mikio Hara),
- add ucred structure for SCM_CREDENTIALS over UNIX sockets. (thanks Albert Strasheim).
-* syscall: implement WaitStatus and Wait4() for windows (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* time: add After.
-* websocket: enable tests on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-09-29">2010-09-29</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes some minor language changes and some significant package
-changes. You may need to change your code if you use ...T parameters or the
-http package.
-
-The semantics and syntax of forwarding ...T parameters have changed.
- func message(f string, s ...interface{}) { fmt.Printf(f, s) }
-Here, s has type []interface{} and contains the parameters passed to message.
-Before this language change, the compiler recognized when a function call
-passed a ... parameter to another ... parameter of the same type, and just
-passed it as though it was a list of arguments. But this meant that you
-couldn't control whether to pass the slice as a single argument and you
-couldn't pass a regular slice as a ... parameter, which can be handy. This
-change gives you that control at the cost of a few characters in the call.
-If you want the promotion to ..., append ... to the argument:
- func message(f string, s ...interface{}) { fmt.Printf(f, s...) }
-Without the ..., s would be passed to Printf as a single argument of type
-[]interface{}. The bad news is you might need to fix up some of your code,
-but the compiler will detect the situation and warn you.
-
-Also, the http.Handler and http.HandlerFunc types have changed. Where http
-handler functions previously accepted an *http.Conn, they now take an interface
-type http.ResponseWriter. ResponseWriter implements the same methods as *Conn,
-so in most cases the only change required will be changing the type signature
-of your handler function's first parameter. See:
- http://golang.org/pkg/http/#Handler
-
-The utf8 package has a new type, String, that provides efficient indexing
-into utf8 strings by rune (previously an expensive conversion to []int
-was required). See:
- http://golang.org/pkg/utf8/#String
-
-The compiler will now automatically insert a semicolon at the end of a file if
-one is not found. This effect of this is that Go source files are no longer
-required to have a trailing newline.
-
-Other changes:
-* 6prof: more accurate usage message.
-* archive/zip: new package for reading Zip files.
-* arm: fix code generation, 10 more package tests pass.
-* asn1: make interface consistent with json.
-* bufio.UnreadRune: fix bug at EOF.
-* build: clear custom variables like GREP_OPTIONS,
- silence warnings generated by ubuntu gcc,
- use full path when compiling libraries.
-* bytes, strings: change lastIndexFunc to use DecodeLastRune (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* doc: add to and consolidate non-english doc references,
- consolidate FAQs into a single file, go_faq.html,
- updates for new http interface.
-* fmt/Printf: document and tweak error messages produced for bad formats.
-* gc: allow select case expr = <-c,
- eliminate duplicates in method table,
- fix reflect table method receiver,
- improve error message for x \= 0.
-* go/scanner: treat EOF like a newline for purposes of semicolon insertion.
-* gofmt: stability improvements.
-* gotest: leave _testmain.go for "make clean" to clean up.
-* http: correct escaping of different parts of URL,
- support HTTP/1.0 Keep-Alive.
-* json: do not write to unexported fields.
-* libcgo: don't build for NaCl,
- set g, m in thread local storage for windows 386 (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* math: Fix off-by-one error in Ilogb and Logb. (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/dashboard/builder: remove build files after benchmarking.
-* nacl: update instructions for new SDK.
-* net: enable v4-over-v6 on ip sockets,
- fix crash in DialIP.
-* os: check for valid arguments in windows Readdir (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* runtime: add mmap of null page just in case,
- correct stats in SysFree,
- fix unwindstack crash.
-* syscall: add IPPROTO_IPV6 and IPV6_V6ONLY const to fix nacl and windows build,
- add inotify on Linux (thanks Balazs Lecz),
- fix socketpair in syscall_bsd,
- fix windows value of IPV6_V6ONLY (thanks Alex Brainman),
- implement windows version of Utimes (thanks Alex Brainman),
- make mkall.sh work for nacl.
-* test: Add test that causes incorrect error from gccgo.
-* utf8: add DecodeLastRune and DecodeLastRuneInString (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* xml: Allow entities inside CDATA tags (thanks Dan Sinclair).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-09-22">2010-09-22</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes new package functionality, and many bug fixes and changes.
-It also improves support for the arm and nacl platforms.
-
-* 5l: avoid fixed buffers in list.
-* 6l, 8l: clean up ELF code, fix NaCl.
-* 6l/8l: emit DWARF frame info.
-* Make.inc: make GOOS detection work on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* build: fixes for native arn build,
- make all.bash run on Ubuntu ARM.
-* cgo: bug fixes,
- show preamble gcc errors (thanks Eric Clark).
-* crypto/x509, crypto/tls: improve root matching and observe CA flag.
-* crypto: Fix certificate validation.
-* doc: variable-width layout.
-* env.bash: fix building in directory with spaces in the path (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* exp/4s, exp/nacl/av: sync to recent exp/draw changes.
-* exp/draw/x11: mouse location is a signed integer.
-* exp/nacl/av: update color to max out at 1<<16-1 instead of 1<<32-1.
-* fmt: support '*' for width or precision (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* gc: improvements to static initialization,
- make sure path names are canonical.
-* gob: make robust when decoding a struct with non-struct data.
-* gobuilder: add -cmd for user-specified build command,
- add -rev= flag to build specific revision and exit,
- fix bug that caused old revisions to be rebuilt.
-* godoc: change default filter file name to "",
- don't use quadratic algorithm to filter paths,
- show "Last update" info for directory listings.
-* http: new redirect test,
- URLEscape now escapes all reserved characters as per the RFC.
-* nacl: fix zero-length writes.
-* net/dict: parse response correctly (thanks Fazlul Shahriar).
-* netchan: add a cross-connect test,
- handle closing of channels,
- provide a method (Importer.Errors()) to recover protocol errors.
-* os: make Open() O_APPEND flag work on windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- make RemoveAll() work on windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* pkg/Makefile: disable netchan test to fix windows build (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* regexp: delete Iter methods.
-* runtime: better panic for send to nil channel.
-* strings: fix minor bug in LastIndexFunc (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* suffixarray: a package for creating suffixarray-based indexes.
-* syscall: Use vsyscall for syscall.Gettimeofday and .Time on linux amd64.
-* test: fix NaCl build.
-* windows: fix netchan test by using 127.0.0.1.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-09-15">2010-09-15</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a language change: the lower bound of a subslice may
-now be omitted, in which case the value will default to 0.
-For example, s[0:10] may now be written as s[:10], and s[0:] as s[:].
-
-The release also includes important bug fixes for the ARM architecture,
-as well as the following fixes and changes:
-
-* 5g: register allocation bugs
-* 6c, 8c: show line numbers in -S output
-* 6g, 6l, 8g, 8l: move read-only data to text segment
-* 6l, 8l: make etext accurate; introduce rodata, erodata.
-* arm: fix build bugs.
- make libcgo build during OS X cross-compile
- remove reference to deleted file syntax/slice.go
- use the correct stat syscalls
- work around reg allocator bug in 5g
-* bufio: add UnreadRune.
-* build: avoid bad environment interactions
- fix build for tiny
- generate, clean .exe files on Windows (thanks Joe Poirier)
- test for _WIN32, not _MINGW32 (thanks Joe Poirier)
- work with GNU Make 3.82 (thanks Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen)
-* cgo: add typedef for uintptr in generated headers
- silence warning for C call returning const pointer
-* codereview: convert email address to lower case before checking CONTRIBUTORS
-* crypto/tls: don't return an error from Close()
-* doc/tutorial: update for slice changes.
-* exec: separate LookPath implementations for unix/windows (thanks Joe Poirier)
-* exp/draw/x11: allow clean shutdown when the user closes the window.
-* exp/draw: clip destination rectangle to the image bounds.
- fast path for drawing overlapping image.RGBAs.
- fix double-counting of pt.Min for the src and mask points.
- reintroduce the MouseEvent.Nsec timestamp.
- rename Context to Window, and add a Close method.
-* exp/debug: preliminary support for 'copy' function (thanks Sebastien Binet)
-* fmt.Fscan: use UnreadRune to preserve data across calls.
-* gc: better printing of named constants, func literals in errors
- many bug fixes
- fix line number printing with //line directives
- fix symbol table generation on windows (thanks Alex Brainman)
- implement comparison rule from spec change 33abb649cb63
- implement new slice spec (thanks Scott Lawrence)
- make string x + y + z + ... + w efficient
- more accurate line numbers for ATEXT
- remove &[10]int -> []int conversion
-* go-mode.el: fix highlighting for 'chan' type (thanks Scott Lawrence)
-* godoc: better support for directory trees for user-supplied paths
- use correct delay time (bug fix)
-* gofmt, go/printer: update internal estimated position correctly
-* goinstall: warn when package name starts with http:// (thanks Scott Lawrence)
-* http: check https certificate against host name
- do not cache CanonicalHeaderKey (thanks Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen)
-* image: change a ColorImage's minimum point from (0, 0) to (-1e9, -1e9).
- introduce Intersect and Union rectangle methods.
-* ld: handle quoted spaces in package path (thanks Dan Sinclair)
-* libcgo: fix NaCl build.
-* libmach: fix build on arm host
- fix new thread race with Linux
-* math: make portable Tan(Pi/2) return NaN
-* misc/dashboard/builder: gobuilder, a continuous build client
-* net: disable tests for functions not available on windows (thanks Alex Brainman)
-* netchan: make -1 unlimited, as advertised.
-* os, exec: rename argv0 to name
-* path: add IsAbs (thanks Ivan Krasin)
-* runtime: fix bug in tracebacks
- fix crash trace on amd64
- fix windows build (thanks Alex Brainman)
- use manual stack for garbage collection
-* spec: add examples for slices with omitted index expressions.
- allow omission of low slice bound (thanks Scott Lawrence)
-* syscall: fix windows Gettimeofday (thanks Alex Brainman)
-* test(arm): disable zerodivide.go because compilation fails.
-* test(windows): disable tests that cause the build to fail (thanks Joe Poirier)
-* test/garbage/parser: sync with recent parser changes
-* test: Add test for //line
- Make gccgo believe that the variables can change.
- Recognize gccgo error messages.
- Reduce race conditions in chan/nonblock.go.
- Run garbage collector before testing malloc numbers.
-* websocket: Add support for secure WebSockets (thanks Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen)
-* windows: disable unimplemented tests (thanks Joe Poirier)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-09-06">2010-09-06</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes the syntactic modernization of more than 100 files in /test,
-and these additions, changes, and fixes:
-* 6l/8l: emit DWARF in macho.
-* 8g: use FCHS, not FMUL, for minus float.
-* 8l: emit DWARF in ELF,
- suppress emitting DWARF in Windows PE (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* big: added RatString, some simplifications.
-* build: create bin and pkg directories as needed; drop from hg,
- delete Make.386 Make.amd64 Make.arm (obsoleted by Make.inc),
- fix cgo with -j2,
- let pkg/Makefile coordinate building of Go commands,
- never use quietgcc in Make.pkg,
- remove more references to GOBIN and GOROOT (thanks Christian Himpel).
-* codereview: Fix uploading for Mercurial 1.6.3 (thanks Evan Shaw),
- consistent indent, cut dead code,
- fix hang on standard hg commands,
- print status when tasks take longer than 30 seconds,
- really disable codereview when not available,
- upload files in parallel (5x improvement on large CLs).
-* crypto/hmac: make Sum idempotent (thanks Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen).
-* doc: add links to more German docs,
- add round-robin flag to io2010 balance example,
- fix a bug in the example in Constants subsection (thanks James Fysh),
- various changes for validating HTML (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* fmt: delete erroneous sentence about return value for Sprint*.
-* gc: appease bison version running on FreeBSD builder,
- fix spurious syntax error.
-* go/doc: use correct escaper for URL.
-* go/printer: align ImportPaths in ImportDecls (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* go/typechecker: 2nd step towards augmenting AST with full type information.
-* gofmt: permit omission of first index in slice expression.
-* goinstall: added -a flag to mean "all remote packages" (thanks Scott Lawrence),
- assume go binaries are in path (following new convention),
- use https for Google Code checkouts.
-* gotest: allow make test of cgo packages (without make install).
-* http: add Date to server, Last-Modified and If-Modified-Since to file server,
- add PostForm function to post url-encoded key/value data,
- obscure passwords in return value of URL.String (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* image: introduce Config type and DecodeConfig function.
-* libcgo: update Makefile to use Make.inc.
-* list: update comment to state that the zero value is ready to use.
-* math: amd64 version of Sincos (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/bash: add *.go completion for gofmt (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* misc/emacs: make _ a word symbol (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* misc: add zsh completion (using compctl),
- syntax highlighting for Fraise.app (OS X) (thanks Vincent Ambo).
-* net/textproto: Handle multi-line responses (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* net: add LookupMX (thanks Corey Thomasson).
-* netchan: Fix race condition in test,
- rather than 0, make -1 mean infinite (a la strings.Split et al),
- use acknowledgements on export send.
- new methods Sync and Drain for clean teardown.
-* regexp: interpret all Go characer escapes \a \b \f \n \r \t \v.
-* rpc: fix bug that caused private methods to attempt to be registered.
-* runtime: Correct commonType.kind values to match compiler,
- add GOOS, GOARCH; fix FuncLine,
- special case copy, equal for one-word interface values (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* scanner: fix incorrect reporting of error in Next (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* spec: clarify that arrays must be addressable to be sliceable.
-* template: fix space handling around actions.
-* test/solitaire: an exercise in backtracking and string conversions.
-* test: Recognize gccgo error messages and other fixes.
-* time: do not crash in String on nil Time.
-* tutorial: regenerate HTML to pick up change to progs/file.go.
-* websocket: fix missing Sec-WebSocket-Protocol on server response (thanks Jukka-Pekka Kekkonen).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-08-25">2010-08-25</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes changes to the build system that will likely require you
-to make changes to your environment variables and Makefiles.
-
-All environment variables are now optional:
- - $GOOS and $GOARCH are now optional; their values should now be inferred
- automatically by the build system,
- - $GOROOT is now optional, but if you choose not to set it you must run
- 'gomake' instead of 'make' or 'gmake' when developing Go programs
- using the conventional Makefiles,
- - $GOBIN remains optional and now defaults to $GOROOT/bin;
- if you wish to use this new default, make sure it is in your $PATH
- and that you have removed the existing binaries from $HOME/bin.
-
-As a result of these changes, the Go Makefiles have changed. If your Makefiles
-inherit from the Go Makefiles, you must change this line:
- include ../../Make.$(GOARCH)
-to this:
- include ../../Make.inc
-
-This release also removes the deprecated functions in regexp and the
-once package. Any code that still uses them will break.
-See the notes from the last release for details:
- http://golang.org/doc/devel/release.html#2010-08-11
-
-Other changes:
-* 6g: better registerization for slices, strings, interface values
-* 6l: line number information in DWARF format
-* build: $GOBIN defaults to $GOROOT/bin,
- no required environment variables
-* cgo: add C.GoStringN (thanks Eric Clark).
-* codereview: fix issues with leading tabs in CL descriptions,
- do not send "Abandoned" mail if the CL has not been mailed.
-* crypto/ocsp: add missing Makefile.
-* crypto/tls: client certificate support (thanks Mikkel Krautz).
-* doc: update gccgo information for recent changes.
- fix errors in Effective Go.
-* fmt/print: give %p priority, analogous to %T,
- honor Formatter in Print, Println.
-* gc: fix parenthesization check.
-* go/ast: facility for printing AST nodes,
- first step towards augmenting AST with full type information.
-* go/printer: do not modify tabwriter.Escape'd text.
-* gofmt: do not modify multi-line string literals,
- print AST nodes by setting -ast flag.
-* http: fix typo in http.Request documentation (thanks Scott Lawrence)
- parse query string always, not just in GET
-* image/png: support 16-bit color.
-* io: ReadAtLeast now errors if min > len(buf).
-* jsonrpc: use `error: null` for success, not `error: ""`.
-* libmach: implement register fetch for 32-bit x86 kernel.
-* net: make IPv6 String method standards-compliant (thanks Mikio Hara).
-* os: FileInfo.Permission() now returns uint32 (thanks Scott Lawrence),
- implement env using native Windows API (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* reflect: allow PtrValue.PointTo(nil).
-* runtime: correct line numbers for .goc files,
- fix another stack split bug,
- fix freebsd/386 mmap.
-* syscall: regenerate syscall/z* files for linux/386, linux/amd64, linux/arm.
-* tabwriter: Introduce a new flag StripEscape.
-* template: fix handling of space around actions,
- vars preceded by white space parse correctly (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* test: add test case that crashes gccgo.
-* time: parse no longer requires minutes for time zone (thanks Jan H. Hosang)
-* yacc: fix bounds check in error recovery.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-08-11">2010-08-11</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release introduces some package changes. You may need to change your
-code if you use the once, regexp, image, or exp/draw packages.
-
-The type Once has been added to the sync package. The new sync.Once will
-supersede the functionality provided by the once package. We intend to remove
-the once package after this release. See:
- http://golang.org/pkg/sync/#Once
-All instances of once in the standard library have been replaced with
-sync.Once. Reviewing these changes may help you modify your existing code.
-The relevant changeset:
- http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=fa2c43595119
-
-A new set of methods has been added to the regular expression package, regexp.
-These provide a uniformly named approach to discovering the matches of an
-expression within a piece of text; see the package documentation for details:
- http://golang.org/pkg/regexp/
-These new methods will, in a later release, replace the old methods for
-matching substrings. The following methods are deprecated:
- Execute (use FindSubmatchIndex)
- ExecuteString (use FindStringSubmatchIndex)
- MatchStrings(use FindStringSubmatch)
- MatchSlices (use FindSubmatch)
- AllMatches (use FindAll; note that n<0 means 'all matches'; was n<=0)
- AllMatchesString (use FindAllString; note that n<0 means 'all matches'; was n<=0)
-(Plus there are ten new methods you didn't know you wanted.)
-Please update your code to use the new routines before the next release.
-
-An image.Image now has a Bounds rectangle, where previously it ranged
-from (0, 0) to (Width, Height). Loops that previously looked like:
- for y := 0; y < img.Height(); y++ {
- for x := 0; x < img.Width(); x++ {
- // Do something with img.At(x, y)
- }
- }
-should instead be:
- b := img.Bounds()
- for y := b.Min.Y; y < b.Max.Y; y++ {
- for x := b.Min.X; x < b.Max.X; x++ {
- // Do something with img.At(x, y)
- }
- }
-The Point and Rectangle types have also moved from exp/draw to image.
-
-Other changes:
-* arm: bugfixes and syscall (thanks Kai Backman).
-* asn1: fix incorrect encoding of signed integers (thanks Nicholas Waples).
-* big: fixes to bitwise functions (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* bytes: add IndexRune, FieldsFunc and To*Special (thanks Christian Himpel).
-* encoding/binary: add complex (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* exp/iterable: add UintArray (thanks Anschel Schaffer-Cohen).
-* godoc: report Status 404 if a pkg or file is not found.
-* gofmt: better reporting for unexpected semicolon errors.
-* html: new package, an HTML tokenizer.
-* image: change image representation from slice-of-slices to linear buffer,
- introduce Decode and RegisterFormat,
- introduce Transparent and Opaque,
- replace Width and Height by Bounds, add the Point and Rect types.
-* libbio: fix Bprint to address 6g issues with large data structures.
-* math: fix amd64 Hypot (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* net/textproto: new package, with example net/dict.
-* os: fix ForkExec() handling of envv == nil (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* png: grayscale support (thanks Mathieu Lonjaret).
-* regexp: document that backslashes are the escape character.
-* rpc: catch errors from ReadResponseBody.
-* runtime: memory free fix (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* template: add ParseFile method to template.Template.
-* test/peano: use directly recursive type def.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-08-04">2010-08-04</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a change to os.Open (and co.). The file permission
-argument has been changed to a uint32. Your code may require changes - a simple
-conversion operation at most.
-
-Other changes:
-* amd64: use segment memory for thread-local storage.
-* arm: add gdb support to android launcher script,
- bugfixes (stack clobbering, indices),
- disable another flaky test,
- remove old qemu dependency from gotest.
-* bufio: introduce Peek.
-* bytes: added test case for explode with blank string (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* cgo: correct multiple return value function invocations (thanks Christian Himpel).
-* crypto/x509: unwrap Subject Key Identifier (thanks Adam Langley).
-* gc: index bounds tests and other fixes.
-* gofmt/go/parser: strengthen syntax checks.
-* goinstall: check for error from exec.*Cmd.Wait() (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* image/png: use image-specific methods for checking opacity.
-* image: introduce Gray and Gray16 types,
- remove the named colors except for Black and White.
-* json: object members must have a value (thanks Anthony Martin).
-* misc/vim: highlight misspelled words only in comments (thanks Christian Himpel).
-* os: Null device (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* runtime: do not fall through in SIGBUS/SIGSEGV.
-* strings: fix Split("", "", -1) (thanks Scott Lawrence).
-* syscall: make go errors not clash with windows errors (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* test/run: diff old new,
-* websocket: correct challenge response (thanks Tarmigan Casebolt),
- fix bug involving spaces in header keys (thanks Bill Neubauer).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-07-29">2010-07-29</h2>
-
-<pre>
-* 5g: more soft float support and several bugfixes.
-* asn1: Enumerated, Flag and GeneralizedTime support.
-* build: clean.bash to check that GOOS and GOARCH are set.
-* bytes: add IndexFunc and LastIndexFunc (thanks Fazlul Shahriar),
- add Title.
-* cgo: If CC is set in environment, use it rather than "gcc",
- use new command line syntax: -- separates cgo flags from gcc flags.
-* codereview: avoid crash if no config,
- don't run gofmt with an empty file list,
- make 'hg submit' work with Mercurial 1.6.
-* crypto/ocsp: add package to parse OCSP responses.
-* crypto/tls: add client-side SNI support and PeerCertificates.
-* exp/bignum: delete package - functionality subsumed by package big.
-* fmt.Print: fix bug in placement of spaces introduced when ...T went in.
-* fmt.Scanf: handle trailing spaces.
-* gc: fix smaller-than-pointer-sized receivers in interfaces,
- floating point precision/normalization fixes,
- graceful exit on seg fault,
- import dot shadowing bug,
- many fixes including better handling of invalid input,
- print error detail about failure to open import.
-* gccgo_install.html: add description of the port to RTEMS (thanks Vinu Rajashekhar).
-* gobs: fix bug in singleton arrays.
-* godoc: display synopses for all packages that have some kind of documentation..
-* gofmt: fix some linebreak issues.
-* http: add https client support (thanks Fazlul Shahriar),
- write body when content length unknown (thanks James Whitehead).
-* io: MultiReader and MultiWriter (thanks Brad Fitzpatrick),
- fix another race condition in Pipes.
-* ld: many fixes including better handling of invalid input.
-* libmach: correct handling of .5 files with D_REGREG addresses.
-* linux/386: use Xen-friendly ELF TLS instruction sequence.
-* mime: add AddExtensionType (thanks Yuusei Kuwana).
-* misc/vim: syntax file recognizes constants like 1e9 (thanks Petar Maymounkov).
-* net: TCPConn.SetNoDelay, back by popular demand.
-* net(windows): fix crashing Read/Write when passed empty slice on (thanks Alex Brainman),
- implement LookupHost/Port/SRV (thanks Wei Guangjing),
- properly handle EOF in (*netFD).Read() (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* runtime: fix bug introduced in revision 4a01b8d28570 (thanks Alex Brainman),
- rename cgo2c, *.cgo to goc2c, *.goc (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* scanner: better comment.
-* strings: add Title.
-* syscall: add ForkExec, Syscall12 on Windows (thanks Daniel Theophanes),
- improve windows errno handling (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* syscall(windows): fix FormatMessage (thanks Peter Mundy),
- implement Pipe() (thanks Wei Guangjing).
-* time: fix parsing of minutes in time zones.
-* utf16(windows): fix cyclic dependency when testing (thanks Peter Mundy).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-07-14">2010-07-14</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a package change. In container/vector, the Iter method
-has been removed from the Vector, IntVector, and StringVector types. Also, the
-Data method has been renamed to Copy to better express its actual behavior.
-Now that Vector is just a slice, any for loops ranging over v.Iter() or
-v.Data() can be changed to range over v instead.
-
-Other changes:
-* big: Improvements to Rat.SetString (thanks Evan Shaw),
- add sign, abs, Rat.IsInt.
-* cgo: various bug fixes.
-* codereview: Fix for Mercurial >= 1.6 (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* crypto/rand: add Windows implementation (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* crypto/tls: make HTTPS servers easier,
- add client OCSP stapling support.
-* exp/eval: converted from bignum to big (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* gc: implement new len spec, range bug fix, optimization.
-* go/parser: require that '...' parameters are followed by a type.
-* http: fix ParseURL to handle //relative_path properly.
-* io: fix SectionReader Seek to seek backwards (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* json: Add HTMLEscape (thanks Micah Stetson).
-* ld: bug fixes.
-* math: amd64 version of log (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* mime/multipart: new package to parse multipart MIME messages
- and HTTP multipart/form-data support.
-* os: use TempFile with default TempDir for test files (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* runtime/tiny: add docs for additional VMs, fix build (thanks Markus Duft).
-* runtime: better error for send/recv on nil channel.
-* spec: clarification of channel close(),
- lock down some details about channels and select,
- restrict when len(x) is constant,
- specify len/cap for nil slices, maps, and channels.
-* windows: append .exe to binary names (thanks Joe Poirier).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-07-01">2010-07-01</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes some package changes that may require changes to
-client code.
-
-The Split function in the bytes and strings packages has been changed.
-The count argument, which limits the size of the return, previously treated
-zero as unbounded. It now treats 0 as 0, and will return an empty slice.
-To request unbounded results, use -1 (or some other negative value).
-The new Replace functions in bytes and strings share this behavior.
-This may require you change your existing code.
-
-The gob package now allows the transmission of non-struct values at the
-top-level. As a result, the rpc and netchan packages have fewer restrictions
-on the types they can handle. For example, netchan can now share a chan int.
-
-The release also includes a Code Walk: "Share Memory By Communicating".
-It describes an idiomatic Go program that uses goroutines and channels:
- http://golang.org/doc/codewalk/sharemem/
-
-There is now a Projects page on the Go Dashboard that lists Go programs,
-tools, and libraries:
- http://godashboard.appspot.com/project
-
-Other changes:
-* 6a, 6l: bug fixes.
-* bytes, strings: add Replace.
-* cgo: use slash-free relative paths for .so references.
-* cmath: correct IsNaN for argument cmplx(Inf, NaN) (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* codereview: allow multiple email addresses in CONTRIBUTORS.
-* doc/codewalk: add Share Memory By Communicating.
-* exp/draw/x11: implement the mapping from keycodes to keysyms.
-* fmt: Printf: fix bug in handling of %#v, allow other verbs for slices
- Scan: fix handling of EOFs.
-* gc: bug fixes and optimizations.
-* gob: add DecodeValue and EncodeValue,
- add support for complex numbers.
-* goinstall: support for Bazaar+Launchpad (thanks Gustavo Niemeyer).
-* io/ioutil: add TempFile for Windows (thanks Peter Mundy).
-* ld: add -u flag to check safe bits; discard old -u, -x flags.
-* math: amd64 versions of Exp and Fabs (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/vim: always override filetype detection for .go files.
-* net: add support for DNS SRV requests (thanks Kirklin McDonald),
- initial attempt to implement Windows version (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* netchan: allow chan of basic types now that gob can handle such,
- eliminate the need for a pointer value in Import and Export.
-* os/signal: only catch all signals if os/signal package imported.
-* regexp: bug fix: need to track whether match begins with fixed prefix.
-* rpc: allow non-struct args and reply (they must still be pointers).
-* runtime: bug fixes and reorganization.
-* strconv: fix bugs in floating-point and base 2 conversions
-* syscall: add syscall_bsd.go to zsycall_freebsd_386.go (thanks Peter Mundy),
- add socketpair (thanks Ivan Krasin).
-* time: implement time zones for Windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* x509: support non-self-signed certs.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-06-21">2010-06-21</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a language change. The "..." function parameter form is
-gone; "...T" remains. Typically, "...interface{}" can be used instead of "...".
-
-The implementation of Printf has changed in a way that subtly affects its
-handling of the fmt.Stringer interface. You may need to make changes to your
-code. For details, see:
- https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts/msg/6fffba90a3e3dc06
-
-The reflect package has been changed. If you have code that uses reflect,
-it will need to be updated. For details, see:
- https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts/msg/7a93d07c590e7beb
-
-Other changes:
-* 8l: correct test for sp == top of stack in 8l -K code.
-* asn1: allow '*' in PrintableString.
-* bytes.Buffer.ReadFrom: fix bug.
-* codereview: avoid exception in match (thanks Paolo Giarrusso).
-* complex divide: match C99 implementation.
-* exp/draw: small draw.drawGlyphOver optimization.
-* fmt: Print*: reimplement to switch on type first,
- Scanf: improve error message when input does not match format.
-* gc: better error messages for interface failures, conversions, undefined symbols.
-* go/scanner: report illegal escape sequences.
-* gob: substitute slice for map.
-* goinstall: process dependencies for package main (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* gopack: add S flag to force marking a package as safe,
- simplify go metadata code.
-* html: sync testdata/webkit to match WebKit tip.
-* http: reply to Expect 100-continue requests automatically (thanks Brad Fitzpatrick).
-* image: add an Alpha16 type.
-* ld: pad Go symbol table out to page boundary (fixes cgo crash).
-* misc/vim: reorganize plugin to be easier to use (thanks James Whitehead).
-* path: add Base, analogous to Unix basename.
-* pkg/Makefile: allow DISABLE_NET_TESTS=1 to disable network tests.
-* reflect: add Kind, Type.Bits, remove Int8Type, Int8Value, etc.
-* runtime: additional Windows support (thanks Alex Brainman),
- correct fault for 16-bit divide on Leopard,
- fix 386 signal handler bug.
-* strconv: add AtofN, FtoaN.
-* string: add IndexFunc and LastIndexFunc (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* syslog: use local network for tests.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-06-09">2010-06-09</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release contains many fixes and improvements, including several
-clarifications and consolidations to the Language Specification.
-
-The type checking rules around assignments and conversions are simpler but more
-restrictive: assignments no longer convert implicitly from *[10]int to []int
-(write x[0:] instead of &x), and conversions can no longer change the names of
-types inside composite types.
-
-The fmt package now includes flexible type-driven (fmt.Scan) and
-format-driven (fmt.Scanf) scanners for all basic types.
-
-* big: bug fix for Quo aliasing problem.
-* bufio: change ReadSlice to match description.
-* cgo: bug fixes.
-* doc: add Google I/O talk and programs,
- codereview + Mercurial Queues info (thanks Peter Williams).
-* exp/draw: Draw fast paths for the Over operator,
- add Rectangle.Eq and Point.In, fix Rectangle.Clip (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* fmt: Scan fixes and improvements.
-* gc: backslash newline is not a legal escape sequence in strings,
- better error message when ~ operator is found,
- fix export of complex types,
- new typechecking rules.
-* go/parser: correct position of empty statement ';'.
-* gofmt: fix test script.
-* goinstall: use 'git pull' instead of 'git checkout' (thanks Michael Hoisie).
-* http: add Head function for making HTTP HEAD requests,
- handle status 304 correctly.
-* image: add Opaque method to the image types.
- make Color.RGBA return 16 bit color instead of 32 bit color.
-* io/ioutil: add TempFile.
-* math: Pow special cases and additional tests (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* netchan: improve closing and shutdown.
-* os: implement os.FileInfo.*time_ns for windows (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* os/signal: correct the regexp for finding Unix signal names (thanks Vinu Rajashekhar).
-* regexp: optimizations (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* runtime: fix printing -Inf (thanks Evan Shaw),
- finish pchw -> tiny, added gettime for tiny (thanks Daniel Theophanes).
-* spec: clean-ups and consolidation.
-* syscall: additional Windows compatibility fixes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* test/bench: added regex-dna-parallel.go (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* vector: type-specific Do functions now take f(type) (thanks Michael Hoisie).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-05-27">2010-05-27</h2>
-
-<pre>
-A sizeable release, including standard library improvements and a slew of
-compiler bug fixes. The three-week interval was largely caused by the team
-preparing for Google I/O.
-
-* big: add Rat type (thanks Evan Shaw),
- new features, much performance tuning, cleanups, and more tests.
-* bignum: deprecate by moving into exp directory.
-* build: allow MAKEFLAGS to be set outside the build scripts (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* bytes: add Trim, TrimLeft, TrimRight, and generic functions (thanks Michael Hoisie).
-* cgo: fix to permit cgo callbacks from init code.
-* cmath: update range of Phase and Polar due to signed zero (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* codereview: work better with mq (thanks Peter Williams).
-* compress: renamings
- NewDeflater -> NewWriter
- NewInflater -> NewReader
- Deflater -> Compressor
- Inflater -> Decompressor
-* exp/draw/x11: respect $XAUTHORITY,
- treat $DISPLAY the same way x-go-bindings does.
-* exp/draw: fast path for glyph images, other optimizations,
- fix Rectangle.Canon (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* fmt: Scan, Scanln: Start of a simple scanning API in the fmt package,
- fix Printf crash when given an extra nil argument (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* gc: better error when computing remainder of non-int (thanks Evan Shaw),
- disallow middot in Go programs,
- distinguish array, slice literal in error messages,
- fix shift/reduce conflict in go.y export syntax,
- fix unsafe.Sizeof on ideal constants,
- handle use of builtin function outside function call,
- many other bug fixes.
-* gob: add support for maps,
- add test for indirect maps, slices, arrays.
-* godoc: collect package comments from all package files.
-* gofmt: don't lose mandatory semicolons,
- exclude test w/ illegal syntax from test cases,
- fix printing of labels.
-* http: prevent crash if remote server is not responding with "HTTP/".
-* json: accept escaped slash in string scanner (thanks Michael Hoisie),
- fix array -> non-array decoding.
-* libmach: skip __nl_symbol_ptr section on OS X.
-* math: amd64 versions of Fdim, Fmax, Fmin,
- signed zero Sqrt special case (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/kate: convert isn't a built in function (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* net: implement BindToDevice,
- implement raw sockets (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* netFD: fix race between Close and Read/Write (thanks Michael Hoisie).
-* os: add Chtimes function (thanks Brad Fitzpatrick).
-* pkg/Makefile: add netchan to standard package list.
-* runtime: GOMAXPROCS returns previous value,
- allow large map values,
- avoid allocation for fixed strings,
- correct tracebacks for nascent goroutines, even closures,
- free old hashmap pieces during resizing.
-* spec: added imaginary literal to semicolon rules (was missing),
- fix and clarify syntax of conversions,
- simplify section on channel types,
- other minor tweaks.
-* strconv: Btoui64 optimizations (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* strings: use copy instead of for loop in Map (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* syscall: implement BindToDevice (thanks Christopher Wedgwood),
- add Utimes on Darwin/FreeBSD, add Futimes everywhere,
- regenerate syscalls for some platforms.
-* template: regularize name lookups of interfaces, pointers, and methods.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-05-04">2010-05-04</h2>
-
-<pre>
-In this release we renamed the Windows OS target from 'mingw' to 'windows'.
-If you are currently building for 'mingw' you should set GOOS=windows instead.
-
-* 5l, 6l, 8l, runtime: make -s binaries work.
-* 5l, 6l, 8l: change ELF header so that strip doesn't destroy binary.
-* 8l: fix absolute path detection on Windows.
-* big: new functions, optimizations, and cleanups,
- add bitwise methods for Int (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* bytes: Change IndexAny to look for UTF-8 encoded characters.
-* darwin: bsdthread_create can fail; print good error.
-* fmt: %T missing print <nil> for nil (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* gc: many fixes.
-* misc/cgo/gmp: fix bug in SetString.
-* net: fix resolv.conf EOF without newline bug (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* spec: some small clarifications (no language changes).
-* syscall: add EWOULDBLOCK to sycall_nacl.go,
- force O_LARGEFILE in Linux open system call,
- handle EOF on pipe - special case on Windows (thanks Alex Brainman),
- mingw Sleep (thanks Joe Poirier).
-* test/bench: import new fasta C reference, update Go, optimizations.
-* test: test of static initialization (fails).
-* vector: use correct capacity in call to make.
-* xml: allow text segments to end at EOF.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-04-27">2010-04-27</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a new Codelab that illustrates the construction of a
-simple wiki web application:
- http://golang.org/doc/codelab/wiki/
-
-It also includes a Codewalk framework for documenting code. See:
- http://golang.org/doc/codewalk/
-
-Other changes:
-* 6g: fix need for parens around array index expression.
-* 6l, 8l: include ELF header in PT_LOAD mapping for text segment.
-* arm: add android runner script,
- support for printing floats.
-* big: implemented Karatsuba multiplication,
- many fixes and improvements (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* bytes: add Next method to Buffer, simplify Read,
- shuffle implementation, making WriteByte 50% faster.
-* crypto/tls: simpler implementation of record layer.
-* exp/eval: fixes (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* flag: eliminate unnecessary structs.
-* gc: better windows support,
- cmplx typecheck bug fix,
- more specific error for statements at top level.
-* go/parser: don't require unnecessary parens.
-* godoc: exclude duplicate entries (thanks Andrei Vieru),
- use int64 for timestamps (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* gofmt: fine-tune stripping of parentheses,
-* json: Marshal, Unmarshal using new scanner,
- preserve field name case by default,
- scanner, Compact, Indent, and tests,
- support for streaming.
-* libmach: disassemble MOVLQZX correctly.
-* math: more special cases for signed zero (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* net: add Pipe,
- fix bugs in packStructValue (thanks Michael Hoisie),
- introduce net.Error interface.
-* os: FileInfo: regularize the types of some fields,
- create sys_bsd.go (thanks Giles Lean),
- mingw bug fixes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* reflect: add FieldByNameFunc (thanks Raif S. Naffah),
- implement Set(nil), SetValue(nil) for PtrValue and MapValue.
-* regexp: allow escaping of any punctuation.
-* rpc/jsonrpc: support for jsonrpc wire encoding.
-* rpc: abstract client and server encodings,
- add Close() method to rpc.Client.
-* runtime: closures, defer bug fix for Native Client,
- rename cgo2c, *.cgo to goc2c, *.goc to avoid confusion with real cgo.
- several other fixes.
-* scanner: implement Peek() to look at the next char w/o advancing.
-* strings: add ReadRune to Reader, add FieldsFunc (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* syscall: match linux Setsid function signature to darwin,
- mingw bug fixes (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* template: fix handling of pointer inside interface.
-* test/bench: add fannkuch-parallel.go (thanks Kyle Consalus),
- pidigits ~10% performance win by using adds instead of shifts.
-* time: remove incorrect time.ISO8601 and add time.RFC3339 (thanks Micah Stetson).
-* utf16: add DecodeRune, EncodeRune.
-* xml: add support for XML marshaling embedded structs (thanks Raif S. Naffah),
- new "innerxml" tag to collect inner XML.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-04-13">2010-04-13</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release contains many changes:
-
-* 8l: add DOS stub to PE binaries (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* cgo: add //export.
-* cmath: new complex math library (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* docs: update to match current coding style (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* exp/eval: fix example and add target to Makefile (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* fmt: change behavior of format verb %b to match %x when negative (thanks Andrei Vieru).
-* gc: compile s == "" as len(s) == 0,
- distinguish fatal compiler bug from error+exit,
- fix alignment on non-amd64,
- good syntax error for defer func() {} - missing fina (),
- implement panic and recover,
- zero unnamed return values on entry if func has defer.
-* goyacc: change to be reentrant (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* io/ioutil: fix bug in ReadFile when Open succeeds but Stat fails.
-* kate: update for recent language changes (thanks Evan Shaw).
-* libcgo: initial mingw port work - builds but untested (thanks Joe Poirier).
-* math: new functions and special cases (thanks Charles L. Dorian)
-* net: use chan bool instead of chan *netFD to avoid cycle.
-* netchan: allow client to send as well as receive.
-* nntp: new package, NNTP client (thanks Conrad Meyer).
-* os: rename os.Dir to os.FileInfo.
-* rpc: don't log normal EOF,
- fix ServeConn to block as documented.
-* runtime: many bug fixes, better ARM support.
-* strings: add IndexRune, Trim, TrimLeft, TrimRight, etc (thanks Michael Hoisie).
-* syscall: implement some mingw syscalls required by os (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* test/bench: add k-nucleotide-parallel (thanks Kyle Consalus).
-* Unicode: add support for Turkish case mapping.
-* xgb: move from the main repository to http://code.google.com/p/x-go-binding/
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-03-30">2010-03-30</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release contains three language changes:
-
-1. Accessing a non-existent key in a map is no longer a run-time error.
-It now evaluates to the zero value for that type. For example:
- x := myMap[i] is now equivalent to: x, _ := myMap[i]
-
-2. It is now legal to take the address of a function's return value.
-The return values are copied back to the caller only after deferred
-functions have run.
-
-3. The functions panic and recover, intended for reporting and recovering from
-failure, have been added to the spec:
- http://golang.org/doc/go_spec.html#Handling_panics
-In a related change, panicln is gone, and panic is now a single-argument
-function. Panic and recover are recognized by the gc compilers but the new
-behavior is not yet implemented.
-
-The ARM build is broken in this release; ARM users should stay at release.2010-03-22.
-
-Other changes:
-* bytes, strings: add IndexAny.
-* cc/ld: Add support for #pragma dynexport,
- Rename dynld to dynimport throughout. Cgo users will need to rerun cgo.
-* expvar: default publishings for cmdline, memstats
-* flag: add user-defined flag types.
-* gc: usual bug fixes
-* go/ast: generalized ast filtering.
-* go/printer: avoid reflect in print.
-* godefs: fix handling of negative constants.
-* godoc: export pprof debug information, exported variables,
- support for filtering of command-line output in -src mode,
- use http GET for remote search instead of rpc.
-* gofmt: don't convert multi-line functions into one-liners,
- preserve newlines in multiline selector expressions (thanks Risto Jaakko Saarelma).
-* goinstall: include command name in error reporting (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski)
-* http: add HandleFunc as shortcut to Handle(path, HandlerFunc(func))
-* make: use actual dependency for install
-* math: add J1, Y1, Jn, Yn, J0, Y0 (Bessel functions) (thanks Charles L. Dorian)
-* prof: add pprof from google-perftools
-* regexp: don't return non-nil *Regexp if there is an error.
-* runtime: add Callers,
- add malloc sampling, pprof interface,
- add memory profiling, more statistics to runtime.MemStats,
- implement missing destroylock() (thanks Alex Brainman),
- more malloc statistics,
- run all finalizers in a single goroutine,
- Goexit runs deferred calls.
-* strconv: add Atob and Btoa,
- Unquote could wrongly return a nil error on error (thanks Roger Peppe).
-* syscall: add IPV6 constants,
- add syscall_bsd.go for Darwin and other *BSDs (thanks Giles Lean),
- implement SetsockoptString (thanks Christopher Wedgwood).
-* websocket: implement new protocol (thanks Fumitoshi Ukai).
-* xgb: fix request length and request size (thanks Firmansyah Adiputra).
-* xml: add CopyToken (thanks Kyle Consalus),
- add line numbers to syntax errors (thanks Kyle Consalus),
- use io.ReadByter in place of local readByter (thanks Raif S. Naffah).
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-03-22">2010-03-22</h2>
-
-<pre>
-With this release we announce the launch of the Go Blog:
- http://blog.golang.org/
-The first post is a brief update covering what has happened since the launch.
-
-This release contains some new packages and functionality, and many fixes:
-* 6g/8g: fix issues with complex data types, other bug fixes.
-* Makefiles: refactored to make writing external Makefiles easier.
-* crypto/rand: new package.
-* godoc: implemented command-line search via RPC,
- improved comment formatting: recognize URLs.
-* gofmt: more consistent formatting of const/var decls.
-* http: add Error helper function,
- add ParseQuery (thanks Petar Maymounkov),
- change RawPath to mean raw path, not raw everything-after-scheme.
-* image/jpeg: fix typos.
-* json: add MarshalIndent (accepts user-specified indent string).
-* math: add Gamma function (thanks Charles L. Dorian).
-* misc/bbedit: support for cmplx, real, imag (thanks Anthony Starks).
-* misc/vim: add new complex types, functions and literals.
-* net: fix IPMask.String not to crash on all-0xff mask.
-* os: drop File finalizer after normal Close.
-* runtime: add GOROOT and Version,
- lock finalizer table accesses.
-* sha512: add sha384 (truncated version) (thanks Conrad Meyer).
-* syscall: add const ARCH, analogous to OS.
-* syscall: further additions to mingw port (thanks Alex Brainman).
-* template: fixed html formatter []byte input bug.
-* utf16: new package.
-* version.bash: cope with ancient Mercurial.
-* websocket: use URL.RawPath to construct WebSocket-Location: header.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-03-15">2010-03-15</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release includes a language change: support for complex numbers.
- http://golang.org/doc/go_spec.html#Imaginary_literals
- http://golang.org/doc/go_spec.html#Complex_numbers
-There is no library support as yet.
-
-This release also includes the goinstall command-line tool.
- http://golang.org/cmd/goinstall/
- http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts/t/f091704771128e32
-
-* 5g/6g/8g: fix double function call in slice.
-* arm: cleanup build warnings. (thanks Dean Prichard)
-* big: fix mistakes with probablyPrime.
-* bufio: add WriteRune.
-* bytes: add ReadRune and WriteRune to bytes.Buffer.
-* cc: stack split bug fix.
-* crypto: add SHA-224 to sha256, add sha512 package. (thanks Conrad Meyer)
-* crypto/ripemd160: new package. (thanks Raif S. Naffah)
-* crypto/rsa: don't use safe primes.
-* gc: avoid fixed length buffer cleanbuf. (thanks Dean Prichard)
- better compilation of floating point +=
- fix crash on complicated arg to make slice.
- remove duplicate errors, give better error for I.(T)
-* godoc: support for multiple packages in a directory, other fixes.
-* gofmt: bug fixes.
-* hash: add Sum64 interface.
-* hash/crc32: add Update function.
-* hash/crc64: new package implementing 64-bit CRC.
-* math: add ilogb, logb, remainder. (thanks Charles L. Dorian)
-* regexp: add ReplaceAllFunc, ReplaceAllStringFunc.
-* runtime: clock garbage collection on bytes allocated, not pages in use.
-* strings: make Split(s, "", n) faster. (thanks Spring Mc)
-* syscall: minimal mingw version of syscall. (thanks Alex Brainman)
-* template: add ParseFile, MustParseFile.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-03-04">2010-03-04</h2>
-
-<pre>
-There is one language change: the ability to convert a string to []byte or
-[]int. This deprecates the strings.Bytes and strings.Runes functions.
-You can convert your existing sources using these gofmt commands:
- gofmt -r 'strings.Bytes(x) -> []byte(x)' -w file-or-directory-list
- gofmt -r 'strings.Runes(x) -> []int(x)' -w file-or-directory-list
-After running these you might need to delete unused imports of the "strings"
-package.
-
-Other changes and fixes:
-* 6l/8l/5l: add -r option
-* 8g: make a[byte(x)] truncate x
-* codereview.py: fix for compatibility with hg >=1.4.3
-* crypto/blowfish: new package (thanks Raif S. Naffah)
-* dashboard: more performance tuning
-* fmt: use String method in %q to get the value to quote.
-* gofmt: several cosmetic changes
-* http: fix handling of Connection: close, bug in http.Post
-* net: correct DNS configuration,
- fix network timeout boundary condition,
- put [ ] around IPv6 addresses for Dial.
-* path: add Match,
- fix bug in Match with non-greedy stars (thanks Kevin Ballard)
-* strings: delete Bytes, Runes (see above)
-* tests: an Eratosthenesque concurrent prime sieve (thanks Anh Hai Trinh)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-02-23">2010-02-23</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release is mainly bug fixes and a little new code.
-There are no language changes.
-
-6g/5g/8g: bug fixes
-8a/8l: Added FCMOVcc instructions (thanks Evan Shaw and Charles Dorian)
-crypto/x509: support certificate creation
-dashboard: caching to avoid datastore queries
-exec: add dir argument to Run
-godoc: bug fixes and code cleanups
-http: continued implementation and bug fixes (thanks Petar Maymounkov)
-json: fix quoted strings in Marshal (thanks Sergei Skorobogatov)
-math: more functions, test cases, and benchmarks (thanks Charles L. Dorian)
-misc/bbedit: treat predeclared identifiers as "keywords" (thanks Anthony Starks)
-net: disable UDP server test (flaky on various architectures)
-runtime: work around Linux kernel bug in futex,
- pchw is now tiny
-sync: fix to work on armv5 (thanks Dean Prichard)
-websocket: fix binary frame size decoding (thanks Timo Savola)
-xml: allow unquoted attribute values in non-Strict mode (thanks Amrut Joshi)
- treat bool as value in Unmarshal (thanks Michael Hoisie)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-02-17">2010-02-17</h2>
-
-<pre>
-There are two small language changes:
-* NUL bytes may be rejected in souce files, and the tools do reject them.
-* Conversions from string to []int and []byte are defined but not yet implemented.
-
-Other changes and fixes:
-* 5a/6a/8a/5c/6c/8c: remove fixed-size arrays for -I and -D options (thanks Dean Prichard)
-* 5c/6c/8c/5l/6l/8l: add -V flag to display version number
-* 5c/6c/8c: use "cpp" not "/bin/cpp" for external preprocessor (thanks Giles Lean)
-* 8a/8l: Added CMOVcc instructions (thanks Evan Shaw)
-* 8l: pe executable building code changed to include import table for kernel32.dll functions (thanks Alex Brainman)
-* 5g/6g/8g: bug fixes
-* asn1: bug fixes and additions (incl marshaling)
-* build: fix build for Native Client, Linux/ARM
-* dashboard: show benchmarks, add garbage collector benchmarks
-* encoding/pem: add marshaling support
-* exp/draw: fast paths for a nil mask
-* godoc: support for directories outside $GOROOT
-* http: sort header keys when writing Response or Request to wire (thanks Petar Maymounkov)
-* math: special cases and new functions (thanks Charles Dorian)
-* mime: new package, used in http (thanks Michael Hoisie)
-* net: dns bug fix - use random request id
-* os: finalize File, to close fd.
-* path: make Join variadic (thanks Stephen Weinberg)
-* regexp: optimization bug fix
-* runtime: misc fixes and optimizations
-* syscall: make signature of Umask on OS X, FreeBSD match Linux. (thanks Giles Lean)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-02-04">2010-02-04</h2>
-
-<pre>
-There is one language change: support for ...T parameters:
- http://golang.org/doc/go_spec.html#Function_types
-
-You can now check build status on various platforms at the Go Dashboard:
- http://godashboard.appspot.com
-
-* 5l/6l/8l: several minor fixes
-* 5a/6a/8a/5l/6l/8l: avoid overflow of symb buffer (thanks Dean Prichard)
-* compress/gzip: gzip deflater (i.e., writer)
-* debug/proc: add mingw specific build stubs (thanks Joe Poirier)
-* exp/draw: separate the source-point and mask-point in Draw
-* fmt: handle nils safely in Printf
-* gccgo: error messages now match those of gc
-* godoc: several fixes
-* http: bug fixes, revision of Request/Response (thanks Petar Maymounkov)
-* image: new image.A type to represent anti-aliased font glyphs
- add named colors (e.g. image.Blue), suitable for exp/draw
-* io: fixed bugs in Pipe
-* malloc: merge into package runtime
-* math: fix tests on FreeBSD (thanks Devon H. O'Dell)
- add functions; update tests and special cases (thanks Charles L. Dorian)
-* os/signal: send SIGCHLDs to Incoming (thanks Chris Wedgwood)
-* reflect: add StringHeader to reflect
-* runtime: add SetFinalizer
-* time: Sleep through interruptions (thanks Chris Wedgwood)
- add RFC822 formats
- experimental implementation of Ticker using two goroutines for all tickers
-* xml: allow underscores in XML element names (thanks Michael Hoisie)
- allow any scalar type in xml.Unmarshal
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-01-27">2010-01-27</h2>
-
-<pre>
-There are two small language changes: the meaning of chan <- chan int
-is now defined, and functions returning functions do not need to
-parenthesize the result type.
-
-There is one significant implementation change: the compilers can
-handle multiple packages using the same name in a single binary.
-In the gc compilers, this comes at the cost of ensuring that you
-always import a particular package using a consistent import path.
-In the gccgo compiler, the cost is that you must use the -fgo-prefix
-flag to pass a unique prefix (like the eventual import path).
-
-5a/6a/8a: avoid use of fixed-size buffers (thanks Dean Prichard)
-5g, 6g, 8g: many minor bug fixes
-bufio: give Writer.WriteString same signature as bytes.Buffer.WriteString.
-container/list: PushFrontList, PushBackList (thanks Jan Hosang)
-godoc: trim spaces from search query (thanks Christopher Wedgwood)
-hash: document that Sum does not change state, fix crypto hashes
-http: bug fixes, revision of Request/Response (thanks Petar Maymounkov)
-math: more handling of IEEE 754 special cases (thanks Charles Dorian)
-misc/dashboard: new build dashboard
-net: allow UDP broadcast,
- use /etc/hosts to resolve names (thanks Yves Junqueira, Michael Hoisie)
-netchan: beginnings of new package for connecting channels across a network
-os: allow FQDN in Hostname test (thanks Icarus Sparry)
-reflect: garbage collection bug in Call
-runtime: demo of Go on raw (emulated) hw in runtime/pchw,
- performance fix on OS X
-spec: clarify meaning of chan <- chan int,
- func() func() int is allowed now,
- define ... T (not yet implemented)
-template: can use interface values
-time: fix for +0000 time zone,
- more robust tick.Stop.
-xgb: support for authenticated connections (thanks Firmansyah Adiputra)
-xml: add Escape (thanks Stephen Weinberg)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-01-13">2010-01-13</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release is mainly bug fixes with a little new code.
-There are no language changes.
-
-build: $GOBIN should no longer be required in $PATH (thanks Devon H. O'Dell),
- new package target "make bench" to run benchmarks
-8g: faster float -> uint64 conversion (thanks Evan Shaw)
-5g, 6g, 8g:
- clean opnames.h to avoid stale errors (thanks Yongjian Xu),
- a handful of small compiler fixes
-5g, 6g, 8g, 5l, 6l, 8l: ignore $GOARCH, which is implied by name of tool
-6prof: support for writing input files for google-perftools's pprof
-asn1: fix a few structure-handling bugs
-cgo: many bug fixes (thanks Devon H. O'Dell)
-codereview: repeated "hg mail" sends "please take another look"
-gob: reserve ids for future expansion
-godoc: distinguish HTML generation from plain text HTML escaping (thanks Roger Peppe)
-gofmt: minor bug fixes, removed -oldprinter flag
-http: add CanonicalPath (thanks Ivan Krasin),
- avoid header duplication in Response.Write,
- correctly escape/unescape URL sections
-io: new interface ReadByter
-json: better error, pointer handling in Marshal (thanks Ivan Krasin)
-libmach: disassembly of FUCOMI, etc (thanks Evan Shaw)
-math: special cases for most functions and 386 hardware Sqrt (thanks Charles Dorian)
-misc/dashboard: beginning of a build dashboard at godashboard.appspot.com.
-misc/emacs: handling of new semicolon rules (thanks Austin Clements),
- empty buffer bug fix (thanks Kevin Ballard)
-misc/kate: highlighting improvements (tahnks Evan Shaw)
-os/signal: add signal names: signal.SIGHUP, etc (thanks David Symonds)
-runtime: preliminary Windows support (thanks Hector Chu),
- preemption polling to reduce garbage collector pauses
-scanner: new lightweight scanner package
-template: bug fix involving spaces before a delimited block
-test/bench: updated timings
-time: new Format, Parse functions
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2010-01-05">2010-01-05</h2>
-
-<pre>
-This release is mainly bug fixes. There are no language changes.
-
-6prof: now works on 386
-8a, 8l: add FCOMI, FCOMIP, FUCOMI, and FUCOMIP (thanks Evan Shaw)
-big: fix ProbablyPrime on small numbers
-container/vector: faster []-based implementation (thanks Jan Mercl)
-crypto/tls: extensions and Next Protocol Negotiation
-gob: one encoding bug fix, one decoding bug fix
-image/jpeg: support for RST markers
-image/png: support for transparent paletted images
-misc/xcode: improved support (thanks Ken Friedenbach)
-net: return nil Conn on error from Dial (thanks Roger Peppe)
-regexp: add Regexp.NumSubexp (thanks Peter Froehlich)
-syscall: add Nanosleep on FreeBSD (thanks Devon H. O'Dell)
-template: can use map in .repeated section
-
-There is now a public road map, in the repository and online
-at <a href="http://golang.org/doc/devel/roadmap.html">http://golang.org/doc/devel/roadmap.html</a>.
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2009-12-22">2009-12-22</h2>
-
-<pre>
-Since the last release there has been one large syntactic change to
-the language, already discussed extensively on this list: semicolons
-are now implied between statement-ending tokens and newline characters.
-See http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts/t/5ee32b588d10f2e9 for
-details.
-
-By default, gofmt now parses and prints the new lighter weight syntax.
-To convert programs written in the old syntax, you can use:
-
- gofmt -oldparser -w *.go
-
-Since everything was being reformatted anyway, we took the opportunity to
-change the way gofmt does alignment. Now gofmt uses tabs at the start
-of a line for basic code alignment, but it uses spaces for alignment of
-interior columns. Thus, in an editor with a fixed-width font, you can
-choose your own tab size to change the indentation, and no matter what
-tab size you choose, columns will be aligned properly.
-
-
-In addition to the syntax and formatting changes, there have been many
-smaller fixes and updates:
-
-6g,8g,5g: many bug fixes, better registerization,
- build process fix involving mkbuiltin (thanks Yongjian Xu),
- method expressions for concrete types
-8l: support for Windows PE files (thanks Hector Chu)
-bytes: more efficient Buffer handling
-bytes, strings: new function Fields (thanks Andrey Mirtchovski)
-cgo: handling of enums (thanks Moriyoshi Koizumi),
- handling of structs with bit fields, multiple files (thanks Devon H. O'Dell),
- installation of .so to non-standard locations
-crypto/sha256: new package for SHA 256 (thanks Andy Davis)
-encoding/binary: support for slices of fixed-size values (thanks Maxim Ushakov)
-exp/vector: experimental alternate vector representation (thanks Jan Mercl)
-fmt: %p for chan, map, slice types
-gob: a couple more bug fixes
-http: support for basic authentication (thanks Ivan Krasin)
-image/jpeg: basic JPEG decoder
-math: correct handling of Inf and NaN in Pow (thanks Charles Dorian)
-misc/bash: completion file for bash (thanks Alex Ray)
-os/signal: support for handling Unix signals (thanks David Symonds)
-rand: Zipf-distributed random values (thanks William Josephson)
-syscall: correct error return bug on 32-bit machines (thanks Christopher Wedgwood)
-syslog: new package for writing to Unix syslog daemon (thanks Yves Junqueira)
-template: will automatically invoke niladic methods
-time: new ISO8601 format generator (thanks Ben Olive)
-xgb: converted generator to new syntax (thanks Tor Andersson)
-xml: better mapping of tag names to Go identifiers (thanks Kei Son),
- better handling of unexpected EOF (thanks Arvindh Rajesh Tamilmani)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="2009-12-09">2009-12-09</h2>
-
-<pre>
-Since the last release there are two changes to the language:
-
-* new builtin copy(dst, src) copies n = min(len(dst), len(src))
- elements to dst from src and returns n. It works correctly
- even if dst and src overlap. bytes.Copy is gone.
- Convert your programs using:
- gofmt -w -r 'bytes.Copy(d, s) -> copy(d, s)' *.go
-
-* new syntax x[lo:] is shorthand for x[lo:len(x)].
- Convert your programs using:
- gofmt -w -r 'a[b:len(a)] -> a[b:]' *.go
-
-In addition, there have been many smaller fixes and updates:
-
-* 6g/8g/5g: many bug fixes
-* 8g: fix 386 floating point stack bug (thanks Charles Dorian)
-* all.bash: now works even when $GOROOT has spaces (thanks Sergio Luis O. B. Correia),
- starting to make build work with mingw (thanks Hector Chu),
- FreeBSD support (thanks Devon O'Dell)
-* big: much faster on 386.
-* bytes: new function IndexByte, implemented in assembly
- new function Runes (thanks Peter Froehlich),
- performance tuning in bytes.Buffer.
-* codereview: various bugs fixed
-* container/vector: New is gone; just declare a Vector instead.
- call Resize to set len and cap.
-* cgo: many bug fixes (thanks Eden Li)
-* crypto: added MD4 (thanks Chris Lennert),
- added XTEA (thanks Adrian O'Grady).
-* crypto/tls: basic client
-* exp/iterable: new functions (thanks Michael Elkins)
-* exp/nacl: native client tree builds again
-* fmt: preliminary performance tuning
-* go/ast: more powerful Visitor (thanks Roger Peppe)
-* gob: a few bug fixes
-* gofmt: better handling of standard input, error reporting (thanks Fazlul Shahriar)
- new -r flag for rewriting programs
-* gotest: support for Benchmark functions (thanks Trevor Strohman)
-* io: ReadFile, WriteFile, ReadDir now in separate package io/ioutil.
-* json: new Marshal function (thanks Michael Hoisie),
- better white space handling (thanks Andrew Skiba),
- decoding into native data structures (thanks Sergey Gromov),
- handling of nil interface values (thanks Ross Light).
-* math: correct handling of sin/cos of large angles
-* net: better handling of Close (thanks Devon O'Dell and Christopher Wedgwood)
- support for UDP broadcast (thanks Jonathan Wills),
- support for empty packets
-* rand: top-level functions now safe to call from multiple goroutines
-(thanks Roger Peppe).
-* regexp: a few easy optimizations
-* rpc: better error handling, a few bug fixes
-* runtime: better signal handling on OS X, malloc fixes,
- global channel lock is gone.
-* sync: RWMutex now allows concurrent readers (thanks Péter Szabó)
-* template: can use maps as data (thanks James Meneghello)
-* unicode: updated to Unicode 5.2.
-* websocket: new package (thanks Fumitoshi Ukai)
-* xgb: preliminary X Go Bindings (thanks Tor Andersson)
-* xml: fixed crash (thanks Vish Subramanian)
-* misc: bbedit config (thanks Anthony Starks),
- kate config (thanks Evan Shaw)
-</pre>
diff --git a/content/doc/diagnostics.html b/content/doc/diagnostics.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 478611c..0000000
--- a/content/doc/diagnostics.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,470 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Diagnostics",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Go ecosystem provides a large suite of APIs and tools to
-diagnose logic and performance problems in Go programs. This page
-summarizes the available tools and helps Go users pick the right one
-for their specific problem.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Diagnostics solutions can be categorized into the following groups:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><strong>Profiling</strong>: Profiling tools analyze the complexity and costs of a
-Go program such as its memory usage and frequently called
-functions to identify the expensive sections of a Go program.</li>
-<li><strong>Tracing</strong>: Tracing is a way to instrument code to analyze latency
-throughout the lifecycle of a call or user request. Traces provide an
-overview of how much latency each component contributes to the overall
-latency in a system. Traces can span multiple Go processes.</li>
-<li><strong>Debugging</strong>: Debugging allows us to pause a Go program and examine
-its execution. Program state and flow can be verified with debugging.</li>
-<li><strong>Runtime statistics and events</strong>: Collection and analysis of runtime stats and events
-provides a high-level overview of the health of Go programs. Spikes/dips of metrics
-helps us to identify changes in throughput, utilization, and performance.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note: Some diagnostics tools may interfere with each other. For example, precise
-memory profiling skews CPU profiles and goroutine blocking profiling affects scheduler
-trace. Use tools in isolation to get more precise info.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="profiling">Profiling</h2>
-
-<p>
-Profiling is useful for identifying expensive or frequently called sections
-of code. The Go runtime provides <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/pprof/">
-profiling data</a> in the format expected by the
-<a href="https://github.com/google/pprof/blob/master/doc/README.md">pprof visualization tool</a>.
-The profiling data can be collected during testing
-via <code>go</code> <code>test</code> or endpoints made available from the <a href="/pkg/net/http/pprof/">
-net/http/pprof</a> package. Users need to collect the profiling data and use pprof tools to filter
-and visualize the top code paths.
-</p>
-
-<p>Predefined profiles provided by the <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof">runtime/pprof</a> package:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<strong>cpu</strong>: CPU profile determines where a program spends
-its time while actively consuming CPU cycles (as opposed to while sleeping or waiting for I/O).
-</li>
-<li>
-<strong>heap</strong>: Heap profile reports memory allocation samples;
-used to monitor current and historical memory usage, and to check for memory leaks.
-</li>
-<li>
-<strong>threadcreate</strong>: Thread creation profile reports the sections
-of the program that lead the creation of new OS threads.
-</li>
-<li>
-<strong>goroutine</strong>: Goroutine profile reports the stack traces of all current goroutines.
-</li>
-<li>
-<strong>block</strong>: Block profile shows where goroutines block waiting on synchronization
-primitives (including timer channels). Block profile is not enabled by default;
-use <code>runtime.SetBlockProfileRate</code> to enable it.
-</li>
-<li>
-<strong>mutex</strong>: Mutex profile reports the lock contentions. When you think your
-CPU is not fully utilized due to a mutex contention, use this profile. Mutex profile
-is not enabled by default, see <code>runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction</code> to enable it.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<p><strong>What other profilers can I use to profile Go programs?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-On Linux, <a href="https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Tutorial">perf tools</a>
-can be used for profiling Go programs. Perf can profile
-and unwind cgo/SWIG code and kernel, so it can be useful to get insights into
-native/kernel performance bottlenecks. On macOS,
-<a href="https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/InstrumentsUserGuide/">Instruments</a>
-suite can be used profile Go programs.
-</p>
-
-<p><strong>Can I profile my production services?</strong></p>
-
-<p>Yes. It is safe to profile programs in production, but enabling
-some profiles (e.g. the CPU profile) adds cost. You should expect to
-see performance downgrade. The performance penalty can be estimated
-by measuring the overhead of the profiler before turning it on in
-production.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You may want to periodically profile your production services.
-Especially in a system with many replicas of a single process, selecting
-a random replica periodically is a safe option.
-Select a production process, profile it for
-X seconds for every Y seconds and save the results for visualization and
-analysis; then repeat periodically. Results may be manually and/or automatically
-reviewed to find problems.
-Collection of profiles can interfere with each other,
-so it is recommended to collect only a single profile at a time.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>What are the best ways to visualize the profiling data?</strong>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Go tools provide text, graph, and <a href="http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/cl-manual.html">callgrind</a>
-visualization of the profile data using
-<code><a href="https://github.com/google/pprof/blob/master/doc/README.md">go tool pprof</a></code>.
-Read <a href="https://blog.golang.org/profiling-go-programs">Profiling Go programs</a>
-to see them in action.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/pprof-text.png">
-<br>
-<small>Listing of the most expensive calls as text.</small>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/pprof-dot.png">
-<br>
-<small>Visualization of the most expensive calls as a graph.</small>
-</p>
-
-<p>Weblist view displays the expensive parts of the source line by line in
-an HTML page. In the following example, 530ms is spent in the
-<code>runtime.concatstrings</code> and cost of each line is presented
-in the listing.</p>
-
-<p>
-<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/pprof-weblist.png">
-<br>
-<small>Visualization of the most expensive calls as weblist.</small>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another way to visualize profile data is a <a href="http://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html">flame graph</a>.
-Flame graphs allow you to move in a specific ancestry path, so you can zoom
-in/out of specific sections of code.
-The <a href="https://github.com/google/pprof">upstream pprof</a>
-has support for flame graphs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/flame.png">
-<br>
-<small>Flame graphs offers visualization to spot the most expensive code-paths.</small>
-</p>
-
-<p><strong>Am I restricted to the built-in profiles?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-Additionally to what is provided by the runtime, Go users can create
-their custom profiles via <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/#Profile">pprof.Profile</a>
-and use the existing tools to examine them.
-</p>
-
-<p><strong>Can I serve the profiler handlers (/debug/pprof/...) on a different path and port?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-Yes. The <code>net/http/pprof</code> package registers its handlers to the default
-mux by default, but you can also register them yourself by using the handlers
-exported from the package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, the following example will serve the pprof.Profile
-handler on :7777 at /custom_debug_path/profile:
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<pre>
-package main
-
-import (
- "log"
- "net/http"
- "net/http/pprof"
-)
-
-func main() {
- mux := http.NewServeMux()
- mux.HandleFunc("/custom_debug_path/profile", pprof.Profile)
- log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":7777", mux))
-}
-</pre>
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tracing">Tracing</h2>
-
-<p>
-Tracing is a way to instrument code to analyze latency throughout the
-lifecycle of a chain of calls. Go provides
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/trace">golang.org/x/net/trace</a>
-package as a minimal tracing backend per Go node and provides a minimal
-instrumentation library with a simple dashboard. Go also provides
-an execution tracer to trace the runtime events within an interval.
-</p>
-
-<p>Tracing enables us to:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Instrument and analyze application latency in a Go process.</li>
-<li>Measure the cost of specific calls in a long chain of calls.</li>
-<li>Figure out the utilization and performance improvements.
-Bottlenecks are not always obvious without tracing data.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-In monolithic systems, it's relatively easy to collect diagnostic data
-from the building blocks of a program. All modules live within one
-process and share common resources to report logs, errors, and other
-diagnostic information. Once your system grows beyond a single process and
-starts to become distributed, it becomes harder to follow a call starting
-from the front-end web server to all of its back-ends until a response is
-returned back to the user. This is where distributed tracing plays a big
-role to instrument and analyze your production systems.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Distributed tracing is a way to instrument code to analyze latency throughout
-the lifecycle of a user request. When a system is distributed and when
-conventional profiling and debugging tools don’t scale, you might want
-to use distributed tracing tools to analyze the performance of your user
-requests and RPCs.
-</p>
-
-<p>Distributed tracing enables us to:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Instrument and profile application latency in a large system.</li>
-<li>Track all RPCs within the lifecycle of a user request and see integration issues
-that are only visible in production.</li>
-<li>Figure out performance improvements that can be applied to our systems.
-Many bottlenecks are not obvious before the collection of tracing data.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>The Go ecosystem provides various distributed tracing libraries per tracing system
-and backend-agnostic ones.</p>
-
-
-<p><strong>Is there a way to automatically intercept each function call and create traces?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-Go doesn’t provide a way to automatically intercept every function call and create
-trace spans. You need to manually instrument your code to create, end, and annotate spans.
-</p>
-
-<p><strong>How should I propagate trace headers in Go libraries?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-You can propagate trace identifiers and tags in the
-<a href="/pkg/context#Context"><code>context.Context</code></a>.
-There is no canonical trace key or common representation of trace headers
-in the industry yet. Each tracing provider is responsible for providing propagation
-utilities in their Go libraries.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>What other low-level events from the standard library or
-runtime can be included in a trace?</strong>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The standard library and runtime are trying to expose several additional APIs
-to notify on low level internal events. For example,
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace#ClientTrace"><code>httptrace.ClientTrace</code></a>
-provides APIs to follow low-level events in the life cycle of an outgoing request.
-There is an ongoing effort to retrieve low-level runtime events from
-the runtime execution tracer and allow users to define and record their user events.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="debugging">Debugging</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debugging is the process of identifying why a program misbehaves.
-Debuggers allow us to understand a program’s execution flow and current state.
-There are several styles of debugging; this section will only focus on attaching
-a debugger to a program and core dump debugging.
-</p>
-
-<p>Go users mostly use the following debuggers:</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<a href="https://github.com/derekparker/delve">Delve</a>:
-Delve is a debugger for the Go programming language. It has
-support for Go’s runtime concepts and built-in types. Delve is
-trying to be a fully featured reliable debugger for Go programs.
-</li>
-<li>
-<a href="https://golang.org/doc/gdb">GDB</a>:
-Go provides GDB support via the standard Go compiler and Gccgo.
-The stack management, threading, and runtime contain aspects that differ
-enough from the execution model GDB expects that they can confuse the
-debugger, even when the program is compiled with gccgo. Even though
-GDB can be used to debug Go programs, it is not ideal and may
-create confusion.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p><strong>How well do debuggers work with Go programs?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>gc</code> compiler performs optimizations such as
-function inlining and variable registerization. These optimizations
-sometimes make debugging with debuggers harder. There is an ongoing
-effort to improve the quality of the DWARF information generated for
-optimized binaries. Until those improvements are available, we recommend
-disabling optimizations when building the code being debugged. The following
-command builds a package with no compiler optimizations:
-
-<p>
-<pre>
-$ go build -gcflags=all="-N -l"
-</pre>
-</p>
-
-As part of the improvement effort, Go 1.10 introduced a new compiler
-flag <code>-dwarflocationlists</code>. The flag causes the compiler to
-add location lists that helps debuggers work with optimized binaries.
-The following command builds a package with optimizations but with
-the DWARF location lists:
-
-<p>
-<pre>
-$ go build -gcflags="-dwarflocationlists=true"
-</pre>
-</p>
-
-<p><strong>What’s the recommended debugger user interface?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-Even though both delve and gdb provides CLIs, most editor integrations
-and IDEs provides debugging-specific user interfaces.
-</p>
-
-<p><strong>Is it possible to do postmortem debugging with Go programs?</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-A core dump file is a file that contains the memory dump of a running
-process and its process status. It is primarily used for post-mortem
-debugging of a program and to understand its state
-while it is still running. These two cases make debugging of core
-dumps a good diagnostic aid to postmortem and analyze production
-services. It is possible to obtain core files from Go programs and
-use delve or gdb to debug, see the
-<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/CoreDumpDebugging">core dump debugging</a>
-page for a step-by-step guide.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="runtime">Runtime statistics and events</h2>
-
-<p>
-The runtime provides stats and reporting of internal events for
-users to diagnose performance and utilization problems at the
-runtime level.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Users can monitor these stats to better understand the overall
-health and performance of Go programs.
-Some frequently monitored stats and states:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats">runtime.ReadMemStats</a></code>
-reports the metrics related to heap
-allocation and garbage collection. Memory stats are useful for
-monitoring how much memory resources a process is consuming,
-whether the process can utilize memory well, and to catch
-memory leaks.</li>
-<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#ReadGCStats">debug.ReadGCStats</a></code>
-reads statistics about garbage collection.
-It is useful to see how much of the resources are spent on GC pauses.
-It also reports a timeline of garbage collector pauses and pause time percentiles.</li>
-<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#Stack">debug.Stack</a></code>
-returns the current stack trace. Stack trace
-is useful to see how many goroutines are currently running,
-what they are doing, and whether they are blocked or not.</li>
-<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#WriteHeapDump">debug.WriteHeapDump</a></code>
-suspends the execution of all goroutines
-and allows you to dump the heap to a file. A heap dump is a
-snapshot of a Go process' memory at a given time. It contains all
-allocated objects as well as goroutines, finalizers, and more.</li>
-<li><code><a href="/pkg/runtime#NumGoroutine">runtime.NumGoroutine</a></code>
-returns the number of current goroutines.
-The value can be monitored to see whether enough goroutines are
-utilized, or to detect goroutine leaks.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="execution-tracer">Execution tracer</h3>
-
-<p>Go comes with a runtime execution tracer to capture a wide range
-of runtime events. Scheduling, syscall, garbage collections,
-heap size, and other events are collected by runtime and available
-for visualization by the go tool trace. Execution tracer is a tool
-to detect latency and utilization problems. You can examine how well
-the CPU is utilized, and when networking or syscalls are a cause of
-preemption for the goroutines.</p>
-
-<p>Tracer is useful to:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Understand how your goroutines execute.</li>
-<li>Understand some of the core runtime events such as GC runs.</li>
-<li>Identify poorly parallelized execution.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>However, it is not great for identifying hot spots such as
-analyzing the cause of excessive memory or CPU usage.
-Use profiling tools instead first to address them.</p>
-
-<p>
-<img width="800" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/golangorg-assets/tracer-lock.png">
-</p>
-
-<p>Above, the go tool trace visualization shows the execution started
-fine, and then it became serialized. It suggests that there might
-be lock contention for a shared resource that creates a bottleneck.</p>
-
-<p>See <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/trace/"><code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>trace</code></a>
-to collect and analyze runtime traces.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="godebug">GODEBUG</h3>
-
-<p>Runtime also emits events and information if
-<a href="https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/#hdr-Environment_Variables">GODEBUG</a>
-environmental variable is set accordingly.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>GODEBUG=gctrace=1 prints garbage collector events at
-each collection, summarizing the amount of memory collected
-and the length of the pause.</li>
-<li>GODEBUG=schedtrace=X prints scheduling events every X milliseconds.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>The GODEBUG environmental variable can be used to disable use of
-instruction set extensions in the standard library and runtime.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>GODEBUG=cpu.all=off disables the use of all optional
-instruction set extensions.</li>
-<li>GODEBUG=cpu.<em>extension</em>=off disables use of instructions from the
-specified instruction set extension.<br>
-<em>extension</em> is the lower case name for the instruction set extension
-such as <em>sse41</em> or <em>avx</em>.</li>
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/docs.html b/content/doc/docs.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f79d3a..0000000
--- a/content/doc/docs.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Documentation",
- "Path": "/doc/",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<p>
-The Go programming language is an open source project to make programmers more
-productive.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go is expressive, concise, clean, and efficient. Its concurrency
-mechanisms make it easy to write programs that get the most out of multicore
-and networked machines, while its novel type system enables flexible and
-modular program construction. Go compiles quickly to machine code yet has the
-convenience of garbage collection and the power of run-time reflection. It's a
-fast, statically typed, compiled language that feels like a dynamically typed,
-interpreted language.
-</p>
-
-<div id="manual-nav"></div>
-
-<h2>Installing Go</h2>
-
-<h3><a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a></h3>
-<p>
-Instructions for downloading and installing the Go compilers, tools, and
-libraries.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="learning">Learning Go</h2>
-
-<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/doc.png"/>
-
-<h3 id="go_tour">
- {{if $.GoogleCN}}
- A Tour of Go
- {{else}}
- <a href="//tour.golang.org/">A Tour of Go</a>
- {{end}}
-</h3>
-<p>
-An interactive introduction to Go in three sections.
-The first section covers basic syntax and data structures; the second discusses
-methods and interfaces; and the third introduces Go's concurrency primitives.
-Each section concludes with a few exercises so you can practice what you've
-learned. You can {{if not $.GoogleCN}}<a href="//tour.golang.org/">take the tour
-online</a> or{{end}} install it locally with:
-</p>
-<pre>
-$ go get golang.org/x/tour
-</pre>
-<p>
-This will place the <code>tour</code> binary in your workspace's <code>bin</code> directory.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="code"><a href="code.html">How to write Go code</a></h3>
-<p>
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-Also available as a <a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs">screencast</a>, this
-{{else}}
-This
-{{end}}
-doc explains how to use the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a>
-to fetch, build, and install packages, commands, and run tests.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="editors"><a href="editors.html">Editor plugins and IDEs</a></h3>
-<p>
-A document that summarizes commonly used editor plugins and IDEs with
-Go support.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="effective_go"><a href="effective_go.html">Effective Go</a></h3>
-<p>
-A document that gives tips for writing clear, idiomatic Go code.
-A must read for any new Go programmer. It augments the tour and
-the language specification, both of which should be read first.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="diagnostics"><a href="/doc/diagnostics.html">Diagnostics</a></h3>
-<p>
-Summarizes tools and methodologies to diagnose problems in Go programs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="faq"><a href="/doc/faq">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
-<p>
-Answers to common questions about Go.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">The Go Wiki</a></h3>
-<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
-
-<h4 id="learn_more">More</h4>
-<p>
-See the <a href="/wiki/Learn">Learn</a> page at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a>
-for more Go learning resources.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="references">References</h2>
-
-<h3 id="pkg"><a href="/pkg/">Package Documentation</a></h3>
-<p>
-The documentation for the Go standard library.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd"><a href="/doc/cmd">Command Documentation</a></h3>
-<p>
-The documentation for the Go tools.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="spec"><a href="/ref/spec">Language Specification</a></h3>
-<p>
-The official Go Language specification.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_mem"><a href="/ref/mem">The Go Memory Model</a></h3>
-<p>
-A document that specifies the conditions under which reads of a variable in
-one goroutine can be guaranteed to observe values produced by writes to the
-same variable in a different goroutine.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="release"><a href="/doc/devel/release.html">Release History</a></h3>
-<p>A summary of the changes between Go releases.</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="articles">Articles</h2>
-
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<h3 id="blog"><a href="//blog.golang.org/">The Go Blog</a></h3>
-<p>The official blog of the Go project, featuring news and in-depth articles by
-the Go team and guests.</p>
-{{end}}
-
-<h4>Codewalks</h4>
-<p>
-Guided tours of Go programs.
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/doc/codewalk/functions">First-Class Functions in Go</a></li>
-<li><a href="/doc/codewalk/markov">Generating arbitrary text: a Markov chain algorithm</a></li>
-<li><a href="/doc/codewalk/sharemem">Share Memory by Communicating</a></li>
-<li><a href="/doc/articles/wiki/">Writing Web Applications</a> - building a simple web application.</li>
-</ul>
-
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<h4>Language</h4>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/blog/json-rpc-tale-of-interfaces">JSON-RPC: a tale of interfaces</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/gos-declaration-syntax">Go's Declaration Syntax</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/defer-panic-and-recover">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/go-concurrency-patterns-timing-out-and">Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/go-slices-usage-and-internals">Go Slices: usage and internals</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/gif-decoder-exercise-in-go-interfaces">A GIF decoder: an exercise in Go interfaces</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/error-handling-and-go">Error Handling and Go</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/organizing-go-code">Organizing Go code</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h4>Packages</h4>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/blog/json-and-go">JSON and Go</a> - using the <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">json</a> package.</li>
-<li><a href="/blog/gobs-of-data">Gobs of data</a> - the design and use of the <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob</a> package.</li>
-<li><a href="/blog/laws-of-reflection">The Laws of Reflection</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a> package.</li>
-<li><a href="/blog/go-image-package">The Go image package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/">image</a> package.</li>
-<li><a href="/blog/go-imagedraw-package">The Go image/draw package</a> - the fundamentals of the <a href="/pkg/image/draw/">image/draw</a> package.</li>
-</ul>
-{{end}}
-
-<h4>Tools</h4>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/doc/articles/go_command.html">About the Go command</a> - why we wrote it, what it is, what it's not, and how to use it.</li>
-<li><a href="/doc/gdb">Debugging Go Code with GDB</a></li>
-<li><a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">Data Race Detector</a> - a manual for the data race detector.</li>
-<li><a href="/doc/asm">A Quick Guide to Go's Assembler</a> - an introduction to the assembler used by Go.</li>
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<li><a href="/blog/c-go-cgo">C? Go? Cgo!</a> - linking against C code with <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a>.</li>
-<li><a href="/blog/godoc-documenting-go-code">Godoc: documenting Go code</a> - writing good documentation for <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>.</li>
-<li><a href="/blog/profiling-go-programs">Profiling Go Programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="/blog/race-detector">Introducing the Go Race Detector</a> - an introduction to the race detector.</li>
-{{end}}
-</ul>
-
-<h4 id="articles_more">More</h4>
-<p>
-See the <a href="/wiki/Articles">Articles page</a> at the
-<a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for more Go articles.
-</p>
-
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<h2 id="talks">Talks</h2>
-
-<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/talks.png"/>
-
-<h3 id="video_tour_of_go"><a href="https://research.swtch.com/gotour">A Video Tour of Go</a></h3>
-<p>
-Three things that make Go fast, fun, and productive:
-interfaces, reflection, and concurrency. Builds a toy web crawler to
-demonstrate these.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_code_that_grows"><a href="//vimeo.com/53221560">Code that grows with grace</a></h3>
-<p>
-One of Go's key design goals is code adaptability; that it should be easy to take a simple design and build upon it in a clean and natural way. In this talk Andrew Gerrand describes a simple "chat roulette" server that matches pairs of incoming TCP connections, and then use Go's concurrency mechanisms, interfaces, and standard library to extend it with a web interface and other features. While the function of the program changes dramatically, Go's flexibility preserves the original design as it grows.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs">Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
-<p>
-Concurrency is the key to designing high performance network services. Go's concurrency primitives (goroutines and channels) provide a simple and efficient means of expressing concurrent execution. In this talk we see how tricky concurrency problems can be solved gracefully with simple Go code.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="advanced_go_concurrency_patterns"><a href="//www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDDwwePbDtw">Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns</a></h3>
-<p>
-This talk expands on the <i>Go Concurrency Patterns</i> talk to dive deeper into Go's concurrency primitives.
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="talks_more">More</h4>
-<p>
-See the <a href="/talks">Go Talks site</a> and <a href="/wiki/GoTalks">wiki page</a> for more Go talks.
-</p>
-{{end}}
-
-<h2 id="nonenglish">Non-English Documentation</h2>
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="/wiki/NonEnglish">NonEnglish</a> page
-at the <a href="/wiki">Wiki</a> for localized
-documentation.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/editors.html b/content/doc/editors.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ff35a5..0000000
--- a/content/doc/editors.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Editor plugins and IDEs",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
- This document lists commonly used editor plugins and IDEs from the Go ecosystem
- that make Go development more productive and seamless.
- A comprehensive list of editor support and IDEs for Go development is available at
- <a href="https://golang.org/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">the wiki</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="options">Options</h2>
-<p>
-The Go ecosystem provides a variety of editor plugins and IDEs to enhance your day-to-day
-editing, navigation, testing, and debugging experience.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><a href="https://github.com/fatih/vim-go">vim</a>: vim-go plugin provides Go programming language support</li>
-<li><a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=lukehoban.Go">Visual Studio Code</a>:
-Go extension provides support for the Go programming language</li>
-<li><a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/go">GoLand</a>: GoLand is distributed either as a standalone IDE
-or as a plugin for IntelliJ IDEA Ultimate</li>
-<li><a href="https://atom.io/packages/go-plus">Atom</a>: Go-Plus is an Atom package that provides enhanced Go support</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note that these are only a few top solutions; a more comprehensive
-community-maintained list of
-<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">IDEs and text editor plugins</a>
-is available at the Wiki.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/effective_go.html b/content/doc/effective_go.html
deleted file mode 100644
index ddfea76..0000000
--- a/content/doc/effective_go.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3668 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Effective Go",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go is a new language. Although it borrows ideas from
-existing languages,
-it has unusual properties that make effective Go programs
-different in character from programs written in its relatives.
-A straightforward translation of a C++ or Java program into Go
-is unlikely to produce a satisfactory result—Java programs
-are written in Java, not Go.
-On the other hand, thinking about the problem from a Go
-perspective could produce a successful but quite different
-program.
-In other words,
-to write Go well, it's important to understand its properties
-and idioms.
-It's also important to know the established conventions for
-programming in Go, such as naming, formatting, program
-construction, and so on, so that programs you write
-will be easy for other Go programmers to understand.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This document gives tips for writing clear, idiomatic Go code.
-It augments the <a href="/ref/spec">language specification</a>,
-the <a href="//tour.golang.org/">Tour of Go</a>,
-and <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a>,
-all of which you
-should read first.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/src/">Go package sources</a>
-are intended to serve not
-only as the core library but also as examples of how to
-use the language.
-Moreover, many of the packages contain working, self-contained
-executable examples you can run directly from the
-<a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a> web site, such as
-<a href="//golang.org/pkg/strings/#example_Map">this one</a> (if
-necessary, click on the word "Example" to open it up).
-If you have a question about how to approach a problem or how something
-might be implemented, the documentation, code and examples in the
-library can provide answers, ideas and
-background.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="formatting">Formatting</h2>
-
-<p>
-Formatting issues are the most contentious
-but the least consequential.
-People can adapt to different formatting styles
-but it's better if they don't have to, and
-less time is devoted to the topic
-if everyone adheres to the same style.
-The problem is how to approach this Utopia without a long
-prescriptive style guide.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With Go we take an unusual
-approach and let the machine
-take care of most formatting issues.
-The <code>gofmt</code> program
-(also available as <code>go fmt</code>, which
-operates at the package level rather than source file level)
-reads a Go program
-and emits the source in a standard style of indentation
-and vertical alignment, retaining and if necessary
-reformatting comments.
-If you want to know how to handle some new layout
-situation, run <code>gofmt</code>; if the answer doesn't
-seem right, rearrange your program (or file a bug about <code>gofmt</code>),
-don't work around it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As an example, there's no need to spend time lining up
-the comments on the fields of a structure.
-<code>Gofmt</code> will do that for you. Given the
-declaration
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct {
- name string // name of the object
- value int // its value
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<code>gofmt</code> will line up the columns:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct {
- name string // name of the object
- value int // its value
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-All Go code in the standard packages has been formatted with <code>gofmt</code>.
-</p>
-
-
-<p>
-Some formatting details remain. Very briefly:
-</p>
-
-<dl>
- <dt>Indentation</dt>
- <dd>We use tabs for indentation and <code>gofmt</code> emits them by default.
- Use spaces only if you must.
- </dd>
- <dt>Line length</dt>
- <dd>
- Go has no line length limit. Don't worry about overflowing a punched card.
- If a line feels too long, wrap it and indent with an extra tab.
- </dd>
- <dt>Parentheses</dt>
- <dd>
- Go needs fewer parentheses than C and Java: control structures (<code>if</code>,
- <code>for</code>, <code>switch</code>) do not have parentheses in
- their syntax.
- Also, the operator precedence hierarchy is shorter and clearer, so
-<pre>
-x<<8 + y<<16
-</pre>
- means what the spacing implies, unlike in the other languages.
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<h2 id="commentary">Commentary</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go provides C-style <code>/* */</code> block comments
-and C++-style <code>//</code> line comments.
-Line comments are the norm;
-block comments appear mostly as package comments, but
-are useful within an expression or to disable large swaths of code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The program—and web server—<code>godoc</code> processes
-Go source files to extract documentation about the contents of the
-package.
-Comments that appear before top-level declarations, with no intervening newlines,
-are extracted along with the declaration to serve as explanatory text for the item.
-The nature and style of these comments determines the
-quality of the documentation <code>godoc</code> produces.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Every package should have a <i>package comment</i>, a block
-comment preceding the package clause.
-For multi-file packages, the package comment only needs to be
-present in one file, and any one will do.
-The package comment should introduce the package and
-provide information relevant to the package as a whole.
-It will appear first on the <code>godoc</code> page and
-should set up the detailed documentation that follows.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-/*
-Package regexp implements a simple library for regular expressions.
-
-The syntax of the regular expressions accepted is:
-
- regexp:
- concatenation { '|' concatenation }
- concatenation:
- { closure }
- closure:
- term [ '*' | '+' | '?' ]
- term:
- '^'
- '$'
- '.'
- character
- '[' [ '^' ] character-ranges ']'
- '(' regexp ')'
-*/
-package regexp
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the package is simple, the package comment can be brief.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Package path implements utility routines for
-// manipulating slash-separated filename paths.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Comments do not need extra formatting such as banners of stars.
-The generated output may not even be presented in a fixed-width font, so don't depend
-on spacing for alignment—<code>godoc</code>, like <code>gofmt</code>,
-takes care of that.
-The comments are uninterpreted plain text, so HTML and other
-annotations such as <code>_this_</code> will reproduce <i>verbatim</i> and should
-not be used.
-One adjustment <code>godoc</code> does do is to display indented
-text in a fixed-width font, suitable for program snippets.
-The package comment for the
-<a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code> package</a> uses this to good effect.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Depending on the context, <code>godoc</code> might not even
-reformat comments, so make sure they look good straight up:
-use correct spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure,
-fold long lines, and so on.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Inside a package, any comment immediately preceding a top-level declaration
-serves as a <i>doc comment</i> for that declaration.
-Every exported (capitalized) name in a program should
-have a doc comment.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Doc comments work best as complete sentences, which allow
-a wide variety of automated presentations.
-The first sentence should be a one-sentence summary that
-starts with the name being declared.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Compile parses a regular expression and returns, if successful,
-// a Regexp that can be used to match against text.
-func Compile(str string) (*Regexp, error) {
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If every doc comment begins with the name of the item it describes,
-you can use the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Show_documentation_for_package_or_symbol">doc</a>
-subcommand of the <a href="/cmd/go/">go</a> tool
-and run the output through <code>grep</code>.
-Imagine you couldn't remember the name "Compile" but were looking for
-the parsing function for regular expressions, so you ran
-the command,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go doc -all regexp | grep -i parse
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If all the doc comments in the package began, "This function...", <code>grep</code>
-wouldn't help you remember the name. But because the package starts each
-doc comment with the name, you'd see something like this,
-which recalls the word you're looking for.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go doc -all regexp | grep -i parse
- Compile parses a regular expression and returns, if successful, a Regexp
- MustCompile is like Compile but panics if the expression cannot be parsed.
- parsed. It simplifies safe initialization of global variables holding
-$
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Go's declaration syntax allows grouping of declarations.
-A single doc comment can introduce a group of related constants or variables.
-Since the whole declaration is presented, such a comment can often be perfunctory.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Error codes returned by failures to parse an expression.
-var (
- ErrInternal = errors.New("regexp: internal error")
- ErrUnmatchedLpar = errors.New("regexp: unmatched '('")
- ErrUnmatchedRpar = errors.New("regexp: unmatched ')'")
- ...
-)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Grouping can also indicate relationships between items,
-such as the fact that a set of variables is protected by a mutex.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var (
- countLock sync.Mutex
- inputCount uint32
- outputCount uint32
- errorCount uint32
-)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="names">Names</h2>
-
-<p>
-Names are as important in Go as in any other language.
-They even have semantic effect:
-the visibility of a name outside a package is determined by whether its
-first character is upper case.
-It's therefore worth spending a little time talking about naming conventions
-in Go programs.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="package-names">Package names</h3>
-
-<p>
-When a package is imported, the package name becomes an accessor for the
-contents. After
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import "bytes"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the importing package can talk about <code>bytes.Buffer</code>. It's
-helpful if everyone using the package can use the same name to refer to
-its contents, which implies that the package name should be good:
-short, concise, evocative. By convention, packages are given
-lower case, single-word names; there should be no need for underscores
-or mixedCaps.
-Err on the side of brevity, since everyone using your
-package will be typing that name.
-And don't worry about collisions <i>a priori</i>.
-The package name is only the default name for imports; it need not be unique
-across all source code, and in the rare case of a collision the
-importing package can choose a different name to use locally.
-In any case, confusion is rare because the file name in the import
-determines just which package is being used.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another convention is that the package name is the base name of
-its source directory;
-the package in <code>src/encoding/base64</code>
-is imported as <code>"encoding/base64"</code> but has name <code>base64</code>,
-not <code>encoding_base64</code> and not <code>encodingBase64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The importer of a package will use the name to refer to its contents,
-so exported names in the package can use that fact
-to avoid stutter.
-(Don't use the <code>import .</code> notation, which can simplify
-tests that must run outside the package they are testing, but should otherwise be avoided.)
-For instance, the buffered reader type in the <code>bufio</code> package is called <code>Reader</code>,
-not <code>BufReader</code>, because users see it as <code>bufio.Reader</code>,
-which is a clear, concise name.
-Moreover,
-because imported entities are always addressed with their package name, <code>bufio.Reader</code>
-does not conflict with <code>io.Reader</code>.
-Similarly, the function to make new instances of <code>ring.Ring</code>—which
-is the definition of a <em>constructor</em> in Go—would
-normally be called <code>NewRing</code>, but since
-<code>Ring</code> is the only type exported by the package, and since the
-package is called <code>ring</code>, it's called just <code>New</code>,
-which clients of the package see as <code>ring.New</code>.
-Use the package structure to help you choose good names.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another short example is <code>once.Do</code>;
-<code>once.Do(setup)</code> reads well and would not be improved by
-writing <code>once.DoOrWaitUntilDone(setup)</code>.
-Long names don't automatically make things more readable.
-A helpful doc comment can often be more valuable than an extra long name.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Getters">Getters</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go doesn't provide automatic support for getters and setters.
-There's nothing wrong with providing getters and setters yourself,
-and it's often appropriate to do so, but it's neither idiomatic nor necessary
-to put <code>Get</code> into the getter's name. If you have a field called
-<code>owner</code> (lower case, unexported), the getter method should be
-called <code>Owner</code> (upper case, exported), not <code>GetOwner</code>.
-The use of upper-case names for export provides the hook to discriminate
-the field from the method.
-A setter function, if needed, will likely be called <code>SetOwner</code>.
-Both names read well in practice:
-</p>
-<pre>
-owner := obj.Owner()
-if owner != user {
- obj.SetOwner(user)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="interface-names">Interface names</h3>
-
-<p>
-By convention, one-method interfaces are named by
-the method name plus an -er suffix or similar modification
-to construct an agent noun: <code>Reader</code>,
-<code>Writer</code>, <code>Formatter</code>,
-<code>CloseNotifier</code> etc.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are a number of such names and it's productive to honor them and the function
-names they capture.
-<code>Read</code>, <code>Write</code>, <code>Close</code>, <code>Flush</code>,
-<code>String</code> and so on have
-canonical signatures and meanings. To avoid confusion,
-don't give your method one of those names unless it
-has the same signature and meaning.
-Conversely, if your type implements a method with the
-same meaning as a method on a well-known type,
-give it the same name and signature;
-call your string-converter method <code>String</code> not <code>ToString</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="mixed-caps">MixedCaps</h3>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the convention in Go is to use <code>MixedCaps</code>
-or <code>mixedCaps</code> rather than underscores to write
-multiword names.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="semicolons">Semicolons</h2>
-
-<p>
-Like C, Go's formal grammar uses semicolons to terminate statements,
-but unlike in C, those semicolons do not appear in the source.
-Instead the lexer uses a simple rule to insert semicolons automatically
-as it scans, so the input text is mostly free of them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The rule is this. If the last token before a newline is an identifier
-(which includes words like <code>int</code> and <code>float64</code>),
-a basic literal such as a number or string constant, or one of the
-tokens
-</p>
-<pre>
-break continue fallthrough return ++ -- ) }
-</pre>
-<p>
-the lexer always inserts a semicolon after the token.
-This could be summarized as, “if the newline comes
-after a token that could end a statement, insert a semicolon”.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A semicolon can also be omitted immediately before a closing brace,
-so a statement such as
-</p>
-<pre>
- go func() { for { dst <- <-src } }()
-</pre>
-<p>
-needs no semicolons.
-Idiomatic Go programs have semicolons only in places such as
-<code>for</code> loop clauses, to separate the initializer, condition, and
-continuation elements. They are also necessary to separate multiple
-statements on a line, should you write code that way.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One consequence of the semicolon insertion rules
-is that you cannot put the opening brace of a
-control structure (<code>if</code>, <code>for</code>, <code>switch</code>,
-or <code>select</code>) on the next line. If you do, a semicolon
-will be inserted before the brace, which could cause unwanted
-effects. Write them like this
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if i < f() {
- g()
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-not like this
-</p>
-<pre>
-if i < f() // wrong!
-{ // wrong!
- g()
-}
-</pre>
-
-
-<h2 id="control-structures">Control structures</h2>
-
-<p>
-The control structures of Go are related to those of C but differ
-in important ways.
-There is no <code>do</code> or <code>while</code> loop, only a
-slightly generalized
-<code>for</code>;
-<code>switch</code> is more flexible;
-<code>if</code> and <code>switch</code> accept an optional
-initialization statement like that of <code>for</code>;
-<code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> statements
-take an optional label to identify what to break or continue;
-and there are new control structures including a type switch and a
-multiway communications multiplexer, <code>select</code>.
-The syntax is also slightly different:
-there are no parentheses
-and the bodies must always be brace-delimited.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="if">If</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go a simple <code>if</code> looks like this:
-</p>
-<pre>
-if x > 0 {
- return y
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Mandatory braces encourage writing simple <code>if</code> statements
-on multiple lines. It's good style to do so anyway,
-especially when the body contains a control statement such as a
-<code>return</code> or <code>break</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Since <code>if</code> and <code>switch</code> accept an initialization
-statement, it's common to see one used to set up a local variable.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if err := file.Chmod(0664); err != nil {
- log.Print(err)
- return err
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p id="else">
-In the Go libraries, you'll find that
-when an <code>if</code> statement doesn't flow into the next statement—that is,
-the body ends in <code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>,
-<code>goto</code>, or <code>return</code>—the unnecessary
-<code>else</code> is omitted.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f, err := os.Open(name)
-if err != nil {
- return err
-}
-codeUsing(f)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This is an example of a common situation where code must guard against a
-sequence of error conditions. The code reads well if the
-successful flow of control runs down the page, eliminating error cases
-as they arise. Since error cases tend to end in <code>return</code>
-statements, the resulting code needs no <code>else</code> statements.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f, err := os.Open(name)
-if err != nil {
- return err
-}
-d, err := f.Stat()
-if err != nil {
- f.Close()
- return err
-}
-codeUsing(f, d)
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="redeclaration">Redeclaration and reassignment</h3>
-
-<p>
-An aside: The last example in the previous section demonstrates a detail of how the
-<code>:=</code> short declaration form works.
-The declaration that calls <code>os.Open</code> reads,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f, err := os.Open(name)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This statement declares two variables, <code>f</code> and <code>err</code>.
-A few lines later, the call to <code>f.Stat</code> reads,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-d, err := f.Stat()
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-which looks as if it declares <code>d</code> and <code>err</code>.
-Notice, though, that <code>err</code> appears in both statements.
-This duplication is legal: <code>err</code> is declared by the first statement,
-but only <em>re-assigned</em> in the second.
-This means that the call to <code>f.Stat</code> uses the existing
-<code>err</code> variable declared above, and just gives it a new value.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In a <code>:=</code> declaration a variable <code>v</code> may appear even
-if it has already been declared, provided:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>this declaration is in the same scope as the existing declaration of <code>v</code>
-(if <code>v</code> is already declared in an outer scope, the declaration will create a new variable §),</li>
-<li>the corresponding value in the initialization is assignable to <code>v</code>, and</li>
-<li>there is at least one other variable in the declaration that is being declared anew.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-This unusual property is pure pragmatism,
-making it easy to use a single <code>err</code> value, for example,
-in a long <code>if-else</code> chain.
-You'll see it used often.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-§ It's worth noting here that in Go the scope of function parameters and return values
-is the same as the function body, even though they appear lexically outside the braces
-that enclose the body.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="for">For</h3>
-
-<p>
-The Go <code>for</code> loop is similar to—but not the same as—C's.
-It unifies <code>for</code>
-and <code>while</code> and there is no <code>do-while</code>.
-There are three forms, only one of which has semicolons.
-</p>
-<pre>
-// Like a C for
-for init; condition; post { }
-
-// Like a C while
-for condition { }
-
-// Like a C for(;;)
-for { }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Short declarations make it easy to declare the index variable right in the loop.
-</p>
-<pre>
-sum := 0
-for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
- sum += i
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you're looping over an array, slice, string, or map,
-or reading from a channel, a <code>range</code> clause can
-manage the loop.
-</p>
-<pre>
-for key, value := range oldMap {
- newMap[key] = value
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you only need the first item in the range (the key or index), drop the second:
-</p>
-<pre>
-for key := range m {
- if key.expired() {
- delete(m, key)
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you only need the second item in the range (the value), use the <em>blank identifier</em>, an underscore, to discard the first:
-</p>
-<pre>
-sum := 0
-for _, value := range array {
- sum += value
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The blank identifier has many uses, as described in <a href="#blank">a later section</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For strings, the <code>range</code> does more work for you, breaking out individual
-Unicode code points by parsing the UTF-8.
-Erroneous encodings consume one byte and produce the
-replacement rune U+FFFD.
-(The name (with associated builtin type) <code>rune</code> is Go terminology for a
-single Unicode code point.
-See <a href="/ref/spec#Rune_literals">the language specification</a>
-for details.)
-The loop
-</p>
-<pre>
-for pos, char := range "日本\x80語" { // \x80 is an illegal UTF-8 encoding
- fmt.Printf("character %#U starts at byte position %d\n", char, pos)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-prints
-</p>
-<pre>
-character U+65E5 '日' starts at byte position 0
-character U+672C '本' starts at byte position 3
-character U+FFFD '�' starts at byte position 6
-character U+8A9E '語' starts at byte position 7
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Finally, Go has no comma operator and <code>++</code> and <code>--</code>
-are statements not expressions.
-Thus if you want to run multiple variables in a <code>for</code>
-you should use parallel assignment (although that precludes <code>++</code> and <code>--</code>).
-</p>
-<pre>
-// Reverse a
-for i, j := 0, len(a)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
- a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i]
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="switch">Switch</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go's <code>switch</code> is more general than C's.
-The expressions need not be constants or even integers,
-the cases are evaluated top to bottom until a match is found,
-and if the <code>switch</code> has no expression it switches on
-<code>true</code>.
-It's therefore possible—and idiomatic—to write an
-<code>if</code>-<code>else</code>-<code>if</code>-<code>else</code>
-chain as a <code>switch</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func unhex(c byte) byte {
- switch {
- case '0' <= c && c <= '9':
- return c - '0'
- case 'a' <= c && c <= 'f':
- return c - 'a' + 10
- case 'A' <= c && c <= 'F':
- return c - 'A' + 10
- }
- return 0
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-There is no automatic fall through, but cases can be presented
-in comma-separated lists.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func shouldEscape(c byte) bool {
- switch c {
- case ' ', '?', '&', '=', '#', '+', '%':
- return true
- }
- return false
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Although they are not nearly as common in Go as some other C-like
-languages, <code>break</code> statements can be used to terminate
-a <code>switch</code> early.
-Sometimes, though, it's necessary to break out of a surrounding loop,
-not the switch, and in Go that can be accomplished by putting a label
-on the loop and "breaking" to that label.
-This example shows both uses.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-Loop:
- for n := 0; n < len(src); n += size {
- switch {
- case src[n] < sizeOne:
- if validateOnly {
- break
- }
- size = 1
- update(src[n])
-
- case src[n] < sizeTwo:
- if n+1 >= len(src) {
- err = errShortInput
- break Loop
- }
- if validateOnly {
- break
- }
- size = 2
- update(src[n] + src[n+1]<<shift)
- }
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Of course, the <code>continue</code> statement also accepts an optional label
-but it applies only to loops.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To close this section, here's a comparison routine for byte slices that uses two
-<code>switch</code> statements:
-</p>
-<pre>
-// Compare returns an integer comparing the two byte slices,
-// lexicographically.
-// The result will be 0 if a == b, -1 if a < b, and +1 if a > b
-func Compare(a, b []byte) int {
- for i := 0; i < len(a) && i < len(b); i++ {
- switch {
- case a[i] > b[i]:
- return 1
- case a[i] < b[i]:
- return -1
- }
- }
- switch {
- case len(a) > len(b):
- return 1
- case len(a) < len(b):
- return -1
- }
- return 0
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="type_switch">Type switch</h3>
-
-<p>
-A switch can also be used to discover the dynamic type of an interface
-variable. Such a <em>type switch</em> uses the syntax of a type
-assertion with the keyword <code>type</code> inside the parentheses.
-If the switch declares a variable in the expression, the variable will
-have the corresponding type in each clause.
-It's also idiomatic to reuse the name in such cases, in effect declaring
-a new variable with the same name but a different type in each case.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var t interface{}
-t = functionOfSomeType()
-switch t := t.(type) {
-default:
- fmt.Printf("unexpected type %T\n", t) // %T prints whatever type t has
-case bool:
- fmt.Printf("boolean %t\n", t) // t has type bool
-case int:
- fmt.Printf("integer %d\n", t) // t has type int
-case *bool:
- fmt.Printf("pointer to boolean %t\n", *t) // t has type *bool
-case *int:
- fmt.Printf("pointer to integer %d\n", *t) // t has type *int
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
-
-<h3 id="multiple-returns">Multiple return values</h3>
-
-<p>
-One of Go's unusual features is that functions and methods
-can return multiple values. This form can be used to
-improve on a couple of clumsy idioms in C programs: in-band
-error returns such as <code>-1</code> for <code>EOF</code>
-and modifying an argument passed by address.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In C, a write error is signaled by a negative count with the
-error code secreted away in a volatile location.
-In Go, <code>Write</code>
-can return a count <i>and</i> an error: “Yes, you wrote some
-bytes but not all of them because you filled the device”.
-The signature of the <code>Write</code> method on files from
-package <code>os</code> is:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func (file *File) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and as the documentation says, it returns the number of bytes
-written and a non-nil <code>error</code> when <code>n</code>
-<code>!=</code> <code>len(b)</code>.
-This is a common style; see the section on error handling for more examples.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A similar approach obviates the need to pass a pointer to a return
-value to simulate a reference parameter.
-Here's a simple-minded function to
-grab a number from a position in a byte slice, returning the number
-and the next position.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func nextInt(b []byte, i int) (int, int) {
- for ; i < len(b) && !isDigit(b[i]); i++ {
- }
- x := 0
- for ; i < len(b) && isDigit(b[i]); i++ {
- x = x*10 + int(b[i]) - '0'
- }
- return x, i
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-You could use it to scan the numbers in an input slice <code>b</code> like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- for i := 0; i < len(b); {
- x, i = nextInt(b, i)
- fmt.Println(x)
- }
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="named-results">Named result parameters</h3>
-
-<p>
-The return or result "parameters" of a Go function can be given names and
-used as regular variables, just like the incoming parameters.
-When named, they are initialized to the zero values for their types when
-the function begins; if the function executes a <code>return</code> statement
-with no arguments, the current values of the result parameters are
-used as the returned values.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The names are not mandatory but they can make code shorter and clearer:
-they're documentation.
-If we name the results of <code>nextInt</code> it becomes
-obvious which returned <code>int</code>
-is which.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func nextInt(b []byte, pos int) (value, nextPos int) {
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Because named results are initialized and tied to an unadorned return, they can simplify
-as well as clarify. Here's a version
-of <code>io.ReadFull</code> that uses them well:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func ReadFull(r Reader, buf []byte) (n int, err error) {
- for len(buf) > 0 && err == nil {
- var nr int
- nr, err = r.Read(buf)
- n += nr
- buf = buf[nr:]
- }
- return
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="defer">Defer</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go's <code>defer</code> statement schedules a function call (the
-<i>deferred</i> function) to be run immediately before the function
-executing the <code>defer</code> returns. It's an unusual but
-effective way to deal with situations such as resources that must be
-released regardless of which path a function takes to return. The
-canonical examples are unlocking a mutex or closing a file.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Contents returns the file's contents as a string.
-func Contents(filename string) (string, error) {
- f, err := os.Open(filename)
- if err != nil {
- return "", err
- }
- defer f.Close() // f.Close will run when we're finished.
-
- var result []byte
- buf := make([]byte, 100)
- for {
- n, err := f.Read(buf[0:])
- result = append(result, buf[0:n]...) // append is discussed later.
- if err != nil {
- if err == io.EOF {
- break
- }
- return "", err // f will be closed if we return here.
- }
- }
- return string(result), nil // f will be closed if we return here.
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Deferring a call to a function such as <code>Close</code> has two advantages. First, it
-guarantees that you will never forget to close the file, a mistake
-that's easy to make if you later edit the function to add a new return
-path. Second, it means that the close sits near the open,
-which is much clearer than placing it at the end of the function.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The arguments to the deferred function (which include the receiver if
-the function is a method) are evaluated when the <i>defer</i>
-executes, not when the <i>call</i> executes. Besides avoiding worries
-about variables changing values as the function executes, this means
-that a single deferred call site can defer multiple function
-executions. Here's a silly example.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
- defer fmt.Printf("%d ", i)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Deferred functions are executed in LIFO order, so this code will cause
-<code>4 3 2 1 0</code> to be printed when the function returns. A
-more plausible example is a simple way to trace function execution
-through the program. We could write a couple of simple tracing
-routines like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func trace(s string) { fmt.Println("entering:", s) }
-func untrace(s string) { fmt.Println("leaving:", s) }
-
-// Use them like this:
-func a() {
- trace("a")
- defer untrace("a")
- // do something....
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-We can do better by exploiting the fact that arguments to deferred
-functions are evaluated when the <code>defer</code> executes. The
-tracing routine can set up the argument to the untracing routine.
-This example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func trace(s string) string {
- fmt.Println("entering:", s)
- return s
-}
-
-func un(s string) {
- fmt.Println("leaving:", s)
-}
-
-func a() {
- defer un(trace("a"))
- fmt.Println("in a")
-}
-
-func b() {
- defer un(trace("b"))
- fmt.Println("in b")
- a()
-}
-
-func main() {
- b()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-prints
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-entering: b
-in b
-entering: a
-in a
-leaving: a
-leaving: b
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For programmers accustomed to block-level resource management from
-other languages, <code>defer</code> may seem peculiar, but its most
-interesting and powerful applications come precisely from the fact
-that it's not block-based but function-based. In the section on
-<code>panic</code> and <code>recover</code> we'll see another
-example of its possibilities.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="data">Data</h2>
-
-<h3 id="allocation_new">Allocation with <code>new</code></h3>
-
-<p>
-Go has two allocation primitives, the built-in functions
-<code>new</code> and <code>make</code>.
-They do different things and apply to different types, which can be confusing,
-but the rules are simple.
-Let's talk about <code>new</code> first.
-It's a built-in function that allocates memory, but unlike its namesakes
-in some other languages it does not <em>initialize</em> the memory,
-it only <em>zeros</em> it.
-That is,
-<code>new(T)</code> allocates zeroed storage for a new item of type
-<code>T</code> and returns its address, a value of type <code>*T</code>.
-In Go terminology, it returns a pointer to a newly allocated zero value of type
-<code>T</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Since the memory returned by <code>new</code> is zeroed, it's helpful to arrange
-when designing your data structures that the
-zero value of each type can be used without further initialization. This means a user of
-the data structure can create one with <code>new</code> and get right to
-work.
-For example, the documentation for <code>bytes.Buffer</code> states that
-"the zero value for <code>Buffer</code> is an empty buffer ready to use."
-Similarly, <code>sync.Mutex</code> does not
-have an explicit constructor or <code>Init</code> method.
-Instead, the zero value for a <code>sync.Mutex</code>
-is defined to be an unlocked mutex.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The zero-value-is-useful property works transitively. Consider this type declaration.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type SyncedBuffer struct {
- lock sync.Mutex
- buffer bytes.Buffer
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Values of type <code>SyncedBuffer</code> are also ready to use immediately upon allocation
-or just declaration. In the next snippet, both <code>p</code> and <code>v</code> will work
-correctly without further arrangement.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-p := new(SyncedBuffer) // type *SyncedBuffer
-var v SyncedBuffer // type SyncedBuffer
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="composite_literals">Constructors and composite literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-Sometimes the zero value isn't good enough and an initializing
-constructor is necessary, as in this example derived from
-package <code>os</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func NewFile(fd int, name string) *File {
- if fd < 0 {
- return nil
- }
- f := new(File)
- f.fd = fd
- f.name = name
- f.dirinfo = nil
- f.nepipe = 0
- return f
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-There's a lot of boiler plate in there. We can simplify it
-using a <i>composite literal</i>, which is
-an expression that creates a
-new instance each time it is evaluated.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func NewFile(fd int, name string) *File {
- if fd < 0 {
- return nil
- }
- f := File{fd, name, nil, 0}
- return &f
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Note that, unlike in C, it's perfectly OK to return the address of a local variable;
-the storage associated with the variable survives after the function
-returns.
-In fact, taking the address of a composite literal
-allocates a fresh instance each time it is evaluated,
-so we can combine these last two lines.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- return &File{fd, name, nil, 0}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The fields of a composite literal are laid out in order and must all be present.
-However, by labeling the elements explicitly as <i>field</i><code>:</code><i>value</i>
-pairs, the initializers can appear in any
-order, with the missing ones left as their respective zero values. Thus we could say
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- return &File{fd: fd, name: name}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-As a limiting case, if a composite literal contains no fields at all, it creates
-a zero value for the type. The expressions <code>new(File)</code> and <code>&File{}</code> are equivalent.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Composite literals can also be created for arrays, slices, and maps,
-with the field labels being indices or map keys as appropriate.
-In these examples, the initializations work regardless of the values of <code>Enone</code>,
-<code>Eio</code>, and <code>Einval</code>, as long as they are distinct.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a := [...]string {Enone: "no error", Eio: "Eio", Einval: "invalid argument"}
-s := []string {Enone: "no error", Eio: "Eio", Einval: "invalid argument"}
-m := map[int]string{Enone: "no error", Eio: "Eio", Einval: "invalid argument"}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="allocation_make">Allocation with <code>make</code></h3>
-
-<p>
-Back to allocation.
-The built-in function <code>make(T, </code><i>args</i><code>)</code> serves
-a purpose different from <code>new(T)</code>.
-It creates slices, maps, and channels only, and it returns an <em>initialized</em>
-(not <em>zeroed</em>)
-value of type <code>T</code> (not <code>*T</code>).
-The reason for the distinction
-is that these three types represent, under the covers, references to data structures that
-must be initialized before use.
-A slice, for example, is a three-item descriptor
-containing a pointer to the data (inside an array), the length, and the
-capacity, and until those items are initialized, the slice is <code>nil</code>.
-For slices, maps, and channels,
-<code>make</code> initializes the internal data structure and prepares
-the value for use.
-For instance,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-make([]int, 10, 100)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-allocates an array of 100 ints and then creates a slice
-structure with length 10 and a capacity of 100 pointing at the first
-10 elements of the array.
-(When making a slice, the capacity can be omitted; see the section on slices
-for more information.)
-In contrast, <code>new([]int)</code> returns a pointer to a newly allocated, zeroed slice
-structure, that is, a pointer to a <code>nil</code> slice value.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These examples illustrate the difference between <code>new</code> and
-<code>make</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var p *[]int = new([]int) // allocates slice structure; *p == nil; rarely useful
-var v []int = make([]int, 100) // the slice v now refers to a new array of 100 ints
-
-// Unnecessarily complex:
-var p *[]int = new([]int)
-*p = make([]int, 100, 100)
-
-// Idiomatic:
-v := make([]int, 100)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Remember that <code>make</code> applies only to maps, slices and channels
-and does not return a pointer.
-To obtain an explicit pointer allocate with <code>new</code> or take the address
-of a variable explicitly.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="arrays">Arrays</h3>
-
-<p>
-Arrays are useful when planning the detailed layout of memory and sometimes
-can help avoid allocation, but primarily
-they are a building block for slices, the subject of the next section.
-To lay the foundation for that topic, here are a few words about arrays.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are major differences between the ways arrays work in Go and C.
-In Go,
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-Arrays are values. Assigning one array to another copies all the elements.
-</li>
-<li>
-In particular, if you pass an array to a function, it
-will receive a <i>copy</i> of the array, not a pointer to it.
-<li>
-The size of an array is part of its type. The types <code>[10]int</code>
-and <code>[20]int</code> are distinct.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The value property can be useful but also expensive; if you want C-like behavior and efficiency,
-you can pass a pointer to the array.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func Sum(a *[3]float64) (sum float64) {
- for _, v := range *a {
- sum += v
- }
- return
-}
-
-array := [...]float64{7.0, 8.5, 9.1}
-x := Sum(&array) // Note the explicit address-of operator
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-But even this style isn't idiomatic Go.
-Use slices instead.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="slices">Slices</h3>
-
-<p>
-Slices wrap arrays to give a more general, powerful, and convenient
-interface to sequences of data. Except for items with explicit
-dimension such as transformation matrices, most array programming in
-Go is done with slices rather than simple arrays.
-</p>
-<p>
-Slices hold references to an underlying array, and if you assign one
-slice to another, both refer to the same array.
-If a function takes a slice argument, changes it makes to
-the elements of the slice will be visible to the caller, analogous to
-passing a pointer to the underlying array. A <code>Read</code>
-function can therefore accept a slice argument rather than a pointer
-and a count; the length within the slice sets an upper
-limit of how much data to read. Here is the signature of the
-<code>Read</code> method of the <code>File</code> type in package
-<code>os</code>:
-</p>
-<pre>
-func (f *File) Read(buf []byte) (n int, err error)
-</pre>
-<p>
-The method returns the number of bytes read and an error value, if
-any.
-To read into the first 32 bytes of a larger buffer
-<code>buf</code>, <i>slice</i> (here used as a verb) the buffer.
-</p>
-<pre>
- n, err := f.Read(buf[0:32])
-</pre>
-<p>
-Such slicing is common and efficient. In fact, leaving efficiency aside for
-the moment, the following snippet would also read the first 32 bytes of the buffer.
-</p>
-<pre>
- var n int
- var err error
- for i := 0; i < 32; i++ {
- nbytes, e := f.Read(buf[i:i+1]) // Read one byte.
- n += nbytes
- if nbytes == 0 || e != nil {
- err = e
- break
- }
- }
-</pre>
-<p>
-The length of a slice may be changed as long as it still fits within
-the limits of the underlying array; just assign it to a slice of
-itself. The <i>capacity</i> of a slice, accessible by the built-in
-function <code>cap</code>, reports the maximum length the slice may
-assume. Here is a function to append data to a slice. If the data
-exceeds the capacity, the slice is reallocated. The
-resulting slice is returned. The function uses the fact that
-<code>len</code> and <code>cap</code> are legal when applied to the
-<code>nil</code> slice, and return 0.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func Append(slice, data []byte) []byte {
- l := len(slice)
- if l + len(data) > cap(slice) { // reallocate
- // Allocate double what's needed, for future growth.
- newSlice := make([]byte, (l+len(data))*2)
- // The copy function is predeclared and works for any slice type.
- copy(newSlice, slice)
- slice = newSlice
- }
- slice = slice[0:l+len(data)]
- copy(slice[l:], data)
- return slice
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-We must return the slice afterwards because, although <code>Append</code>
-can modify the elements of <code>slice</code>, the slice itself (the run-time data
-structure holding the pointer, length, and capacity) is passed by value.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The idea of appending to a slice is so useful it's captured by the
-<code>append</code> built-in function. To understand that function's
-design, though, we need a little more information, so we'll return
-to it later.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="two_dimensional_slices">Two-dimensional slices</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go's arrays and slices are one-dimensional.
-To create the equivalent of a 2D array or slice, it is necessary to define an array-of-arrays
-or slice-of-slices, like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Transform [3][3]float64 // A 3x3 array, really an array of arrays.
-type LinesOfText [][]byte // A slice of byte slices.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Because slices are variable-length, it is possible to have each inner
-slice be a different length.
-That can be a common situation, as in our <code>LinesOfText</code>
-example: each line has an independent length.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-text := LinesOfText{
- []byte("Now is the time"),
- []byte("for all good gophers"),
- []byte("to bring some fun to the party."),
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Sometimes it's necessary to allocate a 2D slice, a situation that can arise when
-processing scan lines of pixels, for instance.
-There are two ways to achieve this.
-One is to allocate each slice independently; the other
-is to allocate a single array and point the individual slices into it.
-Which to use depends on your application.
-If the slices might grow or shrink, they should be allocated independently
-to avoid overwriting the next line; if not, it can be more efficient to construct
-the object with a single allocation.
-For reference, here are sketches of the two methods.
-First, a line at a time:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Allocate the top-level slice.
-picture := make([][]uint8, YSize) // One row per unit of y.
-// Loop over the rows, allocating the slice for each row.
-for i := range picture {
- picture[i] = make([]uint8, XSize)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-And now as one allocation, sliced into lines:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Allocate the top-level slice, the same as before.
-picture := make([][]uint8, YSize) // One row per unit of y.
-// Allocate one large slice to hold all the pixels.
-pixels := make([]uint8, XSize*YSize) // Has type []uint8 even though picture is [][]uint8.
-// Loop over the rows, slicing each row from the front of the remaining pixels slice.
-for i := range picture {
- picture[i], pixels = pixels[:XSize], pixels[XSize:]
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="maps">Maps</h3>
-
-<p>
-Maps are a convenient and powerful built-in data structure that associate
-values of one type (the <em>key</em>) with values of another type
-(the <em>element</em> or <em>value</em>).
-The key can be of any type for which the equality operator is defined,
-such as integers,
-floating point and complex numbers,
-strings, pointers, interfaces (as long as the dynamic type
-supports equality), structs and arrays.
-Slices cannot be used as map keys,
-because equality is not defined on them.
-Like slices, maps hold references to an underlying data structure.
-If you pass a map to a function
-that changes the contents of the map, the changes will be visible
-in the caller.
-</p>
-<p>
-Maps can be constructed using the usual composite literal syntax
-with colon-separated key-value pairs,
-so it's easy to build them during initialization.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var timeZone = map[string]int{
- "UTC": 0*60*60,
- "EST": -5*60*60,
- "CST": -6*60*60,
- "MST": -7*60*60,
- "PST": -8*60*60,
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-Assigning and fetching map values looks syntactically just like
-doing the same for arrays and slices except that the index doesn't
-need to be an integer.
-</p>
-<pre>
-offset := timeZone["EST"]
-</pre>
-<p>
-An attempt to fetch a map value with a key that
-is not present in the map will return the zero value for the type
-of the entries
-in the map. For instance, if the map contains integers, looking
-up a non-existent key will return <code>0</code>.
-A set can be implemented as a map with value type <code>bool</code>.
-Set the map entry to <code>true</code> to put the value in the set, and then
-test it by simple indexing.
-</p>
-<pre>
-attended := map[string]bool{
- "Ann": true,
- "Joe": true,
- ...
-}
-
-if attended[person] { // will be false if person is not in the map
- fmt.Println(person, "was at the meeting")
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-Sometimes you need to distinguish a missing entry from
-a zero value. Is there an entry for <code>"UTC"</code>
-or is that 0 because it's not in the map at all?
-You can discriminate with a form of multiple assignment.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var seconds int
-var ok bool
-seconds, ok = timeZone[tz]
-</pre>
-<p>
-For obvious reasons this is called the “comma ok” idiom.
-In this example, if <code>tz</code> is present, <code>seconds</code>
-will be set appropriately and <code>ok</code> will be true; if not,
-<code>seconds</code> will be set to zero and <code>ok</code> will
-be false.
-Here's a function that puts it together with a nice error report:
-</p>
-<pre>
-func offset(tz string) int {
- if seconds, ok := timeZone[tz]; ok {
- return seconds
- }
- log.Println("unknown time zone:", tz)
- return 0
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-To test for presence in the map without worrying about the actual value,
-you can use the <a href="#blank">blank identifier</a> (<code>_</code>)
-in place of the usual variable for the value.
-</p>
-<pre>
-_, present := timeZone[tz]
-</pre>
-<p>
-To delete a map entry, use the <code>delete</code>
-built-in function, whose arguments are the map and the key to be deleted.
-It's safe to do this even if the key is already absent
-from the map.
-</p>
-<pre>
-delete(timeZone, "PDT") // Now on Standard Time
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="printing">Printing</h3>
-
-<p>
-Formatted printing in Go uses a style similar to C's <code>printf</code>
-family but is richer and more general. The functions live in the <code>fmt</code>
-package and have capitalized names: <code>fmt.Printf</code>, <code>fmt.Fprintf</code>,
-<code>fmt.Sprintf</code> and so on. The string functions (<code>Sprintf</code> etc.)
-return a string rather than filling in a provided buffer.
-</p>
-<p>
-You don't need to provide a format string. For each of <code>Printf</code>,
-<code>Fprintf</code> and <code>Sprintf</code> there is another pair
-of functions, for instance <code>Print</code> and <code>Println</code>.
-These functions do not take a format string but instead generate a default
-format for each argument. The <code>Println</code> versions also insert a blank
-between arguments and append a newline to the output while
-the <code>Print</code> versions add blanks only if the operand on neither side is a string.
-In this example each line produces the same output.
-</p>
-<pre>
-fmt.Printf("Hello %d\n", 23)
-fmt.Fprint(os.Stdout, "Hello ", 23, "\n")
-fmt.Println("Hello", 23)
-fmt.Println(fmt.Sprint("Hello ", 23))
-</pre>
-<p>
-The formatted print functions <code>fmt.Fprint</code>
-and friends take as a first argument any object
-that implements the <code>io.Writer</code> interface; the variables <code>os.Stdout</code>
-and <code>os.Stderr</code> are familiar instances.
-</p>
-<p>
-Here things start to diverge from C. First, the numeric formats such as <code>%d</code>
-do not take flags for signedness or size; instead, the printing routines use the
-type of the argument to decide these properties.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var x uint64 = 1<<64 - 1
-fmt.Printf("%d %x; %d %x\n", x, x, int64(x), int64(x))
-</pre>
-<p>
-prints
-</p>
-<pre>
-18446744073709551615 ffffffffffffffff; -1 -1
-</pre>
-<p>
-If you just want the default conversion, such as decimal for integers, you can use
-the catchall format <code>%v</code> (for “value”); the result is exactly
-what <code>Print</code> and <code>Println</code> would produce.
-Moreover, that format can print <em>any</em> value, even arrays, slices, structs, and
-maps. Here is a print statement for the time zone map defined in the previous section.
-</p>
-<pre>
-fmt.Printf("%v\n", timeZone) // or just fmt.Println(timeZone)
-</pre>
-<p>
-which gives output
-</p>
-<pre>
-map[CST:-21600 PST:-28800 EST:-18000 UTC:0 MST:-25200]
-</pre>
-<p>
-For maps the keys may be output in any order, of course.
-When printing a struct, the modified format <code>%+v</code> annotates the
-fields of the structure with their names, and for any value the alternate
-format <code>%#v</code> prints the value in full Go syntax.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type T struct {
- a int
- b float64
- c string
-}
-t := &T{ 7, -2.35, "abc\tdef" }
-fmt.Printf("%v\n", t)
-fmt.Printf("%+v\n", t)
-fmt.Printf("%#v\n", t)
-fmt.Printf("%#v\n", timeZone)
-</pre>
-<p>
-prints
-</p>
-<pre>
-&{7 -2.35 abc def}
-&{a:7 b:-2.35 c:abc def}
-&main.T{a:7, b:-2.35, c:"abc\tdef"}
-map[string] int{"CST":-21600, "PST":-28800, "EST":-18000, "UTC":0, "MST":-25200}
-</pre>
-<p>
-(Note the ampersands.)
-That quoted string format is also available through <code>%q</code> when
-applied to a value of type <code>string</code> or <code>[]byte</code>.
-The alternate format <code>%#q</code> will use backquotes instead if possible.
-(The <code>%q</code> format also applies to integers and runes, producing a
-single-quoted rune constant.)
-Also, <code>%x</code> works on strings, byte arrays and byte slices as well as
-on integers, generating a long hexadecimal string, and with
-a space in the format (<code>% x</code>) it puts spaces between the bytes.
-</p>
-<p>
-Another handy format is <code>%T</code>, which prints the <em>type</em> of a value.
-</p>
-<pre>
-fmt.Printf("%T\n", timeZone)
-</pre>
-<p>
-prints
-</p>
-<pre>
-map[string] int
-</pre>
-<p>
-If you want to control the default format for a custom type, all that's required is to define
-a method with the signature <code>String() string</code> on the type.
-For our simple type <code>T</code>, that might look like this.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func (t *T) String() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("%d/%g/%q", t.a, t.b, t.c)
-}
-fmt.Printf("%v\n", t)
-</pre>
-<p>
-to print in the format
-</p>
-<pre>
-7/-2.35/"abc\tdef"
-</pre>
-<p>
-(If you need to print <em>values</em> of type <code>T</code> as well as pointers to <code>T</code>,
-the receiver for <code>String</code> must be of value type; this example used a pointer because
-that's more efficient and idiomatic for struct types.
-See the section below on <a href="#pointers_vs_values">pointers vs. value receivers</a> for more information.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Our <code>String</code> method is able to call <code>Sprintf</code> because the
-print routines are fully reentrant and can be wrapped this way.
-There is one important detail to understand about this approach,
-however: don't construct a <code>String</code> method by calling
-<code>Sprintf</code> in a way that will recur into your <code>String</code>
-method indefinitely. This can happen if the <code>Sprintf</code>
-call attempts to print the receiver directly as a string, which in
-turn will invoke the method again. It's a common and easy mistake
-to make, as this example shows.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type MyString string
-
-func (m MyString) String() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("MyString=%s", m) // Error: will recur forever.
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-It's also easy to fix: convert the argument to the basic string type, which does not have the
-method.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type MyString string
-func (m MyString) String() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("MyString=%s", string(m)) // OK: note conversion.
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In the <a href="#initialization">initialization section</a> we'll see another technique that avoids this recursion.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another printing technique is to pass a print routine's arguments directly to another such routine.
-The signature of <code>Printf</code> uses the type <code>...interface{}</code>
-for its final argument to specify that an arbitrary number of parameters (of arbitrary type)
-can appear after the format.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func Printf(format string, v ...interface{}) (n int, err error) {
-</pre>
-<p>
-Within the function <code>Printf</code>, <code>v</code> acts like a variable of type
-<code>[]interface{}</code> but if it is passed to another variadic function, it acts like
-a regular list of arguments.
-Here is the implementation of the
-function <code>log.Println</code> we used above. It passes its arguments directly to
-<code>fmt.Sprintln</code> for the actual formatting.
-</p>
-<pre>
-// Println prints to the standard logger in the manner of fmt.Println.
-func Println(v ...interface{}) {
- std.Output(2, fmt.Sprintln(v...)) // Output takes parameters (int, string)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-We write <code>...</code> after <code>v</code> in the nested call to <code>Sprintln</code> to tell the
-compiler to treat <code>v</code> as a list of arguments; otherwise it would just pass
-<code>v</code> as a single slice argument.
-</p>
-<p>
-There's even more to printing than we've covered here. See the <code>godoc</code> documentation
-for package <code>fmt</code> for the details.
-</p>
-<p>
-By the way, a <code>...</code> parameter can be of a specific type, for instance <code>...int</code>
-for a min function that chooses the least of a list of integers:
-</p>
-<pre>
-func Min(a ...int) int {
- min := int(^uint(0) >> 1) // largest int
- for _, i := range a {
- if i < min {
- min = i
- }
- }
- return min
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="append">Append</h3>
-<p>
-Now we have the missing piece we needed to explain the design of
-the <code>append</code> built-in function. The signature of <code>append</code>
-is different from our custom <code>Append</code> function above.
-Schematically, it's like this:
-</p>
-<pre>
-func append(slice []<i>T</i>, elements ...<i>T</i>) []<i>T</i>
-</pre>
-<p>
-where <i>T</i> is a placeholder for any given type. You can't
-actually write a function in Go where the type <code>T</code>
-is determined by the caller.
-That's why <code>append</code> is built in: it needs support from the
-compiler.
-</p>
-<p>
-What <code>append</code> does is append the elements to the end of
-the slice and return the result. The result needs to be returned
-because, as with our hand-written <code>Append</code>, the underlying
-array may change. This simple example
-</p>
-<pre>
-x := []int{1,2,3}
-x = append(x, 4, 5, 6)
-fmt.Println(x)
-</pre>
-<p>
-prints <code>[1 2 3 4 5 6]</code>. So <code>append</code> works a
-little like <code>Printf</code>, collecting an arbitrary number of
-arguments.
-</p>
-<p>
-But what if we wanted to do what our <code>Append</code> does and
-append a slice to a slice? Easy: use <code>...</code> at the call
-site, just as we did in the call to <code>Output</code> above. This
-snippet produces identical output to the one above.
-</p>
-<pre>
-x := []int{1,2,3}
-y := []int{4,5,6}
-x = append(x, y...)
-fmt.Println(x)
-</pre>
-<p>
-Without that <code>...</code>, it wouldn't compile because the types
-would be wrong; <code>y</code> is not of type <code>int</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="initialization">Initialization</h2>
-
-<p>
-Although it doesn't look superficially very different from
-initialization in C or C++, initialization in Go is more powerful.
-Complex structures can be built during initialization and the ordering
-issues among initialized objects, even among different packages, are handled
-correctly.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="constants">Constants</h3>
-
-<p>
-Constants in Go are just that—constant.
-They are created at compile time, even when defined as
-locals in functions,
-and can only be numbers, characters (runes), strings or booleans.
-Because of the compile-time restriction, the expressions
-that define them must be constant expressions,
-evaluatable by the compiler. For instance,
-<code>1<<3</code> is a constant expression, while
-<code>math.Sin(math.Pi/4)</code> is not because
-the function call to <code>math.Sin</code> needs
-to happen at run time.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go, enumerated constants are created using the <code>iota</code>
-enumerator. Since <code>iota</code> can be part of an expression and
-expressions can be implicitly repeated, it is easy to build intricate
-sets of values.
-</p>
-{{code "/doc/progs/eff_bytesize.go" `/^type ByteSize/` `/^\)/`}}
-<p>
-The ability to attach a method such as <code>String</code> to any
-user-defined type makes it possible for arbitrary values to format themselves
-automatically for printing.
-Although you'll see it most often applied to structs, this technique is also useful for
-scalar types such as floating-point types like <code>ByteSize</code>.
-</p>
-{{code "/doc/progs/eff_bytesize.go" `/^func.*ByteSize.*String/` `/^}/`}}
-<p>
-The expression <code>YB</code> prints as <code>1.00YB</code>,
-while <code>ByteSize(1e13)</code> prints as <code>9.09TB</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The use here of <code>Sprintf</code>
-to implement <code>ByteSize</code>'s <code>String</code> method is safe
-(avoids recurring indefinitely) not because of a conversion but
-because it calls <code>Sprintf</code> with <code>%f</code>,
-which is not a string format: <code>Sprintf</code> will only call
-the <code>String</code> method when it wants a string, and <code>%f</code>
-wants a floating-point value.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="variables">Variables</h3>
-
-<p>
-Variables can be initialized just like constants but the
-initializer can be a general expression computed at run time.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var (
- home = os.Getenv("HOME")
- user = os.Getenv("USER")
- gopath = os.Getenv("GOPATH")
-)
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="init">The init function</h3>
-
-<p>
-Finally, each source file can define its own niladic <code>init</code> function to
-set up whatever state is required. (Actually each file can have multiple
-<code>init</code> functions.)
-And finally means finally: <code>init</code> is called after all the
-variable declarations in the package have evaluated their initializers,
-and those are evaluated only after all the imported packages have been
-initialized.
-</p>
-<p>
-Besides initializations that cannot be expressed as declarations,
-a common use of <code>init</code> functions is to verify or repair
-correctness of the program state before real execution begins.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func init() {
- if user == "" {
- log.Fatal("$USER not set")
- }
- if home == "" {
- home = "/home/" + user
- }
- if gopath == "" {
- gopath = home + "/go"
- }
- // gopath may be overridden by --gopath flag on command line.
- flag.StringVar(&gopath, "gopath", gopath, "override default GOPATH")
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="methods">Methods</h2>
-
-<h3 id="pointers_vs_values">Pointers vs. Values</h3>
-<p>
-As we saw with <code>ByteSize</code>,
-methods can be defined for any named type (except a pointer or an interface);
-the receiver does not have to be a struct.
-</p>
-<p>
-In the discussion of slices above, we wrote an <code>Append</code>
-function. We can define it as a method on slices instead. To do
-this, we first declare a named type to which we can bind the method, and
-then make the receiver for the method a value of that type.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type ByteSlice []byte
-
-func (slice ByteSlice) Append(data []byte) []byte {
- // Body exactly the same as the Append function defined above.
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-This still requires the method to return the updated slice. We can
-eliminate that clumsiness by redefining the method to take a
-<i>pointer</i> to a <code>ByteSlice</code> as its receiver, so the
-method can overwrite the caller's slice.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func (p *ByteSlice) Append(data []byte) {
- slice := *p
- // Body as above, without the return.
- *p = slice
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-In fact, we can do even better. If we modify our function so it looks
-like a standard <code>Write</code> method, like this,
-</p>
-<pre>
-func (p *ByteSlice) Write(data []byte) (n int, err error) {
- slice := *p
- // Again as above.
- *p = slice
- return len(data), nil
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-then the type <code>*ByteSlice</code> satisfies the standard interface
-<code>io.Writer</code>, which is handy. For instance, we can
-print into one.
-</p>
-<pre>
- var b ByteSlice
- fmt.Fprintf(&b, "This hour has %d days\n", 7)
-</pre>
-<p>
-We pass the address of a <code>ByteSlice</code>
-because only <code>*ByteSlice</code> satisfies <code>io.Writer</code>.
-The rule about pointers vs. values for receivers is that value methods
-can be invoked on pointers and values, but pointer methods can only be
-invoked on pointers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This rule arises because pointer methods can modify the receiver; invoking
-them on a value would cause the method to receive a copy of the value, so
-any modifications would be discarded.
-The language therefore disallows this mistake.
-There is a handy exception, though. When the value is addressable, the
-language takes care of the common case of invoking a pointer method on a
-value by inserting the address operator automatically.
-In our example, the variable <code>b</code> is addressable, so we can call
-its <code>Write</code> method with just <code>b.Write</code>. The compiler
-will rewrite that to <code>(&b).Write</code> for us.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-By the way, the idea of using <code>Write</code> on a slice of bytes
-is central to the implementation of <code>bytes.Buffer</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="interfaces_and_types">Interfaces and other types</h2>
-
-<h3 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h3>
-<p>
-Interfaces in Go provide a way to specify the behavior of an
-object: if something can do <em>this</em>, then it can be used
-<em>here</em>. We've seen a couple of simple examples already;
-custom printers can be implemented by a <code>String</code> method
-while <code>Fprintf</code> can generate output to anything
-with a <code>Write</code> method.
-Interfaces with only one or two methods are common in Go code, and are
-usually given a name derived from the method, such as <code>io.Writer</code>
-for something that implements <code>Write</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-A type can implement multiple interfaces.
-For instance, a collection can be sorted
-by the routines in package <code>sort</code> if it implements
-<code>sort.Interface</code>, which contains <code>Len()</code>,
-<code>Less(i, j int) bool</code>, and <code>Swap(i, j int)</code>,
-and it could also have a custom formatter.
-In this contrived example <code>Sequence</code> satisfies both.
-</p>
-{{code "/doc/progs/eff_sequence.go" `/^type/` "$"}}
-
-<h3 id="conversions">Conversions</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>String</code> method of <code>Sequence</code> is recreating the
-work that <code>Sprint</code> already does for slices.
-(It also has complexity O(N²), which is poor.) We can share the
-effort (and also speed it up) if we convert the <code>Sequence</code> to a plain
-<code>[]int</code> before calling <code>Sprint</code>.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func (s Sequence) String() string {
- s = s.Copy()
- sort.Sort(s)
- return fmt.Sprint([]int(s))
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-This method is another example of the conversion technique for calling
-<code>Sprintf</code> safely from a <code>String</code> method.
-Because the two types (<code>Sequence</code> and <code>[]int</code>)
-are the same if we ignore the type name, it's legal to convert between them.
-The conversion doesn't create a new value, it just temporarily acts
-as though the existing value has a new type.
-(There are other legal conversions, such as from integer to floating point, that
-do create a new value.)
-</p>
-<p>
-It's an idiom in Go programs to convert the
-type of an expression to access a different
-set of methods. As an example, we could use the existing
-type <code>sort.IntSlice</code> to reduce the entire example
-to this:
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Sequence []int
-
-// Method for printing - sorts the elements before printing
-func (s Sequence) String() string {
- s = s.Copy()
- sort.IntSlice(s).Sort()
- return fmt.Sprint([]int(s))
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-Now, instead of having <code>Sequence</code> implement multiple
-interfaces (sorting and printing), we're using the ability of a data item to be
-converted to multiple types (<code>Sequence</code>, <code>sort.IntSlice</code>
-and <code>[]int</code>), each of which does some part of the job.
-That's more unusual in practice but can be effective.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="interface_conversions">Interface conversions and type assertions</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="#type_switch">Type switches</a> are a form of conversion: they take an interface and, for
-each case in the switch, in a sense convert it to the type of that case.
-Here's a simplified version of how the code under <code>fmt.Printf</code> turns a value into
-a string using a type switch.
-If it's already a string, we want the actual string value held by the interface, while if it has a
-<code>String</code> method we want the result of calling the method.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Stringer interface {
- String() string
-}
-
-var value interface{} // Value provided by caller.
-switch str := value.(type) {
-case string:
- return str
-case Stringer:
- return str.String()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The first case finds a concrete value; the second converts the interface into another interface.
-It's perfectly fine to mix types this way.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-What if there's only one type we care about? If we know the value holds a <code>string</code>
-and we just want to extract it?
-A one-case type switch would do, but so would a <em>type assertion</em>.
-A type assertion takes an interface value and extracts from it a value of the specified explicit type.
-The syntax borrows from the clause opening a type switch, but with an explicit
-type rather than the <code>type</code> keyword:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-value.(typeName)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and the result is a new value with the static type <code>typeName</code>.
-That type must either be the concrete type held by the interface, or a second interface
-type that the value can be converted to.
-To extract the string we know is in the value, we could write:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-str := value.(string)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-But if it turns out that the value does not contain a string, the program will crash with a run-time error.
-To guard against that, use the "comma, ok" idiom to test, safely, whether the value is a string:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-str, ok := value.(string)
-if ok {
- fmt.Printf("string value is: %q\n", str)
-} else {
- fmt.Printf("value is not a string\n")
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the type assertion fails, <code>str</code> will still exist and be of type string, but it will have
-the zero value, an empty string.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As an illustration of the capability, here's an <code>if</code>-<code>else</code>
-statement that's equivalent to the type switch that opened this section.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if str, ok := value.(string); ok {
- return str
-} else if str, ok := value.(Stringer); ok {
- return str.String()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="generality">Generality</h3>
-<p>
-If a type exists only to implement an interface and will
-never have exported methods beyond that interface, there is
-no need to export the type itself.
-Exporting just the interface makes it clear the value has no
-interesting behavior beyond what is described in the
-interface.
-It also avoids the need to repeat the documentation
-on every instance of a common method.
-</p>
-<p>
-In such cases, the constructor should return an interface value
-rather than the implementing type.
-As an example, in the hash libraries
-both <code>crc32.NewIEEE</code> and <code>adler32.New</code>
-return the interface type <code>hash.Hash32</code>.
-Substituting the CRC-32 algorithm for Adler-32 in a Go program
-requires only changing the constructor call;
-the rest of the code is unaffected by the change of algorithm.
-</p>
-<p>
-A similar approach allows the streaming cipher algorithms
-in the various <code>crypto</code> packages to be
-separated from the block ciphers they chain together.
-The <code>Block</code> interface
-in the <code>crypto/cipher</code> package specifies the
-behavior of a block cipher, which provides encryption
-of a single block of data.
-Then, by analogy with the <code>bufio</code> package,
-cipher packages that implement this interface
-can be used to construct streaming ciphers, represented
-by the <code>Stream</code> interface, without
-knowing the details of the block encryption.
-</p>
-<p>
-The <code>crypto/cipher</code> interfaces look like this:
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Block interface {
- BlockSize() int
- Encrypt(src, dst []byte)
- Decrypt(src, dst []byte)
-}
-
-type Stream interface {
- XORKeyStream(dst, src []byte)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Here's the definition of the counter mode (CTR) stream,
-which turns a block cipher into a streaming cipher; notice
-that the block cipher's details are abstracted away:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// NewCTR returns a Stream that encrypts/decrypts using the given Block in
-// counter mode. The length of iv must be the same as the Block's block size.
-func NewCTR(block Block, iv []byte) Stream
-</pre>
-<p>
-<code>NewCTR</code> applies not
-just to one specific encryption algorithm and data source but to any
-implementation of the <code>Block</code> interface and any
-<code>Stream</code>. Because they return
-interface values, replacing CTR
-encryption with other encryption modes is a localized change. The constructor
-calls must be edited, but because the surrounding code must treat the result only
-as a <code>Stream</code>, it won't notice the difference.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="interface_methods">Interfaces and methods</h3>
-<p>
-Since almost anything can have methods attached, almost anything can
-satisfy an interface. One illustrative example is in the <code>http</code>
-package, which defines the <code>Handler</code> interface. Any object
-that implements <code>Handler</code> can serve HTTP requests.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Handler interface {
- ServeHTTP(ResponseWriter, *Request)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-<code>ResponseWriter</code> is itself an interface that provides access
-to the methods needed to return the response to the client.
-Those methods include the standard <code>Write</code> method, so an
-<code>http.ResponseWriter</code> can be used wherever an <code>io.Writer</code>
-can be used.
-<code>Request</code> is a struct containing a parsed representation
-of the request from the client.
-</p>
-<p>
-For brevity, let's ignore POSTs and assume HTTP requests are always
-GETs; that simplification does not affect the way the handlers are
-set up. Here's a trivial but complete implementation of a handler to
-count the number of times the
-page is visited.
-</p>
-<pre>
-// Simple counter server.
-type Counter struct {
- n int
-}
-
-func (ctr *Counter) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
- ctr.n++
- fmt.Fprintf(w, "counter = %d\n", ctr.n)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-(Keeping with our theme, note how <code>Fprintf</code> can print to an
-<code>http.ResponseWriter</code>.)
-For reference, here's how to attach such a server to a node on the URL tree.
-</p>
-<pre>
-import "net/http"
-...
-ctr := new(Counter)
-http.Handle("/counter", ctr)
-</pre>
-<p>
-But why make <code>Counter</code> a struct? An integer is all that's needed.
-(The receiver needs to be a pointer so the increment is visible to the caller.)
-</p>
-<pre>
-// Simpler counter server.
-type Counter int
-
-func (ctr *Counter) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
- *ctr++
- fmt.Fprintf(w, "counter = %d\n", *ctr)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-What if your program has some internal state that needs to be notified that a page
-has been visited? Tie a channel to the web page.
-</p>
-<pre>
-// A channel that sends a notification on each visit.
-// (Probably want the channel to be buffered.)
-type Chan chan *http.Request
-
-func (ch Chan) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
- ch <- req
- fmt.Fprint(w, "notification sent")
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-Finally, let's say we wanted to present on <code>/args</code> the arguments
-used when invoking the server binary.
-It's easy to write a function to print the arguments.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func ArgServer() {
- fmt.Println(os.Args)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-How do we turn that into an HTTP server? We could make <code>ArgServer</code>
-a method of some type whose value we ignore, but there's a cleaner way.
-Since we can define a method for any type except pointers and interfaces,
-we can write a method for a function.
-The <code>http</code> package contains this code:
-</p>
-<pre>
-// The HandlerFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of
-// ordinary functions as HTTP handlers. If f is a function
-// with the appropriate signature, HandlerFunc(f) is a
-// Handler object that calls f.
-type HandlerFunc func(ResponseWriter, *Request)
-
-// ServeHTTP calls f(w, req).
-func (f HandlerFunc) ServeHTTP(w ResponseWriter, req *Request) {
- f(w, req)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-<code>HandlerFunc</code> is a type with a method, <code>ServeHTTP</code>,
-so values of that type can serve HTTP requests. Look at the implementation
-of the method: the receiver is a function, <code>f</code>, and the method
-calls <code>f</code>. That may seem odd but it's not that different from, say,
-the receiver being a channel and the method sending on the channel.
-</p>
-<p>
-To make <code>ArgServer</code> into an HTTP server, we first modify it
-to have the right signature.
-</p>
-<pre>
-// Argument server.
-func ArgServer(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
- fmt.Fprintln(w, os.Args)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-<code>ArgServer</code> now has same signature as <code>HandlerFunc</code>,
-so it can be converted to that type to access its methods,
-just as we converted <code>Sequence</code> to <code>IntSlice</code>
-to access <code>IntSlice.Sort</code>.
-The code to set it up is concise:
-</p>
-<pre>
-http.Handle("/args", http.HandlerFunc(ArgServer))
-</pre>
-<p>
-When someone visits the page <code>/args</code>,
-the handler installed at that page has value <code>ArgServer</code>
-and type <code>HandlerFunc</code>.
-The HTTP server will invoke the method <code>ServeHTTP</code>
-of that type, with <code>ArgServer</code> as the receiver, which will in turn call
-<code>ArgServer</code> (via the invocation <code>f(w, req)</code>
-inside <code>HandlerFunc.ServeHTTP</code>).
-The arguments will then be displayed.
-</p>
-<p>
-In this section we have made an HTTP server from a struct, an integer,
-a channel, and a function, all because interfaces are just sets of
-methods, which can be defined for (almost) any type.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="blank">The blank identifier</h2>
-
-<p>
-We've mentioned the blank identifier a couple of times now, in the context of
-<a href="#for"><code>for</code> <code>range</code> loops</a>
-and <a href="#maps">maps</a>.
-The blank identifier can be assigned or declared with any value of any type, with the
-value discarded harmlessly.
-It's a bit like writing to the Unix <code>/dev/null</code> file:
-it represents a write-only value
-to be used as a place-holder
-where a variable is needed but the actual value is irrelevant.
-It has uses beyond those we've seen already.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="blank_assign">The blank identifier in multiple assignment</h3>
-
-<p>
-The use of a blank identifier in a <code>for</code> <code>range</code> loop is a
-special case of a general situation: multiple assignment.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If an assignment requires multiple values on the left side,
-but one of the values will not be used by the program,
-a blank identifier on the left-hand-side of
-the assignment avoids the need
-to create a dummy variable and makes it clear that the
-value is to be discarded.
-For instance, when calling a function that returns
-a value and an error, but only the error is important,
-use the blank identifier to discard the irrelevant value.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if _, err := os.Stat(path); os.IsNotExist(err) {
- fmt.Printf("%s does not exist\n", path)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Occasionally you'll see code that discards the error value in order
-to ignore the error; this is terrible practice. Always check error returns;
-they're provided for a reason.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Bad! This code will crash if path does not exist.
-fi, _ := os.Stat(path)
-if fi.IsDir() {
- fmt.Printf("%s is a directory\n", path)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="blank_unused">Unused imports and variables</h3>
-
-<p>
-It is an error to import a package or to declare a variable without using it.
-Unused imports bloat the program and slow compilation,
-while a variable that is initialized but not used is at least
-a wasted computation and perhaps indicative of a
-larger bug.
-When a program is under active development, however,
-unused imports and variables often arise and it can
-be annoying to delete them just to have the compilation proceed,
-only to have them be needed again later.
-The blank identifier provides a workaround.
-</p>
-<p>
-This half-written program has two unused imports
-(<code>fmt</code> and <code>io</code>)
-and an unused variable (<code>fd</code>),
-so it will not compile, but it would be nice to see if the
-code so far is correct.
-</p>
-{{code "/doc/progs/eff_unused1.go" `/package/` `$`}}
-<p>
-To silence complaints about the unused imports, use a
-blank identifier to refer to a symbol from the imported package.
-Similarly, assigning the unused variable <code>fd</code>
-to the blank identifier will silence the unused variable error.
-This version of the program does compile.
-</p>
-{{code "/doc/progs/eff_unused2.go" `/package/` `$`}}
-
-<p>
-By convention, the global declarations to silence import errors
-should come right after the imports and be commented,
-both to make them easy to find and as a reminder to clean things up later.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="blank_import">Import for side effect</h3>
-
-<p>
-An unused import like <code>fmt</code> or <code>io</code> in the
-previous example should eventually be used or removed:
-blank assignments identify code as a work in progress.
-But sometimes it is useful to import a package only for its
-side effects, without any explicit use.
-For example, during its <code>init</code> function,
-the <code><a href="/pkg/net/http/pprof/">net/http/pprof</a></code>
-package registers HTTP handlers that provide
-debugging information. It has an exported API, but
-most clients need only the handler registration and
-access the data through a web page.
-To import the package only for its side effects, rename the package
-to the blank identifier:
-</p>
-<pre>
-import _ "net/http/pprof"
-</pre>
-<p>
-This form of import makes clear that the package is being
-imported for its side effects, because there is no other possible
-use of the package: in this file, it doesn't have a name.
-(If it did, and we didn't use that name, the compiler would reject the program.)
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="blank_implements">Interface checks</h3>
-
-<p>
-As we saw in the discussion of <a href="#interfaces_and_types">interfaces</a> above,
-a type need not declare explicitly that it implements an interface.
-Instead, a type implements the interface just by implementing the interface's methods.
-In practice, most interface conversions are static and therefore checked at compile time.
-For example, passing an <code>*os.File</code> to a function
-expecting an <code>io.Reader</code> will not compile unless
-<code>*os.File</code> implements the <code>io.Reader</code> interface.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some interface checks do happen at run-time, though.
-One instance is in the <code><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">encoding/json</a></code>
-package, which defines a <code><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshaler">Marshaler</a></code>
-interface. When the JSON encoder receives a value that implements that interface,
-the encoder invokes the value's marshaling method to convert it to JSON
-instead of doing the standard conversion.
-The encoder checks this property at run time with a <a href="#interface_conversions">type assertion</a> like:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-m, ok := val.(json.Marshaler)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If it's necessary only to ask whether a type implements an interface, without
-actually using the interface itself, perhaps as part of an error check, use the blank
-identifier to ignore the type-asserted value:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if _, ok := val.(json.Marshaler); ok {
- fmt.Printf("value %v of type %T implements json.Marshaler\n", val, val)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-One place this situation arises is when it is necessary to guarantee within the package implementing the type that
-it actually satisfies the interface.
-If a type—for example,
-<code><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#RawMessage">json.RawMessage</a></code>—needs
-a custom JSON representation, it should implement
-<code>json.Marshaler</code>, but there are no static conversions that would
-cause the compiler to verify this automatically.
-If the type inadvertently fails to satisfy the interface, the JSON encoder will still work,
-but will not use the custom implementation.
-To guarantee that the implementation is correct,
-a global declaration using the blank identifier can be used in the package:
-</p>
-<pre>
-var _ json.Marshaler = (*RawMessage)(nil)
-</pre>
-<p>
-In this declaration, the assignment involving a conversion of a
-<code>*RawMessage</code> to a <code>Marshaler</code>
-requires that <code>*RawMessage</code> implements <code>Marshaler</code>,
-and that property will be checked at compile time.
-Should the <code>json.Marshaler</code> interface change, this package
-will no longer compile and we will be on notice that it needs to be updated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The appearance of the blank identifier in this construct indicates that
-the declaration exists only for the type checking,
-not to create a variable.
-Don't do this for every type that satisfies an interface, though.
-By convention, such declarations are only used
-when there are no static conversions already present in the code,
-which is a rare event.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="embedding">Embedding</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go does not provide the typical, type-driven notion of subclassing,
-but it does have the ability to “borrow” pieces of an
-implementation by <em>embedding</em> types within a struct or
-interface.
-</p>
-<p>
-Interface embedding is very simple.
-We've mentioned the <code>io.Reader</code> and <code>io.Writer</code> interfaces before;
-here are their definitions.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Reader interface {
- Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
-}
-
-type Writer interface {
- Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-The <code>io</code> package also exports several other interfaces
-that specify objects that can implement several such methods.
-For instance, there is <code>io.ReadWriter</code>, an interface
-containing both <code>Read</code> and <code>Write</code>.
-We could specify <code>io.ReadWriter</code> by listing the
-two methods explicitly, but it's easier and more evocative
-to embed the two interfaces to form the new one, like this:
-</p>
-<pre>
-// ReadWriter is the interface that combines the Reader and Writer interfaces.
-type ReadWriter interface {
- Reader
- Writer
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-This says just what it looks like: A <code>ReadWriter</code> can do
-what a <code>Reader</code> does <em>and</em> what a <code>Writer</code>
-does; it is a union of the embedded interfaces (which must be disjoint
-sets of methods).
-Only interfaces can be embedded within interfaces.
-</p>
-<p>
-The same basic idea applies to structs, but with more far-reaching
-implications. The <code>bufio</code> package has two struct types,
-<code>bufio.Reader</code> and <code>bufio.Writer</code>, each of
-which of course implements the analogous interfaces from package
-<code>io</code>.
-And <code>bufio</code> also implements a buffered reader/writer,
-which it does by combining a reader and a writer into one struct
-using embedding: it lists the types within the struct
-but does not give them field names.
-</p>
-<pre>
-// ReadWriter stores pointers to a Reader and a Writer.
-// It implements io.ReadWriter.
-type ReadWriter struct {
- *Reader // *bufio.Reader
- *Writer // *bufio.Writer
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-The embedded elements are pointers to structs and of course
-must be initialized to point to valid structs before they
-can be used.
-The <code>ReadWriter</code> struct could be written as
-</p>
-<pre>
-type ReadWriter struct {
- reader *Reader
- writer *Writer
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-but then to promote the methods of the fields and to
-satisfy the <code>io</code> interfaces, we would also need
-to provide forwarding methods, like this:
-</p>
-<pre>
-func (rw *ReadWriter) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
- return rw.reader.Read(p)
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-By embedding the structs directly, we avoid this bookkeeping.
-The methods of embedded types come along for free, which means that <code>bufio.ReadWriter</code>
-not only has the methods of <code>bufio.Reader</code> and <code>bufio.Writer</code>,
-it also satisfies all three interfaces:
-<code>io.Reader</code>,
-<code>io.Writer</code>, and
-<code>io.ReadWriter</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-There's an important way in which embedding differs from subclassing. When we embed a type,
-the methods of that type become methods of the outer type,
-but when they are invoked the receiver of the method is the inner type, not the outer one.
-In our example, when the <code>Read</code> method of a <code>bufio.ReadWriter</code> is
-invoked, it has exactly the same effect as the forwarding method written out above;
-the receiver is the <code>reader</code> field of the <code>ReadWriter</code>, not the
-<code>ReadWriter</code> itself.
-</p>
-<p>
-Embedding can also be a simple convenience.
-This example shows an embedded field alongside a regular, named field.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Job struct {
- Command string
- *log.Logger
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-The <code>Job</code> type now has the <code>Print</code>, <code>Printf</code>, <code>Println</code>
-and other
-methods of <code>*log.Logger</code>. We could have given the <code>Logger</code>
-a field name, of course, but it's not necessary to do so. And now, once
-initialized, we can
-log to the <code>Job</code>:
-</p>
-<pre>
-job.Println("starting now...")
-</pre>
-<p>
-The <code>Logger</code> is a regular field of the <code>Job</code> struct,
-so we can initialize it in the usual way inside the constructor for <code>Job</code>, like this,
-</p>
-<pre>
-func NewJob(command string, logger *log.Logger) *Job {
- return &Job{command, logger}
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-or with a composite literal,
-</p>
-<pre>
-job := &Job{command, log.New(os.Stderr, "Job: ", log.Ldate)}
-</pre>
-<p>
-If we need to refer to an embedded field directly, the type name of the field,
-ignoring the package qualifier, serves as a field name, as it did
-in the <code>Read</code> method of our <code>ReadWriter</code> struct.
-Here, if we needed to access the
-<code>*log.Logger</code> of a <code>Job</code> variable <code>job</code>,
-we would write <code>job.Logger</code>,
-which would be useful if we wanted to refine the methods of <code>Logger</code>.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func (job *Job) Printf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
- job.Logger.Printf("%q: %s", job.Command, fmt.Sprintf(format, args...))
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-Embedding types introduces the problem of name conflicts but the rules to resolve
-them are simple.
-First, a field or method <code>X</code> hides any other item <code>X</code> in a more deeply
-nested part of the type.
-If <code>log.Logger</code> contained a field or method called <code>Command</code>, the <code>Command</code> field
-of <code>Job</code> would dominate it.
-</p>
-<p>
-Second, if the same name appears at the same nesting level, it is usually an error;
-it would be erroneous to embed <code>log.Logger</code> if the <code>Job</code> struct
-contained another field or method called <code>Logger</code>.
-However, if the duplicate name is never mentioned in the program outside the type definition, it is OK.
-This qualification provides some protection against changes made to types embedded from outside; there
-is no problem if a field is added that conflicts with another field in another subtype if neither field
-is ever used.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="concurrency">Concurrency</h2>
-
-<h3 id="sharing">Share by communicating</h3>
-
-<p>
-Concurrent programming is a large topic and there is space only for some
-Go-specific highlights here.
-</p>
-<p>
-Concurrent programming in many environments is made difficult by the
-subtleties required to implement correct access to shared variables. Go encourages
-a different approach in which shared values are passed around on channels
-and, in fact, never actively shared by separate threads of execution.
-Only one goroutine has access to the value at any given time.
-Data races cannot occur, by design.
-To encourage this way of thinking we have reduced it to a slogan:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-Do not communicate by sharing memory;
-instead, share memory by communicating.
-</blockquote>
-<p>
-This approach can be taken too far. Reference counts may be best done
-by putting a mutex around an integer variable, for instance. But as a
-high-level approach, using channels to control access makes it easier
-to write clear, correct programs.
-</p>
-<p>
-One way to think about this model is to consider a typical single-threaded
-program running on one CPU. It has no need for synchronization primitives.
-Now run another such instance; it too needs no synchronization. Now let those
-two communicate; if the communication is the synchronizer, there's still no need
-for other synchronization. Unix pipelines, for example, fit this model
-perfectly. Although Go's approach to concurrency originates in Hoare's
-Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP),
-it can also be seen as a type-safe generalization of Unix pipes.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="goroutines">Goroutines</h3>
-
-<p>
-They're called <em>goroutines</em> because the existing
-terms—threads, coroutines, processes, and so on—convey
-inaccurate connotations. A goroutine has a simple model: it is a
-function executing concurrently with other goroutines in the same
-address space. It is lightweight, costing little more than the
-allocation of stack space.
-And the stacks start small, so they are cheap, and grow
-by allocating (and freeing) heap storage as required.
-</p>
-<p>
-Goroutines are multiplexed onto multiple OS threads so if one should
-block, such as while waiting for I/O, others continue to run. Their
-design hides many of the complexities of thread creation and
-management.
-</p>
-<p>
-Prefix a function or method call with the <code>go</code>
-keyword to run the call in a new goroutine.
-When the call completes, the goroutine
-exits, silently. (The effect is similar to the Unix shell's
-<code>&</code> notation for running a command in the
-background.)
-</p>
-<pre>
-go list.Sort() // run list.Sort concurrently; don't wait for it.
-</pre>
-<p>
-A function literal can be handy in a goroutine invocation.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func Announce(message string, delay time.Duration) {
- go func() {
- time.Sleep(delay)
- fmt.Println(message)
- }() // Note the parentheses - must call the function.
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-In Go, function literals are closures: the implementation makes
-sure the variables referred to by the function survive as long as they are active.
-</p>
-<p>
-These examples aren't too practical because the functions have no way of signaling
-completion. For that, we need channels.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="channels">Channels</h3>
-
-<p>
-Like maps, channels are allocated with <code>make</code>, and
-the resulting value acts as a reference to an underlying data structure.
-If an optional integer parameter is provided, it sets the buffer size for the channel.
-The default is zero, for an unbuffered or synchronous channel.
-</p>
-<pre>
-ci := make(chan int) // unbuffered channel of integers
-cj := make(chan int, 0) // unbuffered channel of integers
-cs := make(chan *os.File, 100) // buffered channel of pointers to Files
-</pre>
-<p>
-Unbuffered channels combine communication—the exchange of a value—with
-synchronization—guaranteeing that two calculations (goroutines) are in
-a known state.
-</p>
-<p>
-There are lots of nice idioms using channels. Here's one to get us started.
-In the previous section we launched a sort in the background. A channel
-can allow the launching goroutine to wait for the sort to complete.
-</p>
-<pre>
-c := make(chan int) // Allocate a channel.
-// Start the sort in a goroutine; when it completes, signal on the channel.
-go func() {
- list.Sort()
- c <- 1 // Send a signal; value does not matter.
-}()
-doSomethingForAWhile()
-<-c // Wait for sort to finish; discard sent value.
-</pre>
-<p>
-Receivers always block until there is data to receive.
-If the channel is unbuffered, the sender blocks until the receiver has
-received the value.
-If the channel has a buffer, the sender blocks only until the
-value has been copied to the buffer; if the buffer is full, this
-means waiting until some receiver has retrieved a value.
-</p>
-<p>
-A buffered channel can be used like a semaphore, for instance to
-limit throughput. In this example, incoming requests are passed
-to <code>handle</code>, which sends a value into the channel, processes
-the request, and then receives a value from the channel
-to ready the “semaphore” for the next consumer.
-The capacity of the channel buffer limits the number of
-simultaneous calls to <code>process</code>.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var sem = make(chan int, MaxOutstanding)
-
-func handle(r *Request) {
- sem <- 1 // Wait for active queue to drain.
- process(r) // May take a long time.
- <-sem // Done; enable next request to run.
-}
-
-func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
- for {
- req := <-queue
- go handle(req) // Don't wait for handle to finish.
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Once <code>MaxOutstanding</code> handlers are executing <code>process</code>,
-any more will block trying to send into the filled channel buffer,
-until one of the existing handlers finishes and receives from the buffer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This design has a problem, though: <code>Serve</code>
-creates a new goroutine for
-every incoming request, even though only <code>MaxOutstanding</code>
-of them can run at any moment.
-As a result, the program can consume unlimited resources if the requests come in too fast.
-We can address that deficiency by changing <code>Serve</code> to
-gate the creation of the goroutines.
-Here's an obvious solution, but beware it has a bug we'll fix subsequently:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
- for req := range queue {
- sem <- 1
- go func() {
- process(req) // Buggy; see explanation below.
- <-sem
- }()
- }
-}</pre>
-
-<p>
-The bug is that in a Go <code>for</code> loop, the loop variable
-is reused for each iteration, so the <code>req</code>
-variable is shared across all goroutines.
-That's not what we want.
-We need to make sure that <code>req</code> is unique for each goroutine.
-Here's one way to do that, passing the value of <code>req</code> as an argument
-to the closure in the goroutine:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
- for req := range queue {
- sem <- 1
- go func(req *Request) {
- process(req)
- <-sem
- }(req)
- }
-}</pre>
-
-<p>
-Compare this version with the previous to see the difference in how
-the closure is declared and run.
-Another solution is just to create a new variable with the same
-name, as in this example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func Serve(queue chan *Request) {
- for req := range queue {
- req := req // Create new instance of req for the goroutine.
- sem <- 1
- go func() {
- process(req)
- <-sem
- }()
- }
-}</pre>
-
-<p>
-It may seem odd to write
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-req := req
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-but it's legal and idiomatic in Go to do this.
-You get a fresh version of the variable with the same name, deliberately
-shadowing the loop variable locally but unique to each goroutine.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Going back to the general problem of writing the server,
-another approach that manages resources well is to start a fixed
-number of <code>handle</code> goroutines all reading from the request
-channel.
-The number of goroutines limits the number of simultaneous
-calls to <code>process</code>.
-This <code>Serve</code> function also accepts a channel on which
-it will be told to exit; after launching the goroutines it blocks
-receiving from that channel.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func handle(queue chan *Request) {
- for r := range queue {
- process(r)
- }
-}
-
-func Serve(clientRequests chan *Request, quit chan bool) {
- // Start handlers
- for i := 0; i < MaxOutstanding; i++ {
- go handle(clientRequests)
- }
- <-quit // Wait to be told to exit.
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="chan_of_chan">Channels of channels</h3>
-<p>
-One of the most important properties of Go is that
-a channel is a first-class value that can be allocated and passed
-around like any other. A common use of this property is
-to implement safe, parallel demultiplexing.
-</p>
-<p>
-In the example in the previous section, <code>handle</code> was
-an idealized handler for a request but we didn't define the
-type it was handling. If that type includes a channel on which
-to reply, each client can provide its own path for the answer.
-Here's a schematic definition of type <code>Request</code>.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Request struct {
- args []int
- f func([]int) int
- resultChan chan int
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-The client provides a function and its arguments, as well as
-a channel inside the request object on which to receive the answer.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func sum(a []int) (s int) {
- for _, v := range a {
- s += v
- }
- return
-}
-
-request := &Request{[]int{3, 4, 5}, sum, make(chan int)}
-// Send request
-clientRequests <- request
-// Wait for response.
-fmt.Printf("answer: %d\n", <-request.resultChan)
-</pre>
-<p>
-On the server side, the handler function is the only thing that changes.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func handle(queue chan *Request) {
- for req := range queue {
- req.resultChan <- req.f(req.args)
- }
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-There's clearly a lot more to do to make it realistic, but this
-code is a framework for a rate-limited, parallel, non-blocking RPC
-system, and there's not a mutex in sight.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="parallel">Parallelization</h3>
-<p>
-Another application of these ideas is to parallelize a calculation
-across multiple CPU cores. If the calculation can be broken into
-separate pieces that can execute independently, it can be parallelized,
-with a channel to signal when each piece completes.
-</p>
-<p>
-Let's say we have an expensive operation to perform on a vector of items,
-and that the value of the operation on each item is independent,
-as in this idealized example.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Vector []float64
-
-// Apply the operation to v[i], v[i+1] ... up to v[n-1].
-func (v Vector) DoSome(i, n int, u Vector, c chan int) {
- for ; i < n; i++ {
- v[i] += u.Op(v[i])
- }
- c <- 1 // signal that this piece is done
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-We launch the pieces independently in a loop, one per CPU.
-They can complete in any order but it doesn't matter; we just
-count the completion signals by draining the channel after
-launching all the goroutines.
-</p>
-<pre>
-const numCPU = 4 // number of CPU cores
-
-func (v Vector) DoAll(u Vector) {
- c := make(chan int, numCPU) // Buffering optional but sensible.
- for i := 0; i < numCPU; i++ {
- go v.DoSome(i*len(v)/numCPU, (i+1)*len(v)/numCPU, u, c)
- }
- // Drain the channel.
- for i := 0; i < numCPU; i++ {
- <-c // wait for one task to complete
- }
- // All done.
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-Rather than create a constant value for numCPU, we can ask the runtime what
-value is appropriate.
-The function <code><a href="/pkg/runtime#NumCPU">runtime.NumCPU</a></code>
-returns the number of hardware CPU cores in the machine, so we could write
-</p>
-<pre>
-var numCPU = runtime.NumCPU()
-</pre>
-<p>
-There is also a function
-<code><a href="/pkg/runtime#GOMAXPROCS">runtime.GOMAXPROCS</a></code>,
-which reports (or sets)
-the user-specified number of cores that a Go program can have running
-simultaneously.
-It defaults to the value of <code>runtime.NumCPU</code> but can be
-overridden by setting the similarly named shell environment variable
-or by calling the function with a positive number. Calling it with
-zero just queries the value.
-Therefore if we want to honor the user's resource request, we should write
-</p>
-<pre>
-var numCPU = runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)
-</pre>
-<p>
-Be sure not to confuse the ideas of concurrency—structuring a program
-as independently executing components—and parallelism—executing
-calculations in parallel for efficiency on multiple CPUs.
-Although the concurrency features of Go can make some problems easy
-to structure as parallel computations, Go is a concurrent language,
-not a parallel one, and not all parallelization problems fit Go's model.
-For a discussion of the distinction, see the talk cited in
-<a href="//blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">this
-blog post</a>.
-
-<h3 id="leaky_buffer">A leaky buffer</h3>
-
-<p>
-The tools of concurrent programming can even make non-concurrent
-ideas easier to express. Here's an example abstracted from an RPC
-package. The client goroutine loops receiving data from some source,
-perhaps a network. To avoid allocating and freeing buffers, it keeps
-a free list, and uses a buffered channel to represent it. If the
-channel is empty, a new buffer gets allocated.
-Once the message buffer is ready, it's sent to the server on
-<code>serverChan</code>.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var freeList = make(chan *Buffer, 100)
-var serverChan = make(chan *Buffer)
-
-func client() {
- for {
- var b *Buffer
- // Grab a buffer if available; allocate if not.
- select {
- case b = <-freeList:
- // Got one; nothing more to do.
- default:
- // None free, so allocate a new one.
- b = new(Buffer)
- }
- load(b) // Read next message from the net.
- serverChan <- b // Send to server.
- }
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-The server loop receives each message from the client, processes it,
-and returns the buffer to the free list.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func server() {
- for {
- b := <-serverChan // Wait for work.
- process(b)
- // Reuse buffer if there's room.
- select {
- case freeList <- b:
- // Buffer on free list; nothing more to do.
- default:
- // Free list full, just carry on.
- }
- }
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-The client attempts to retrieve a buffer from <code>freeList</code>;
-if none is available, it allocates a fresh one.
-The server's send to <code>freeList</code> puts <code>b</code> back
-on the free list unless the list is full, in which case the
-buffer is dropped on the floor to be reclaimed by
-the garbage collector.
-(The <code>default</code> clauses in the <code>select</code>
-statements execute when no other case is ready,
-meaning that the <code>selects</code> never block.)
-This implementation builds a leaky bucket free list
-in just a few lines, relying on the buffered channel and
-the garbage collector for bookkeeping.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="errors">Errors</h2>
-
-<p>
-Library routines must often return some sort of error indication to
-the caller.
-As mentioned earlier, Go's multivalue return makes it
-easy to return a detailed error description alongside the normal
-return value.
-It is good style to use this feature to provide detailed error information.
-For example, as we'll see, <code>os.Open</code> doesn't
-just return a <code>nil</code> pointer on failure, it also returns an
-error value that describes what went wrong.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-By convention, errors have type <code>error</code>,
-a simple built-in interface.
-</p>
-<pre>
-type error interface {
- Error() string
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-A library writer is free to implement this interface with a
-richer model under the covers, making it possible not only
-to see the error but also to provide some context.
-As mentioned, alongside the usual <code>*os.File</code>
-return value, <code>os.Open</code> also returns an
-error value.
-If the file is opened successfully, the error will be <code>nil</code>,
-but when there is a problem, it will hold an
-<code>os.PathError</code>:
-</p>
-<pre>
-// PathError records an error and the operation and
-// file path that caused it.
-type PathError struct {
- Op string // "open", "unlink", etc.
- Path string // The associated file.
- Err error // Returned by the system call.
-}
-
-func (e *PathError) Error() string {
- return e.Op + " " + e.Path + ": " + e.Err.Error()
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
-<code>PathError</code>'s <code>Error</code> generates
-a string like this:
-</p>
-<pre>
-open /etc/passwx: no such file or directory
-</pre>
-<p>
-Such an error, which includes the problematic file name, the
-operation, and the operating system error it triggered, is useful even
-if printed far from the call that caused it;
-it is much more informative than the plain
-"no such file or directory".
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When feasible, error strings should identify their origin, such as by having
-a prefix naming the operation or package that generated the error. For example, in package
-<code>image</code>, the string representation for a decoding error due to an
-unknown format is "image: unknown format".
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Callers that care about the precise error details can
-use a type switch or a type assertion to look for specific
-errors and extract details. For <code>PathErrors</code>
-this might include examining the internal <code>Err</code>
-field for recoverable failures.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-for try := 0; try < 2; try++ {
- file, err = os.Create(filename)
- if err == nil {
- return
- }
- if e, ok := err.(*os.PathError); ok && e.Err == syscall.ENOSPC {
- deleteTempFiles() // Recover some space.
- continue
- }
- return
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The second <code>if</code> statement here is another <a href="#interface_conversions">type assertion</a>.
-If it fails, <code>ok</code> will be false, and <code>e</code>
-will be <code>nil</code>.
-If it succeeds, <code>ok</code> will be true, which means the
-error was of type <code>*os.PathError</code>, and then so is <code>e</code>,
-which we can examine for more information about the error.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="panic">Panic</h3>
-
-<p>
-The usual way to report an error to a caller is to return an
-<code>error</code> as an extra return value. The canonical
-<code>Read</code> method is a well-known instance; it returns a byte
-count and an <code>error</code>. But what if the error is
-unrecoverable? Sometimes the program simply cannot continue.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For this purpose, there is a built-in function <code>panic</code>
-that in effect creates a run-time error that will stop the program
-(but see the next section). The function takes a single argument
-of arbitrary type—often a string—to be printed as the
-program dies. It's also a way to indicate that something impossible has
-happened, such as exiting an infinite loop.
-</p>
-
-
-<pre>
-// A toy implementation of cube root using Newton's method.
-func CubeRoot(x float64) float64 {
- z := x/3 // Arbitrary initial value
- for i := 0; i < 1e6; i++ {
- prevz := z
- z -= (z*z*z-x) / (3*z*z)
- if veryClose(z, prevz) {
- return z
- }
- }
- // A million iterations has not converged; something is wrong.
- panic(fmt.Sprintf("CubeRoot(%g) did not converge", x))
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This is only an example but real library functions should
-avoid <code>panic</code>. If the problem can be masked or worked
-around, it's always better to let things continue to run rather
-than taking down the whole program. One possible counterexample
-is during initialization: if the library truly cannot set itself up,
-it might be reasonable to panic, so to speak.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var user = os.Getenv("USER")
-
-func init() {
- if user == "" {
- panic("no value for $USER")
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="recover">Recover</h3>
-
-<p>
-When <code>panic</code> is called, including implicitly for run-time
-errors such as indexing a slice out of bounds or failing a type
-assertion, it immediately stops execution of the current function
-and begins unwinding the stack of the goroutine, running any deferred
-functions along the way. If that unwinding reaches the top of the
-goroutine's stack, the program dies. However, it is possible to
-use the built-in function <code>recover</code> to regain control
-of the goroutine and resume normal execution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A call to <code>recover</code> stops the unwinding and returns the
-argument passed to <code>panic</code>. Because the only code that
-runs while unwinding is inside deferred functions, <code>recover</code>
-is only useful inside deferred functions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One application of <code>recover</code> is to shut down a failing goroutine
-inside a server without killing the other executing goroutines.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func server(workChan <-chan *Work) {
- for work := range workChan {
- go safelyDo(work)
- }
-}
-
-func safelyDo(work *Work) {
- defer func() {
- if err := recover(); err != nil {
- log.Println("work failed:", err)
- }
- }()
- do(work)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In this example, if <code>do(work)</code> panics, the result will be
-logged and the goroutine will exit cleanly without disturbing the
-others. There's no need to do anything else in the deferred closure;
-calling <code>recover</code> handles the condition completely.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Because <code>recover</code> always returns <code>nil</code> unless called directly
-from a deferred function, deferred code can call library routines that themselves
-use <code>panic</code> and <code>recover</code> without failing. As an example,
-the deferred function in <code>safelyDo</code> might call a logging function before
-calling <code>recover</code>, and that logging code would run unaffected
-by the panicking state.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With our recovery pattern in place, the <code>do</code>
-function (and anything it calls) can get out of any bad situation
-cleanly by calling <code>panic</code>. We can use that idea to
-simplify error handling in complex software. Let's look at an
-idealized version of a <code>regexp</code> package, which reports
-parsing errors by calling <code>panic</code> with a local
-error type. Here's the definition of <code>Error</code>,
-an <code>error</code> method, and the <code>Compile</code> function.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// Error is the type of a parse error; it satisfies the error interface.
-type Error string
-func (e Error) Error() string {
- return string(e)
-}
-
-// error is a method of *Regexp that reports parsing errors by
-// panicking with an Error.
-func (regexp *Regexp) error(err string) {
- panic(Error(err))
-}
-
-// Compile returns a parsed representation of the regular expression.
-func Compile(str string) (regexp *Regexp, err error) {
- regexp = new(Regexp)
- // doParse will panic if there is a parse error.
- defer func() {
- if e := recover(); e != nil {
- regexp = nil // Clear return value.
- err = e.(Error) // Will re-panic if not a parse error.
- }
- }()
- return regexp.doParse(str), nil
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If <code>doParse</code> panics, the recovery block will set the
-return value to <code>nil</code>—deferred functions can modify
-named return values. It will then check, in the assignment
-to <code>err</code>, that the problem was a parse error by asserting
-that it has the local type <code>Error</code>.
-If it does not, the type assertion will fail, causing a run-time error
-that continues the stack unwinding as though nothing had interrupted
-it.
-This check means that if something unexpected happens, such
-as an index out of bounds, the code will fail even though we
-are using <code>panic</code> and <code>recover</code> to handle
-parse errors.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With error handling in place, the <code>error</code> method (because it's a
-method bound to a type, it's fine, even natural, for it to have the same name
-as the builtin <code>error</code> type)
-makes it easy to report parse errors without worrying about unwinding
-the parse stack by hand:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if pos == 0 {
- re.error("'*' illegal at start of expression")
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Useful though this pattern is, it should be used only within a package.
-<code>Parse</code> turns its internal <code>panic</code> calls into
-<code>error</code> values; it does not expose <code>panics</code>
-to its client. That is a good rule to follow.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-By the way, this re-panic idiom changes the panic value if an actual
-error occurs. However, both the original and new failures will be
-presented in the crash report, so the root cause of the problem will
-still be visible. Thus this simple re-panic approach is usually
-sufficient—it's a crash after all—but if you want to
-display only the original value, you can write a little more code to
-filter unexpected problems and re-panic with the original error.
-That's left as an exercise for the reader.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="web_server">A web server</h2>
-
-<p>
-Let's finish with a complete Go program, a web server.
-This one is actually a kind of web re-server.
-Google provides a service at <code>chart.apis.google.com</code>
-that does automatic formatting of data into charts and graphs.
-It's hard to use interactively, though,
-because you need to put the data into the URL as a query.
-The program here provides a nicer interface to one form of data: given a short piece of text,
-it calls on the chart server to produce a QR code, a matrix of boxes that encode the
-text.
-That image can be grabbed with your cell phone's camera and interpreted as,
-for instance, a URL, saving you typing the URL into the phone's tiny keyboard.
-</p>
-<p>
-Here's the complete program.
-An explanation follows.
-</p>
-{{code "/doc/progs/eff_qr.go" `/package/` `$`}}
-<p>
-The pieces up to <code>main</code> should be easy to follow.
-The one flag sets a default HTTP port for our server. The template
-variable <code>templ</code> is where the fun happens. It builds an HTML template
-that will be executed by the server to display the page; more about
-that in a moment.
-</p>
-<p>
-The <code>main</code> function parses the flags and, using the mechanism
-we talked about above, binds the function <code>QR</code> to the root path
-for the server. Then <code>http.ListenAndServe</code> is called to start the
-server; it blocks while the server runs.
-</p>
-<p>
-<code>QR</code> just receives the request, which contains form data, and
-executes the template on the data in the form value named <code>s</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-The template package <code>html/template</code> is powerful;
-this program just touches on its capabilities.
-In essence, it rewrites a piece of HTML text on the fly by substituting elements derived
-from data items passed to <code>templ.Execute</code>, in this case the
-form value.
-Within the template text (<code>templateStr</code>),
-double-brace-delimited pieces denote template actions.
-The piece from <code>{{html "{{if .}}"}}</code>
-to <code>{{html "{{end}}"}}</code> executes only if the value of the current data item, called <code>.</code> (dot),
-is non-empty.
-That is, when the string is empty, this piece of the template is suppressed.
-</p>
-<p>
-The two snippets <code>{{html "{{.}}"}}</code> say to show the data presented to
-the template—the query string—on the web page.
-The HTML template package automatically provides appropriate escaping so the
-text is safe to display.
-</p>
-<p>
-The rest of the template string is just the HTML to show when the page loads.
-If this is too quick an explanation, see the <a href="/pkg/html/template/">documentation</a>
-for the template package for a more thorough discussion.
-</p>
-<p>
-And there you have it: a useful web server in a few lines of code plus some
-data-driven HTML text.
-Go is powerful enough to make a lot happen in a few lines.
-</p>
-
-<!--
-TODO
-<pre>
-verifying implementation
-type Color uint32
-
-// Check that Color implements image.Color and image.Image
-var _ image.Color = Black
-var _ image.Image = Black
-</pre>
--->
diff --git a/content/doc/gccgo_contribute.html b/content/doc/gccgo_contribute.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 6374cd0..0000000
--- a/content/doc/gccgo_contribute.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Contributing to the gccgo frontend"
-}-->
-
-<h2>Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-These are some notes on contributing to the gccgo frontend for GCC.
-For information on contributing to parts of Go other than gccgo,
-see <a href="/doc/contribute.html">Contributing to the Go project</a>. For
-information on building gccgo for yourself,
-see <a href="/doc/gccgo_install.html">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
-For more of the gritty details on the process of doing development
-with the gccgo frontend,
-see <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/gofrontend/+/master/HACKING">the
-file HACKING</a> in the gofrontend repository.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Legal Prerequisites</h2>
-
-<p>
-You must follow the <a href="/doc/contribute.html#copyright">Go copyright
-rules</a> for all changes to the gccgo frontend and the associated
-libgo library. Code that is part of GCC rather than gccgo must follow
-the general <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/contribute.html">GCC
-contribution rules</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Code</h2>
-
-<p>
-The master sources for the gccgo frontend may be found at
-<a href="https://go.googlesource.com/gofrontend">https://go.googlesource.com/gofrontend</a>.
-They are mirrored
-at <a href="https://github.com/golang/gofrontend">https://github.com/golang/gofrontend</a>.
-The master sources are not buildable by themselves, but only in
-conjunction with GCC (in the future, other compilers may be
-supported). Changes made to the gccgo frontend are also applied to
-the GCC source code repository hosted at <code>gcc.gnu.org</code>. In
-the <code>gofrontend</code> repository, the <code>go</code> directory
-is mirrored to the <code>gcc/go/gofrontend</code> directory in the GCC
-repository, and the <code>gofrontend</code> <code>libgo</code>
-directory is mirrored to the GCC <code>libgo</code> directory. In
-addition, the <code>test</code> directory
-from <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>
-is mirrored to the <code>gcc/testsuite/go.test/test</code> directory
-in the GCC repository.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Changes to these directories always flow from the master sources to
-the GCC repository. The files should never be changed in the GCC
-repository except by changing them in the master sources and mirroring
-them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The gccgo frontend is written in C++.
-It follows the GNU and GCC coding standards for C++.
-In writing code for the frontend, follow the formatting of the
-surrounding code.
-Almost all GCC-specific code is not in the frontend proper and is
-instead in the GCC sources in the <code>gcc/go</code> directory.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The run-time library for gccgo is mostly the same as the library
-in <a href="//go.googlesource.com/go">the main Go repository</a>.
-The library code in the Go repository is periodically merged into
-the <code>libgo/go</code> directory of the <code>gofrontend</code> and
-then the GCC repositories, using the shell
-script <code>libgo/merge.sh</code>. Accordingly, most library changes
-should be made in the main Go repository. The files outside
-of <code>libgo/go</code> are gccgo-specific; that said, some of the
-files in <code>libgo/runtime</code> are based on files
-in <code>src/runtime</code> in the main Go repository.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Testing</h2>
-
-<p>
-All patches must be tested. A patch that introduces new failures is
-not acceptable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To run the gccgo test suite, run <code>make check-go</code> in your
-build directory. This will run various tests
-under <code>gcc/testsuite/go.*</code> and will also run
-the <code>libgo</code> testsuite. This copy of the tests from the
-main Go repository is run using the DejaGNU script found
-in <code>gcc/testsuite/go.test/go-test.exp</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most new tests should be submitted to the main Go repository for later
-mirroring into the GCC repository. If there is a need for specific
-tests for gccgo, they should go in
-the <code>gcc/testsuite/go.go-torture</code>
-or <code>gcc/testsuite/go.dg</code> directories in the GCC repository.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Submitting Changes</h2>
-
-<p>
-Changes to the Go frontend should follow the same process as for the
-main Go repository, only for the <code>gofrontend</code> project and
-the <code>gofrontend-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list
-rather than the <code>go</code> project and the
-<code>golang-dev@googlegroups.com</code> mailing list. Those changes
-will then be merged into the GCC sources.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/gccgo_install.html b/content/doc/gccgo_install.html
deleted file mode 100644
index a974bb3..0000000
--- a/content/doc/gccgo_install.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,534 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Setting up and using gccgo",
- "Path": "/doc/install/gccgo"
-}-->
-
-<p>
-This document explains how to use gccgo, a compiler for
-the Go language. The gccgo compiler is a new frontend
-for GCC, the widely used GNU compiler. Although the
-frontend itself is under a BSD-style license, gccgo is
-normally used as part of GCC and is then covered by
-the <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public
-License</a> (the license covers gccgo itself as part of GCC; it
-does not cover code generated by gccgo).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that gccgo is not the <code>gc</code> compiler; see
-the <a href="/doc/install.html">Installing Go</a> instructions for that
-compiler.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2>
-
-<p>
-The simplest way to install gccgo is to install a GCC binary release
-built to include Go support. GCC binary releases are available from
-<a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/install/binaries.html">various
-websites</a> and are typically included as part of GNU/Linux
-distributions. We expect that most people who build these binaries
-will include Go support.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The GCC 4.7.1 release and all later 4.7 releases include a complete
-<a href="/doc/go1.html">Go 1</a> compiler and libraries.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Due to timing, the GCC 4.8.0 and 4.8.1 releases are close to but not
-identical to Go 1.1. The GCC 4.8.2 release includes a complete Go
-1.1.2 implementation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The GCC 4.9 releases include a complete Go 1.2 implementation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The GCC 5 releases include a complete implementation of the Go 1.4
-user libraries. The Go 1.4 runtime is not fully merged, but that
-should not be visible to Go programs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The GCC 6 releases include a complete implementation of the Go 1.6.1
-user libraries. The Go 1.6 runtime is not fully merged, but that
-should not be visible to Go programs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The GCC 7 releases include a complete implementation of the Go 1.8.1
-user libraries. As with earlier releases, the Go 1.8 runtime is not
-fully merged, but that should not be visible to Go programs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The GCC 8 releases are expected to include a complete implementation
-of the Go 1.10 release, depending on release timing. The Go 1.10
-runtime has now been fully merged into the GCC development sources,
-and concurrent garbage collection is expected to be fully supported in
-GCC 8.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Source_code">Source code</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you cannot use a release, or prefer to build gccgo for
-yourself,
-the gccgo source code is accessible via Subversion. The
-GCC web site
-has <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html">instructions for getting the
-GCC source code</a>. The gccgo source code is included. As a
-convenience, a stable version of the Go support is available in
-a branch of the main GCC code
-repository: <code>svn://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/branches/gccgo</code>.
-This branch is periodically updated with stable Go compiler sources.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that although <code>gcc.gnu.org</code> is the most convenient way
-to get the source code for the Go frontend, it is not where the master
-sources live. If you want to contribute changes to the Go frontend
-compiler, see <a href="/doc/gccgo_contribute.html">Contributing to
-gccgo</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Building">Building</h2>
-
-<p>
-Building gccgo is just like building GCC
-with one or two additional options. See
-the <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/install/">instructions on the gcc web
-site</a>. When you run <code>configure</code>, add the
-option <code>--enable-languages=c,c++,go</code> (along with other
-languages you may want to build). If you are targeting a 32-bit x86,
-then you will want to build gccgo to default to
-supporting locked compare and exchange instructions; do this by also
-using the <code>configure</code> option <code>--with-arch=i586</code>
-(or a newer architecture, depending on where you need your programs to
-run). If you are targeting a 64-bit x86, but sometimes want to use
-the <code>-m32</code> option, then use the <code>configure</code>
-option <code>--with-arch-32=i586</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Gold">Gold</h3>
-
-<p>
-On x86 GNU/Linux systems the gccgo compiler is able to
-use a small discontiguous stack for goroutines. This permits programs
-to run many more goroutines, since each goroutine can use a relatively
-small stack. Doing this requires using the gold linker version 2.22
-or later. You can either install GNU binutils 2.22 or later, or you
-can build gold yourself.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To build gold yourself, build the GNU binutils,
-using <code>--enable-gold=default</code> when you run
-the <code>configure</code> script. Before building, you must install
-the flex and bison packages. A typical sequence would look like
-this (you can replace <code>/opt/gold</code> with any directory to
-which you have write access):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-cvs -z 9 -d :pserver:anoncvs@sourceware.org:/cvs/src login
-[password is "anoncvs"]
-[The next command will create a directory named src, not binutils]
-cvs -z 9 -d :pserver:anoncvs@sourceware.org:/cvs/src co binutils
-mkdir binutils-objdir
-cd binutils-objdir
-../src/configure --enable-gold=default --prefix=/opt/gold
-make
-make install
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-However you install gold, when you configure gccgo, use the
-option <code>--with-ld=<var>GOLD_BINARY</var></code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Prerequisites">Prerequisites</h3>
-
-<p>
-A number of prerequisites are required to build GCC, as
-described on
-the <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html">gcc web
-site</a>. It is important to install all the prerequisites before
-running the gcc <code>configure</code> script.
-The prerequisite libraries can be conveniently downloaded using the
-script <code>contrib/download_prerequisites</code> in the GCC sources.
-
-<h3 id="Build_commands">Build commands</h3>
-
-<p>
-Once all the prerequisites are installed, then a typical build and
-install sequence would look like this (only use
-the <code>--with-ld</code> option if you are using the gold linker as
-described above):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-svn checkout svn://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/branches/gccgo gccgo
-mkdir objdir
-cd objdir
-../gccgo/configure --prefix=/opt/gccgo --enable-languages=c,c++,go --with-ld=/opt/gold/bin/ld
-make
-make install
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Using_gccgo">Using gccgo</h2>
-
-<p>
-The gccgo compiler works like other gcc frontends. As of GCC 5 the gccgo
-installation also includes a version of the <code>go</code> command,
-which may be used to build Go programs as described at
-<a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go">https://golang.org/cmd/go</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To compile a file without using the <code>go</code> command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-gccgo -c file.go
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-That produces <code>file.o</code>. To link files together to form an
-executable:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-gccgo -o file file.o
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To run the resulting file, you will need to tell the program where to
-find the compiled Go packages. There are a few ways to do this:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Set the <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code> environment variable:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${prefix}/lib/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
-[or]
-LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${prefix}/lib64/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
-export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Here <code>${prefix}</code> is the <code>--prefix</code> option used
-when building gccgo. For a binary install this is
-normally <code>/usr</code>. Whether to use <code>lib</code>
-or <code>lib64</code> depends on the target.
-Typically <code>lib64</code> is correct for x86_64 systems,
-and <code>lib</code> is correct for other systems. The idea is to
-name the directory where <code>libgo.so</code> is found.
-</p>
-
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<p>
-Passing a <code>-Wl,-R</code> option when you link (replace lib with
-lib64 if appropriate for your system):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-go build -gccgoflags -Wl,-R,${prefix}/lib/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
-[or]
-gccgo -o file file.o -Wl,-R,${prefix}/lib/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<p>
-Use the <code>-static-libgo</code> option to link statically against
-the compiled packages.
-</p>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<p>
-Use the <code>-static</code> option to do a fully static link (the
-default for the <code>gc</code> compiler).
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h2 id="Options">Options</h2>
-
-<p>
-The gccgo compiler supports all GCC options
-that are language independent, notably the <code>-O</code>
-and <code>-g</code> options.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>-fgo-pkgpath=PKGPATH</code> option may be used to set a
-unique prefix for the package being compiled.
-This option is automatically used by the go command, but you may want
-to use it if you invoke gccgo directly.
-This option is intended for use with large
-programs that contain many packages, in order to allow multiple
-packages to use the same identifier as the package name.
-The <code>PKGPATH</code> may be any string; a good choice for the
-string is the path used to import the package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>-I</code> and <code>-L</code> options, which are synonyms
-for the compiler, may be used to set the search path for finding
-imports.
-These options are not needed if you build with the go command.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Imports">Imports</h2>
-
-<p>
-When you compile a file that exports something, the export
-information will be stored directly in the object file.
-If you build with gccgo directly, rather than with the go command,
-then when you import a package, you must tell gccgo how to find the
-file.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When you import the package <var>FILE</var> with gccgo,
-it will look for the import data in the following files, and use the
-first one that it finds.
-
-<ul>
-<li><code><var>FILE</var>.gox</code>
-<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.so</code>
-<li><code>lib<var>FILE</var>.a</code>
-<li><code><var>FILE</var>.o</code>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-<code><var>FILE</var>.gox</code>, when used, will typically contain
-nothing but export data. This can be generated from
-<code><var>FILE</var>.o</code> via
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-objcopy -j .go_export FILE.o FILE.gox
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The gccgo compiler will look in the current
-directory for import files. In more complex scenarios you
-may pass the <code>-I</code> or <code>-L</code> option to
-gccgo. Both options take directories to search. The
-<code>-L</code> option is also passed to the linker.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The gccgo compiler does not currently (2015-06-15) record
-the file name of imported packages in the object file. You must
-arrange for the imported data to be linked into the program.
-Again, this is not necessary when building with the go command.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-gccgo -c mypackage.go # Exports mypackage
-gccgo -c main.go # Imports mypackage
-gccgo -o main main.o mypackage.o # Explicitly links with mypackage.o
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Debugging">Debugging</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you use the <code>-g</code> option when you compile, you can run
-<code>gdb</code> on your executable. The debugger has only limited
-knowledge about Go. You can set breakpoints, single-step,
-etc. You can print variables, but they will be printed as though they
-had C/C++ types. For numeric types this doesn't matter. Go strings
-and interfaces will show up as two-element structures. Go
-maps and channels are always represented as C pointers to run-time
-structures.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="C_Interoperability">C Interoperability</h2>
-
-<p>
-When using gccgo there is limited interoperability with C,
-or with C++ code compiled using <code>extern "C"</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Types">Types</h3>
-
-<p>
-Basic types map directly: an <code>int32</code> in Go is
-an <code>int32_t</code> in C, an <code>int64</code> is
-an <code>int64_t</code>, etc.
-The Go type <code>int</code> is an integer that is the same size as a
-pointer, and as such corresponds to the C type <code>intptr_t</code>.
-Go <code>byte</code> is equivalent to C <code>unsigned char</code>.
-Pointers in Go are pointers in C.
-A Go <code>struct</code> is the same as C <code>struct</code> with the
-same fields and types.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Go <code>string</code> type is currently defined as a two-element
-structure (this is <b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-struct __go_string {
- const unsigned char *__data;
- intptr_t __length;
-};
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-You can't pass arrays between C and Go. However, a pointer to an
-array in Go is equivalent to a C pointer to the
-equivalent of the element type.
-For example, Go <code>*[10]int</code> is equivalent to C <code>int*</code>,
-assuming that the C pointer does point to 10 elements.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A slice in Go is a structure. The current definition is
-(this is <b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-struct __go_slice {
- void *__values;
- intptr_t __count;
- intptr_t __capacity;
-};
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The type of a Go function is a pointer to a struct (this is
-<b style="color: red;">subject to change</b>). The first field in the
-struct points to the code of the function, which will be equivalent to
-a pointer to a C function whose parameter types are equivalent, with
-an additional trailing parameter. The trailing parameter is the
-closure, and the argument to pass is a pointer to the Go function
-struct.
-
-When a Go function returns more than one value, the C function returns
-a struct. For example, these functions are roughly equivalent:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func GoFunction(int) (int, float64)
-struct { int i; float64 f; } CFunction(int, void*)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Go <code>interface</code>, <code>channel</code>, and <code>map</code>
-types have no corresponding C type (<code>interface</code> is a
-two-element struct and <code>channel</code> and <code>map</code> are
-pointers to structs in C, but the structs are deliberately undocumented). C
-<code>enum</code> types correspond to some integer type, but precisely
-which one is difficult to predict in general; use a cast. C <code>union</code>
-types have no corresponding Go type. C <code>struct</code> types containing
-bitfields have no corresponding Go type. C++ <code>class</code> types have
-no corresponding Go type.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Memory allocation is completely different between C and Go, as Go uses
-garbage collection. The exact guidelines in this area are undetermined,
-but it is likely that it will be permitted to pass a pointer to allocated
-memory from C to Go. The responsibility of eventually freeing the pointer
-will remain with C side, and of course if the C side frees the pointer
-while the Go side still has a copy the program will fail. When passing a
-pointer from Go to C, the Go function must retain a visible copy of it in
-some Go variable. Otherwise the Go garbage collector may delete the
-pointer while the C function is still using it.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Function_names">Function names</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go code can call C functions directly using a Go extension implemented
-in gccgo: a function declaration may be preceded by
-<code>//extern NAME</code>. For example, here is how the C function
-<code>open</code> can be declared in Go:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-//extern open
-func c_open(name *byte, mode int, perm int) int
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The C function naturally expects a NUL-terminated string, which in
-Go is equivalent to a pointer to an array (not a slice!) of
-<code>byte</code> with a terminating zero byte. So a sample call
-from Go would look like (after importing the <code>syscall</code> package):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var name = [4]byte{'f', 'o', 'o', 0};
-i := c_open(&name[0], syscall.O_RDONLY, 0);
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(this serves as an example only, to open a file in Go please use Go's
-<code>os.Open</code> function instead).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that if the C function can block, such as in a call
-to <code>read</code>, calling the C function may block the Go program.
-Unless you have a clear understanding of what you are doing, all calls
-between C and Go should be implemented through cgo or SWIG, as for
-the <code>gc</code> compiler.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The name of Go functions accessed from C is subject to change. At present
-the name of a Go function that does not have a receiver is
-<code>prefix.package.Functionname</code>. The prefix is set by
-the <code>-fgo-prefix</code> option used when the package is compiled;
-if the option is not used, the default is <code>go</code>.
-To call the function from C you must set the name using
-a GCC extension.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-extern int go_function(int) __asm__ ("myprefix.mypackage.Function");
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Automatic_generation_of_Go_declarations_from_C_source_code">
-Automatic generation of Go declarations from C source code</h3>
-
-<p>
-The Go version of GCC supports automatically generating
-Go declarations from C code. The facility is rather awkward, and most
-users should use the <a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo</a> program with
-the <code>-gccgo</code> option instead.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Compile your C code as usual, and add the option
-<code>-fdump-go-spec=<var>FILENAME</var></code>. This will create the
-file <code><var>FILENAME</var></code> as a side effect of the
-compilation. This file will contain Go declarations for the types,
-variables and functions declared in the C code. C types that can not
-be represented in Go will be recorded as comments in the Go code. The
-generated file will not have a <code>package</code> declaration, but
-can otherwise be compiled directly by gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This procedure is full of unstated caveats and restrictions and we make no
-guarantee that it will not change in the future. It is more useful as a
-starting point for real Go code than as a regular procedure.
-</p>
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-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.1 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.1",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.1</h2>
-
-<p>
-The release of <a href="/doc/go1.html">Go version 1</a> (Go 1 or Go 1.0 for short)
-in March of 2012 introduced a new period
-of stability in the Go language and libraries.
-That stability has helped nourish a growing community of Go users
-and systems around the world.
-Several "point" releases since
-then—1.0.1, 1.0.2, and 1.0.3—have been issued.
-These point releases fixed known bugs but made
-no non-critical changes to the implementation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This new release, Go 1.1, keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
-of compatibility</a> but adds a couple of significant
-(backwards-compatible, of course) language changes, has a long list
-of (again, compatible) library changes, and
-includes major work on the implementation of the compilers,
-libraries, and run-time.
-The focus is on performance.
-Benchmarking is an inexact science at best, but we see significant,
-sometimes dramatic speedups for many of our test programs.
-We trust that many of our users' programs will also see improvements
-just by updating their Go installation and recompiling.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This document summarizes the changes between Go 1 and Go 1.1.
-Very little if any code will need modification to run with Go 1.1,
-although a couple of rare error cases surface with this release
-and need to be addressed if they arise.
-Details appear below; see the discussion of
-<a href="#int">64-bit ints</a> and <a href="#unicode_literals">Unicode literals</a>
-in particular.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/doc/go1compat.html">The Go compatibility document</a> promises
-that programs written to the Go 1 language specification will continue to operate,
-and those promises are maintained.
-In the interest of firming up the specification, though, there are
-details about some error cases that have been clarified.
-There are also some new language features.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="divzero">Integer division by zero</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, integer division by a constant zero produced a run-time panic:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func f(x int) int {
- return x/0
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1.1, an integer division by constant zero is not a legal program, so it is a compile-time error.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="unicode_literals">Surrogates in Unicode literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-The definition of string and rune literals has been refined to exclude surrogate halves from the
-set of valid Unicode code points.
-See the <a href="#unicode">Unicode</a> section for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="method_values">Method values</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.1 now implements
-<a href="/ref/spec#Method_values">method values</a>,
-which are functions that have been bound to a specific receiver value.
-For instance, given a
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
-value <code>w</code>,
-the expression
-<code>w.Write</code>,
-a method value, is a function that will always write to <code>w</code>; it is equivalent to
-a function literal closing over <code>w</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func (p []byte) (n int, err error) {
- return w.Write(p)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Method values are distinct from method expressions, which generate functions
-from methods of a given type; the method expression <code>(*bufio.Writer).Write</code>
-is equivalent to a function with an extra first argument, a receiver of type
-<code>(*bufio.Writer)</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func (w *bufio.Writer, p []byte) (n int, err error) {
- return w.Write(p)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: No existing code is affected; the change is strictly backward-compatible.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="return">Return requirements</h3>
-
-<p>
-Before Go 1.1, a function that returned a value needed an explicit "return"
-or call to <code>panic</code> at
-the end of the function; this was a simple way to make the programmer
-be explicit about the meaning of the function. But there are many cases
-where a final "return" is clearly unnecessary, such as a function with
-only an infinite "for" loop.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1.1, the rule about final "return" statements is more permissive.
-It introduces the concept of a
-<a href="/ref/spec#Terminating_statements"><em>terminating statement</em></a>,
-a statement that is guaranteed to be the last one a function executes.
-Examples include
-"for" loops with no condition and "if-else"
-statements in which each half ends in a "return".
-If the final statement of a function can be shown <em>syntactically</em> to
-be a terminating statement, no final "return" statement is needed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that the rule is purely syntactic: it pays no attention to the values in the
-code and therefore requires no complex analysis.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: The change is backward-compatible, but existing code
-with superfluous "return" statements and calls to <code>panic</code> may
-be simplified manually.
-Such code can be identified by <code>go vet</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-The GCC release schedule does not coincide with the Go release schedule, so some skew is inevitable in
-<code>gccgo</code>'s releases.
-The 4.8.0 version of GCC shipped in March, 2013 and includes a nearly-Go 1.1 version of <code>gccgo</code>.
-Its library is a little behind the release, but the biggest difference is that method values are not implemented.
-Sometime around July 2013, we expect 4.8.2 of GCC to ship with a <code>gccgo</code>
-providing a complete Go 1.1 implementation.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gc_flag">Command-line flag parsing</h3>
-
-<p>
-In the gc toolchain, the compilers and linkers now use the
-same command-line flag parsing rules as the Go flag package, a departure
-from the traditional Unix flag parsing. This may affect scripts that invoke
-the tool directly.
-For example,
-<code>go tool 6c -Fw -Dfoo</code> must now be written
-<code>go tool 6c -F -w -D foo</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="int">Size of int on 64-bit platforms</h3>
-
-<p>
-The language allows the implementation to choose whether the <code>int</code> type and
-<code>uint</code> types are 32 or 64 bits. Previous Go implementations made <code>int</code>
-and <code>uint</code> 32 bits on all systems. Both the gc and gccgo implementations
-now make
-<code>int</code> and <code>uint</code> 64 bits on 64-bit platforms such as AMD64/x86-64.
-Among other things, this enables the allocation of slices with
-more than 2 billion elements on 64-bit platforms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Most programs will be unaffected by this change.
-Because Go does not allow implicit conversions between distinct
-<a href="/ref/spec#Numeric_types">numeric types</a>,
-no programs will stop compiling due to this change.
-However, programs that contain implicit assumptions
-that <code>int</code> is only 32 bits may change behavior.
-For example, this code prints a positive number on 64-bit systems and
-a negative one on 32-bit systems:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x := ^uint32(0) // x is 0xffffffff
-i := int(x) // i is -1 on 32-bit systems, 0xffffffff on 64-bit
-fmt.Println(i)
-</pre>
-
-<p>Portable code intending 32-bit sign extension (yielding <code>-1</code> on all systems)
-would instead say:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-i := int(int32(x))
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="heap">Heap size on 64-bit architectures</h3>
-
-<p>
-On 64-bit architectures, the maximum heap size has been enlarged substantially,
-from a few gigabytes to several tens of gigabytes.
-(The exact details depend on the system and may change.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On 32-bit architectures, the heap size has not changed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This change should have no effect on existing programs beyond allowing them
-to run with larger heaps.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="unicode">Unicode</h3>
-
-<p>
-To make it possible to represent code points greater than 65535 in UTF-16,
-Unicode defines <em>surrogate halves</em>,
-a range of code points to be used only in the assembly of large values, and only in UTF-16.
-The code points in that surrogate range are illegal for any other purpose.
-In Go 1.1, this constraint is honored by the compiler, libraries, and run-time:
-a surrogate half is illegal as a rune value, when encoded as UTF-8, or when
-encoded in isolation as UTF-16.
-When encountered, for example in converting from a rune to UTF-8, it is
-treated as an encoding error and will yield the replacement rune,
-<a href="/pkg/unicode/utf8/#RuneError"><code>utf8.RuneError</code></a>,
-U+FFFD.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This program,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import "fmt"
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Printf("%+q\n", string(0xD800))
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-printed <code>"\ud800"</code> in Go 1.0, but prints <code>"\ufffd"</code> in Go 1.1.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Surrogate-half Unicode values are now illegal in rune and string constants, so constants such as
-<code>'\ud800'</code> and <code>"\ud800"</code> are now rejected by the compilers.
-When written explicitly as UTF-8 encoded bytes,
-such strings can still be created, as in <code>"\xed\xa0\x80"</code>.
-However, when such a string is decoded as a sequence of runes, as in a range loop, it will yield only <code>utf8.RuneError</code>
-values.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Unicode byte order mark U+FEFF, encoded in UTF-8, is now permitted as the first
-character of a Go source file.
-Even though its appearance in the byte-order-free UTF-8 encoding is clearly unnecessary,
-some editors add the mark as a kind of "magic number" identifying a UTF-8 encoded file.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Most programs will be unaffected by the surrogate change.
-Programs that depend on the old behavior should be modified to avoid the issue.
-The byte-order-mark change is strictly backward-compatible.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="race">Race detector</h3>
-
-<p>
-A major addition to the tools is a <em>race detector</em>, a way to
-find bugs in programs caused by concurrent access of the same
-variable, where at least one of the accesses is a write.
-This new facility is built into the <code>go</code> tool.
-For now, it is only available on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows systems with
-64-bit x86 processors.
-To enable it, set the <code>-race</code> flag when building or testing your program
-(for instance, <code>go test -race</code>).
-The race detector is documented in <a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">a separate article</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gc_asm">The gc assemblers</h3>
-
-<p>
-Due to the change of the <a href="#int"><code>int</code></a> to 64 bits and
-a new internal <a href="//golang.org/s/go11func">representation of functions</a>,
-the arrangement of function arguments on the stack has changed in the gc toolchain.
-Functions written in assembly will need to be revised at least
-to adjust frame pointer offsets.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-The <code>go vet</code> command now checks that functions implemented in assembly
-match the Go function prototypes they implement.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command has acquired several
-changes intended to improve the experience for new Go users.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, when compiling, testing, or running Go code, the <code>go</code> command will now give more detailed error messages,
-including a list of paths searched, when a package cannot be located.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go build foo/quxx
-can't load package: package foo/quxx: cannot find package "foo/quxx" in any of:
- /home/you/go/src/pkg/foo/quxx (from $GOROOT)
- /home/you/src/foo/quxx (from $GOPATH)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Second, the <code>go get</code> command no longer allows <code>$GOROOT</code>
-as the default destination when downloading package source.
-To use the <code>go get</code>
-command, a <a href="/doc/code.html#GOPATH">valid <code>$GOPATH</code></a> is now required.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ GOPATH= go get code.google.com/p/foo/quxx
-package code.google.com/p/foo/quxx: cannot download, $GOPATH not set. For more details see: go help gopath
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Finally, as a result of the previous change, the <code>go get</code> command will also fail
-when <code>$GOPATH</code> and <code>$GOROOT</code> are set to the same value.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ GOPATH=$GOROOT go get code.google.com/p/foo/quxx
-warning: GOPATH set to GOROOT (/home/you/go) has no effect
-package code.google.com/p/foo/quxx: cannot download, $GOPATH must not be set to $GOROOT. For more details see: go help gopath
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="gotest">Changes to the go test command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go test</code></a>
-command no longer deletes the binary when run with profiling enabled,
-to make it easier to analyze the profile.
-The implementation sets the <code>-c</code> flag automatically, so after running,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go test -cpuprofile cpuprof.out mypackage
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the file <code>mypackage.test</code> will be left in the directory where <code>go test</code> was run.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go test</code></a>
-command can now generate profiling information
-that reports where goroutines are blocked, that is,
-where they tend to stall waiting for an event such as a channel communication.
-The information is presented as a
-<em>blocking profile</em>
-enabled with the
-<code>-blockprofile</code>
-option of
-<code>go test</code>.
-Run <code>go help test</code> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gofix">Changes to the go fix command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/fix/"><code>fix</code></a> command, usually run as
-<code>go fix</code>, no longer applies fixes to update code from
-before Go 1 to use Go 1 APIs.
-To update pre-Go 1 code to Go 1.1, use a Go 1.0 toolchain
-to convert the code to Go 1.0 first.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="tags">Build constraints</h3>
-
-<p>
-The "<code>go1.1</code>" tag has been added to the list of default
-<a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">build constraints</a>.
-This permits packages to take advantage of the new features in Go 1.1 while
-remaining compatible with earlier versions of Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To build a file only with Go 1.1 and above, add this build constraint:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// +build go1.1
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To build a file only with Go 1.0.x, use the converse constraint:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// +build !go1.1
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="platforms">Additional platforms</h3>
-
-<p>
-The Go 1.1 toolchain adds experimental support for <code>freebsd/arm</code>,
-<code>netbsd/386</code>, <code>netbsd/amd64</code>, <code>netbsd/arm</code>,
-<code>openbsd/386</code> and <code>openbsd/amd64</code> platforms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An ARMv6 or later processor is required for <code>freebsd/arm</code> or
-<code>netbsd/arm</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.1 adds experimental support for <code>cgo</code> on <code>linux/arm</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="crosscompile">Cross compilation</h3>
-
-<p>
-When cross-compiling, the <code>go</code> tool will disable <code>cgo</code>
-support by default.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To explicitly enable <code>cgo</code>, set <code>CGO_ENABLED=1</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-The performance of code compiled with the Go 1.1 gc tool suite should be noticeably
-better for most Go programs.
-Typical improvements relative to Go 1.0 seem to be about 30%-40%, sometimes
-much more, but occasionally less or even non-existent.
-There are too many small performance-driven tweaks through the tools and libraries
-to list them all here, but the following major changes are worth noting:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>The gc compilers generate better code in many cases, most noticeably for
-floating point on the 32-bit Intel architecture.</li>
-<li>The gc compilers do more in-lining, including for some operations
-in the run-time such as <a href="/pkg/builtin/#append"><code>append</code></a>
-and interface conversions.</li>
-<li>There is a new implementation of Go maps with significant reduction in
-memory footprint and CPU time.</li>
-<li>The garbage collector has been made more parallel, which can reduce
-latencies for programs running on multiple CPUs.</li>
-<li>The garbage collector is also more precise, which costs a small amount of
-CPU time but can reduce the size of the heap significantly, especially
-on 32-bit architectures.</li>
-<li>Due to tighter coupling of the run-time and network libraries, fewer
-context switches are required on network operations.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="bufio_scanner">bufio.Scanner</h3>
-
-<p>
-The various routines to scan textual input in the
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a>
-package,
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.ReadBytes"><code>ReadBytes</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.ReadString"><code>ReadString</code></a>
-and particularly
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.ReadLine"><code>ReadLine</code></a>,
-are needlessly complex to use for simple purposes.
-In Go 1.1, a new type,
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a>,
-has been added to make it easier to do simple tasks such as
-read the input as a sequence of lines or space-delimited words.
-It simplifies the problem by terminating the scan on problematic
-input such as pathologically long lines, and having a simple
-default: line-oriented input, with each line stripped of its terminator.
-Here is code to reproduce the input a line at a time:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
-for scanner.Scan() {
- fmt.Println(scanner.Text()) // Println will add back the final '\n'
-}
-if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
- fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "reading standard input:", err)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Scanning behavior can be adjusted through a function to control subdividing the input
-(see the documentation for <a href="/pkg/bufio/#SplitFunc"><code>SplitFunc</code></a>),
-but for tough problems or the need to continue past errors, the older interface
-may still be required.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="net">net</h3>
-
-<p>
-The protocol-specific resolvers in the <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package were formerly
-lax about the network name passed in.
-Although the documentation was clear
-that the only valid networks for
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveTCPAddr"><code>ResolveTCPAddr</code></a>
-are <code>"tcp"</code>,
-<code>"tcp4"</code>, and <code>"tcp6"</code>, the Go 1.0 implementation silently accepted any string.
-The Go 1.1 implementation returns an error if the network is not one of those strings.
-The same is true of the other protocol-specific resolvers <a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveIPAddr"><code>ResolveIPAddr</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveUDPAddr"><code>ResolveUDPAddr</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveUnixAddr"><code>ResolveUnixAddr</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The previous implementation of
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ListenUnixgram"><code>ListenUnixgram</code></a>
-returned a
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn"><code>UDPConn</code></a> as
-a representation of the connection endpoint.
-The Go 1.1 implementation instead returns a
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a>
-to allow reading and writing
-with its
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.ReadFrom"><code>ReadFrom</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.WriteTo"><code>WriteTo</code></a>
-methods.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The data structures
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IPAddr"><code>IPAddr</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#TCPAddr"><code>TCPAddr</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPAddr"><code>UDPAddr</code></a>
-add a new string field called <code>Zone</code>.
-Code using untagged composite literals (e.g. <code>net.TCPAddr{ip, port}</code>)
-instead of tagged literals (<code>net.TCPAddr{IP: ip, Port: port}</code>)
-will break due to the new field.
-The Go 1 compatibility rules allow this change: client code must use tagged literals to avoid such breakages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-To correct breakage caused by the new struct field,
-<code>go fix</code> will rewrite code to add tags for these types.
-More generally, <code>go vet</code> will identify composite literals that
-should be revised to use field tags.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="reflect">reflect</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package has several significant additions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is now possible to run a "select" statement using
-the <code>reflect</code> package; see the description of
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Select"><code>Select</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#SelectCase"><code>SelectCase</code></a>
-for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new method
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.Convert"><code>Value.Convert</code></a>
-(or
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Type.ConvertibleTo</code></a>)
-provides functionality to execute a Go conversion or type assertion operation
-on a
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
-(or test for its possibility).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new function
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#MakeFunc"><code>MakeFunc</code></a>
-creates a wrapper function to make it easier to call a function with existing
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Values</code></a>,
-doing the standard Go conversions among the arguments, for instance
-to pass an actual <code>int</code> to a formal <code>interface{}</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the new functions
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#ChanOf"><code>ChanOf</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#MapOf"><code>MapOf</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#SliceOf"><code>SliceOf</code></a>
-construct new
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Types</code></a>
-from existing types, for example to construct the type <code>[]T</code> given
-only <code>T</code>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="time">time</h3>
-<p>
-On FreeBSD, Linux, NetBSD, OS X and OpenBSD, previous versions of the
-<a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package
-returned times with microsecond precision.
-The Go 1.1 implementation on these
-systems now returns times with nanosecond precision.
-Programs that write to an external format with microsecond precision
-and read it back, expecting to recover the original value, will be affected
-by the loss of precision.
-There are two new methods of <a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>Time</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Round"><code>Round</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Truncate"><code>Truncate</code></a>,
-that can be used to remove precision from a time before passing it to
-external storage.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new method
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.YearDay"><code>YearDay</code></a>
-returns the one-indexed integral day number of the year specified by the time value.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Timer"><code>Timer</code></a>
-type has a new method
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Timer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
-that modifies the timer to expire after a specified duration.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the new function
-<a href="/pkg/time/#ParseInLocation"><code>ParseInLocation</code></a>
-is like the existing
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a>
-but parses the time in the context of a location (time zone), ignoring
-time zone information in the parsed string.
-This function addresses a common source of confusion in the time API.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that needs to read and write times using an external format with
-lower precision should be modified to use the new methods.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="exp_old">Exp and old subtrees moved to go.exp and go.text subrepositories</h3>
-
-<p>
-To make it easier for binary distributions to access them if desired, the <code>exp</code>
-and <code>old</code> source subtrees, which are not included in binary distributions,
-have been moved to the new <code>go.exp</code> subrepository at
-<code>code.google.com/p/go.exp</code>. To access the <code>ssa</code> package,
-for example, run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get code.google.com/p/go.exp/ssa
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and then in Go source,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import "code.google.com/p/go.exp/ssa"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The old package <code>exp/norm</code> has also been moved, but to a new repository
-<code>go.text</code>, where the Unicode APIs and other text-related packages will
-be developed.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-There are three new packages.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/go/format/"><code>go/format</code></a> package provides
-a convenient way for a program to access the formatting capabilities of the
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_gofmt_on_package_sources"><code>go fmt</code></a> command.
-It has two functions,
-<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Node"><code>Node</code></a> to format a Go parser
-<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Node"><code>Node</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Source"><code>Source</code></a>
-to reformat arbitrary Go source code into the standard format as provided by the
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_gofmt_on_package_sources"><code>go fmt</code></a> command.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/cookiejar/"><code>net/http/cookiejar</code></a> package provides the basics for managing HTTP cookies.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/race/"><code>runtime/race</code></a> package provides low-level facilities for data race detection.
-It is internal to the race detector and does not otherwise export any user-visible functionality.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
-See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package has two new functions,
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#TrimPrefix"><code>TrimPrefix</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#TrimSuffix"><code>TrimSuffix</code></a>,
-with self-evident properties.
-Also, the <a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a> type
-has a new method
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer.Grow"><code>Grow</code></a> that
-provides some control over memory allocation inside the buffer.
-Finally, the
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type now has a
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader.WriteTo"><code>WriteTo</code></a> method
-so it implements the
-<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>io.WriterTo</code></a> interface.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package has
-a new <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a>
-method for its
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
-type that flushes its underlying <code>flate.Writer</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/hmac/"><code>crypto/hmac</code></a> package has a new function,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/hmac/#Equal"><code>Equal</code></a>, to compare two MACs.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package
-now supports PEM blocks (see
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#DecryptPEMBlock"><code>DecryptPEMBlock</code></a> for instance),
-and a new function
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#ParseECPrivateKey"><code>ParseECPrivateKey</code></a> to parse elliptic curve private keys.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package
-has a new
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.Ping"><code>Ping</code></a>
-method for its
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>DB</code></a>
-type that tests the health of the connection.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/"><code>database/sql/driver</code></a> package
-has a new
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Queryer"><code>Queryer</code></a>
-interface that a
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a>
-may implement to improve performance.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a>
-has a new method
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder.Buffered"><code>Buffered</code></a>
-to provide access to the remaining data in its buffer,
-as well as a new method
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder.UseNumber"><code>UseNumber</code></a>
-to unmarshal a value into the new type
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Number"><code>Number</code></a>,
-a string, rather than a float64.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package
-has a new function,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#EscapeText"><code>EscapeText</code></a>,
-which writes escaped XML output,
-and a method on
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.Indent"><code>Indent</code></a>,
-to specify indented output.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/go/ast/"><code>go/ast</code></a> package, a
-new type <a href="/pkg/go/ast/#CommentMap"><code>CommentMap</code></a>
-and associated methods makes it easier to extract and process comments in Go programs.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/go/doc/"><code>go/doc</code></a> package,
-the parser now keeps better track of stylized annotations such as <code>TODO(joe)</code>
-throughout the code,
-information that the <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a>
-command can filter or present according to the value of the <code>-notes</code> flag.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The undocumented and only partially implemented "noescape" feature of the
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>
-package has been removed; programs that depend on it will break.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/jpeg/"><code>image/jpeg</code></a> package now
-reads progressive JPEG files and handles a few more subsampling configurations.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/io/"><code>io</code></a> package now exports the
-<a href="/pkg/io/#ByteWriter"><code>io.ByteWriter</code></a> interface to capture the common
-functionality of writing a byte at a time.
-It also exports a new error, <a href="/pkg/io/#ErrNoProgress"><code>ErrNoProgress</code></a>,
-used to indicate a <code>Read</code> implementation is looping without delivering data.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/log/syslog/"><code>log/syslog</code></a> package now provides better support
-for OS-specific logging features.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> type
-now has methods
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.MarshalJSON"><code>MarshalJSON</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.UnmarshalJSON"><code>UnmarshalJSON</code></a>
-to convert to and from a JSON representation.
-Also,
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a>
-can now convert directly to and from a <code>uint64</code> using
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.Uint64"><code>Uint64</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.SetUint64"><code>SetUint64</code></a>,
-while
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat"><code>Rat</code></a>
-can do the same with <code>float64</code> using
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat.Float64"><code>Float64</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat.SetFloat64"><code>SetFloat64</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/"><code>mime/multipart</code></a> package
-has a new method for its
-<a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Writer.SetBoundary"><code>SetBoundary</code></a>,
-to define the boundary separator used to package the output.
-The <a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> also now
-transparently decodes any <code>quoted-printable</code> parts and removes
-the <code>Content-Transfer-Encoding</code> header when doing so.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ListenUnixgram"><code>ListenUnixgram</code></a>
-function has changed return types: it now returns a
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a>
-rather than a
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn"><code>UDPConn</code></a>, which was
-clearly a mistake in Go 1.0.
-Since this API change fixes a bug, it is permitted by the Go 1 compatibility rules.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package includes a new type,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a>, to supply options to
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.Dial"><code>Dial</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds support for
-link-local IPv6 addresses with zone qualifiers, such as <code>fe80::1%lo0</code>.
-The address structures <a href="/pkg/net/#IPAddr"><code>IPAddr</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPAddr"><code>UDPAddr</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#TCPAddr"><code>TCPAddr</code></a>
-record the zone in a new field, and functions that expect string forms of these addresses, such as
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Dial"><code>Dial</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveIPAddr"><code>ResolveIPAddr</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveUDPAddr"><code>ResolveUDPAddr</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveTCPAddr"><code>ResolveTCPAddr</code></a>,
-now accept the zone-qualified form.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds
-<a href="/pkg/net/#LookupNS"><code>LookupNS</code></a> to its suite of resolving functions.
-<code>LookupNS</code> returns the <a href="/pkg/net/#NS">NS records</a> for a host name.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds protocol-specific
-packet reading and writing methods to
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn"><code>IPConn</code></a>
-(<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.ReadMsgIP"><code>ReadMsgIP</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.WriteMsgIP"><code>WriteMsgIP</code></a>) and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn"><code>UDPConn</code></a>
-(<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.ReadMsgUDP"><code>ReadMsgUDP</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.WriteMsgUDP"><code>WriteMsgUDP</code></a>).
-These are specialized versions of <a href="/pkg/net/#PacketConn"><code>PacketConn</code></a>'s
-<code>ReadFrom</code> and <code>WriteTo</code> methods that provide access to out-of-band data associated
-with the packets.
- </li>
-
- <li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds methods to
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a> to allow closing half of the connection
-(<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.CloseRead"><code>CloseRead</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.CloseWrite"><code>CloseWrite</code></a>),
-matching the existing methods of <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn"><code>TCPConn</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package includes several new additions.
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ParseTime"><code>ParseTime</code></a> parses a time string, trying
-several common HTTP time formats.
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.PostFormValue"><code>PostFormValue</code></a> method of
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request</code></a> is like
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.FormValue"><code>FormValue</code></a> but ignores URL parameters.
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#CloseNotifier"><code>CloseNotifier</code></a> interface provides a mechanism
-for a server handler to discover when a client has disconnected.
-The <code>ServeMux</code> type now has a
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ServeMux.Handler"><code>Handler</code></a> method to access a path's
-<code>Handler</code> without executing it.
-The <code>Transport</code> can now cancel an in-flight request with
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.CancelRequest"><code>CancelRequest</code></a>.
-Finally, the Transport is now more aggressive at closing TCP connections when
-a <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>Response.Body</code></a> is closed before
-being fully consumed.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/mail/"><code>net/mail</code></a> package has two new functions,
-<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddress"><code>ParseAddress</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddressList"><code>ParseAddressList</code></a>,
-to parse RFC 5322-formatted mail addresses into
-<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#Address"><code>Address</code></a> structures.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/"><code>net/smtp</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client"><code>Client</code></a> type has a new method,
-<a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client.Hello"><code>Hello</code></a>,
-which transmits a <code>HELO</code> or <code>EHLO</code> message to the server.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/textproto/"><code>net/textproto</code></a> package
-has two new functions,
-<a href="/pkg/net/textproto/#TrimBytes"><code>TrimBytes</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/textproto/#TrimString"><code>TrimString</code></a>,
-which do ASCII-only trimming of leading and trailing spaces.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The new method <a href="/pkg/os/#FileMode.IsRegular"><code>os.FileMode.IsRegular</code></a> makes it easy to ask if a file is a plain file.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/signal/"><code>os/signal</code></a> package has a new function,
-<a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Stop"><code>Stop</code></a>, which stops the package delivering
-any further signals to the channel.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a> package
-now supports Unix-original leftmost-longest matches through the
-<a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Longest"><code>Regexp.Longest</code></a>
-method, while
-<a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Split"><code>Regexp.Split</code></a> slices
-strings into pieces based on separators defined by the regular expression.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package
-has three new functions regarding memory usage.
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#FreeOSMemory"><code>FreeOSMemory</code></a>
-function triggers a run of the garbage collector and then attempts to return unused
-memory to the operating system;
-the <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#ReadGCStats"><code>ReadGCStats</code></a>
-function retrieves statistics about the collector; and
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetGCPercent"><code>SetGCPercent</code></a>
-provides a programmatic way to control how often the collector runs,
-including disabling it altogether.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a> package has a new function,
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Reverse"><code>Reverse</code></a>.
-Wrapping the argument of a call to
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Sort"><code>sort.Sort</code></a>
-with a call to <code>Reverse</code> causes the sort order to be reversed.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> package has two new functions,
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#TrimPrefix"><code>TrimPrefix</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#TrimSuffix"><code>TrimSuffix</code></a>
-with self-evident properties, and the new method
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader.WriteTo"><code>Reader.WriteTo</code></a> so the
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>
-type now implements the
-<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>io.WriterTo</code></a> interface.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Fchflags"><code>Fchflags</code></a> function on various BSDs
-(including Darwin) has changed signature.
-It now takes an int as the first parameter instead of a string.
-Since this API change fixes a bug, it is permitted by the Go 1 compatibility rules.
-</li>
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package also has received many updates
-to make it more inclusive of constants and system calls for each supported operating system.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package now automates the generation of allocation
-statistics in tests and benchmarks using the new
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a> function. And the
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#B.ReportAllocs"><code>ReportAllocs</code></a>
-method on <a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>testing.B</code></a> will enable printing of
-memory allocation statistics for the calling benchmark. It also introduces the
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#BenchmarkResult.AllocsPerOp"><code>AllocsPerOp</code></a> method of
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#BenchmarkResult"><code>BenchmarkResult</code></a>.
-There is also a new
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#Verbose"><code>Verbose</code></a> function to test the state of the <code>-v</code>
-command-line flag,
-and a new
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#B.Skip"><code>Skip</code></a> method of
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>testing.B</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#T"><code>testing.T</code></a>
-to simplify skipping an inappropriate test.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a> packages,
-templates can now use parentheses to group the elements of pipelines, simplifying the construction of complex pipelines.
-Also, as part of the new parser, the
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/parse/#Node"><code>Node</code></a> interface got two new methods to provide
-better error reporting.
-Although this violates the Go 1 compatibility rules,
-no existing code should be affected because this interface is explicitly intended only to be used
-by the
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>
-packages and there are safeguards to guarantee that.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The implementation of the <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package has been updated to Unicode version 6.2.0.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/unicode/utf8/"><code>unicode/utf8</code></a> package,
-the new function <a href="/pkg/unicode/utf8/#ValidRune"><code>ValidRune</code></a> reports whether the rune is a valid Unicode code point.
-To be valid, a rune must be in range and not be a surrogate half.
-</li>
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.10.html b/content/doc/go1.10.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 2974fef..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.10.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1448 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.10 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.10",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<style>
-ul li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.10</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest Go release, version 1.10, arrives six months after <a href="go1.9">Go 1.9</a>.
-Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries.
-As always, the release maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise of compatibility</a>.
-We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This release improves <a href="#build">caching of built packages</a>,
-adds <a href="#test">caching of successful test results</a>,
-runs <a href="#test-vet">vet automatically during tests</a>,
-and
-permits <a href="#cgo">passing string values directly between Go and C using cgo</a>.
-A new <a href="#cgo">compiler option whitelist</a> may cause
-unexpected <a href="https://golang.org/s/invalidflag"><code>invalid
-flag</code></a> errors in code that built successfully with older
-releases.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are no significant changes to the language specification.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 60230 -->
-A corner case involving shifts of untyped constants has been clarified,
-and as a result the compilers have been updated to allow the index expression
-<code>x[1.0</code> <code><<</code> <code>s]</code> where <code>s</code> is an unsigned integer;
-the <a href="/pkg/go/types/">go/types</a> package already did.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 73233 -->
-The grammar for method expressions has been updated to relax the
-syntax to allow any type expression as a receiver;
-this matches what the compilers were already implementing.
-For example, <code>struct{io.Reader}.Read</code> is a valid, if unusual,
-method expression that the compilers already accepted and is
-now permitted by the language grammar.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are no new supported operating systems or processor architectures in this release.
-Most of the work has focused on strengthening the support for existing ports,
-in particular <a href="#asm">new instructions in the assembler</a>
-and improvements to the code generated by the compilers.
-</p>
-
-<p id="freebsd">
-As <a href="go1.9#freebsd">announced in the Go 1.9 release notes</a>,
-Go 1.10 now requires FreeBSD 10.3 or later;
-support for FreeBSD 9.3 has been removed.
-</p>
-
-<p id="netbsd">
-Go now runs on NetBSD again but requires the unreleased NetBSD 8.
-Only <code>GOARCH</code> <code>amd64</code> and <code>386</code> have
-been fixed. The <code>arm</code> port is still broken.
-</p>
-
-<p id="mips">
-On 32-bit MIPS systems, the new environment variable settings
-<code>GOMIPS=hardfloat</code> (the default) and
-<code>GOMIPS=softfloat</code> select whether to use
-hardware instructions or software emulation for floating-point computations.
-</p>
-
-<p id="openbsd">
-Go 1.10 is the last release that will run on OpenBSD 6.0.
-Go 1.11 will require OpenBSD 6.2.
-</p>
-
-<p id="darwin">
-Go 1.10 is the last release that will run on OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion or OS X 10.9 Mavericks.
-Go 1.11 will require OS X 10.10 Yosemite or later.
-</p>
-
-<p id="windows">
-Go 1.10 is the last release that will run on Windows XP or Windows Vista.
-Go 1.11 will require Windows 7 or later.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="goroot">Default GOROOT & GOTMPDIR</h3>
-
-<p>
-If the environment variable <code>$GOROOT</code> is unset,
-the go tool previously used the default <code>GOROOT</code>
-set during toolchain compilation.
-Now, before falling back to that default, the go tool attempts to
-deduce <code>GOROOT</code> from its own executable path.
-This allows binary distributions to be unpacked anywhere in the
-file system and then be used without setting <code>GOROOT</code>
-explicitly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-By default, the go tool creates its temporary files and directories
-in the system temporary directory (for example, <code>$TMPDIR</code> on Unix).
-If the new environment variable <code>$GOTMPDIR</code> is set,
-the go tool will creates its temporary files and directories in that directory instead.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="build">Build & Install</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>build</code> command now detects out-of-date packages
-purely based on the content of source files, specified build flags, and metadata stored in the compiled packages.
-Modification times are no longer consulted or relevant.
-The old advice to add <code>-a</code> to force a rebuild in cases where
-the modification times were misleading for one reason or another
-(for example, changes in build flags) is no longer necessary:
-builds now always detect when packages must be rebuilt.
-(If you observe otherwise, please file a bug.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>build</code> <code>-asmflags</code>, <code>-gcflags</code>, <code>-gccgoflags</code>, and <code>-ldflags</code> options
-now apply by default only to the packages listed directly on the command line.
-For example, <code>go</code> <code>build</code> <code>-gcflags=-m</code> <code>mypkg</code>
-passes the compiler the <code>-m</code> flag when building <code>mypkg</code>
-but not its dependencies.
-The new, more general form <code>-asmflags=pattern=flags</code> (and similarly for the others)
-applies the <code>flags</code> only to the packages matching the pattern.
-For example: <code>go</code> <code>install</code> <code>-ldflags=cmd/gofmt=-X=main.version=1.2.3</code> <code>cmd/...</code>
-installs all the commands matching <code>cmd/...</code> but only applies the <code>-X</code> option
-to the linker flags for <code>cmd/gofmt</code>.
-For more details, see <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Compile_packages_and_dependencies"><code>go</code> <code>help</code> <code>build</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>build</code> command now maintains a cache of
-recently built packages, separate from the installed packages in <code>$GOROOT/pkg</code> or <code>$GOPATH/pkg</code>.
-The effect of the cache should be to speed builds that do not explicitly install packages
-or when switching between different copies of source code (for example, when changing
-back and forth between different branches in a version control system).
-The old advice to add the <code>-i</code> flag for speed, as in <code>go</code> <code>build</code> <code>-i</code>
-or <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-i</code>,
-is no longer necessary: builds run just as fast without <code>-i</code>.
-For more details, see <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Build_and_test_caching"><code>go</code> <code>help</code> <code>cache</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>install</code> command now installs only the
-packages and commands listed directly on the command line.
-For example, <code>go</code> <code>install</code> <code>cmd/gofmt</code>
-installs the gofmt program but not any of the packages on which it depends.
-The new build cache makes future commands still run as quickly as if the
-dependencies had been installed.
-To force the installation of dependencies, use the new
-<code>go</code> <code>install</code> <code>-i</code> flag.
-Installing dependency packages should not be necessary in general,
-and the very concept of installed packages may disappear in a future release.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Many details of the <code>go</code> <code>build</code> implementation have changed to support these improvements.
-One new requirement implied by these changes is that
-binary-only packages must now declare accurate import blocks in their
-stub source code, so that those imports can be made available when
-linking a program using the binary-only package.
-For more details, see <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-File_types"><code>go</code> <code>help</code> <code>filetype</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="test">Test</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>test</code> command now caches test results:
-if the test executable and command line match a previous run
-and the files and environment variables consulted by that run
-have not changed either, <code>go</code> <code>test</code> will print
-the previous test output, replacing the elapsed time with the string “(cached).”
-Test caching applies only to successful test results;
-only to <code>go</code> <code>test</code>
-commands with an explicit list of packages; and
-only to command lines using a subset of the
-<code>-cpu</code>, <code>-list</code>, <code>-parallel</code>,
-<code>-run</code>, <code>-short</code>, and <code>-v</code> test flags.
-The idiomatic way to bypass test caching is to use <code>-count=1</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p id="test-vet">
-The <code>go</code> <code>test</code> command now automatically runs
-<code>go</code> <code>vet</code> on the package being tested,
-to identify significant problems before running the test.
-Any such problems are treated like build errors and prevent execution of the test.
-Only a high-confidence subset of the available <code>go</code> <code>vet</code>
-checks are enabled for this automatic check.
-To disable the running of <code>go</code> <code>vet</code>, use
-<code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-vet=off</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-coverpkg</code> flag now
-interprets its argument as a comma-separated list of patterns to match against
-the dependencies of each test, not as a list of packages to load anew.
-For example, <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-coverpkg=all</code>
-is now a meaningful way to run a test with coverage enabled for the test package
-and all its dependencies.
-Also, the <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-coverprofile</code> option is now
-supported when running multiple tests.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In case of failure due to timeout, tests are now more likely to write their profiles before exiting.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>test</code> command now always
-merges the standard output and standard error from a given test binary execution
-and writes both to <code>go</code> <code>test</code>'s standard output.
-In past releases, <code>go</code> <code>test</code> only applied this
-merging most of the time.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-v</code> output
-now includes <code>PAUSE</code> and <code>CONT</code> status update
-lines to mark when <a href="/pkg/testing/#T.Parallel">parallel tests</a> pause and continue.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-failfast</code> flag
-disables running additional tests after any test fails.
-Note that tests running in parallel with the failing test are allowed to complete.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the new <code>go</code> <code>test</code> <code>-json</code> flag
-filters test output through the new command
-<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>test2json</code>
-to produce a machine-readable JSON-formatted description of test execution.
-This allows the creation of rich presentations of test execution
-in IDEs and other tools.
-</p>
-
-
-<p>
-For more details about all these changes,
-see <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>help</code> <code>test</code></a>
-and the <a href="/cmd/test2json/">test2json documentation</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cgo">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-Options specified by cgo using <code>#cgo CFLAGS</code> and the like
-are now checked against a whitelist of permitted options.
-This closes a security hole in which a downloaded package uses
-compiler options like
-<span style="white-space: nowrap"><code>-fplugin</code></span>
-to run arbitrary code on the machine where it is being built.
-This can cause a build error such as <code>invalid flag in #cgo CFLAGS</code>.
-For more background, and how to handle this error, see
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/invalidflag">https://golang.org/s/invalidflag</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Cgo now implements a C typedef like “<code>typedef</code> <code>X</code> <code>Y</code>” using a Go type alias,
-so that Go code may use the types <code>C.X</code> and <code>C.Y</code> interchangeably.
-It also now supports the use of niladic function-like macros.
-Also, the documentation has been updated to clarify that
-Go structs and Go arrays are not supported in the type signatures of cgo-exported functions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Cgo now supports direct access to Go string values from C.
-Functions in the C preamble may use the type <code>_GoString_</code>
-to accept a Go string as an argument.
-C code may call <code>_GoStringLen</code> and <code>_GoStringPtr</code>
-for direct access to the contents of the string.
-A value of type <code>_GoString_</code>
-may be passed in a call to an exported Go function that takes an argument of Go type <code>string</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-During toolchain bootstrap, the environment variables <code>CC</code> and <code>CC_FOR_TARGET</code> specify
-the default C compiler that the resulting toolchain will use for host and target builds, respectively.
-However, if the toolchain will be used with multiple targets, it may be necessary to specify a different C compiler for each
-(for example, a different compiler for <code>darwin/arm64</code> versus <code>linux/ppc64le</code>).
-The new set of environment variables <code>CC_FOR_<i>goos</i>_<i>goarch</i></code>
-allows specifying a different default C compiler for each target.
-Note that these variables only apply during toolchain bootstrap,
-to set the defaults used by the resulting toolchain.
-Later <code>go</code> <code>build</code> commands use the <code>CC</code> environment
-variable or else the built-in default.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Cgo now translates some C types that would normally map to a pointer
-type in Go, to a <code>uintptr</code> instead. These types include
-the <code>CFTypeRef</code> hierarchy in Darwin's CoreFoundation
-framework and the <code>jobject</code> hierarchy in Java's JNI
-interface.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These types must be <code>uintptr</code> on the Go side because they
-would otherwise confuse the Go garbage collector; they are sometimes
-not really pointers but data structures encoded in a pointer-sized integer.
-Pointers to Go memory must not be stored in these <code>uintptr</code> values.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Because of this change, values of the affected types need to be
-zero-initialized with the constant <code>0</code> instead of the
-constant <code>nil</code>. Go 1.10 provides <code>gofix</code>
-modules to help with that rewrite:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-go tool fix -r cftype <pkg>
-go tool fix -r jni <pkg>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For more details, see the <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo documentation</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="doc">Doc</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>doc</code> tool now adds functions returning slices of <code>T</code> or <code>*T</code>
-to the display of type <code>T</code>, similar to the existing behavior for functions returning single <code>T</code> or <code>*T</code> results.
-For example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go doc mail.Address
-package mail // import "net/mail"
-
-type Address struct {
- Name string
- Address string
-}
- Address represents a single mail address.
-
-func ParseAddress(address string) (*Address, error)
-func ParseAddressList(list string) ([]*Address, error)
-func (a *Address) String() string
-$
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Previously, <code>ParseAddressList</code> was only shown in the package overview (<code>go</code> <code>doc</code> <code>mail</code>).
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="fix">Fix</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool now replaces imports of <code>"golang.org/x/net/context"</code>
-with <code>"context"</code>.
-(Forwarding aliases in the former make it completely equivalent to the latter when using Go 1.9 or later.)
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="get">Get</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>go</code> <code>get</code> command now supports Fossil source code repositories.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="pprof">Pprof</h3>
-
-<p>
-The blocking and mutex profiles produced by the <code>runtime/pprof</code> package
-now include symbol information, so they can be viewed
-in <code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>pprof</code>
-without the binary that produced the profile.
-(All other profile types were changed to include symbol information in Go 1.9.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/pprof/"><code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>pprof</code></a>
-profile visualizer has been updated to git version 9e20b5b (2017-11-08)
-from <a href="https://github.com/google/pprof">github.com/google/pprof</a>,
-which includes an updated web interface.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="vet">Vet</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/vet/"><code>go</code> <code>vet</code></a> command now always has access to
-complete, up-to-date type information when checking packages, even for packages using cgo or vendored imports.
-The reports should be more accurate as a result.
-Note that only <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> has access to this information;
-the more low-level <code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>vet</code> does not
-and should be avoided except when working on <code>vet</code> itself.
-(As of Go 1.9, <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> provides access to all the same flags as
-<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>vet</code>.)
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="diag">Diagnostics</h3>
-
-<p>
-This release includes a new <a href="/doc/diagnostics.html">overview of available Go program diagnostic tools</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gofmt">Gofmt</h3>
-
-<p>
-Two minor details of the default formatting of Go source code have changed.
-First, certain complex three-index slice expressions previously formatted like
-<code>x[i+1</code> <code>:</code> <code>j:k]</code> and now
-format with more consistent spacing: <code>x[i+1</code> <code>:</code> <code>j</code> <code>:</code> <code>k]</code>.
-Second, single-method interface literals written on a single line,
-which are sometimes used in type assertions,
-are no longer split onto multiple lines.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that these kinds of minor updates to gofmt are expected from time to time.
-In general, we recommend against building systems that check that source code
-matches the output of a specific version of gofmt.
-For example, a continuous integration test that fails if any code already checked into
-a repository is not “properly formatted” is inherently fragile and not recommended.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If multiple programs must agree about which version of gofmt is used to format a source file,
-we recommend that they do this by arranging to invoke the same gofmt binary.
-For example, in the Go open source repository, our Git pre-commit hook is written in Go
-and could import <code>go/format</code> directly, but instead it invokes the <code>gofmt</code>
-binary found in the current path, so that the pre-commit hook need not be recompiled
-each time <code>gofmt</code> changes.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler Toolchain</h3>
-
-<p>
-The compiler includes many improvements to the performance of generated code,
-spread fairly evenly across the supported architectures.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The DWARF debug information recorded in binaries has been improved in a few ways:
-constant values are now recorded;
-line number information is more accurate, making source-level stepping through a program work better;
-and each package is now presented as its own DWARF compilation unit.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The various <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1nr-TQHw_er6GOQRsF6T43GGhFDelrAP0NqSS_00RgZQ/edit">build modes</a>
-have been ported to more systems.
-Specifically, <code>c-shared</code> now works on <code>linux/ppc64le</code>, <code>windows/386</code>, and <code>windows/amd64</code>;
-<code>pie</code> now works on <code>darwin/amd64</code> and also forces the use of external linking on all systems;
-and <code>plugin</code> now works on <code>linux/ppc64le</code> and <code>darwin/amd64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>linux/ppc64le</code> port now requires the use of external linking
-with any programs that use cgo, even uses by the standard library.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="asm">Assembler</h3>
-
-<p>
-For the ARM 32-bit port, the assembler now supports the instructions
-<code><small>BFC</small></code>,
-<code><small>BFI</small></code>,
-<code><small>BFX</small></code>,
-<code><small>BFXU</small></code>,
-<code><small>FMULAD</small></code>,
-<code><small>FMULAF</small></code>,
-<code><small>FMULSD</small></code>,
-<code><small>FMULSF</small></code>,
-<code><small>FNMULAD</small></code>,
-<code><small>FNMULAF</small></code>,
-<code><small>FNMULSD</small></code>,
-<code><small>FNMULSF</small></code>,
-<code><small>MULAD</small></code>,
-<code><small>MULAF</small></code>,
-<code><small>MULSD</small></code>,
-<code><small>MULSF</small></code>,
-<code><small>NMULAD</small></code>,
-<code><small>NMULAF</small></code>,
-<code><small>NMULD</small></code>,
-<code><small>NMULF</small></code>,
-<code><small>NMULSD</small></code>,
-<code><small>NMULSF</small></code>,
-<code><small>XTAB</small></code>,
-<code><small>XTABU</small></code>,
-<code><small>XTAH</small></code>,
-and
-<code><small>XTAHU</small></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For the ARM 64-bit port, the assembler now supports the
-<code><small>VADD</small></code>,
-<code><small>VADDP</small></code>,
-<code><small>VADDV</small></code>,
-<code><small>VAND</small></code>,
-<code><small>VCMEQ</small></code>,
-<code><small>VDUP</small></code>,
-<code><small>VEOR</small></code>,
-<code><small>VLD1</small></code>,
-<code><small>VMOV</small></code>,
-<code><small>VMOVI</small></code>,
-<code><small>VMOVS</small></code>,
-<code><small>VORR</small></code>,
-<code><small>VREV32</small></code>,
-and
-<code><small>VST1</small></code>
-instructions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For the PowerPC 64-bit port, the assembler now supports the POWER9 instructions
-<code><small>ADDEX</small></code>,
-<code><small>CMPEQB</small></code>,
-<code><small>COPY</small></code>,
-<code><small>DARN</small></code>,
-<code><small>LDMX</small></code>,
-<code><small>MADDHD</small></code>,
-<code><small>MADDHDU</small></code>,
-<code><small>MADDLD</small></code>,
-<code><small>MFVSRLD</small></code>,
-<code><small>MTVSRDD</small></code>,
-<code><small>MTVSRWS</small></code>,
-<code><small>PASTECC</small></code>,
-<code><small>VCMPNEZB</small></code>,
-<code><small>VCMPNEZBCC</small></code>,
-and
-<code><small>VMSUMUDM</small></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For the S390X port, the assembler now supports the
-<code><small>TMHH</small></code>,
-<code><small>TMHL</small></code>,
-<code><small>TMLH</small></code>,
-and
-<code><small>TMLL</small></code>
-instructions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For the X86 64-bit port, the assembler now supports 359 new instructions,
-including the full AVX, AVX2, BMI, BMI2, F16C, FMA3, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, and SSE4.2 extension sets.
-The assembler also no longer implements <code><small>MOVL</small></code> <code><small>$0,</small></code> <code><small>AX</small></code>
-as an <code><small>XORL</small></code> instruction,
-to avoid clearing the condition flags unexpectedly.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-Due to the alignment of Go's semiannual release schedule with GCC's
-annual release schedule,
-GCC release 7 contains the Go 1.8.3 version of gccgo.
-We expect that the next release, GCC 8, will contain the Go 1.10
-version of gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="runtime">Runtime</h2>
-
-<p>
-The behavior of nested calls to
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#LockOSThread"><code>LockOSThread</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#UnlockOSThread"><code>UnlockOSThread</code></a>
-has changed.
-These functions control whether a goroutine is locked to a specific operating system thread,
-so that the goroutine only runs on that thread, and the thread only runs that goroutine.
-Previously, calling <code>LockOSThread</code> more than once in a row
-was equivalent to calling it once, and a single <code>UnlockOSThread</code>
-always unlocked the thread.
-Now, the calls nest: if <code>LockOSThread</code> is called multiple times,
-<code>UnlockOSThread</code> must be called the same number of times
-in order to unlock the thread.
-Existing code that was careful not to nest these calls will remain correct.
-Existing code that incorrectly assumed the calls nested will become correct.
-Most uses of these functions in public Go source code falls into the second category.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Because one common use of <code>LockOSThread</code> and <code>UnlockOSThread</code>
-is to allow Go code to reliably modify thread-local state (for example, Linux or Plan 9 name spaces),
-the runtime now treats locked threads as unsuitable for reuse or for creating new threads.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Stack traces no longer include implicit wrapper functions (previously marked <code><autogenerated></code>),
-unless a fault or panic happens in the wrapper itself.
-As a result, skip counts passed to functions like <a href="/pkg/runtime/#Caller"><code>Caller</code></a>
-should now always match the structure of the code as written, rather than depending on
-optimization decisions and implementation details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The garbage collector has been modified to reduce its impact on allocation latency.
-It now uses a smaller fraction of the overall CPU when running, but it may run more of the time.
-The total CPU consumed by the garbage collector has not changed significantly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GOROOT"><code>GOROOT</code></a> function
-now defaults (when the <code>$GOROOT</code> environment variable is not set)
-to the <code>GOROOT</code> or <code>GOROOT_FINAL</code> in effect
-at the time the calling program was compiled.
-Previously it used the <code>GOROOT</code> or <code>GOROOT_FINAL</code> in effect
-at the time the toolchain that compiled the calling program was compiled.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is no longer a limit on the <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GOMAXPROCS"><code>GOMAXPROCS</code></a> setting.
-(In Go 1.9 the limit was 1024.)
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise
-statements about performance are difficult to make. Most programs
-should run a bit faster, due to speedups in the garbage collector,
-better generated code, and optimizations in the core library.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="gc">Garbage Collector</h2>
-
-<p>
-Many applications should experience significantly lower allocation latency and overall performance overhead when the garbage collector is active.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>
-
-<p>
-All of the changes to the standard library are minor.
-The changes in <a href="#bytes">bytes</a>
-and <a href="#net/url">net/url</a> are the most likely to require updating of existing programs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library,
-made with the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>
-in mind.
-</p>
-
-<dl id="archive/tar"><dt><a href="/pkg/archive/tar/">archive/tar</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-In general, the handling of special header formats is significantly improved and expanded.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#FileInfoHeader"><code>FileInfoHeader</code></a> has always
-recorded the Unix UID and GID numbers from its <a href="/pkg/os/#FileInfo"><code>os.FileInfo</code></a> argument
-(specifically, from the system-dependent information returned by the <code>FileInfo</code>'s <code>Sys</code> method)
-in the returned <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Header"><code>Header</code></a>.
-Now it also records the user and group names corresponding to those IDs,
-as well as the major and minor device numbers for device files.
-</p>
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Header"><code>Header.Format</code></a> field
-of type <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Format"><code>Format</code></a>
-controls which tar header format the <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> uses.
-The default, as before, is to select the most widely-supported header type
-that can encode the fields needed by the header (USTAR if possible, or else PAX if possible, or else GNU).
-The <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> sets <code>Header.Format</code> for each header it reads.
-</p>
-<p>
-<code>Reader</code> and the <code>Writer</code> now support arbitrary PAX records,
-using the new <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Header"><code>Header.PAXRecords</code></a> field,
-a generalization of the existing <code>Xattrs</code> field.
-</p>
-<p>
-The <code>Reader</code> no longer insists that the file name or link name in GNU headers
-be valid UTF-8.
-</p>
-<p>
-When writing PAX- or GNU-format headers, the <code>Writer</code> now includes
-the <code>Header.AccessTime</code> and <code>Header.ChangeTime</code> fields (if set).
-When writing PAX-format headers, the times include sub-second precision.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="archive/zip"><dt><a href="/pkg/archive/zip/">archive/zip</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Go 1.10 adds more complete support for times and character set encodings in ZIP archives.
-</p>
-<p>
-The original ZIP format used the standard MS-DOS encoding of year, month, day, hour, minute, and second into fields in two 16-bit values.
-That encoding cannot represent time zones or odd seconds, so multiple extensions have been
-introduced to allow richer encodings.
-In Go 1.10, the <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> and <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
-now support the widely-understood Info-Zip extension that encodes the time separately in the 32-bit Unix “seconds since epoch” form.
-The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#FileHeader"><code>FileHeader</code></a>'s new <code>Modified</code> field of type <a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>time.Time</code></a>
-obsoletes the <code>ModifiedTime</code> and <code>ModifiedDate</code> fields, which continue to hold the MS-DOS encoding.
-The <code>Reader</code> and <code>Writer</code> now adopt the common
-convention that a ZIP archive storing a time zone-independent Unix time
-also stores the local time in the MS-DOS field,
-so that the time zone offset can be inferred.
-For compatibility, the <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#FileHeader.ModTime"><code>ModTime</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#FileHeader.SetModTime"><code>SetModTime</code></a> methods
-behave the same as in earlier releases; new code should use <code>Modified</code> directly.
-</p>
-<p>
-The header for each file in a ZIP archive has a flag bit indicating whether
-the name and comment fields are encoded as UTF-8, as opposed to a system-specific default encoding.
-In Go 1.8 and earlier, the <code>Writer</code> never set the UTF-8 bit.
-In Go 1.9, the <code>Writer</code> changed to set the UTF-8 bit almost always.
-This broke the creation of ZIP archives containing Shift-JIS file names.
-In Go 1.10, the <code>Writer</code> now sets the UTF-8 bit only when
-both the name and the comment field are valid UTF-8 and at least one is non-ASCII.
-Because non-ASCII encodings very rarely look like valid UTF-8, the new
-heuristic should be correct nearly all the time.
-Setting a <code>FileHeader</code>'s new <code>NonUTF8</code> field to true
-disables the heuristic entirely for that file.
-</p>
-<p>
-The <code>Writer</code> also now supports setting the end-of-central-directory record's comment field,
-by calling the <code>Writer</code>'s new <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer.SetComment"><code>SetComment</code></a> method.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="bufio"><dt><a href="/pkg/bufio/">bufio</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.Size"><code>Reader.Size</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Writer.Size"><code>Writer.Size</code></a>
-methods report the <code>Reader</code> or <code>Writer</code>'s underlying buffer size.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="bytes"><dt><a href="/pkg/bytes/">bytes</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Fields"><code>Fields</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#FieldsFunc"><code>FieldsFunc</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Split"><code>Split</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#SplitAfter"><code>SplitAfter</code></a>
-functions have always returned subslices of their inputs.
-Go 1.10 changes each returned subslice to have capacity equal to its length,
-so that appending to one cannot overwrite adjacent data in the original input.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto/cipher"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/">crypto/cipher</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/#NewOFB"><code>NewOFB</code></a> now panics if given
-an initialization vector of incorrect length, like the other constructors in the
-package always have.
-(Previously it returned a nil <code>Stream</code> implementation.)
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto/tls"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/">crypto/tls</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The TLS server now advertises support for SHA-512 signatures when using TLS 1.2.
-The server already supported the signatures, but some clients would not select
-them unless explicitly advertised.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto/x509"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/">crypto/x509</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate.Verify"><code>Certificate.Verify</code></a>
-now enforces the name constraints for all
-names contained in the certificate, not just the one name that a client has asked about.
-Extended key usage restrictions are similarly now checked all at once.
-As a result, after a certificate has been validated, now it can be trusted in its entirety.
-It is no longer necessary to revalidate the certificate for each additional name
-or key usage.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Parsed certificates also now report URI names and IP, email, and URI constraints, using the new
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate"><code>Certificate</code></a> fields
-<code>URIs</code>, <code>PermittedIPRanges</code>, <code>ExcludedIPRanges</code>,
-<code>PermittedEmailAddresses</code>, <code>ExcludedEmailAddresses</code>,
-<code>PermittedURIDomains</code>, and <code>ExcludedURIDomains</code>. Certificates with
-invalid values for those fields are now rejected.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#MarshalPKCS1PublicKey"><code>MarshalPKCS1PublicKey</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#ParsePKCS1PublicKey"><code>ParsePKCS1PublicKey</code></a>
-functions convert an RSA public key to and from PKCS#1-encoded form.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey"><code>MarshalPKCS8PrivateKey</code></a>
-function converts a private key to PKCS#8-encoded form.
-(<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#ParsePKCS8PrivateKey"><code>ParsePKCS8PrivateKey</code></a>
-has existed since Go 1.)
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto/x509/pkix"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/pkix/">crypto/x509/pkix</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/pkix/#Name"><code>Name</code></a> now implements a
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/pkix/#Name.String"><code>String</code></a> method that
-formats the X.509 distinguished name in the standard RFC 2253 format.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="database/sql/driver"><dt><a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/">database/sql/driver</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Drivers that currently hold on to the destination buffer provided by
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Rows.Next"><code>driver.Rows.Next</code></a> should ensure they no longer
-write to a buffer assigned to the destination array outside of that call.
-Drivers must be careful that underlying buffers are not modified when closing
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Rows"><code>driver.Rows</code></a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-Drivers that want to construct a <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>sql.DB</code></a> for
-their clients can now implement the <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Connector"><code>Connector</code></a> interface
-and call the new <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#OpenDB"><code>sql.OpenDB</code></a> function,
-instead of needing to encode all configuration into a string
-passed to <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Open"><code>sql.Open</code></a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-Drivers that want to parse the configuration string only once per <code>sql.DB</code>
-instead of once per <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Conn"><code>sql.Conn</code></a>,
-or that want access to each <code>sql.Conn</code>'s underlying context,
-can make their <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Driver"><code>Driver</code></a>
-implementations also implement <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#DriverContext"><code>DriverContext</code></a>'s
-new <code>OpenConnector</code> method.
-</p>
-<p>
-Drivers that implement <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#ExecerContext"><code>ExecerContext</code></a>
-no longer need to implement <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Execer"><code>Execer</code></a>;
-similarly, drivers that implement <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#QueryerContext"><code>QueryerContext</code></a>
-no longer need to implement <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Queryer"><code>Queryer</code></a>.
-Previously, even if the context-based interfaces were implemented they were ignored
-unless the non-context-based interfaces were also implemented.
-</p>
-<p>
-To allow drivers to better isolate different clients using a cached driver connection in succession,
-if a <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a> implements the new
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#SessionResetter"><code>SessionResetter</code></a> interface,
-<code>database/sql</code> will now call <code>ResetSession</code> before
-reusing the <code>Conn</code> for a new client.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="debug/elf"><dt><a href="/pkg/debug/elf/">debug/elf</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This release adds 348 new relocation constants divided between the relocation types
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#R_386"><code>R_386</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#R_AARCH64"><code>R_AARCH64</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#R_ARM"><code>R_ARM</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#R_PPC64"><code>R_PPC64</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#R_X86_64"><code>R_X86_64</code></a>.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="debug/macho"><dt><a href="/pkg/debug/macho/">debug/macho</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Go 1.10 adds support for reading relocations from Mach-O sections,
-using the <a href="/pkg/debug/macho#Section"><code>Section</code></a> struct's new <code>Relocs</code> field
-and the new <a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#Reloc"><code>Reloc</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#RelocTypeARM"><code>RelocTypeARM</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#RelocTypeARM64"><code>RelocTypeARM64</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#RelocTypeGeneric"><code>RelocTypeGeneric</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#RelocTypeX86_64"><code>RelocTypeX86_64</code></a>
-types and associated constants.
-</p>
-<p>
-Go 1.10 also adds support for the <code>LC_RPATH</code> load command,
-represented by the types
-<a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#RpathCmd"><code>RpathCmd</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#Rpath"><code>Rpath</code></a>,
-and new <a href="/pkg/debug/macho/#pkg-constants">named constants</a>
-for the various flag bits found in headers.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding/asn1"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/">encoding/asn1</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a> now correctly encodes
-strings containing asterisks as type UTF8String instead of PrintableString,
-unless the string is in a struct field with a tag forcing the use of PrintableString.
-<code>Marshal</code> also now respects struct tags containing <code>application</code> directives.
-</p>
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#MarshalWithParams"><code>MarshalWithParams</code></a>
-function marshals its argument as if the additional params were its associated
-struct field tag.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a> now respects
-struct field tags using the <code>explicit</code> and <code>tag</code>
-directives.
-</p>
-<p>
-Both <code>Marshal</code> and <code>Unmarshal</code> now support a new struct field tag
-<code>numeric</code>, indicating an ASN.1 NumericString.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding/csv"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/">encoding/csv</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> now disallows the use of
-nonsensical <code>Comma</code> and <code>Comment</code> settings,
-such as NUL, carriage return, newline, invalid runes, and the Unicode replacement character,
-or setting <code>Comma</code> and <code>Comment</code> equal to each other.
-</p>
-<p>
-In the case of a syntax error in a CSV record that spans multiple input lines, <code>Reader</code>
-now reports the line on which the record started in the <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/#ParseError"><code>ParseError</code></a>'s new <code>StartLine</code> field.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding/hex"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/hex/">encoding/hex</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new functions
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/hex/#NewEncoder"><code>NewEncoder</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/hex/#NewDecoder"><code>NewDecoder</code></a>
-provide streaming conversions to and from hexadecimal,
-analogous to equivalent functions already in
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/base32/">encoding/base32</a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/">encoding/base64</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When the functions
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/hex/#Decode"><code>Decode</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/hex/#DecodeString"><code>DecodeString</code></a>
-encounter malformed input,
-they now return the number of bytes already converted
-along with the error.
-Previously they always returned a count of 0 with any error.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding/json"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">encoding/json</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a>
-adds a new method
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder.DisallowUnknownFields"><code>DisallowUnknownFields</code></a>
-that causes it to report inputs with unknown JSON fields as a decoding error.
-(The default behavior has always been to discard unknown fields.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As a result of <a href="#reflect">fixing a reflect bug</a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a>
-can no longer decode into fields inside
-embedded pointers to unexported struct types,
-because it cannot initialize the unexported embedded pointer
-to point at fresh storage.
-<code>Unmarshal</code> now returns an error in this case.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding/pem"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/pem/">encoding/pem</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/pem/#Encode"><code>Encode</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/pem/#EncodeToMemory"><code>EncodeToMemory</code></a>
-no longer generate partial output when presented with a
-block that is impossible to encode as PEM data.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding/xml"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/">encoding/xml</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new function
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#NewTokenDecoder"><code>NewTokenDecoder</code></a>
-is like
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#NewDecoder"><code>NewDecoder</code></a>
-but creates a decoder reading from a <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#TokenReader"><code>TokenReader</code></a>
-instead of an XML-formatted byte stream.
-This is meant to enable the construction of XML stream transformers in client libraries.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="flag"><dt><a href="/pkg/flag/">flag</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The default
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#Usage"><code>Usage</code></a> function now prints
-its first line of output to
-<code>CommandLine.Output()</code>
-instead of assuming <code>os.Stderr</code>,
-so that the usage message is properly redirected for
-clients using <code>CommandLine.SetOutput</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#PrintDefaults"><code>PrintDefaults</code></a> now
-adds appropriate indentation after newlines in flag usage strings,
-so that multi-line usage strings display nicely.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#FlagSet"><code>FlagSet</code></a> adds new methods
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#FlagSet.ErrorHandling"><code>ErrorHandling</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#FlagSet.Name"><code>Name</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#FlagSet.Output"><code>Output</code></a>,
-to retrieve the settings passed to
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#NewFlagSet"><code>NewFlagSet</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#FlagSet.SetOutput"><code>FlagSet.SetOutput</code></a>.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="go/doc"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/doc/">go/doc</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-To support the <a href="#doc">doc change</a> described above,
-functions returning slices of <code>T</code>, <code>*T</code>, <code>**T</code>, and so on
-are now reported in <code>T</code>'s <a href="/pkg/go/doc/#Type"><code>Type</code></a>'s <code>Funcs</code> list,
-instead of in the <a href="/pkg/go/doc/#Package"><code>Package</code></a>'s <code>Funcs</code> list.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="go/importer"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/importer/">go/importer</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/go/importer/#For"><code>For</code></a> function now accepts a non-nil lookup argument.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="go/printer"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/printer/">go/printer</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The changes to the default formatting of Go source code
-discussed in the <a href="#gofmt">gofmt section</a> above
-are implemented in the <a href="/pkg/go/printer/">go/printer</a> package
-and also affect the output of the higher-level <a href="/pkg/go/format/">go/format</a> package.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="hash"><dt><a href="/pkg/hash/">hash</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Implementations of the <a href="/pkg/hash/#Hash"><code>Hash</code></a> interface are now
-encouraged to implement <a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryMarshaler"><code>encoding.BinaryMarshaler</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryUnmarshaler"><code>encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler</code></a>
-to allow saving and recreating their internal state,
-and all implementations in the standard library
-(<a href="/pkg/hash/crc32/">hash/crc32</a>, <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/">crypto/sha256</a>, and so on)
-now implement those interfaces.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="html/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/html/template/">html/template</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/html/template#Srcset"><code>Srcset</code></a> content
-type allows for proper handling of values within the
-<a href="https://w3c.github.io/html/semantics-embedded-content.html#element-attrdef-img-srcset"><code>srcset</code></a>
-attribute of <code>img</code> tags.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math/big"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/big/">math/big</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> now supports conversions to and from bases 2 through 62
-in its <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.SetString"><code>SetString</code></a> and <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Text"><code>Text</code></a> methods.
-(Previously it only allowed bases 2 through 36.)
-The value of the constant <code>MaxBase</code> has been updated.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> adds a new
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#CmpAbs"><code>CmpAbs</code></a> method
-that is like <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Cmp"><code>Cmp</code></a> but
-compares only the absolute values (not the signs) of its arguments.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float"><code>Float</code></a> adds a new
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float.Sqrt"><code>Sqrt</code></a> method to
-compute square roots.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math/cmplx"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/">math/cmplx</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Branch cuts and other boundary cases in
-<a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Asin"><code>Asin</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Asinh"><code>Asinh</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Atan"><code>Atan</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Sqrt"><code>Sqrt</code></a>
-have been corrected to match the definitions used in the C99 standard.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math/rand"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/rand/">math/rand</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Shuffle"><code>Shuffle</code></a> function and corresponding
-<a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand.Shuffle"><code>Rand.Shuffle</code></a> method
-shuffle an input sequence.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/">math</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new functions
-<a href="/pkg/math/#Round"><code>Round</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/math/#RoundToEven"><code>RoundToEven</code></a>
-round their arguments to the nearest floating-point integer;
-<code>Round</code> rounds a half-integer to its larger integer neighbor (away from zero)
-while <code>RoundToEven</code> rounds a half-integer to its even integer neighbor.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new functions
-<a href="/pkg/math/#Erfinv"><code>Erfinv</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/math/#Erfcinv"><code>Erfcinv</code></a>
-compute the inverse error function and the
-inverse complementary error function.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="mime/multipart"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/">mime/multipart</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>
-now accepts parts with empty filename attributes.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="mime"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/">mime</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/mime/#ParseMediaType"><code>ParseMediaType</code></a> now discards
-invalid attribute values; previously it returned those values as empty strings.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/">net</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Conn"><code>Listener</code></a> implementations
-in this package now guarantee that when <code>Close</code> returns,
-the underlying file descriptor has been closed.
-(In earlier releases, if the <code>Close</code> stopped pending I/O
-in other goroutines, the closing of the file descriptor could happen in one of those
-goroutines shortly after <code>Close</code> returned.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/#TCPListener"><code>TCPListener</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixListener"><code>UnixListener</code></a>
-now implement
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Conn"><code>syscall.Conn</code></a>,
-to allow setting options on the underlying file descriptor
-using <a href="/pkg/syscall/#RawConn"><code>syscall.RawConn.Control</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Conn</code> implementations returned by <a href="/pkg/net/#Pipe"><code>Pipe</code></a>
-now support setting read and write deadlines.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.ReadMsgIP"><code>IPConn.ReadMsgIP</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.WriteMsgIP"><code>IPConn.WriteMsgIP</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.ReadMsgUDP"><code>UDPConn.ReadMsgUDP</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.WriteMsgUDP"><code>UDPConn.WriteMsgUDP</code></a>,
-methods are now implemented on Windows.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net/http"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-On the client side, an HTTP proxy (most commonly configured by
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ProxyFromEnvironment"><code>ProxyFromEnvironment</code></a>)
-can now be specified as an <code>https://</code> URL,
-meaning that the client connects to the proxy over HTTPS before issuing a standard, proxied HTTP request.
-(Previously, HTTP proxy URLs were required to begin with <code>http://</code> or <code>socks5://</code>.)
-</p>
-<p>
-On the server side, <a href="/pkg/net/http/#FileServer"><code>FileServer</code></a> and its single-file equivalent <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ServeFile"><code>ServeFile</code></a>
-now apply <code>If-Range</code> checks to <code>HEAD</code> requests.
-<code>FileServer</code> also now reports directory read failures to the <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a>'s <code>ErrorLog</code>.
-The content-serving handlers also now omit the <code>Content-Type</code> header when serving zero-length content.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>'s <code>WriteHeader</code> method now panics
-if passed an invalid (non-3-digit) status code.
-</p>
-<p>
-<!-- CL 46631 -->
-The <code>Server</code> will no longer add an implicit Content-Type when a <code>Handler</code> does not write any output.
-</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Redirect"><code>Redirect</code></a> now sets the <code>Content-Type</code> header before writing its HTTP response.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net/mail"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/mail/">net/mail</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddress"><code>ParseAddress</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddressList"><code>ParseAddressList</code></a>
-now support a variety of obsolete address formats.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net/smtp"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/smtp/">net/smtp</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client"><code>Client</code></a> adds a new
-<a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client.Noop"><code>Noop</code></a> method,
-to test whether the server is still responding.
-It also now defends against possible SMTP injection in the inputs
-to the <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client.Hello"><code>Hello</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client.Verify"><code>Verify</code></a> methods.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net/textproto"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/textproto/">net/textproto</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/textproto/#ReadMIMEHeader"><code>ReadMIMEHeader</code></a>
-now rejects any header that begins with a continuation (indented) header line.
-Previously a header with an indented first line was treated as if the first line
-were not indented.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net/url"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/url/">net/url</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/url/#ResolveReference"><code>ResolveReference</code></a>
-now preserves multiple leading slashes in the target URL.
-Previously it rewrote multiple leading slashes to a single slash,
-which resulted in the <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>http.Client</code></a>
-following certain redirects incorrectly.
-</p>
-<p>
-For example, this code's output has changed:
-</p>
-<pre>
-base, _ := url.Parse("http://host//path//to/page1")
-target, _ := url.Parse("page2")
-fmt.Println(base.ResolveReference(target))
-</pre>
-<p>
-Note the doubled slashes around <code>path</code>.
-In Go 1.9 and earlier, the resolved URL was <code>http://host/path//to/page2</code>:
-the doubled slash before <code>path</code> was incorrectly rewritten
-to a single slash, while the doubled slash after <code>path</code> was
-correctly preserved.
-Go 1.10 preserves both doubled slashes, resolving to <code>http://host//path//to/page2</code>
-as required by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2">RFC 3986</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>This change may break existing buggy programs that unintentionally
-construct a base URL with a leading doubled slash in the path and inadvertently
-depend on <code>ResolveReference</code> to correct that mistake.
-For example, this can happen if code adds a host prefix
-like <code>http://host/</code> to a path like <code>/my/api</code>,
-resulting in a URL with a doubled slash: <code>http://host//my/api</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/url/#UserInfo"><code>UserInfo</code></a>'s methods
-now treat a nil receiver as equivalent to a pointer to a zero <code>UserInfo</code>.
-Previously, they panicked.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="os"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/">os</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/os/#File"><code>File</code></a> adds new methods
-<a href="/pkg/os/#File.SetDeadline"><code>SetDeadline</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/os/#File.SetReadDeadline"><code>SetReadDeadline</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/os/#File.SetWriteDeadline"><code>SetWriteDeadline</code></a>
-that allow setting I/O deadlines when the
-underlying file descriptor supports non-blocking I/O operations.
-The definition of these methods matches those in <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn"><code>net.Conn</code></a>.
-If an I/O method fails due to missing a deadline, it will return a
-timeout error; the
-new <a href="/pkg/os/#IsTimeout"><code>IsTimeout</code></a> function
-reports whether an error represents a timeout.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also matching <code>net.Conn</code>,
-<code>File</code>'s
-<a href="/pkg/os/#File.Close"><code>Close</code></a> method
-now guarantee that when <code>Close</code> returns,
-the underlying file descriptor has been closed.
-(In earlier releases,
-if the <code>Close</code> stopped pending I/O
-in other goroutines, the closing of the file descriptor could happen in one of those
-goroutines shortly after <code>Close</code> returned.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On BSD, macOS, and Solaris systems,
-<a href="/pkg/os/#Chtimes"><code>Chtimes</code></a>
-now supports setting file times with nanosecond precision
-(assuming the underlying file system can represent them).
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="reflect"><dt><a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> function now allows copying
-from a string into a byte array or byte slice, to match the
-<a href="/pkg/builtin/#copy">built-in copy function</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In structs, embedded pointers to unexported struct types were
-previously incorrectly reported with an empty <code>PkgPath</code>
-in the corresponding <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructField">StructField</a>,
-with the result that for those fields,
-and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.CanSet"><code>Value.CanSet</code></a>
-incorrectly returned true and
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.Set"><code>Value.Set</code></a>
-incorrectly succeeded.
-The underlying metadata has been corrected;
-for those fields,
-<code>CanSet</code> now correctly returns false
-and <code>Set</code> now correctly panics.
-This may affect reflection-based unmarshalers
-that could previously unmarshal into such fields
-but no longer can.
-For example, see the <a href="#encoding/json"><code>encoding/json</code> notes</a>.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="runtime/pprof"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-As <a href="#pprof">noted above</a>, the blocking and mutex profiles
-now include symbol information so that they can be viewed without needing
-the binary that generated them.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="strconv"><dt><a href="/pkg/strconv/">strconv</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#ParseUint"><code>ParseUint</code></a> now returns
-the maximum magnitude integer of the appropriate size
-with any <code>ErrRange</code> error, as it was already documented to do.
-Previously it returned 0 with <code>ErrRange</code> errors.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="strings"><dt><a href="/pkg/strings/">strings</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-A new type
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Builder"><code>Builder</code></a> is a replacement for
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer"><code>bytes.Buffer</code></a> for the use case of
-accumulating text into a <code>string</code> result.
-The <code>Builder</code>'s API is a restricted subset of <code>bytes.Buffer</code>'s
-that allows it to safely avoid making a duplicate copy of the data
-during the <a href="/pkg/strings/#Builder.String"><code>String</code></a> method.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="syscall"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/">syscall</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-On Windows,
-the new <a href="/pkg/syscall/#SysProcAttr"><code>SysProcAttr</code></a> field <code>Token</code>,
-of type <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Token"><code>Token</code></a> allows the creation of a process that
-runs as another user during <a href="/pkg/syscall/#StartProcess"><code>StartProcess</code></a>
-(and therefore also during <a href="/pkg/os/#StartProcess"><code>os.StartProcess</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd.Start"><code>exec.Cmd.Start</code></a>).
-The new function <a href="/pkg/syscall/#CreateProcessAsUser"><code>CreateProcessAsUser</code></a>
-gives access to the underlying system call.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On BSD, macOS, and Solaris systems, <a href="/pkg/syscall/#UtimesNano"><code>UtimesNano</code></a>
-is now implemented.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="time"><dt><a href="/pkg/time/">time</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/time/#LoadLocation"><code>LoadLocation</code></a> now uses the directory
-or uncompressed zip file named by the <code>$ZONEINFO</code>
-environment variable before looking in the default system-specific list of
-known installation locations or in <code>$GOROOT/lib/time/zoneinfo.zip</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-The new function <a href="/pkg/time/#LoadLocationFromTZData"><code>LoadLocationFromTZData</code></a>
-allows conversion of IANA time zone file data to a <a href="/pkg/time/#Location"><code>Location</code></a>.
-</p>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="unicode"><dt><a href="/pkg/unicode/">unicode</a></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package and associated
-support throughout the system has been upgraded from Unicode 9.0 to
-<a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/">Unicode 10.0</a>,
-which adds 8,518 new characters, including four new scripts, one new property,
-a Bitcoin currency symbol, and 56 new emoji.
-</p>
-</dl>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.11.html b/content/doc/go1.11.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d85be9..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.11.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,934 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.11 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.11",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<style>
- ul li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.11</h2>
-
-<p>
- The latest Go release, version 1.11, arrives six months after <a href="go1.10">Go 1.10</a>.
- Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries.
- As always, the release maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise of compatibility</a>.
- We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
- There are no changes to the language specification.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 94255, CL 115038, etc -->
- As <a href="go1.10#ports">announced in the Go 1.10 release notes</a>, Go 1.11 now requires
- OpenBSD 6.2 or later, macOS 10.10 Yosemite or later, or Windows 7 or later;
- support for previous versions of these operating systems has been removed.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 121657 -->
- Go 1.11 supports the upcoming OpenBSD 6.4 release. Due to changes in
- the OpenBSD kernel, older versions of Go will not work on OpenBSD 6.4.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- There are <a href="https://golang.org/issue/25206">known issues</a> with NetBSD on i386 hardware.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 107935 -->
- The race detector is now supported on <code>linux/ppc64le</code>
- and, to a lesser extent, on <code>netbsd/amd64</code>. The NetBSD race detector support
- has <a href="https://golang.org/issue/26403">known issues</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 109255 -->
- The memory sanitizer (<code>-msan</code>) is now supported on <code>linux/arm64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 93875 -->
- The build modes <code>c-shared</code> and <code>c-archive</code> are now supported on
- <code>freebsd/amd64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p id="mips"><!-- CL 108475 -->
- On 64-bit MIPS systems, the new environment variable settings
- <code>GOMIPS64=hardfloat</code> (the default) and
- <code>GOMIPS64=softfloat</code> select whether to use
- hardware instructions or software emulation for floating-point computations.
- For 32-bit systems, the environment variable is still <code>GOMIPS</code>,
- as <a href="go1.10#mips">added in Go 1.10</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 107475 -->
- On soft-float ARM systems (<code>GOARM=5</code>), Go now uses a more
- efficient software floating point interface. This is transparent to
- Go code, but ARM assembly that uses floating-point instructions not
- guarded on GOARM will break and must be ported to
- the <a href="https://golang.org/cl/107475">new interface</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 94076 -->
- Go 1.11 on ARMv7 no longer requires a Linux kernel configured
- with <code>KUSER_HELPERS</code>. This setting is enabled in default
- kernel configurations, but is sometimes disabled in stripped-down
- configurations.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="wasm">WebAssembly</h3>
-<p>
- Go 1.11 adds an experimental port to <a href="https://webassembly.org">WebAssembly</a>
- (<code>js/wasm</code>).
-</p>
-<p>
- Go programs currently compile to one WebAssembly module that
- includes the Go runtime for goroutine scheduling, garbage
- collection, maps, etc.
- As a result, the resulting size is at minimum around
- 2 MB, or 500 KB compressed. Go programs can call into JavaScript
- using the new experimental
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/"><code>syscall/js</code></a> package.
- Binary size and interop with other languages has not yet been a
- priority but may be addressed in future releases.
-</p>
-<p>
- As a result of the addition of the new <code>GOOS</code> value
- "<code>js</code>" and <code>GOARCH</code> value "<code>wasm</code>",
- Go files named <code>*_js.go</code> or <code>*_wasm.go</code> will
- now be <a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">ignored by Go
- tools</a> except when those GOOS/GOARCH values are being used.
- If you have existing filenames matching those patterns, you will need to rename them.
-</p>
-<p>
- More information can be found on the
- <a href="https://golang.org/wiki/WebAssembly">WebAssembly wiki page</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="riscv">RISC-V GOARCH values reserved</h3>
-<p><!-- CL 106256 -->
- The main Go compiler does not yet support the RISC-V architecture <!-- is gonna change everything -->
- but we've reserved the <code>GOARCH</code> values
- "<code>riscv</code>" and "<code>riscv64</code>", as used by Gccgo,
- which does support RISC-V. This means that Go files
- named <code>*_riscv.go</code> will now also
- be <a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">ignored by Go
- tools</a> except when those GOOS/GOARCH values are being used.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="modules">Modules, package versioning, and dependency management</h3>
-<p>
- Go 1.11 adds preliminary support for a <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Modules__module_versions__and_more">new concept called “modules,”</a>
- an alternative to GOPATH with integrated support for versioning and
- package distribution.
- Using modules, developers are no longer confined to working inside GOPATH,
- version dependency information is explicit yet lightweight,
- and builds are more reliable and reproducible.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Module support is considered experimental.
- Details are likely to change in response to feedback from Go 1.11 users,
- and we have more tools planned.
- Although the details of module support may change, projects that convert
- to modules using Go 1.11 will continue to work with Go 1.12 and later.
- If you encounter bugs using modules,
- please <a href="https://golang.org/issue/new">file issues</a>
- so we can fix them. For more information, see the
- <a href="/cmd/go#hdr-Modules__module_versions__and_more"><code>go</code> command documentation</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="importpath">Import path restriction</h3>
-
-<p>
- Because Go module support assigns special meaning to the
- <code>@</code> symbol in command line operations,
- the <code>go</code> command now disallows the use of
- import paths containing <code>@</code> symbols.
- Such import paths were never allowed by <code>go</code> <code>get</code>,
- so this restriction can only affect users building
- custom GOPATH trees by other means.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gopackages">Package loading</h3>
-
-<p>
- The new package
- <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/go/packages"><code>golang.org/x/tools/go/packages</code></a>
- provides a simple API for locating and loading packages of Go source code.
- Although not yet part of the standard library, for many tasks it
- effectively replaces the <a href="/pkg/go/build"><code>go/build</code></a>
- package, whose API is unable to fully support modules.
- Because it runs an external query command such as
- <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-List_packages"><code>go list</code></a>
- to obtain information about Go packages, it enables the construction of
- analysis tools that work equally well with alternative build systems
- such as <a href="https://bazel.build">Bazel</a>
- and <a href="https://buckbuild.com">Buck</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gocache">Build cache requirement</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.11 will be the last release to support setting the environment
- variable <code>GOCACHE=off</code> to disable the
- <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Build_and_test_caching">build cache</a>,
- introduced in Go 1.10.
- Starting in Go 1.12, the build cache will be required,
- as a step toward eliminating <code>$GOPATH/pkg</code>.
- The module and package loading support described above
- already require that the build cache be enabled.
- If you have disabled the build cache to avoid problems you encountered,
- please <a href="https://golang.org/issue/new">file an issue</a> to let us know about them.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler toolchain</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 109918 -->
- More functions are now eligible for inlining by default, including
- functions that call <code>panic</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 97375 -->
- The compiler toolchain now supports column information
- in <a href="/cmd/compile/#hdr-Compiler_Directives">line
- directives</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 106797 -->
- A new package export data format has been introduced.
- This should be transparent to end users, except for speeding up
- build times for large Go projects.
- If it does cause problems, it can be turned off again by
- passing <code>-gcflags=all=-iexport=false</code> to
- the <code>go</code> tool when building a binary.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 100459 -->
- The compiler now rejects unused variables declared in a type switch
- guard, such as <code>x</code> in the following example:
-</p>
-<pre>
-func f(v interface{}) {
- switch x := v.(type) {
- }
-}
-</pre>
-<p>
- This was already rejected by both <code>gccgo</code>
- and <a href="/pkg/go/types/">go/types</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="assembler">Assembler</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 113315 -->
- The assembler for <code>amd64</code> now accepts AVX512 instructions.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="debugging">Debugging</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 100738, CL 93664 -->
- The compiler now produces significantly more accurate debug
- information for optimized binaries, including variable location
- information, line numbers, and breakpoint locations.
-
- This should make it possible to debug binaries
- compiled <em>without</em> <code>-N</code> <code>-l</code>.
-
- There are still limitations to the quality of the debug information,
- some of which are fundamental, and some of which will continue to
- improve with future releases.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 118276 -->
- DWARF sections are now compressed by default because of the expanded
- and more accurate debug information produced by the compiler.
-
- This is transparent to most ELF tools (such as debuggers on Linux
- and *BSD) and is supported by the Delve debugger on all platforms,
- but has limited support in the native tools on macOS and Windows.
-
- To disable DWARF compression,
- pass <code>-ldflags=-compressdwarf=false</code> to
- the <code>go</code> tool when building a binary.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 109699 -->
- Go 1.11 adds experimental support for calling Go functions from
- within a debugger.
-
- This is useful, for example, to call <code>String</code> methods
- when paused at a breakpoint.
-
- This is currently only supported by Delve (version 1.1.0 and up).
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="test">Test</h3>
-
-<p>
- Since Go 1.10, the <code>go</code> <code>test</code> command runs
- <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> on the package being tested,
- to identify problems before running the test. Since <code>vet</code>
- typechecks the code with <a href="/pkg/go/types/">go/types</a>
- before running, tests that do not typecheck will now fail.
-
- In particular, tests that contain an unused variable inside a
- closure compiled with Go 1.10, because the Go compiler incorrectly
- accepted them (<a href="https://golang.org/issues/3059">Issue #3059</a>),
- but will now fail, since <code>go/types</code> correctly reports an
- "unused variable" error in this case.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 102696 -->
- The <code>-memprofile</code> flag
- to <code>go</code> <code>test</code> now defaults to the
- "allocs" profile, which records the total bytes allocated since the
- test began (including garbage-collected bytes).
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="vet">Vet</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 108555 -->
- The <a href="/cmd/vet/"><code>go</code> <code>vet</code></a>
- command now reports a fatal error when the package under analysis
- does not typecheck. Previously, a type checking error simply caused
- a warning to be printed, and <code>vet</code> to exit with status 1.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 108559 -->
- Additionally, <a href="/cmd/vet"><code>go</code> <code>vet</code></a>
- has become more robust when format-checking <code>printf</code> wrappers.
- Vet now detects the mistake in this example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func wrapper(s string, args ...interface{}) {
- fmt.Printf(s, args...)
-}
-
-func main() {
- wrapper("%s", 42)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="trace">Trace</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 63274 -->
- With the new <code>runtime/trace</code>
- package's <a href="/pkg/runtime/trace/#hdr-User_annotation">user
- annotation API</a>, users can record application-level information
- in execution traces and create groups of related goroutines.
- The <code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>trace</code>
- command visualizes this information in the trace view and the new
- user task/region analysis page.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cgo">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-Since Go 1.10, cgo has translated some C pointer types to the Go
-type <code>uintptr</code>. These types include
-the <code>CFTypeRef</code> hierarchy in Darwin's CoreFoundation
-framework and the <code>jobject</code> hierarchy in Java's JNI
-interface. In Go 1.11, several improvements have been made to the code
-that detects these types. Code that uses these types may need some
-updating. See the <a href="go1.10.html#cgo">Go 1.10 release notes</a> for
-details. <!-- CL 126275, CL 127156, CL 122217, CL 122575, CL 123177 -->
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_command">Go command</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 126656 -->
- The environment variable <code>GOFLAGS</code> may now be used
- to set default flags for the <code>go</code> command.
- This is useful in certain situations.
- Linking can be noticeably slower on underpowered systems due to DWARF,
- and users may want to set <code>-ldflags=-w</code> by default.
- For modules, some users and CI systems will want vendoring always,
- so they should set <code>-mod=vendor</code> by default.
- For more information, see the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Environment_variables"><code>go</code>
- command documentation</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="godoc">Godoc</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.11 will be the last release to support <code>godoc</code>'s command-line interface.
- In future releases, <code>godoc</code> will only be a web server. Users should use
- <code>go</code> <code>doc</code> for command-line help output instead.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 85396, CL 124495 -->
- The <code>godoc</code> web server now shows which version of Go introduced
- new API features. The initial Go version of types, funcs, and methods are shown
- right-aligned. For example, see <a href="/pkg/os/#UserCacheDir"><code>UserCacheDir</code></a>, with "1.11"
- on the right side. For struct fields, inline comments are added when the struct field was
- added in a Go version other than when the type itself was introduced.
- For a struct field example, see
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace/#ClientTrace.Got1xxResponse"><code>ClientTrace.Got1xxResponse</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gofmt">Gofmt</h3>
-
-<p>
- One minor detail of the default formatting of Go source code has changed.
- When formatting expression lists with inline comments, the comments were
- aligned according to a heuristic.
- However, in some cases the alignment would be split up too easily, or
- introduce too much whitespace.
- The heuristic has been changed to behave better for human-written code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Note that these kinds of minor updates to gofmt are expected from time to
- time.
- In general, systems that need consistent formatting of Go source code should
- use a specific version of the <code>gofmt</code> binary.
- See the <a href="/pkg/go/format/">go/format</a> package documentation for more
- information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="run">Run</h3>
-
-<p>
- <!-- CL 109341 -->
- The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code> <code>run</code></a>
- command now allows a single import path, a directory name or a
- pattern matching a single package.
- This allows <code>go</code> <code>run</code> <code>pkg</code> or <code>go</code> <code>run</code> <code>dir</code>, most importantly <code>go</code> <code>run</code> <code>.</code>
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="runtime">Runtime</h2>
-
-<p><!-- CL 85887 -->
- The runtime now uses a sparse heap layout so there is no longer a
- limit to the size of the Go heap (previously, the limit was 512GiB).
- This also fixes rare "address space conflict" failures in mixed Go/C
- binaries or binaries compiled with <code>-race</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 108679, CL 106156 -->
- On macOS and iOS, the runtime now uses <code>libSystem.dylib</code> instead of
- calling the kernel directly. This should make Go binaries more
- compatible with future versions of macOS and iOS.
- The <a href="/pkg/syscall">syscall</a> package still makes direct
- system calls; fixing this is planned for a future release.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise
-statements about performance are difficult to make. Most programs
-should run a bit faster, due to better generated code and
-optimizations in the core library.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 74851 -->
-There were multiple performance changes to the <code>math/big</code>
-package as well as many changes across the tree specific to <code>GOARCH=arm64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="performance-compiler">Compiler toolchain</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 110055 -->
- The compiler now optimizes map clearing operations of the form:
-</p>
-<pre>
-for k := range m {
- delete(m, k)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p><!-- CL 109517 -->
- The compiler now optimizes slice extension of the form
- <code>append(s,</code> <code>make([]T,</code> <code>n)...)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 100277, CL 105635, CL 109776 -->
- The compiler now performs significantly more aggressive bounds-check
- and branch elimination. Notably, it now recognizes transitive
- relations, so if <code>i<j</code> and <code>j<len(s)</code>,
- it can use these facts to eliminate the bounds check
- for <code>s[i]</code>. It also understands simple arithmetic such
- as <code>s[i-10]</code> and can recognize more inductive cases in
- loops. Furthermore, the compiler now uses bounds information to more
- aggressively optimize shift operations.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>
-
-<p>
- All of the changes to the standard library are minor.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
- As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library,
- made with the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>
- in mind.
-</p>
-
-<!-- CL 115095: https://golang.org/cl/115095: yes (`go test pkg` now always builds pkg even if there are no test files): cmd/go: output coverage report even if there are no test files -->
-<!-- CL 110395: https://golang.org/cl/110395: cmd/go, cmd/compile: use Windows response files to avoid arg length limits -->
-<!-- CL 112436: https://golang.org/cl/112436: cmd/pprof: add readline support similar to upstream -->
-
-
-<dl id="crypto"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/">crypto</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 64451 -->
- Certain crypto operations, including
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/ecdsa/#Sign"><code>ecdsa.Sign</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#EncryptPKCS1v15"><code>rsa.EncryptPKCS1v15</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#GenerateKey"><code>rsa.GenerateKey</code></a>,
- now randomly read an extra byte of randomness to ensure tests don't rely on internal behavior.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/cipher"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/">crypto/cipher</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 48510, CL 116435 -->
- The new function <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/#NewGCMWithTagSize"><code>NewGCMWithTagSize</code></a>
- implements Galois Counter Mode with non-standard tag lengths for compatibility with existing cryptosystems.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/cipher -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/rsa"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/">crypto/rsa</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 103876 -->
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#PublicKey"><code>PublicKey</code></a> now implements a
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa/#PublicKey.Size"><code>Size</code></a> method that
- returns the modulus size in bytes.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/rsa -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/tls"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/">crypto/tls</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 85115 -->
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a>'s new
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState.ExportKeyingMaterial"><code>ExportKeyingMaterial</code></a>
- method allows exporting keying material bound to the
- connection according to RFC 5705.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/tls -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/x509"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/">crypto/x509</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 123355, CL 123695 -->
- The deprecated, legacy behavior of treating the <code>CommonName</code> field as
- a hostname when no Subject Alternative Names are present is now disabled when the CN is not a
- valid hostname.
- The <code>CommonName</code> can be completely ignored by adding the experimental value
- <code>x509ignoreCN=1</code> to the <code>GODEBUG</code> environment variable.
- When the CN is ignored, certificates without SANs validate under chains with name constraints
- instead of returning <code>NameConstraintsWithoutSANs</code>.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 113475 -->
- Extended key usage restrictions are again checked only if they appear in the <code>KeyUsages</code>
- field of <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#VerifyOptions"><code>VerifyOptions</code></a>, instead of always being checked.
- This matches the behavior of Go 1.9 and earlier.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 102699 -->
- The value returned by <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#SystemCertPool"><code>SystemCertPool</code></a>
- is now cached and might not reflect system changes between invocations.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/x509 -->
-
-<dl id="debug/elf"><dt><a href="/pkg/debug/elf/">debug/elf</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 112115 -->
- More <a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#ELFOSABI_NONE"><code>ELFOSABI</code></a>
- and <a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#EM_NONE"><code>EM</code></a>
- constants have been added.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- debug/elf -->
-
-<dl id="encoding/asn1"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/">encoding/asn1</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 110561 -->
- <code>Marshal</code> and <code><a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#Unmarshal">Unmarshal</a></code>
- now support "private" class annotations for fields.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- encoding/asn1 -->
-
-<dl id="encoding/base32"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/base32/">encoding/base32</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 112516 -->
- The decoder now consistently
- returns <code>io.ErrUnexpectedEOF</code> for an incomplete
- chunk. Previously it would return <code>io.EOF</code> in some
- cases.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- encoding/base32 -->
-
-<dl id="encoding/csv"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/">encoding/csv</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 99696 -->
- The <code>Reader</code> now rejects attempts to set
- the <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/#Reader.Comma"><code>Comma</code></a>
- field to a double-quote character, as double-quote characters
- already have a special meaning in CSV.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- encoding/csv -->
-
-<!-- CL 100235 was reverted -->
-
-<dl id="html/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/html/template/">html/template</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 121815 -->
- The package has changed its behavior when a typed interface
- value is passed to an implicit escaper function. Previously such
- a value was written out as (an escaped form)
- of <code><nil></code>. Now such values are ignored, just
- as an untyped <code>nil</code> value is (and always has been)
- ignored.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- html/template -->
-
-<dl id="image/gif"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/gif/">image/gif</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 93076 -->
- Non-looping animated GIFs are now supported. They are denoted by having a
- <code><a href="/pkg/image/gif/#GIF.LoopCount">LoopCount</a></code> of -1.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- image/gif -->
-
-<dl id="io/ioutil"><dt><a href="/pkg/io/ioutil/">io/ioutil</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 105675 -->
- The <code><a href="/pkg/io/ioutil/#TempFile">TempFile</a></code>
- function now supports specifying where the random characters in
- the filename are placed. If the <code>prefix</code> argument
- includes a "<code>*</code>", the random string replaces the
- "<code>*</code>". For example, a <code>prefix</code> argument of "<code>myname.*.bat</code>" will
- result in a random filename such as
- "<code>myname.123456.bat</code>". If no "<code>*</code>" is
- included the old behavior is retained, and the random digits are
- appended to the end.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- io/ioutil -->
-
-<dl id="math/big"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/big/">math/big</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p><!-- CL 108996 -->
- <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.ModInverse"><code>ModInverse</code></a> now returns nil when g and n are not relatively prime. The result was previously undefined.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- math/big -->
-
-<dl id="mime/multipart"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/">mime/multipart</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 121055 -->
- The handling of form-data with missing/empty file names has been
- restored to the behavior in Go 1.9: in the
- <a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Form"><code>Form</code></a> for
- the form-data part the value is available in
- the <code>Value</code> field rather than the <code>File</code>
- field. In Go releases 1.10 through 1.10.3 a form-data part with
- a missing/empty file name and a non-empty "Content-Type" field
- was stored in the <code>File</code> field. This change was a
- mistake in 1.10 and has been reverted to the 1.9 behavior.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- mime/multipart -->
-
-<dl id="mime/quotedprintable"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/quotedprintable/">mime/quotedprintable</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 121095 -->
- To support invalid input found in the wild, the package now
- permits non-ASCII bytes but does not validate their encoding.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- mime/quotedprintable -->
-
-<dl id="net"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/">net</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 72810 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/net/#ListenConfig"><code>ListenConfig</code></a> type and the new
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.Control"><code>Dialer.Control</code></a> field permit
- setting socket options before accepting and creating connections, respectively.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 76391 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/syscall/#RawConn"><code>syscall.RawConn</code></a> <code>Read</code>
- and <code>Write</code> methods now work correctly on Windows.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 107715 -->
- The <code>net</code> package now automatically uses the
- <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/splice.2.html"><code>splice</code> system call</a>
- on Linux when copying data between TCP connections in
- <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn.ReadFrom"><code>TCPConn.ReadFrom</code></a>, as called by
- <a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>io.Copy</code></a>. The result is faster, more efficient TCP proxying.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 108297 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn.File"><code>TCPConn.File</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.File"><code>UDPConn.File</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/net/#UnixCOnn.File"><code>UnixConn.File</code></a>,
- and <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.File"><code>IPConn.File</code></a>
- methods no longer put the returned <code>*os.File</code> into
- blocking mode.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net -->
-
-<dl id="net/http"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 71272 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a> type has a
- new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.MaxConnsPerHost"><code>MaxConnsPerHost</code></a>
- option that permits limiting the maximum number of connections
- per host.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 79919 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Cookie"><code>Cookie</code></a> type has a new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Cookie.SameSite"><code>SameSite</code></a> field
- (of new type also named
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#SameSite"><code>SameSite</code></a>) to represent the new cookie attribute recently supported by most browsers.
- The <code>net/http</code>'s <code>Transport</code> does not use the <code>SameSite</code>
- attribute itself, but the package supports parsing and serializing the
- attribute for browsers to use.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 81778 -->
- It is no longer allowed to reuse a <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a>
- after a call to
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown"><code>Shutdown</code></a> or
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Close"><code>Close</code></a>. It was never officially supported
- in the past and had often surprising behavior. Now, all future calls to the server's <code>Serve</code>
- methods will return errors after a shutdown or close.
- </p>
-
- <!-- CL 89275 was reverted before Go 1.11 -->
-
- <p><!-- CL 93296 -->
- The constant <code>StatusMisdirectedRequest</code> is now defined for HTTP status code 421.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 123875 -->
- The HTTP server will no longer cancel contexts or send on
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#CloseNotifier"><code>CloseNotifier</code></a>
- channels upon receiving pipelined HTTP/1.1 requests. Browsers do
- not use HTTP pipelining, but some clients (such as
- Debian's <code>apt</code>) may be configured to do so.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 115255 -->
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ProxyFromEnvironment"><code>ProxyFromEnvironment</code></a>, which is used by the
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>, now
- supports CIDR notation and ports in the <code>NO_PROXY</code> environment variable.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http -->
-
-<dl id="net/http/httputil"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/">net/http/httputil</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 77410 -->
- The
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a>
- has a new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy.ErrorHandler"><code>ErrorHandler</code></a>
- option to permit changing how errors are handled.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 115135 -->
- The <code>ReverseProxy</code> now also passes
- "<code>TE:</code> <code>trailers</code>" request headers
- through to the backend, as required by the gRPC protocol.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http/httputil -->
-
-<dl id="os"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/">os</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 78835 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/os/#UserCacheDir"><code>UserCacheDir</code></a> function
- returns the default root directory to use for user-specific cached data.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 94856 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/os/#ModeIrregular"><code>ModeIrregular</code></a>
- is a <a href="/pkg/os/#FileMode"><code>FileMode</code></a> bit to represent
- that a file is not a regular file, but nothing else is known about it, or that
- it's not a socket, device, named pipe, symlink, or other file type for which
- Go has a defined mode bit.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 99337 -->
- <a href="/pkg/os/#Symlink"><code>Symlink</code></a> now works
- for unprivileged users on Windows 10 on machines with Developer
- Mode enabled.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 100077 -->
- When a non-blocking descriptor is passed
- to <a href="/pkg/os#NewFile"><code>NewFile</code></a>, the
- resulting <code>*File</code> will be kept in non-blocking
- mode. This means that I/O for that <code>*File</code> will use
- the runtime poller rather than a separate thread, and that
- the <a href="/pkg/os/#File.SetDeadline"><code>SetDeadline</code></a>
- methods will work.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- os -->
-
-<dl id="os/signal"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/signal/">os/signal</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 108376 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Ignored"><code>Ignored</code></a> function reports
- whether a signal is currently ignored.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- os/signal -->
-
-<dl id="os/user"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/user/">os/user</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 92456 -->
- The <code>os/user</code> package can now be built in pure Go
- mode using the build tag "<code>osusergo</code>",
- independent of the use of the environment
- variable <code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code>. Previously the only way to use
- the package's pure Go implementation was to disable <code>cgo</code>
- support across the entire program.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- os/user -->
-
-<!-- CL 101715 was reverted -->
-
-<dl id="runtime-again"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/">runtime</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p><!-- CL 70993 -->
- Setting the <code>GODEBUG=tracebackancestors=<em>N</em></code>
- environment variable now extends tracebacks with the stacks at
- which goroutines were created, where <em>N</em> limits the
- number of ancestor goroutines to report.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- runtime -->
-
-<dl id="runtime/pprof"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/">runtime/pprof</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 102696 -->
- This release adds a new "allocs" profile type that profiles
- total number of bytes allocated since the program began
- (including garbage-collected bytes). This is identical to the
- existing "heap" profile viewed in <code>-alloc_space</code> mode.
- Now <code>go test -memprofile=...</code> reports an "allocs" profile
- instead of "heap" profile.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- runtime/pprof -->
-
-<dl id="sync"><dt><a href="/pkg/sync/">sync</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 87095 -->
- The mutex profile now includes reader/writer contention
- for <a href="/pkg/sync/#RWMutex"><code>RWMutex</code></a>.
- Writer/writer contention was already included in the mutex
- profile.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- sync -->
-
-<dl id="syscall"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/">syscall</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 106275 -->
- On Windows, several fields were changed from <code>uintptr</code> to a new
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=windows&GOARCH=amd64#Pointer"><code>Pointer</code></a>
- type to avoid problems with Go's garbage collector. The same change was made
- to the <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/windows"><code>golang.org/x/sys/windows</code></a>
- package. For any code affected, users should first migrate away from the <code>syscall</code>
- package to the <code>golang.org/x/sys/windows</code> package, and then change
- to using the <code>Pointer</code>, while obeying the
- <a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code> conversion rules</a>.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 118658 -->
- On Linux, the <code>flags</code> parameter to
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=linux&GOARCH=amd64#Faccessat"><code>Faccessat</code></a>
- is now implemented just as in glibc. In earlier Go releases the
- flags parameter was ignored.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 118658 -->
- On Linux, the <code>flags</code> parameter to
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=linux&GOARCH=amd64#Fchmodat"><code>Fchmodat</code></a>
- is now validated. Linux's <code>fchmodat</code> doesn't support the <code>flags</code> parameter
- so we now mimic glibc's behavior and return an error if it's non-zero.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- syscall -->
-
-<dl id="text/scanner"><dt><a href="/pkg/text/scanner/">text/scanner</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 112037 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner.Scan"><code>Scanner.Scan</code></a> method now returns
- the <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#RawString"><code>RawString</code></a> token
- instead of <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#String"><code>String</code></a>
- for raw string literals.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- text/scanner -->
-
-<dl id="text/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/text/template/">text/template</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 84480 -->
- Modifying template variables via assignments is now permitted via the <code>=</code> token:
- </p>
- <pre>
- {{"{{"}} $v := "init" {{"}}"}}
- {{"{{"}} if true {{"}}"}}
- {{"{{"}} $v = "changed" {{"}}"}}
- {{"{{"}} end {{"}}"}}
- v: {{"{{"}} $v {{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}/* "changed" */{{"}}"}}</pre>
-
- <p><!-- CL 95215 -->
- In previous versions untyped <code>nil</code> values passed to
- template functions were ignored. They are now passed as normal
- arguments.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- text/template -->
-
-<dl id="time"><dt><a href="/pkg/time/">time</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 98157 -->
- Parsing of timezones denoted by sign and offset is now
- supported. In previous versions, numeric timezone names
- (such as <code>+03</code>) were not considered valid, and only
- three-letter abbreviations (such as <code>MST</code>) were accepted
- when expecting a timezone name.
- </p>
-</dl><!-- time -->
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.12.html b/content/doc/go1.12.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d8547e9..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.12.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,830 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.12 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.12",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<style>
- ul li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="introduction">DRAFT RELEASE NOTES - Introduction to Go 1.12</h2>
-
-<p>
- <strong>
- Go 1.12 is not yet released. These are work-in-progress
- release notes. Go 1.12 is expected to be released in February 2019.
- </strong>
-</p>
-
-<p>
- The latest Go release, version 1.12, arrives six months after <a href="go1.11">Go 1.11</a>.
- Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries.
- As always, the release maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>.
- We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
- There are no changes to the language specification.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p><!-- CL 138675 -->
- The race detector is now supported on <code>linux/arm64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p id="freebsd">
- Go 1.12 is the last release that is supported on FreeBSD 10.x, which has
- already reached end-of-life. Go 1.13 will require FreeBSD 11.2+ or FreeBSD
- 12.0+.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 146898 -->
- cgo is now supported on <code>linux/ppc64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p id="hurd"><!-- CL 146023 -->
- <code>hurd</code> is now a recognized value for <code>GOOS</code>, reserved
- for the GNU/Hurd system for use with <code>gccgo</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="windows">Windows</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go's new <code>windows/arm</code> port supports running Go on Windows 10
- IoT Core on 32-bit ARM chips such as the Raspberry Pi 3.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="aix">AIX</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go now supports AIX 7.2 and later on POWER8 architectures (<code>aix/ppc64</code>). External linking, cgo, pprof and the race detector aren't yet supported.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="darwin">Darwin</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.12 is the last release that will run on macOS 10.10 Yosemite.
- Go 1.13 will require macOS 10.11 El Capitan or later.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 141639 -->
- <code>libSystem</code> is now used when making syscalls on Darwin,
- ensuring forward-compatibility with future versions of macOS and iOS.
- <!-- CL 153338 -->
- The switch to <code>libSystem</code> triggered additional App Store
- checks for private API usage. Since it is considered private,
- <code>syscall.Getdirentries</code> now always fails with
- <code>ENOSYS</code> on iOS.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="vet"><code>go tool vet</code> no longer supported</h3>
-
-<p>
- The <code>go vet</code> command has been rewritten to serve as the
- base for a range of different source code analysis tools. See
- the <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/go/analysis">golang.org/x/tools/go/analysis</a>
- package for details. A side-effect is that <code>go tool vet</code>
- is no longer supported. External tools that use <code>go tool
- vet</code> must be changed to use <code>go
- vet</code>. Using <code>go vet</code> instead of <code>go tool
- vet</code> should work with all supported versions of Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- As part of this change, the experimental <code>-shadow</code> option
- is no longer available with <code>go vet</code>. Checking for
- variable shadowing may now be done using
-<pre>
-go install golang.org/x/tools/go/analysis/passes/shadow/cmd/shadow
-go vet -vettool=$(which shadow)
-</pre>
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gocache">Build cache requirement</h3>
-
-<p>
- The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Build_and_test_caching">build cache</a> is now
- required as a step toward eliminating
- <code>$GOPATH/pkg</code>. Setting the environment variable
- <code>GOCACHE=off</code> will cause <code>go</code> commands that write to the
- cache to fail.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="binary-only">Binary-only packages</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.12 is the last release that will support binary-only packages.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cgo">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.12 will translate the C type <code>EGLDisplay</code> to the Go type <code>uintptr</code>.
- This change is similar to how Go 1.10 and newer treats Darwin's CoreFoundation
- and Java's JNI types. See the
- <a href="https://golang.org/cmd/cgo/#hdr-Special_cases">cgo documentation</a>
- for more information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="modules">Modules</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 148517 -->
- When <code>GO111MODULE</code> is set to <code>on</code>, the <code>go</code>
- command now supports module-aware operations outside of a module directory,
- provided that those operations do not need to resolve import paths relative to
- the current directory or explicitly edit the <code>go.mod</code> file.
- Commands such as <code>go</code> <code>get</code>,
- <code>go</code> <code>list</code>, and
- <code>go</code> <code>mod</code> <code>download</code> behave as if in a
- module with initially-empty requirements.
- In this mode, <code>go</code> <code>env</code> <code>GOMOD</code> reports
- the system's null device (<code>/dev/null</code> or <code>NUL</code>).
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 146382 -->
- <code>go</code> commands that download and extract modules are now safe to
- invoke concurrently.
- The module cache (<code>GOPATH/pkg/mod</code>) must reside in a filesystem that
- supports file locking.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 147282, 147281 -->
- The <code>go</code> directive in a <code>go.mod</code> file now indicates the
- version of the language used by the files within that module, and
- <code>go</code> <code>mod</code> <code>tidy</code> sets it to the
- current release (<code>go</code> <code>1.12</code>) if no existing
- version is present.
- If the <code>go</code> directive for a module specifies a
- version <em>newer</em> than the toolchain in use, the <code>go</code> command
- will attempt to build the packages regardless, and will note the mismatch only if
- that build fails.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 152739 -->
- When an import cannot be resolved using the active modules,
- the <code>go</code> command will now try to use the modules mentioned in the
- main module's <code>replace</code> directives before consulting the module
- cache and the usual network sources.
- If a matching replacement is found but the <code>replace</code> directive does
- not specify a version, the <code>go</code> command uses a pseudo-version
- derived from the zero <code>time.Time</code> (such
- as <code>v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000</code>).
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler toolchain</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 134155, 134156 -->
- The compiler's live variable analysis has improved. This may mean that
- finalizers will be executed sooner in this release than in previous
- releases. If that is a problem, consider the appropriate addition of a
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#KeepAlive"><code>runtime.KeepAlive</code></a> call.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 147361 -->
- More functions are now eligible for inlining by default, including
- functions that do nothing but call another function.
- This extra inlining makes it additionally important to use
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#CallersFrames"><code>runtime.CallersFrames</code></a>
- instead of iterating over the result of
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#Callers"><code>runtime.Callers</code></a> directly.
-<pre>
-// Old code which no longer works correctly (it will miss inlined call frames).
-var pcs [10]uintptr
-n := runtime.Callers(1, pcs[:])
-for _, pc := range pcs[:n] {
- f := runtime.FuncForPC(pc)
- if f != nil {
- fmt.Println(f.Name())
- }
-}
-</pre>
-<pre>
-// New code which will work correctly.
-var pcs [10]uintptr
-n := runtime.Callers(1, pcs[:])
-frames := runtime.CallersFrames(pcs[:n])
-for {
- frame, more := frames.Next()
- fmt.Println(frame.Function)
- if !more {
- break
- }
-}
-</pre>
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 144340 -->
- The compiler now accepts a <code>-lang</code> flag to set the Go language
- version to use. For example, <code>-lang=go1.8</code> causes the compiler to
- emit an error if the program uses type aliases, which were added in Go 1.9.
- Language changes made before Go 1.12 are not consistently enforced.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 147160 -->
- The compiler toolchain now uses different conventions to call Go
- functions and assembly functions. This should be invisible to users,
- except for calls that simultaneously cross between Go and
- assembly <em>and</em> cross a package boundary. If linking results
- in an error like "relocation target not defined for ABIInternal (but
- is defined for ABI0)", please refer to help section of the ABI
- design document.
- <!-- TODO(austin): Link to the design doc. -->
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 145179 -->
- There have been many improvements to the DWARF debug information
- produced by the compiler, including improvements to argument
- printing and variable location information.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 61511 -->
- Go programs now also maintain stack frame pointers on <code>linux/arm64</code>
- for the benefit of profiling tools like <code>perf</code>. The frame pointer
- maintenance has a small run-time overhead that varies but averages around 3%.
- To build a toolchain that does not use frame pointers, set
- <code>GOEXPERIMENT=noframepointer</code> when running <code>make.bash</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 142717 -->
- The obsolete "safe" compiler mode (enabled by the <code>-u</code> gcflag) has been removed.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="godoc"><code>godoc</code> and <code>go</code> <code>doc</code></h3>
-
-<p>
- In Go 1.12, <code>godoc</code> no longer has a command-line interface and
- is only a web server. Users should use <code>go</code> <code>doc</code>
- for command-line help output instead.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 141977 -->
- <code>go</code> <code>doc</code> now supports the <code>-all</code> flag,
- which will cause it to print all exported APIs and their documentation,
- as the <code>godoc</code> command line used to do.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="trace">Trace</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 60790 -->
- The trace tool now supports plotting mutator utilization curves,
- including cross-references to the execution trace. These are useful
- for analyzing the impact of the garbage collector on application
- latency and throughput.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="assembler">Assembler</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 147218 -->
- On <code>arm64</code>, the platform register was renamed from
- <code>R18</code> to <code>R18_PLATFORM</code> to prevent accidental
- use, as the OS could choose to reserve this register.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="runtime">Runtime</h2>
-
-<p><!-- CL 138959 -->
- Go 1.12 significantly improves the performance of sweeping when a
- large fraction of the heap remains live. This reduces allocation
- latency immediately following a garbage collection.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 139719 -->
- The Go runtime now releases memory back to the operating system more
- aggressively, particularly in response to large allocations that
- can't reuse existing heap space.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 146342, CL 146340, CL 146345, CL 146339, CL 146343, CL 146337, CL 146341, CL 146338 -->
- The Go runtime's timer and deadline code is faster and scales better
- with higher numbers of CPUs. In particular, this improves the
- performance of manipulating network connection deadlines.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 135395 -->
- On Linux, the runtime now uses <code>MADV_FREE</code> to release unused
- memory. This is more efficient but may result in higher reported
- RSS. The kernel will reclaim the unused data when it is needed.
- To revert to the Go 1.11 behavior (<code>MADV_DONTNEED</code>), set the
- environment variable <code>GODEBUG=madvdontneed=1</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 149578 -->
- Adding cpu.<em>extension</em>=off to the
- <a href="/doc/diagnostics.html#godebug">GODEBUG</a> environment
- variable now disables the use of optional CPU instruction
- set extensions in the standard library and runtime. This is not
- yet supported on Windows.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="tls_1_3">TLS 1.3</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.12 adds support in the <code>crypto/tls</code> package for TLS 1.3 as
- specified in <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446">RFC 8446</a>.
-
- Programs that did not set an explicit <code>MaxVersion</code> in
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> will automatically negotiate
- TLS 1.3 if available. All TLS 1.2 features except <code>TLSUnique</code> in
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a>
- and renegotiation are available in TLS 1.3 and provide equivalent or
- better security and performance.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- TLS 1.3 cipher suites are not configurable. All supported cipher suites are
- safe, and if <code>PreferServerCipherSuites</code> is set in
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> the preference order
- is based on the available hardware.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Early data (also called "0-RTT mode") is not currently supported as a
- client or server. Additionally, a Go 1.12 server does not support skipping
- unexpected early data if a client sends it. Since TLS 1.3 0-RTT mode
- involves clients keeping state regarding which servers support 0-RTT,
- a Go 1.12 server cannot be part of a load-balancing pool where some other
- servers do support 0-RTT. If switching a domain from a server that supported
- 0-RTT to a Go 1.12 server, 0-RTT would have to be disabled for at least the
- lifetime of the issued session tickets before the switch to ensure
- uninterrupted operation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- In TLS 1.3 the client is the last one to speak in the handshake, so if it causes
- an error to occur on the server, it will be returned on the client by the first
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Conn.Read"><code>Read</code></a>, not by
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Conn.Handshake"><code>Handshake</code></a>. For
- example, that will be the case if the server rejects the client certificate.
- Similarly, session tickets are now post-handshake messages, so are only
- received by the client upon its first
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Conn.Read"><code>Read</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
- As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library,
- made with the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>
- in mind.
-</p>
-
-<!-- TODO: CL 115677: https://golang.org/cl/115677: cmd/vet: check embedded field tags too -->
-
-<dl id="bufio"><dt><a href="/pkg/bufio/">bufio</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 149297 -->
- <code>Reader</code>'s <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.UnreadRune"><code>UnreadRune</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.UnreadByte"><code>UnreadByte</code></a> methods will now return an error
- if they are called after <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.Peek"><code>Peek</code></a>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- bufio -->
-
-<dl id="bytes"><dt><a href="/pkg/bytes/">bytes</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 137855 -->
- The new function <a href="/pkg/bytes/#ReplaceAll"><code>ReplaceAll</code></a> returns a copy of
- a byte slice with all non-overlapping instances of a value replaced by another.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 145098 -->
- A pointer to a zero-value <a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> is now
- functionally equivalent to <a href="/pkg/bytes/#NewReader"><code>NewReader</code></a><code>(nil)</code>.
- Prior to Go 1.12, the former could not be used as a substitute for the latter in all cases.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- bytes -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/rand"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/rand/">crypto/rand</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 139419 -->
- A warning will now be printed to standard error the first time
- <code>Reader.Read</code> is blocked for more than 60 seconds waiting
- to read entropy from the kernel.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 120055 -->
- On FreeBSD, <code>Reader</code> now uses the <code>getrandom</code>
- system call if available, <code>/dev/urandom</code> otherwise.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/rand -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/rc4"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/rc4/">crypto/rc4</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 130397 -->
- This release removes the optimized assembly implementations. RC4 is insecure
- and should only be used for compatibility with legacy systems.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/rc4 -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/tls"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/">crypto/tls</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 146258 -->
- TLS 1.2 clients and servers will now advertise and accept RSA-PSS
- signature algorithms for use with regular RSA public keys.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 143177 -->
- If a client sends an initial message that does not look like TLS, the server
- will no longer reply with an alert, and it will expose the underlying
- <code>net.Conn</code> in the new field <code>Conn</code> of
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#RecordHeaderError"><code>RecordHeaderError</code></a>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/tls -->
-
-<dl id="database/sql"><dt><a href="/pkg/database/sql/">database/sql</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 145738 -->
- A query cursor can now be obtained by passing a
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Rows"><code>*Rows</code></a>
- value to the <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Row.Scan"><code>Row.Scan</code></a> method.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- database/sql -->
-
-<dl id="expvar"><dt><a href="/pkg/expvar/">expvar</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 139537 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/expvar/#Map.Delete"><code>Delete</code></a> method allows
- for deletion of key/value pairs from a <a href="/pkg/expvar/#Map"><code>Map</code></a>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- expvar -->
-
-<dl id="fmt"><dt><a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 142737 -->
- Maps are now printed in key-sorted order to ease testing. The ordering rules are:
- <ul>
- <li>When applicable, nil compares low
- <li>ints, floats, and strings order by <
- <li>NaN compares less than non-NaN floats
- <li>bool compares false before true
- <li>Complex compares real, then imaginary
- <li>Pointers compare by machine address
- <li>Channel values compare by machine address
- <li>Structs compare each field in turn
- <li>Arrays compare each element in turn
- <li>Interface values compare first by <code>reflect.Type</code> describing the concrete type
- and then by concrete value as described in the previous rules.
- </ul>
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 129777 -->
- When printing maps, non-reflexive key values like <code>NaN</code> were previously
- displayed as <code><nil></code>. As of this release, the correct values are printed.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- fmt -->
-
-<dl id="go/doc"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/doc/">go/doc</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 140958 -->
- To address some outstanding issues in <a href="/cmd/doc/"><code>cmd/doc</code></a>,
- this package has a new <a href="/pkg/go/doc/#Mode"><code>Mode</code></a> bit,
- <code>PreserveAST</code>, which controls whether AST data is cleared.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- go/doc -->
-
-<dl id="go/token"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/token/">go/token</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 134075 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/go/token#File"><code>File</code></a> type has a new
- <a href="/pkg/go/token#File.LineStart"><code>LineStart</code></a> field,
- which returns the position of the start of a given line. This is especially useful
- in programs that occasionally handle non-Go files, such as assembly, but wish to use
- the <code>token.Pos</code> mechanism to identify file positions.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- go/token -->
-
-<dl id="image"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/">image</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 118755 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/image/#RegisterFormat"><code>RegisterFormat</code></a> function is now safe for concurrent use.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- image -->
-
-<dl id="image/png"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/png/">image/png</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 134235 -->
- Paletted images with fewer than 16 colors now encode to smaller outputs.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- image/png -->
-
-<dl id="io"><dt><a href="/pkg/io/">io</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 139457 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/io#StringWriter"><code>StringWriter</code></a> interface wraps the
- <a href="/pkg/io/#WriteString"><code>WriteString</code></a> function.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- io -->
-
-<dl id="lib/time"><dt><a href="/pkg/lib/time/">lib/time</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 151299 -->
- The time zone database in <code>$GOROOT/lib/time/zoneinfo.zip</code> has been updated to version 2018g. Note that this ZIP file is only used if a time zone database is not provided by the operating system.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- lib/time -->
-
-<dl id="math/bits"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/bits/">math/bits</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 123157 -->
- New extended precision operations <a href="/pkg/math/bits/#Add"><code>Add</code></a>, <a href="/pkg/math/bits/#Sub"><code>Sub</code></a>, <a href="/pkg/math/bits/#Mul"><code>Mul</code></a>, and <a href="/pkg/math/bits/#Div"><code>Div</code></a> are available in <code>uint</code>, <code>uint32</code>, and <code>uint64</code> versions.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- math/bits -->
-
-<dl id="net"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/">net</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 146659 -->
- The
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.DualStack"><code>Dialer.DualStack</code></a> setting is now ignored and deprecated;
- RFC 6555 Fast Fallback ("Happy Eyeballs") is now enabled by default. To disable, set
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.FallbackDelay"><code>Dialer.FallbackDelay</code></a> to a negative value.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 107196 -->
- Similarly, TCP keep-alives are now enabled by default if
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.KeepAlive"><code>Dialer.KeepAlive</code></a> is zero.
- To disable, set it to a negative value.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 113997 -->
- On Linux, the <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/splice.2.html"><code>splice</code> system call</a> is now used when copying from a
- <a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a> to a
- <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn"><code>TCPConn</code></a>.
- </p>
-</dl><!-- net -->
-
-<dl id="net/http"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 143177 -->
- The HTTP server now rejects misdirected HTTP requests to HTTPS servers with a plaintext "400 Bad Request" response.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 130115 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client.CloseIdleConnections"><code>Client.CloseIdleConnections</code></a>
- method calls the <code>Client</code>'s underlying <code>Transport</code>'s <code>CloseIdleConnections</code>
- if it has one.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 145398 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a> no longer rejects HTTP responses which declare
- HTTP Trailers but don't use chunked encoding. Instead, the declared trailers are now just ignored.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 152080 --> <!-- CL 151857 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a> no longer handles <code>MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS</code> values
- advertised from HTTP/2 servers as strictly as it did during Go 1.10 and Go 1.11. The default behavior is now back
- to how it was in Go 1.9: each connection to a server can have up to <code>MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS</code> requests
- active and then new TCP connections are created as needed. In Go 1.10 and Go 1.11 the <code>http2</code> package
- would block and wait for requests to finish instead of creating new connections.
- To get the stricter behavior back, import the
- <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/http2"><code>golang.org/x/net/http2</code></a> package
- directly and set
- <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/http2#Transport.StrictMaxConcurrentStreams"><code>Transport.StrictMaxConcurrentStreams</code></a> to
- <code>true</code>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http -->
-
-<dl id="net/http/httputil"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/">net/http/httputil</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 146437 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a> now automatically
- proxies WebSocket requests.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http/httputil -->
-
-<dl id="os"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/">os</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 125443 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/os/#ProcessState.ExitCode"><code>ProcessState.ExitCode</code></a> method
- returns the process's exit code.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 135075 -->
- <code>ModeCharDevice</code> has been added to the <code>ModeType</code> bitmask, allowing for
- <code>ModeDevice | ModeCharDevice</code> to be recovered when masking a
- <a href="/pkg/os/#FileMode"><code>FileMode</code></a> with <code>ModeType</code>.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 139418 -->
- The new function <a href="/pkg/os/#UserHomeDir"><code>UserHomeDir</code></a> returns the
- current user's home directory.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 146020 -->
- <a href="/pkg/os/#RemoveAll"><code>RemoveAll</code></a> now supports paths longer than 4096 characters
- on most Unix systems.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 130676 -->
- <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Sync"><code>File.Sync</code></a> now uses <code>F_FULLFSYNC</code> on macOS
- to correctly flush the file contents to permanent storage.
- This may cause the method to run more slowly than in previous releases.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- os -->
-
-<dl id="path/filepath"><dt><a href="/pkg/path/filepath/">path/filepath</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 145220 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#IsAbs"><code>IsAbs</code></a> function now returns true when passed
- a reserved filename on Windows such as <code>NUL</code>.
- <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/fileio/naming-a-file#naming-conventions">List of reserved names.</a>
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- path/filepath -->
-
-<dl id="reflect"><dt><a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 33572 -->
- A new <a href="/pkg/reflect#MapIter"><code>MapIter</code></a> type is
- an iterator for ranging over a map. This type is exposed through the
- <a href="/pkg/reflect#Value"><code>Value</code></a> type's new
- <a href="/pkg/reflect#Value.MapRange"><code>MapRange</code></a> method.
- This follows the same iteration semantics as a range statement, with <code>Next</code>
- to advance the iterator, and <code>Key</code>/<code>Value</code> to access each entry.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- reflect -->
-
-<dl id="regexp"><dt><a href="/pkg/regexp/">regexp</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 139784 -->
- <a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> is no longer necessary
- to avoid lock contention, so it has been given a partial deprecation comment.
- <a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Copy"><code>Copy</code></a>
- may still be appropriate if the reason for its use is to make two copies with
- different <a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Longest"><code>Longest</code></a> settings.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- regexp -->
-
-<dl id="runtime/debug"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/">runtime/debug</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 144220 -->
- A new <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#BuildInfo"><code>BuildInfo</code></a> type
- exposes the build information read from the running binary, available only in
- binaries built with module support. This includes the main package path, main
- module information, and the module dependencies. This type is given though the
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#ReadBuildInfo"><code>ReadBuildInfo</code></a> function
- on <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#BuildInfo"><code>BuildInfo</code></a>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- runtime/debug -->
-
-<dl id="strings"><dt><a href="/pkg/strings/">strings</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 137855 -->
- The new function <a href="/pkg/strings/#ReplaceAll"><code>ReplaceAll</code></a> returns a copy of
- a string with all non-overlapping instances of a value replaced by another.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 145098 -->
- A pointer to a zero-value <a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> is now
- functionally equivalent to <a href="/pkg/strings/#NewReader"><code>NewReader</code></a><code>(nil)</code>.
- Prior to Go 1.12, the former could not be used as a substitute for the latter in all cases.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 122835 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/strings/#Builder.Cap"><code>Builder.Cap</code></a> method returns the capacity of the builder's underlying byte slice.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 131495 -->
- The character mapping functions <a href="/pkg/strings/#Map"><code>Map</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/strings/#Title"><code>Title</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/strings/#ToLower"><code>ToLower</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/strings/#ToLowerSpecial"><code>ToLowerSpecial</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/strings/#ToTitle"><code>ToTitle</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/strings/#ToTitleSpecial"><code>ToTitleSpecial</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/strings/#ToUpper"><code>ToUpper</code></a>, and
- <a href="/pkg/strings/#ToUpperSpecial"><code>ToUpperSpecial</code></a>
- now always guarantee to return valid UTF-8. In earlier releases, if the input was invalid UTF-8 but no character replacements
- needed to be applied, these routines incorrectly returned the invalid UTF-8 unmodified.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- strings -->
-
-<dl id="syscall"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/">syscall</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 138595 -->
- 64-bit inodes are now supported on FreeBSD 12. Some types have been adjusted accordingly.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 125456 -->
- The Unix socket
- (<a href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/2017/12/19/af_unix-comes-to-windows/"><code>AF_UNIX</code></a>)
- address family is now supported for compatible versions of Windows.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 147117 -->
- The new function <a href="/pkg/syscall/?GOOS=windows&GOARCH=amd64#Syscall18"><code>Syscall18</code></a>
- has been introduced for Windows, allowing for calls with up to 18 arguments.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- syscall -->
-
-<dl id="syscall/js"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/js/">syscall/js</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 153559 -->
- <p>
- The <code>Callback</code> type and <code>NewCallback</code> function have been renamed;
- they are now called
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/?GOOS=js&GOARCH=wasm#Func"><code>Func</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/?GOOS=js&GOARCH=wasm#FuncOf"><code>FuncOf</code></a>, respectively.
- This is a breaking change, but WebAssembly support is still experimental
- and not yet subject to the
- <a href="/doc/go1compat">Go 1 compatibility promise</a>. Any code using the
- old names will need to be updated.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 141644 -->
- If a type implements the new
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/?GOOS=js&GOARCH=wasm#Wrapper"><code>Wrapper</code></a>
- interface,
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/?GOOS=js&GOARCH=wasm#ValueOf"><code>ValueOf</code></a>
- will use it to return the JavaScript value for that type.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 143137 -->
- The meaning of the zero
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/?GOOS=js&GOARCH=wasm#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
- has changed. It now represents the JavaScript <code>undefined</code> value
- instead of the number zero.
- This is a breaking change, but WebAssembly support is still experimental
- and not yet subject to the
- <a href="/doc/go1compat">Go 1 compatibility promise</a>. Any code relying on
- the zero <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/?GOOS=js&GOARCH=wasm#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
- to mean the number zero will need to be updated.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 144384 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/js/?GOOS=js&GOARCH=wasm#Value.Truthy"><code>Value.Truthy</code></a>
- method reports the
- <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Truthy">JavaScript "truthiness"</a>
- of a given value.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- syscall/js -->
-
-<dl id="testing"><dt><a href="/pkg/testing/">testing</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 139258 -->
- The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Testing_flags"><code>-benchtime</code></a> flag now supports setting an explicit iteration count instead of a time when the value ends with an "<code>x</code>". For example, <code>-benchtime=100x</code> runs the benchmark 100 times.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- testing -->
-
-<dl id="text/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/text/template/">text/template</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 142217 -->
- When executing a template, long context values are no longer truncated in errors.
- </p>
- <p>
- <code>executing "tmpl" at <.very.deep.context.v...>: map has no entry for key "notpresent"</code>
- </p>
- <p>
- is now
- </p>
- <p>
- <code>executing "tmpl" at <.very.deep.context.value.notpresent>: map has no entry for key "notpresent"</code>
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- text/template -->
-
-<dl id="unsafe"><dt><a href="/pkg/unsafe/">unsafe</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 146058 -->
- It is invalid to convert a nil <code>unsafe.Pointer</code> to <code>uintptr</code> and back with arithmetic.
- (This was already invalid, but will now cause the compiler to misbehave.)
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- unsafe -->
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.2.html b/content/doc/go1.2.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f60514..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.2.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,979 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.2 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.2",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.2</h2>
-
-<p>
-Since the release of <a href="/doc/go1.1.html">Go version 1.1</a> in April, 2013,
-the release schedule has been shortened to make the release process more efficient.
-This release, Go version 1.2 or Go 1.2 for short, arrives roughly six months after 1.1,
-while 1.1 took over a year to appear after 1.0.
-Because of the shorter time scale, 1.2 is a smaller delta than the step from 1.0 to 1.1,
-but it still has some significant developments, including
-a better scheduler and one new language feature.
-Of course, Go 1.2 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
-of compatibility</a>.
-The overwhelming majority of programs built with Go 1.1 (or 1.0 for that matter)
-will run without any changes whatsoever when moved to 1.2,
-although the introduction of one restriction
-to a corner of the language may expose already-incorrect code
-(see the discussion of the <a href="#use_of_nil">use of nil</a>).
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
-In the interest of firming up the specification, one corner case has been clarified,
-with consequences for programs.
-There is also one new language feature.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="use_of_nil">Use of nil</h3>
-
-<p>
-The language now specifies that, for safety reasons,
-certain uses of nil pointers are guaranteed to trigger a run-time panic.
-For instance, in Go 1.0, given code like
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct {
- X [1<<24]byte
- Field int32
-}
-
-func main() {
- var x *T
- ...
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the <code>nil</code> pointer <code>x</code> could be used to access memory incorrectly:
-the expression <code>x.Field</code> could access memory at address <code>1<<24</code>.
-To prevent such unsafe behavior, in Go 1.2 the compilers now guarantee that any indirection through
-a nil pointer, such as illustrated here but also in nil pointers to arrays, nil interface values,
-nil slices, and so on, will either panic or return a correct, safe non-nil value.
-In short, any expression that explicitly or implicitly requires evaluation of a nil address is an error.
-The implementation may inject extra tests into the compiled program to enforce this behavior.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Further details are in the
-<a href="//golang.org/s/go12nil">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Most code that depended on the old behavior is erroneous and will fail when run.
-Such programs will need to be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="three_index">Three-index slices</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.2 adds the ability to specify the capacity as well as the length when using a slicing operation
-on an existing array or slice.
-A slicing operation creates a new slice by describing a contiguous section of an already-created array or slice:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var array [10]int
-slice := array[2:4]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The capacity of the slice is the maximum number of elements that the slice may hold, even after reslicing;
-it reflects the size of the underlying array.
-In this example, the capacity of the <code>slice</code> variable is 8.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.2 adds new syntax to allow a slicing operation to specify the capacity as well as the length.
-A second
-colon introduces the capacity value, which must be less than or equal to the capacity of the
-source slice or array, adjusted for the origin. For instance,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-slice = array[2:4:7]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-sets the slice to have the same length as in the earlier example but its capacity is now only 5 elements (7-2).
-It is impossible to use this new slice value to access the last three elements of the original array.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In this three-index notation, a missing first index (<code>[:i:j]</code>) defaults to zero but the other
-two indices must always be specified explicitly.
-It is possible that future releases of Go may introduce default values for these indices.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Further details are in the
-<a href="//golang.org/s/go12slice">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This is a backwards-compatible change that affects no existing programs.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="preemption">Pre-emption in the scheduler</h3>
-
-<p>
-In prior releases, a goroutine that was looping forever could starve out other
-goroutines on the same thread, a serious problem when GOMAXPROCS
-provided only one user thread.
-In Go 1.2, this is partially addressed: The scheduler is invoked occasionally
-upon entry to a function.
-This means that any loop that includes a (non-inlined) function call can
-be pre-empted, allowing other goroutines to run on the same thread.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="thread_limit">Limit on the number of threads</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.2 introduces a configurable limit (default 10,000) to the total number of threads
-a single program may have in its address space, to avoid resource starvation
-issues in some environments.
-Note that goroutines are multiplexed onto threads so this limit does not directly
-limit the number of goroutines, only the number that may be simultaneously blocked
-in a system call.
-In practice, the limit is hard to reach.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetMaxThreads"><code>SetMaxThreads</code></a> function in the
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package controls the thread count limit.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Few functions will be affected by the limit, but if a program dies because it hits the
-limit, it could be modified to call <code>SetMaxThreads</code> to set a higher count.
-Even better would be to refactor the program to need fewer threads, reducing consumption
-of kernel resources.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="stack_size">Stack size</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1.2, the minimum size of the stack when a goroutine is created has been lifted from 4KB to 8KB.
-Many programs were suffering performance problems with the old size, which had a tendency
-to introduce expensive stack-segment switching in performance-critical sections.
-The new number was determined by empirical testing.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At the other end, the new function <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetMaxStack"><code>SetMaxStack</code></a>
-in the <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package controls
-the <em>maximum</em> size of a single goroutine's stack.
-The default is 1GB on 64-bit systems and 250MB on 32-bit systems.
-Before Go 1.2, it was too easy for a runaway recursion to consume all the memory on a machine.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-The increased minimum stack size may cause programs with many goroutines to use
-more memory. There is no workaround, but plans for future releases
-include new stack management technology that should address the problem better.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cgo_and_cpp">Cgo and C++</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> command will now invoke the C++
-compiler to build any pieces of the linked-to library that are written in C++;
-<a href="/cmd/cgo/">the documentation</a> has more detail.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_tools_godoc">Godoc and vet moved to the go.tools subrepository</h3>
-
-<p>
-Both binaries are still included with the distribution, but the source code for the
-godoc and vet commands has moved to the
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go.tools">go.tools</a> subrepository.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also, the core of the godoc program has been split into a
-<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/?repo=tools#hg%2Fgodoc">library</a>,
-while the command itself is in a separate
-<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/?repo=tools#hg%2Fcmd%2Fgodoc">directory</a>.
-The move allows the code to be updated easily and the separation into a library and command
-makes it easier to construct custom binaries for local sites and different deployment methods.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Since godoc and vet are not part of the library,
-no client Go code depends on the their source and no updating is required.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The binary distributions available from <a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a>
-include these binaries, so users of these distributions are unaffected.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When building from source, users must use "go get" to install godoc and vet.
-(The binaries will continue to be installed in their usual locations, not
-<code>$GOPATH/bin</code>.)
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/godoc
-$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/vet
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-We expect the future GCC 4.9 release to include gccgo with full
-support for Go 1.2.
-In the current (4.8.2) release of GCC, gccgo implements Go 1.1.2.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gc_changes">Changes to the gc compiler and linker</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.2 has several semantic changes to the workings of the gc compiler suite.
-Most users will be unaffected by them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> command now
-works when C++ is included in the library being linked against.
-See the <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> documentation
-for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The gc compiler displayed a vestigial detail of its origins when
-a program had no <code>package</code> clause: it assumed
-the file was in package <code>main</code>.
-The past has been erased, and a missing <code>package</code> clause
-is now an error.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the ARM, the toolchain supports "external linking", which
-is a step towards being able to build shared libraries with the gc
-toolchain and to provide dynamic linking support for environments
-in which that is necessary.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the runtime for the ARM, with <code>5a</code>, it used to be possible to refer
-to the runtime-internal <code>m</code> (machine) and <code>g</code>
-(goroutine) variables using <code>R9</code> and <code>R10</code> directly.
-It is now necessary to refer to them by their proper names.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also on the ARM, the <code>5l</code> linker (sic) now defines the
-<code>MOVBS</code> and <code>MOVHS</code> instructions
-as synonyms of <code>MOVB</code> and <code>MOVH</code>,
-to make clearer the separation between signed and unsigned
-sub-word moves; the unsigned versions already existed with a
-<code>U</code> suffix.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cover">Test coverage</h3>
-
-<p>
-One major new feature of <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go test</code></a> is
-that it can now compute and, with help from a new, separately installed
-"go tool cover" program, display test coverage results.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The cover tool is part of the
-<a href="https://code.google.com/p/go/source/checkout?repo=tools"><code>go.tools</code></a>
-subrepository.
-It can be installed by running
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get code.google.com/p/go.tools/cmd/cover
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The cover tool does two things.
-First, when "go test" is given the <code>-cover</code> flag, it is run automatically
-to rewrite the source for the package and insert instrumentation statements.
-The test is then compiled and run as usual, and basic coverage statistics are reported:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go test -cover fmt
-ok fmt 0.060s coverage: 91.4% of statements
-$
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Second, for more detailed reports, different flags to "go test" can create a coverage profile file,
-which the cover program, invoked with "go tool cover", can then analyze.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Details on how to generate and analyze coverage statistics can be found by running the commands
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go help testflag
-$ go tool cover -help
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="go_doc">The go doc command is deleted</h3>
-
-<p>
-The "go doc" command is deleted.
-Note that the <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a> tool itself is not deleted,
-just the wrapping of it by the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command.
-All it did was show the documents for a package by package path,
-which godoc itself already does with more flexibility.
-It has therefore been deleted to reduce the number of documentation tools and,
-as part of the restructuring of godoc, encourage better options in future.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: For those who still need the precise functionality of running
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go doc
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-in a directory, the behavior is identical to running
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ godoc .
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go get</code></a> command
-now has a <code>-t</code> flag that causes it to download the dependencies
-of the tests run by the package, not just those of the package itself.
-By default, as before, dependencies of the tests are not downloaded.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are a number of significant performance improvements in the standard library; here are a few of them.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/bzip2/"><code>compress/bzip2</code></a>
-decompresses about 30% faster.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/des/"><code>crypto/des</code></a> package
-is about five times faster.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
-encodes about 30% faster.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Networking performance on Windows and BSD systems is about 30% faster through the use
-of an integrated network poller in the runtime, similar to what was done for Linux and OS X
-in Go 1.1.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
-
-
-<h3 id="archive_tar_zip">The archive/tar and archive/zip packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/archive/tar/"><code>archive/tar</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a>
-packages have had a change to their semantics that may break existing programs.
-The issue is that they both provided an implementation of the
-<a href="/pkg/os/#FileInfo"><code>os.FileInfo</code></a>
-interface that was not compliant with the specification for that interface.
-In particular, their <code>Name</code> method returned the full
-path name of the entry, but the interface specification requires that
-the method return only the base name (final path element).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Since this behavior was newly implemented and
-a bit obscure, it is possible that no code depends on the broken behavior.
-If there are programs that do depend on it, they will need to be identified
-and fixed manually.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="encoding">The new encoding package</h3>
-
-<p>
-There is a new package, <a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a>,
-that defines a set of standard encoding interfaces that may be used to
-build custom marshalers and unmarshalers for packages such as
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/"><code>encoding/binary</code></a>.
-These new interfaces have been used to tidy up some implementations in
-the standard library.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new interfaces are called
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryMarshaler"><code>BinaryMarshaler</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryUnmarshaler"><code>BinaryUnmarshaler</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>TextMarshaler</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>TextUnmarshaler</code></a>.
-Full details are in the <a href="/pkg/encoding/">documentation</a> for the package
-and a separate <a href="//golang.org/s/go12encoding">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="fmt_indexed_arguments">The fmt package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package's formatted print
-routines such as <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Printf"><code>Printf</code></a>
-now allow the data items to be printed to be accessed in arbitrary order
-by using an indexing operation in the formatting specifications.
-Wherever an argument is to be fetched from the argument list for formatting,
-either as the value to be formatted or as a width or specification integer,
-a new optional indexing notation <code>[</code><em>n</em><code>]</code>
-fetches argument <em>n</em> instead.
-The value of <em>n</em> is 1-indexed.
-After such an indexing operating, the next argument to be fetched by normal
-processing will be <em>n</em>+1.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, the normal <code>Printf</code> call
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-fmt.Sprintf("%c %c %c\n", 'a', 'b', 'c')
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-would create the string <code>"a b c"</code>, but with indexing operations like this,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-fmt.Sprintf("%[3]c %[1]c %c\n", 'a', 'b', 'c')
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the result is "<code>"c a b"</code>. The <code>[3]</code> index accesses the third formatting
-argument, which is <code>'c'</code>, <code>[1]</code> accesses the first, <code>'a'</code>,
-and then the next fetch accesses the argument following that one, <code>'b'</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The motivation for this feature is programmable format statements to access
-the arguments in different order for localization, but it has other uses:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-log.Printf("trace: value %v of type %[1]T\n", expensiveFunction(a.b[c]))
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: The change to the syntax of format specifications
-is strictly backwards compatible, so it affects no working programs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="text_template">The text/template and html/template packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package
-has a couple of changes in Go 1.2, both of which are also mirrored in the
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a> package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, there are new default functions for comparing basic types.
-The functions are listed in this table, which shows their names and
-the associated familiar comparison operator.
-</p>
-
-<table cellpadding="0" summary="Template comparison functions">
-<tr>
-<th width="50"></th><th width="100">Name</th> <th width="50">Operator</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>eq</code></td> <td><code>==</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>ne</code></td> <td><code>!=</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>lt</code></td> <td><code><</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>le</code></td> <td><code><=</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>gt</code></td> <td><code>></code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>ge</code></td> <td><code>>=</code></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-These functions behave slightly differently from the corresponding Go operators.
-First, they operate only on basic types (<code>bool</code>, <code>int</code>,
-<code>float64</code>, <code>string</code>, etc.).
-(Go allows comparison of arrays and structs as well, under some circumstances.)
-Second, values can be compared as long as they are the same sort of value:
-any signed integer value can be compared to any other signed integer value for example. (Go
-does not permit comparing an <code>int8</code> and an <code>int16</code>).
-Finally, the <code>eq</code> function (only) allows comparison of the first
-argument with one or more following arguments. The template in this example,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1 2 3 {{"}}"}} equal {{"{{"}}else{{"}}"}} not equal {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-reports "equal" if <code>.A</code> is equal to <em>any</em> of 1, 2, or 3.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The second change is that a small addition to the grammar makes "if else if" chains easier to write.
-Instead of writing,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1{{"}}"}} X {{"{{"}}else{{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}if eq .A 2{{"}}"}} Y {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}} {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-one can fold the second "if" into the "else" and have only one "end", like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-{{"{{"}}if eq .A 1{{"}}"}} X {{"{{"}}else if eq .A 2{{"}}"}} Y {{"{{"}}end{{"}}"}}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The two forms are identical in effect; the difference is just in the syntax.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Neither the "else if" change nor the comparison functions
-affect existing programs. Those that
-already define functions called <code>eq</code> and so on through a function
-map are unaffected because the associated function map will override the new
-default function definitions.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-There are two new packages.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package is
-<a href="#encoding">described above</a>.
-</li>
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/"><code>image/color/palette</code></a> package
-provides standard color palettes.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
-See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package
-adds the
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#File.DataOffset"><code>DataOffset</code></a> accessor
-to return the offset of a file's (possibly compressed) data within the archive.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package
-adds <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
-methods to <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>.
-These methods allow the <a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>Readers</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/io/#Writer"><code>Writers</code></a>
-to be re-used on new input and output readers and writers, saving
-allocation overhead.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/bzip2/"><code>compress/bzip2</code></a>
-can now decompress concatenated archives.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>
-package adds a <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
-method on the <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>,
-to make it possible to reduce allocation when, for instance, constructing an
-archive to hold multiple compressed files.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type adds a
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
-so it may be reused.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/"><code>compress/zlib</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type adds a
-<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/#Writer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
-so it may be reused.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/container/heap/"><code>container/heap</code></a> package
-adds a <a href="/pkg/container/heap/#Fix"><code>Fix</code></a>
-method to provide a more efficient way to update an item's position in the heap.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/container/list/"><code>container/list</code></a> package
-adds the <a href="/pkg/container/list/#List.MoveBefore"><code>MoveBefore</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/container/list/#List.MoveAfter"><code>MoveAfter</code></a>
-methods, which implement the obvious rearrangement.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/"><code>crypto/cipher</code></a> package
-adds the a new GCM mode (Galois Counter Mode), which is almost always
-used with AES encryption.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/"><code>crypto/md5</code></a> package
-adds a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/#Sum"><code>Sum</code></a> function
-to simplify hashing without sacrificing performance.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Similarly, the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/md5/"><code>crypto/sha1</code></a> package
-adds a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha1/#Sum"><code>Sum</code></a> function.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also, the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/"><code>crypto/sha256</code></a> package
-adds <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/#Sum256"><code>Sum256</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/#Sum224"><code>Sum224</code></a> functions.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Finally, the <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/"><code>crypto/sha512</code></a> package
-adds <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/#Sum512"><code>Sum512</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/#Sum384"><code>Sum384</code></a> functions.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package
-adds support for reading and writing arbitrary extensions.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package adds
-support for TLS 1.1, 1.2 and AES-GCM.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package adds a
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.SetMaxOpenConns"><code>SetMaxOpenConns</code></a>
-method on <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>DB</code></a> to limit the
-number of open connections to the database.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/"><code>encoding/csv</code></a> package
-now always allows trailing commas on fields.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a> package
-now treats channel and function fields of structures as if they were unexported,
-even if they are not. That is, it ignores them completely. Previously they would
-trigger an error, which could cause unexpected compatibility problems if an
-embedded structure added such a field.
-The package also now supports the generic <code>BinaryMarshaler</code> and
-<code>BinaryUnmarshaler</code> interfaces of the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
-described above.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
-now will always escape ampersands as "\u0026" when printing strings.
-It will now accept but correct invalid UTF-8 in
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
-(such input was previously rejected).
-Finally, it now supports the generic encoding interfaces of the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
-described above.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package
-now allows attributes stored in pointers to be marshaled.
-It also supports the generic encoding interfaces of the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/"><code>encoding</code></a> package
-described above through the new
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Marshaler"><code>Marshaler</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Unmarshaler"><code>Unmarshaler</code></a>,
-and related
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#MarshalerAttr"><code>MarshalerAttr</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#UnmarshalerAttr"><code>UnmarshalerAttr</code></a>
-interfaces.
-The package also adds a
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a> method
-to the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
-type for use by custom encoders. See the documentation for
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.EncodeToken"><code>EncodeToken</code></a>
-to see how to use it.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/flag/"><code>flag</code></a> package now
-has a <a href="/pkg/flag/#Getter"><code>Getter</code></a> interface
-to allow the value of a flag to be retrieved. Due to the
-Go 1 compatibility guidelines, this method cannot be added to the existing
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
-interface, but all the existing standard flag types implement it.
-The package also now exports the <a href="/pkg/flag/#CommandLine"><code>CommandLine</code></a>
-flag set, which holds the flags from the command line.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/go/ast/"><code>go/ast</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#SliceExpr"><code>SliceExpr</code></a> struct
-has a new boolean field, <code>Slice3</code>, which is set to true
-when representing a slice expression with three indices (two colons).
-The default is false, representing the usual two-index form.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>go/build</code></a> package adds
-the <code>AllTags</code> field
-to the <a href="/pkg/go/build/#Package"><code>Package</code></a> type,
-to make it easier to process build tags.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/draw/"><code>image/draw</code></a> package now
-exports an interface, <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>,
-that wraps the standard <a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Draw"><code>Draw</code></a> method.
-The Porter-Duff operators now implement this interface, in effect binding an operation to
-the draw operator rather than providing it explicitly.
-Given a paletted image as its destination, the new
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#FloydSteinberg"><code>FloydSteinberg</code></a>
-implementation of the
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>
-interface will use the Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion algorithm to draw the image.
-To create palettes suitable for such processing, the new
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Quantizer"><code>Quantizer</code></a> interface
-represents implementations of quantization algorithms that choose a palette
-given a full-color image.
-There are no implementations of this interface in the library.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/gif/"><code>image/gif</code></a> package
-can now create GIF files using the new
-<a href="/pkg/image/gif/#Encode"><code>Encode</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/image/gif/#EncodeAll"><code>EncodeAll</code></a>
-functions.
-Their options argument allows specification of an image
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Quantizer"><code>Quantizer</code></a> to use;
-if it is <code>nil</code>, the generated GIF will use the
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/#Plan9"><code>Plan9</code></a>
-color map (palette) defined in the new
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/palette/"><code>image/color/palette</code></a> package.
-The options also specify a
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/#Drawer"><code>Drawer</code></a>
-to use to create the output image;
-if it is <code>nil</code>, Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion is used.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> method of the
-<a href="/pkg/io/"><code>io</code></a> package now prioritizes its
-arguments differently.
-If one argument implements <a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>WriterTo</code></a>
-and the other implements <a href="/pkg/io/#ReaderFrom"><code>ReaderFrom</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> will now invoke
-<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>WriterTo</code></a> to do the work,
-so that less intermediate buffering is required in general.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package requires cgo by default
-because the host operating system must in general mediate network call setup.
-On some systems, though, it is possible to use the network without cgo, and useful
-to do so, for instance to avoid dynamic linking.
-The new build tag <code>netgo</code> (off by default) allows the construction of a
-<code>net</code> package in pure Go on those systems where it is possible.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds a new field
-<code>DualStack</code> to the <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a>
-struct for TCP connection setup using a dual IP stack as described in
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6555">RFC 6555</a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package will no longer
-transmit cookies that are incorrect according to
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265">RFC 6265</a>.
-It just logs an error and sends nothing.
-Also,
-the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ReadResponse"><code>ReadResponse</code></a>
-function now permits the <code>*Request</code> parameter to be <code>nil</code>,
-whereupon it assumes a GET request.
-Finally, an HTTP server will now serve HEAD
-requests transparently, without the need for special casing in handler code.
-While serving a HEAD request, writes to a
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Handler"><code>Handler</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>
-are absorbed by the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a>
-and the client receives an empty body as required by the HTTP specification.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/exec/"><code>os/exec</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd.StdinPipe"><code>Cmd.StdinPipe</code></a> method
-returns an <code>io.WriteCloser</code>, but has changed its concrete
-implementation from <code>*os.File</code> to an unexported type that embeds
-<code>*os.File</code>, and it is now safe to close the returned value.
-Before Go 1.2, there was an unavoidable race that this change fixes.
-Code that needs access to the methods of <code>*os.File</code> can use an
-interface type assertion, such as <code>wc.(interface{ Sync() error })</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package relaxes
-the constraints on finalizer functions in
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#SetFinalizer"><code>SetFinalizer</code></a>: the
-actual argument can now be any type that is assignable to the formal type of
-the function, as is the case for any normal function call in Go.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a> package has a new
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Stable"><code>Stable</code></a> function that implements
-stable sorting. It is less efficient than the normal sort algorithm, however.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> package adds
-an <a href="/pkg/strings/#IndexByte"><code>IndexByte</code></a>
-function for consistency with the <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package
-adds a new set of swap functions that atomically exchange the argument with the
-value stored in the pointer, returning the old value.
-The functions are
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapInt32"><code>SwapInt32</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapInt64"><code>SwapInt64</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUint32"><code>SwapUint32</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUint64"><code>SwapUint64</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapUintptr"><code>SwapUintptr</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#SwapPointer"><code>SwapPointer</code></a>,
-which swaps an <code>unsafe.Pointer</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now implements
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Sendfile"><code>Sendfile</code></a> for Darwin.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
-now exports the <a href="/pkg/testing/#TB"><code>TB</code></a> interface.
-It records the methods in common with the
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#T"><code>T</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>B</code></a> types,
-to make it easier to share code between tests and benchmarks.
-Also, the
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a>
-function now quantizes the return value to an integer (although it
-still has type <code>float64</code>), to round off any error caused by
-initialization and make the result more repeatable.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package
-now automatically dereferences pointer values when evaluating the arguments
-to "escape" functions such as "html", to bring the behavior of such functions
-in agreement with that of other printing functions such as "printf".
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package, the
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a> function
-and
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Format"><code>Format</code></a>
-method
-now handle time zone offsets with seconds, such as in the historical
-date "1871-01-01T05:33:02+00:34:08".
-Also, pattern matching in the formats for those routines is stricter: a non-lowercase letter
-must now follow the standard words such as "Jan" and "Mon".
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package
-adds <a href="/pkg/unicode/#In"><code>In</code></a>,
-a nicer-to-use but equivalent version of the original
-<a href="/pkg/unicode/#IsOneOf"><code>IsOneOf</code></a>,
-to see whether a character is a member of a Unicode category.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.3.html b/content/doc/go1.3.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 18c638a..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.3.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,608 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.3 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.3",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.3</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest Go release, version 1.3, arrives six months after 1.2,
-and contains no language changes.
-It focuses primarily on implementation work, providing
-precise garbage collection,
-a major refactoring of the compiler toolchain that results in
-faster builds, especially for large projects,
-significant performance improvements across the board,
-and support for DragonFly BSD, Solaris, Plan 9 and Google's Native Client architecture (NaCl).
-It also has an important refinement to the memory model regarding synchronization.
-As always, Go 1.3 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
-of compatibility</a>,
-and almost everything
-will continue to compile and run without change when moved to 1.3.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="os">Changes to the supported operating systems and architectures</h2>
-
-<h3 id="win2000">Removal of support for Windows 2000</h3>
-
-<p>
-Microsoft stopped supporting Windows 2000 in 2010.
-Since it has <a href="https://codereview.appspot.com/74790043">implementation difficulties</a>
-regarding exception handling (signals in Unix terminology),
-as of Go 1.3 it is not supported by Go either.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="dragonfly">Support for DragonFly BSD</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for DragonFly BSD on the <code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86) and <code>386</code> (32-bit x86) architectures.
-It uses DragonFly BSD 3.6 or above.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="freebsd">Support for FreeBSD</h3>
-
-<p>
-It was not announced at the time, but since the release of Go 1.2, support for Go on FreeBSD
-requires FreeBSD 8 or above.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As of Go 1.3, support for Go on FreeBSD requires that the kernel be compiled with the
-<code>COMPAT_FREEBSD32</code> flag configured.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In concert with the switch to EABI syscalls for ARM platforms, Go 1.3 will run only on FreeBSD 10.
-The x86 platforms, 386 and amd64, are unaffected.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="nacl">Support for Native Client</h3>
-
-<p>
-Support for the Native Client virtual machine architecture has returned to Go with the 1.3 release.
-It runs on the 32-bit Intel architectures (<code>GOARCH=386</code>) and also on 64-bit Intel, but using
-32-bit pointers (<code>GOARCH=amd64p32</code>).
-There is not yet support for Native Client on ARM.
-Note that this is Native Client (NaCl), not Portable Native Client (PNaCl).
-Details about Native Client are <a href="https://developers.google.com/native-client/dev/">here</a>;
-how to set up the Go version is described <a href="//golang.org/wiki/NativeClient">here</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="netbsd">Support for NetBSD</h3>
-
-<p>
-As of Go 1.3, support for Go on NetBSD requires NetBSD 6.0 or above.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="openbsd">Support for OpenBSD</h3>
-
-<p>
-As of Go 1.3, support for Go on OpenBSD requires OpenBSD 5.5 or above.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="plan9">Support for Plan 9</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for Plan 9 on the <code>386</code> (32-bit x86) architecture.
-It requires the <code>Tsemacquire</code> syscall, which has been in Plan 9 since June, 2012.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="solaris">Support for Solaris</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.3 now includes experimental support for Solaris on the <code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86) architecture.
-It requires illumos, Solaris 11 or above.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="memory">Changes to the memory model</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Go 1.3 memory model <a href="https://codereview.appspot.com/75130045">adds a new rule</a>
-concerning sending and receiving on buffered channels,
-to make explicit that a buffered channel can be used as a simple
-semaphore, using a send into the
-channel to acquire and a receive from the channel to release.
-This is not a language change, just a clarification about an expected property of communication.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="stacks">Stack</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.3 has changed the implementation of goroutine stacks away from the old,
-"segmented" model to a contiguous model.
-When a goroutine needs more stack
-than is available, its stack is transferred to a larger single block of memory.
-The overhead of this transfer operation amortizes well and eliminates the old "hot spot"
-problem when a calculation repeatedly steps across a segment boundary.
-Details including performance numbers are in this
-<a href="//golang.org/s/contigstacks">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="garbage_collector">Changes to the garbage collector</h3>
-
-<p>
-For a while now, the garbage collector has been <em>precise</em> when examining
-values in the heap; the Go 1.3 release adds equivalent precision to values on the stack.
-This means that a non-pointer Go value such as an integer will never be mistaken for a
-pointer and prevent unused memory from being reclaimed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Starting with Go 1.3, the runtime assumes that values with pointer type
-contain pointers and other values do not.
-This assumption is fundamental to the precise behavior of both stack expansion
-and garbage collection.
-Programs that use <a href="/pkg/unsafe/">package unsafe</a>
-to store integers in pointer-typed values are illegal and will crash if the runtime detects the behavior.
-Programs that use <a href="/pkg/unsafe/">package unsafe</a> to store pointers
-in integer-typed values are also illegal but more difficult to diagnose during execution.
-Because the pointers are hidden from the runtime, a stack expansion or garbage collection
-may reclaim the memory they point at, creating
-<a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangling_pointer">dangling pointers</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Code that uses <code>unsafe.Pointer</code> to convert
-an integer-typed value held in memory into a pointer is illegal and must be rewritten.
-Such code can be identified by <code>go vet</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="map">Map iteration</h3>
-
-<p>
-Iterations over small maps no longer happen in a consistent order.
-Go 1 defines that “<a href="//golang.org/ref/spec#For_statements">The iteration order over maps
-is not specified and is not guaranteed to be the same from one iteration to the next.</a>”
-To keep code from depending on map iteration order,
-Go 1.0 started each map iteration at a random index in the map.
-A new map implementation introduced in Go 1.1 neglected to randomize
-iteration for maps with eight or fewer entries, although the iteration order
-can still vary from system to system.
-This has allowed people to write Go 1.1 and Go 1.2 programs that
-depend on small map iteration order and therefore only work reliably on certain systems.
-Go 1.3 reintroduces random iteration for small maps in order to flush out these bugs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: If code assumes a fixed iteration order for small maps,
-it will break and must be rewritten not to make that assumption.
-Because only small maps are affected, the problem arises most often in tests.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="liblink">The linker</h3>
-
-<p>
-As part of the general <a href="//golang.org/s/go13linker">overhaul</a> to
-the Go linker, the compilers and linkers have been refactored.
-The linker is still a C program, but now the instruction selection phase that
-was part of the linker has been moved to the compiler through the creation of a new
-library called <code>liblink</code>.
-By doing instruction selection only once, when the package is first compiled,
-this can speed up compilation of large projects significantly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Although this is a major internal change, it should have no
-effect on programs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-GCC release 4.9 will contain the Go 1.2 (not 1.3) version of gccgo.
-The release schedules for the GCC and Go projects do not coincide,
-which means that 1.3 will be available in the development branch but
-that the next GCC release, 4.10, will likely have the Go 1.4 version of gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>cmd/go</code></a> command has several new
-features.
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go run</code></a> and
-<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a> subcommands
-support a new <code>-exec</code> option to specify an alternate
-way to run the resulting binary.
-Its immediate purpose is to support NaCl.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The test coverage support of the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a>
-subcommand now automatically sets the coverage mode to <code>-atomic</code>
-when the race detector is enabled, to eliminate false reports about unsafe
-access to coverage counters.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go test</code></a> subcommand
-now always builds the package, even if it has no test files.
-Previously, it would do nothing if no test files were present.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go build</code></a> subcommand
-supports a new <code>-i</code> option to install dependencies
-of the specified target, but not the target itself.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Cross compiling with <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> enabled
-is now supported.
-The CC_FOR_TARGET and CXX_FOR_TARGET environment
-variables are used when running all.bash to specify the cross compilers
-for C and C++ code, respectively.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the go command now supports packages that import Objective-C
-files (suffixed <code>.m</code>) through cgo.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cgo">Changes to cgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cmd/cgo</code></a> command,
-which processes <code>import "C"</code> declarations in Go packages,
-has corrected a serious bug that may cause some packages to stop compiling.
-Previously, all pointers to incomplete struct types translated to the Go type <code>*[0]byte</code>,
-with the effect that the Go compiler could not diagnose passing one kind of struct pointer
-to a function expecting another.
-Go 1.3 corrects this mistake by translating each different
-incomplete struct to a different named type.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Given the C declaration <code>typedef struct S T</code> for an incomplete <code>struct S</code>,
-some Go code used this bug to refer to the types <code>C.struct_S</code> and <code>C.T</code> interchangeably.
-Cgo now explicitly allows this use, even for completed struct types.
-However, some Go code also used this bug to pass (for example) a <code>*C.FILE</code>
-from one package to another.
-This is not legal and no longer works: in general Go packages
-should avoid exposing C types and names in their APIs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Code confusing pointers to incomplete types or
-passing them across package boundaries will no longer compile
-and must be rewritten.
-If the conversion is correct and must be preserved,
-use an explicit conversion via <a href="/pkg/unsafe/#Pointer"><code>unsafe.Pointer</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="swig">SWIG 3.0 required for programs that use SWIG</h3>
-
-<p>
-For Go programs that use SWIG, SWIG version 3.0 is now required.
-The <a href="/cmd/go"><code>cmd/go</code></a> command will now link the
-SWIG generated object files directly into the binary, rather than
-building and linking with a shared library.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gc_flag">Command-line flag parsing</h3>
-
-<p>
-In the gc toolchain, the assemblers now use the
-same command-line flag parsing rules as the Go flag package, a departure
-from the traditional Unix flag parsing.
-This may affect scripts that invoke the tool directly.
-For example,
-<code>go tool 6a -SDfoo</code> must now be written
-<code>go tool 6a -S -D foo</code>.
-(The same change was made to the compilers and linkers in <a href="/doc/go1.1#gc_flag">Go 1.1</a>.)
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="godoc">Changes to godoc</h3>
-<p>
-When invoked with the <code>-analysis</code> flag,
-<a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc">godoc</a>
-now performs sophisticated <a href="/lib/godoc/analysis/help.html">static
-analysis</a> of the code it indexes.
-The results of analysis are presented in both the source view and the
-package documentation view, and include the call graph of each package
-and the relationships between
-definitions and references,
-types and their methods,
-interfaces and their implementations,
-send and receive operations on channels,
-functions and their callers, and
-call sites and their callees.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="misc">Miscellany</h3>
-
-<p>
-The program <code>misc/benchcmp</code> that compares
-performance across benchmarking runs has been rewritten.
-Once a shell and awk script in the main repository, it is now a Go program in the <code>go.tools</code> repo.
-Documentation is <a href="//godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/benchcmp">here</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For the few of us that build Go distributions, the tool <code>misc/dist</code> has been
-moved and renamed; it now lives in <code>misc/makerelease</code>, still in the main repository.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-The performance of Go binaries for this release has improved in many cases due to changes
-in the runtime and garbage collection, plus some changes to libraries.
-Significant instances include:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-The runtime handles defers more efficiently, reducing the memory footprint by about two kilobytes
-per goroutine that calls defer.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The garbage collector has been sped up, using a concurrent sweep algorithm,
-better parallelization, and larger pages.
-The cumulative effect can be a 50-70% reduction in collector pause time.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The race detector (see <a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">this guide</a>)
-is now about 40% faster.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The regular expression package <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a>
-is now significantly faster for certain simple expressions due to the implementation of
-a second, one-pass execution engine.
-The choice of which engine to use is automatic;
-the details are hidden from the user.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Also, the runtime now includes in stack dumps how long a goroutine has been blocked,
-which can be useful information when debugging deadlocks or performance issues.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-A new package <a href="/pkg/debug/plan9obj/"><code>debug/plan9obj</code></a> was added to the standard library.
-It implements access to Plan 9 <a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/6/a.out">a.out</a> object files.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="major_library_changes">Major changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-A previous bug in <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a>
-made it possible to skip verification in TLS inadvertently.
-In Go 1.3, the bug is fixed: one must specify either ServerName or
-InsecureSkipVerify, and if ServerName is specified it is enforced.
-This may break existing code that incorrectly depended on insecure
-behavior.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is an important new type added to the standard library: <a href="/pkg/sync/#Pool"><code>sync.Pool</code></a>.
-It provides an efficient mechanism for implementing certain types of caches whose memory
-can be reclaimed automatically by the system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package's benchmarking helper,
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>B</code></a>, now has a
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#B.RunParallel"><code>RunParallel</code></a> method
-to make it easier to run benchmarks that exercise multiple CPUs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: The crypto/tls fix may break existing code, but such
-code was erroneous and should be updated.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
-See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li> In the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package,
-a new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#DialWithDialer"><code>DialWithDialer</code></a>
-function lets one establish a TLS connection using an existing dialer, making it easier
-to control dial options such as timeouts.
-The package also now reports the TLS version used by the connection in the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a>
-struct.
-</li>
-
-<li> The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCertificate"><code>CreateCertificate</code></a>
-function of the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
-now supports parsing (and elsewhere, serialization) of PKCS #10 certificate
-signature requests.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The formatted print functions of the <code>fmt</code> package now define <code>%F</code>
-as a synonym for <code>%f</code> when printing floating-point values.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat"><code>Rat</code></a> types
-now implement
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>encoding.TextMarshaler</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>encoding.TextUnmarshaler</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The complex power function, <a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Pow"><code>Pow</code></a>,
-now specifies the behavior when the first argument is zero.
-It was undefined before.
-The details are in the <a href="/pkg/math/cmplx/#Pow">documentation for the function</a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now exposes the
-properties of a TLS connection used to make a client request in the new
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>Response.TLS</code></a> field.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
-allows setting an optional server error logger
-with <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server.ErrorLog</code></a>.
-The default is still that all errors go to stderr.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
-supports disabling HTTP keep-alive connections on the server
-with <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.SetKeepAlivesEnabled"><code>Server.SetKeepAlivesEnabled</code></a>.
-The default continues to be that the server does keep-alive (reuses
-connections for multiple requests) by default.
-Only resource-constrained servers or those in the process of graceful
-shutdown will want to disable them.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package adds an optional
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport.TLSHandshakeTimeout</code></a>
-setting to cap the amount of time HTTP client requests will wait for
-TLS handshakes to complete.
-It's now also set by default
-on <a href="/pkg/net/http#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport</code></a>,
-used by the HTTP client code, now
-enables <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepalive#TCP_keepalive">TCP
-keep-alives</a> by default.
-Other <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
-values with a nil <code>Dial</code> field continue to function the same
-as before: no TCP keep-alives are used.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package
-now enables <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepalive#TCP_keepalive">TCP
-keep-alives</a> for incoming server requests when
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServe"><code>ListenAndServe</code></a>
-or
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ListenAndServeTLS"><code>ListenAndServeTLS</code></a>
-are used.
-When a server is started otherwise, TCP keep-alives are not enabled.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
-provides an
-optional <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server.ConnState</code></a>
-callback to hook various phases of a server connection's lifecycle
-(see <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ConnState"><code>ConnState</code></a>).
-This can be used to implement rate limiting or graceful shutdown.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's HTTP
-client now has an
-optional <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>Client.Timeout</code></a>
-field to specify an end-to-end timeout on requests made using the
-client.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.ParseMultipartForm"><code>Request.ParseMultipartForm</code></a>
-method will now return an error if the body's <code>Content-Type</code>
-is not <code>mutipart/form-data</code>.
-Prior to Go 1.3 it would silently fail and return <code>nil</code>.
-Code that relies on the previous behavior should be updated.
-</li>
-
-<li> In the <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package,
-the <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a> struct now
-has a <code>KeepAlive</code> option to specify a keep-alive period for the connection.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
-now closes <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request.Body</code></a>
-consistently, even on error.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/exec/"><code>os/exec</code></a> package now implements
-what the documentation has always said with regard to relative paths for the binary.
-In particular, it only calls <a href="/pkg/os/exec/#LookPath"><code>LookPath</code></a>
-when the binary's file name contains no path separators.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.SetMapIndex"><code>SetMapIndex</code></a>
-function in the <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package
-no longer panics when deleting from a <code>nil</code> map.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-If the main goroutine calls
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#Goexit"><code>runtime.Goexit</code></a>
-and all other goroutines finish execution, the program now always crashes,
-reporting a detected deadlock.
-Earlier versions of Go handled this situation inconsistently: most instances
-were reported as deadlocks, but some trivial cases exited cleanly instead.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The runtime/debug package now has a new function
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#WriteHeapDump"><code>debug.WriteHeapDump</code></a>
-that writes out a description of the heap.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/strconv/#CanBackquote"><code>CanBackquote</code></a>
-function in the <a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a> package
-now considers the <code>DEL</code> character, <code>U+007F</code>, to be
-non-printing.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now provides
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#SendmsgN"><code>SendmsgN</code></a>
-as an alternate version of
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Sendmsg"><code>Sendmsg</code></a>
-that returns the number of bytes written.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-On Windows, the <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package now
-supports the cdecl calling convention through the addition of a new function
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#NewCallbackCDecl"><code>NewCallbackCDecl</code></a>
-alongside the existing function
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#NewCallback"><code>NewCallback</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package now
-diagnoses tests that call <code>panic(nil)</code>, which are almost always erroneous.
-Also, tests now write profiles (if invoked with profiling flags) even on failure.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package and associated
-support throughout the system has been upgraded from
-Unicode 6.2.0 to <a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/">Unicode 6.3.0</a>.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.4.html b/content/doc/go1.4.html
deleted file mode 100644
index c8f7c9c..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.4.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,896 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.4 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.4",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.4</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest Go release, version 1.4, arrives as scheduled six months after 1.3.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It contains only one tiny language change,
-in the form of a backwards-compatible simple variant of <code>for</code>-<code>range</code> loop,
-and a possibly breaking change to the compiler involving methods on pointers-to-pointers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The release focuses primarily on implementation work, improving the garbage collector
-and preparing the ground for a fully concurrent collector to be rolled out in the
-next few releases.
-Stacks are now contiguous, reallocated when necessary rather than linking on new
-"segments";
-this release therefore eliminates the notorious "hot stack split" problem.
-There are some new tools available including support in the <code>go</code> command
-for build-time source code generation.
-The release also adds support for ARM processors on Android and Native Client (NaCl)
-and for AMD64 on Plan 9.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As always, Go 1.4 keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
-of compatibility</a>,
-and almost everything
-will continue to compile and run without change when moved to 1.4.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<h3 id="forrange">For-range loops</h3>
-<p>
-Up until Go 1.3, <code>for</code>-<code>range</code> loop had two forms
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-for i, v := range x {
- ...
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-for i := range x {
- ...
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If one was not interested in the loop values, only the iteration itself, it was still
-necessary to mention a variable (probably the <a href="/ref/spec#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a>, as in
-<code>for</code> <code>_</code> <code>=</code> <code>range</code> <code>x</code>), because
-the form
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-for range x {
- ...
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-was not syntactically permitted.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This situation seemed awkward, so as of Go 1.4 the variable-free form is now legal.
-The pattern arises rarely but the code can be cleaner when it does.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: The change is strictly backwards compatible to existing Go
-programs, but tools that analyze Go parse trees may need to be modified to accept
-this new form as the
-<code>Key</code> field of <a href="/pkg/go/ast/#RangeStmt"><code>RangeStmt</code></a>
-may now be <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="methodonpointertopointer">Method calls on **T</h3>
-
-<p>
-Given these declarations,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T int
-func (T) M() {}
-var x **T
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-both <code>gc</code> and <code>gccgo</code> accepted the method call
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x.M()
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-which is a double dereference of the pointer-to-pointer <code>x</code>.
-The Go specification allows a single dereference to be inserted automatically,
-but not two, so this call is erroneous according to the language definition.
-It has therefore been disallowed in Go 1.4, which is a breaking change,
-although very few programs will be affected.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Code that depends on the old, erroneous behavior will no longer
-compile but is easy to fix by adding an explicit dereference.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="os">Changes to the supported operating systems and architectures</h2>
-
-<h3 id="android">Android</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.4 can build binaries for ARM processors running the Android operating system.
-It can also build a <code>.so</code> library that can be loaded by an Android application
-using the supporting packages in the <a href="https://golang.org/x/mobile">mobile</a> subrepository.
-A brief description of the plans for this experimental port are available
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14android">here</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="naclarm">NaCl on ARM</h3>
-
-<p>
-The previous release introduced Native Client (NaCl) support for the 32-bit x86
-(<code>GOARCH=386</code>)
-and 64-bit x86 using 32-bit pointers (GOARCH=amd64p32).
-The 1.4 release adds NaCl support for ARM (GOARCH=arm).
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="plan9amd64">Plan9 on AMD64</h3>
-
-<p>
-This release adds support for the Plan 9 operating system on AMD64 processors,
-provided the kernel supports the <code>nsec</code> system call and uses 4K pages.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="compatibility">Changes to the compatibility guidelines</h2>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package allows one
-to defeat Go's type system by exploiting internal details of the implementation
-or machine representation of data.
-It was never explicitly specified what use of <code>unsafe</code> meant
-with respect to compatibility as specified in the
-<a href="go1compat.html">Go compatibility guidelines</a>.
-The answer, of course, is that we can make no promise of compatibility
-for code that does unsafe things.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We have clarified this situation in the documentation included in the release.
-The <a href="go1compat.html">Go compatibility guidelines</a> and the
-docs for the <a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package
-are now explicit that unsafe code is not guaranteed to remain compatible.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Nothing technical has changed; this is just a clarification
-of the documentation.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="runtime">Changes to the runtime</h3>
-
-<p>
-Prior to Go 1.4, the runtime (garbage collector, concurrency support, interface management,
-maps, slices, strings, ...) was mostly written in C, with some assembler support.
-In 1.4, much of the code has been translated to Go so that the garbage collector can scan
-the stacks of programs in the runtime and get accurate information about what variables
-are active.
-This change was large but should have no semantic effect on programs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This rewrite allows the garbage collector in 1.4 to be fully precise,
-meaning that it is aware of the location of all active pointers in the program.
-This means the heap will be smaller as there will be no false positives keeping non-pointers alive.
-Other related changes also reduce the heap size, which is smaller by 10%-30% overall
-relative to the previous release.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A consequence is that stacks are no longer segmented, eliminating the "hot split" problem.
-When a stack limit is reached, a new, larger stack is allocated, all active frames for
-the goroutine are copied there, and any pointers into the stack are updated.
-Performance can be noticeably better in some cases and is always more predictable.
-Details are available in <a href="https://golang.org/s/contigstacks">the design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The use of contiguous stacks means that stacks can start smaller without triggering performance issues,
-so the default starting size for a goroutine's stack in 1.4 has been reduced from 8192 bytes to 2048 bytes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As preparation for the concurrent garbage collector scheduled for the 1.5 release,
-writes to pointer values in the heap are now done by a function call,
-called a write barrier, rather than directly from the function updating the value.
-In this next release, this will permit the garbage collector to mediate writes to the heap while it is running.
-This change has no semantic effect on programs in 1.4, but was
-included in the release to test the compiler and the resulting performance.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The implementation of interface values has been modified.
-In earlier releases, the interface contained a word that was either a pointer or a one-word
-scalar value, depending on the type of the concrete object stored.
-This implementation was problematical for the garbage collector,
-so as of 1.4 interface values always hold a pointer.
-In running programs, most interface values were pointers anyway,
-so the effect is minimal, but programs that store integers (for example) in
-interfaces will see more allocations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As of Go 1.3, the runtime crashes if it finds a memory word that should contain
-a valid pointer but instead contains an obviously invalid pointer (for example, the value 3).
-Programs that store integers in pointer values may run afoul of this check and crash.
-In Go 1.4, setting the <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>GODEBUG</code></a> variable
-<code>invalidptr=0</code> disables
-the crash as a workaround, but we cannot guarantee that future releases will be
-able to avoid the crash; the correct fix is to rewrite code not to alias integers and pointers.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="asm">Assembly</h3>
-
-<p>
-The language accepted by the assemblers <code>cmd/5a</code>, <code>cmd/6a</code>
-and <code>cmd/8a</code> has had several changes,
-mostly to make it easier to deliver type information to the runtime.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, the <code>textflag.h</code> file that defines flags for <code>TEXT</code> directives
-has been copied from the linker source directory to a standard location so it can be
-included with the simple directive
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-#include "textflag.h"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The more important changes are in how assembler source can define the necessary
-type information.
-For most programs it will suffice to move data
-definitions (<code>DATA</code> and <code>GLOBL</code> directives)
-out of assembly into Go files
-and to write a Go declaration for each assembly function.
-The <a href="/doc/asm#runtime">assembly document</a> describes what to do.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Assembly files that include <code>textflag.h</code> from its old
-location will still work, but should be updated.
-For the type information, most assembly routines will need no change,
-but all should be examined.
-Assembly source files that define data,
-functions with non-empty stack frames, or functions that return pointers
-need particular attention.
-A description of the necessary (but simple) changes
-is in the <a href="/doc/asm#runtime">assembly document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-More information about these changes is in the <a href="/doc/asm">assembly document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-The release schedules for the GCC and Go projects do not coincide.
-GCC release 4.9 contains the Go 1.2 version of gccgo.
-The next release, GCC 5, will likely have the Go 1.4 version of gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="internalpackages">Internal packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go's package system makes it easy to structure programs into components with clean boundaries,
-but there are only two forms of access: local (unexported) and global (exported).
-Sometimes one wishes to have components that are not exported,
-for instance to avoid acquiring clients of interfaces to code that is part of a public repository
-but not intended for use outside the program to which it belongs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Go language does not have the power to enforce this distinction, but as of Go 1.4 the
-<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command introduces
-a mechanism to define "internal" packages that may not be imported by packages outside
-the source subtree in which they reside.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To create such a package, place it in a directory named <code>internal</code> or in a subdirectory of a directory
-named internal.
-When the <code>go</code> command sees an import of a package with <code>internal</code> in its path,
-it verifies that the package doing the import
-is within the tree rooted at the parent of the <code>internal</code> directory.
-For example, a package <code>.../a/b/c/internal/d/e/f</code>
-can be imported only by code in the directory tree rooted at <code>.../a/b/c</code>.
-It cannot be imported by code in <code>.../a/b/g</code> or in any other repository.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For Go 1.4, the internal package mechanism is enforced for the main Go repository;
-from 1.5 and onward it will be enforced for any repository.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Full details of the mechanism are in
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14internal">the design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="canonicalimports">Canonical import paths</h3>
-
-<p>
-Code often lives in repositories hosted by public services such as <code>github.com</code>,
-meaning that the import paths for packages begin with the name of the hosting service,
-<code>github.com/rsc/pdf</code> for example.
-One can use
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Remote_import_paths">an existing mechanism</a>
-to provide a "custom" or "vanity" import path such as
-<code>rsc.io/pdf</code>, but
-that creates two valid import paths for the package.
-That is a problem: one may inadvertently import the package through the two
-distinct paths in a single program, which is wasteful;
-miss an update to a package because the path being used is not recognized to be
-out of date;
-or break clients using the old path by moving the package to a different hosting service.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.4 introduces an annotation for package clauses in Go source that identify a canonical
-import path for the package.
-If an import is attempted using a path that is not canonical,
-the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command
-will refuse to compile the importing package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The syntax is simple: put an identifying comment on the package line.
-For our example, the package clause would read:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package pdf // import "rsc.io/pdf"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-With this in place,
-the <code>go</code> command will
-refuse to compile a package that imports <code>github.com/rsc/pdf</code>,
-ensuring that the code can be moved without breaking users.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The check is at build time, not download time, so if <code>go</code> <code>get</code>
-fails because of this check, the mis-imported package has been copied to the local machine
-and should be removed manually.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To complement this new feature, a check has been added at update time to verify
-that the local package's remote repository matches that of its custom import.
-The <code>go</code> <code>get</code> <code>-u</code> command will fail to
-update a package if its remote repository has changed since it was first
-downloaded.
-The new <code>-f</code> flag overrides this check.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Further information is in
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/go14customimport">the design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="subrepo">Import paths for the subrepositories</h3>
-
-<p>
-The Go project subrepositories (<code>code.google.com/p/go.tools</code> and so on)
-are now available under custom import paths replacing <code>code.google.com/p/go.</code> with <code>golang.org/x/</code>,
-as in <code>golang.org/x/tools</code>.
-We will add canonical import comments to the code around June 1, 2015,
-at which point Go 1.4 and later will stop accepting the old <code>code.google.com</code> paths.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: All code that imports from subrepositories should change
-to use the new <code>golang.org</code> paths.
-Go 1.0 and later can resolve and import the new paths, so updating will not break
-compatibility with older releases.
-Code that has not updated will stop compiling with Go 1.4 around June 1, 2015.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gogenerate">The go generate subcommand</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command has a new subcommand,
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Generate_Go_files_by_processing_source"><code>go generate</code></a>,
-to automate the running of tools to generate source code before compilation.
-For example, it can be used to run the <a href="/cmd/yacc"><code>yacc</code></a>
-compiler-compiler on a <code>.y</code> file to produce the Go source file implementing the grammar,
-or to automate the generation of <code>String</code> methods for typed constants using the new
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/stringer">stringer</a>
-tool in the <code>golang.org/x/tools</code> subrepository.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information, see the
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/go1.4-generate">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="filenames">Change to file name handling</h3>
-
-<p>
-Build constraints, also known as build tags, control compilation by including or excluding files
-(see the documentation <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>/go/build</code></a>).
-Compilation can also be controlled by the name of the file itself by "tagging" the file with
-a suffix (before the <code>.go</code> or <code>.s</code> extension) with an underscore
-and the name of the architecture or operating system.
-For instance, the file <code>gopher_arm.go</code> will only be compiled if the target
-processor is an ARM.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Before Go 1.4, a file called just <code>arm.go</code> was similarly tagged, but this behavior
-can break sources when new architectures are added, causing files to suddenly become tagged.
-In 1.4, therefore, a file will be tagged in this manner only if the tag (architecture or operating
-system name) is preceded by an underscore.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Packages that depend on the old behavior will no longer compile correctly.
-Files with names like <code>windows.go</code> or <code>amd64.go</code> should either
-have explicit build tags added to the source or be renamed to something like
-<code>os_windows.go</code> or <code>support_amd64.go</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gocmd">Other changes to the go command</h3>
-
-<p>
-There were a number of minor changes to the
-<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>cmd/go</code></a>
-command worth noting.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-Unless <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> is being used to build the package,
-the <code>go</code> command now refuses to compile C source files,
-since the relevant C compilers
-(<a href="/cmd/6c/"><code>6c</code></a> etc.)
-are intended to be removed from the installation in some future release.
-(They are used today only to build part of the runtime.)
-It is difficult to use them correctly in any case, so any extant uses are likely incorrect,
-so we have disabled them.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>
-subcommand has a new flag, <code>-o</code>, to set the name of the resulting binary,
-corresponding to the same flag in other subcommands.
-The non-functional <code>-file</code> flag has been removed.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>
-subcommand will compile and link all <code>*_test.go</code> files in the package,
-even when there are no <code>Test</code> functions in them.
-It previously ignored such files.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The behavior of the
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go</code> <code>build</code></a>
-subcommand's
-<code>-a</code> flag has been changed for non-development installations.
-For installations running a released distribution, the <code>-a</code> flag will no longer
-rebuild the standard library and commands, to avoid overwriting the installation's files.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="pkg">Changes to package source layout</h3>
-
-<p>
-In the main Go source repository, the source code for the packages was kept in
-the directory <code>src/pkg</code>, which made sense but differed from
-other repositories, including the Go subrepositories.
-In Go 1.4, the<code> pkg</code> level of the source tree is now gone, so for example
-the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package's source, once kept in
-directory <code>src/pkg/fmt</code>, now lives one level higher in <code>src/fmt</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Tools like <code>godoc</code> that discover source code
-need to know about the new location. All tools and services maintained by the Go team
-have been updated.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="swig">SWIG</h3>
-
-<p>
-Due to runtime changes in this release, Go 1.4 requires SWIG 3.0.3.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="misc">Miscellany</h3>
-
-<p>
-The standard repository's top-level <code>misc</code> directory used to contain
-Go support for editors and IDEs: plugins, initialization scripts and so on.
-Maintaining these was becoming time-consuming
-and needed external help because many of the editors listed were not used by
-members of the core team.
-It also required us to make decisions about which plugin was best for a given
-editor, even for editors we do not use.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Go community at large is much better suited to managing this information.
-In Go 1.4, therefore, this support has been removed from the repository.
-Instead, there is a curated, informative list of what's available on
-a <a href="//golang.org/wiki/IDEsAndTextEditorPlugins">wiki page</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-Most programs will run about the same speed or slightly faster in 1.4 than in 1.3;
-some will be slightly slower.
-There are many changes, making it hard to be precise about what to expect.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As mentioned above, much of the runtime was translated to Go from C,
-which led to some reduction in heap sizes.
-It also improved performance slightly because the Go compiler is better
-at optimization, due to things like inlining, than the C compiler used to build
-the runtime.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The garbage collector was sped up, leading to measurable improvements for
-garbage-heavy programs.
-On the other hand, the new write barriers slow things down again, typically
-by about the same amount but, depending on their behavior, some programs
-may be somewhat slower or faster.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Library changes that affect performance are documented below.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-There are no new packages in this release.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="major_library_changes">Major changes to the library</h3>
-
-<h4 id="scanner">bufio.Scanner</h4>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a> type in the
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package
-has had a bug fixed that may require changes to custom
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#SplitFunc"><code>split functions</code></a>.
-The bug made it impossible to generate an empty token at EOF; the fix
-changes the end conditions seen by the split function.
-Previously, scanning stopped at EOF if there was no more data.
-As of 1.4, the split function will be called once at EOF after input is exhausted,
-so the split function can generate a final empty token
-as the documentation already promised.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Custom split functions may need to be modified to
-handle empty tokens at EOF as desired.
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="syscall">syscall</h4>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package is now frozen except
-for changes needed to maintain the core repository.
-In particular, it will no longer be extended to support new or different system calls
-that are not used by the core.
-The reasons are described at length in <a href="https://golang.org/s/go1.4-syscall">a
-separate document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A new subrepository, <a href="https://golang.org/x/sys">golang.org/x/sys</a>,
-has been created to serve as the location for new developments to support system
-calls on all kernels.
-It has a nicer structure, with three packages that each hold the implementation of
-system calls for one of
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/unix">Unix</a>,
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/windows">Windows</a> and
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/sys/plan9">Plan 9</a>.
-These packages will be curated more generously, accepting all reasonable changes
-that reflect kernel interfaces in those operating systems.
-See the documentation and the article mentioned above for more information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>: Existing programs are not affected as the <code>syscall</code>
-package is largely unchanged from the 1.3 release.
-Future development that requires system calls not in the <code>syscall</code> package
-should build on <code>golang.org/x/sys</code> instead.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
-See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> now supports a
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a> method.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a>,
-and <a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/"><code>compress/zlib</code></a>
-packages now support a <code>Reset</code> method
-for the decompressors, allowing them to reuse buffers and improve performance.
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package also has a
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Reader.Multistream"><code>Multistream</code></a> method to control support
-for multistream files.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/"><code>crypto</code></a> package now has a
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/#Signer"><code>Signer</code></a> interface, implemented by the
-<code>PrivateKey</code> types in
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/ecdsa"><code>crypto/ecdsa</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/rsa"><code>crypto/rsa</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
-now supports ALPN as defined in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301">RFC 7301</a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
-now supports programmatic selection of server certificates
-through the new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.CertificateForName"><code>CertificateForName</code></a> function
-of the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> struct.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the crypto/tls package, the server now supports
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-tls-downgrade-scsv-00">TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV</a>
-to help clients detect fallback attacks.
-(The Go client does not support fallback at all, so it is not vulnerable to
-those attacks.)
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package can now list all registered
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Drivers"><code>Drivers</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/"><code>debug/dwarf</code></a> package now supports
-<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#UnspecifiedType"><code>UnspecifiedType</code></a>s.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/"><code>encoding/asn1</code></a> package,
-optional elements with a default value will now only be omitted if they have that value.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/"><code>encoding/csv</code></a> package no longer
-quotes empty strings but does quote the end-of-data marker <code>\.</code> (backslash dot).
-This is permitted by the definition of CSV and allows it to work better with Postgres.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a> package has been rewritten to eliminate
-the use of unsafe operations, allowing it to be used in environments that do not permit use of the
-<a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a> package.
-For typical uses it will be 10-30% slower, but the delta is dependent on the type of the data and
-in some cases, especially involving arrays, it can be faster.
-There is no functional change.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> can now report its input offset.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package,
-formatting of pointers to maps has changed to be consistent with that of pointers
-to structs, arrays, and so on.
-For instance, <code>&map[string]int{"one":</code> <code>1}</code> now prints by default as
-<code>&map[one:</code> <code>1]</code> rather than as a hexadecimal pointer value.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/image/#Image"><code>Image</code></a>
-implementations like
-<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>RGBA</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray"><code>Gray</code></a> have specialized
-<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA.RGBAAt"><code>RGBAAt</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/image/#Gray.GrayAt"><code>GrayAt</code></a> methods alongside the general
-<a href="/pkg/image/#Image.At"><code>At</code></a> method.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/png/"><code>image/png</code></a> package now has an
-<a href="/pkg/image/png/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
-type to control the compression level used for encoding.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/math/"><code>math</code></a> package now has a
-<a href="/pkg/math/#Nextafter32"><code>Nextafter32</code><a/> function.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request</code></a> type
-has a new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.BasicAuth"><code>BasicAuth</code></a> method
-that returns the username and password from authenticated requests using the
-HTTP Basic Authentication
-Scheme.
-</li>
-
-<li>The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Transport</code></a> type
-has a new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.DialTLS"><code>DialTLS</code></a> hook
-that allows customizing the behavior of outbound TLS connections.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/"><code>net/http/httputil</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a> type
-has a new field,
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ReverseProxy.ErrorLog"><code>ErrorLog</code></a>, that
-provides user control of logging.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/"><code>os</code></a> package
-now implements symbolic links on the Windows operating system
-through the <a href="/pkg/os/#Symlink"><code>Symlink</code></a> function.
-Other operating systems already have this functionality.
-There is also a new <a href="/pkg/os/#Unsetenv"><code>Unsetenv</code></a> function.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Type</code></a> interface
-has a new method, <a href="/pkg/reflect/#type.Comparable"><code>Comparable</code></a>,
-that reports whether the type implements general comparisons.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package, the
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a> interface is now three instead of four words
-because of changes to the implementation of interfaces in the runtime.
-This saves memory but has no semantic effect.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package
-now implements monotonic clocks on Windows,
-as it already did for the other systems.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.Mallocs"><code>Mallocs</code></a> counter
-now counts very small allocations that were missed in Go 1.3.
-This may break tests using <a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats"><code>ReadMemStats</code></a>
-or <a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a>
-due to the more accurate answer.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a> package,
-an array <a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.PauseEnd"><code>PauseEnd</code></a>
-has been added to the
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats"><code>MemStats</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GCStats"><code>GCStats</code></a> structs.
-This array is a circular buffer of times when garbage collection pauses ended.
-The corresponding pause durations are already recorded in
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats.PauseNs"><code>PauseNs</code></a>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/race/"><code>runtime/race</code></a> package
-now supports FreeBSD, which means the
-<a href="/pkg/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command's <code>-race</code>
-flag now works on FreeBSD.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> package
-has a new type, <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>.
-<code>Value</code> provides an efficient mechanism for atomic loads and
-stores of values of arbitrary type.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package's
-implementation on Linux, the
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Setuid"><code>Setuid</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Setgid"><code>Setgid</code></a> have been disabled
-because those system calls operate on the calling thread, not the whole process, which is
-different from other platforms and not the expected result.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
-has a new facility to provide more control over running a set of tests.
-If the test code contains a function
-<pre>
-func TestMain(m *<a href="/pkg/testing/#M"><code>testing.M</code></a>)
-</pre>
-
-that function will be called instead of running the tests directly.
-The <code>M</code> struct contains methods to access and run the tests.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package,
-a new <a href="/pkg/testing/#Coverage"><code>Coverage</code></a>
-function reports the current test coverage fraction,
-enabling individual tests to report how much they are contributing to the
-overall coverage.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/text/scanner/"><code>text/scanner</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a> type
-has a new function,
-<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/#Scanner.IsIdentRune"><code>IsIdentRune</code></a>,
-allowing one to control the definition of an identifier when scanning.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package's boolean
-functions <code>eq</code>, <code>lt</code>, and so on have been generalized to allow comparison
-of signed and unsigned integers, simplifying their use in practice.
-(Previously one could only compare values of the same signedness.)
-All negative values compare less than all unsigned values.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>time</code> package now uses the standard symbol for the micro prefix,
-the micro symbol (U+00B5 'µ'), to print microsecond durations.
-<a href="/pkg/time/#ParseDuration"><code>ParseDuration</code></a> still accepts <code>us</code>
-but the package no longer prints microseconds as <code>us</code>.
-<br>
-<em>Updating</em>: Code that depends on the output format of durations
-but does not use ParseDuration will need to be updated.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.5.html b/content/doc/go1.5.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c77cf4..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.5.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1310 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.5 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.5",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.5</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest Go release, version 1.5,
-is a significant release, including major architectural changes to the implementation.
-Despite that, we expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before,
-because the release still maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
-of compatibility</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The biggest developments in the implementation are:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-The compiler and runtime are now written entirely in Go (with a little assembler).
-C is no longer involved in the implementation, and so the C compiler that was
-once necessary for building the distribution is gone.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The garbage collector is now <a href="https://golang.org/s/go14gc">concurrent</a> and provides dramatically lower
-pause times by running, when possible, in parallel with other goroutines.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-By default, Go programs run with <code>GOMAXPROCS</code> set to the
-number of cores available; in prior releases it defaulted to 1.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Support for <a href="https://golang.org/s/go14internal">internal packages</a>
-is now provided for all repositories, not just the Go core.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>go</code> command now provides <a href="https://golang.org/s/go15vendor">experimental
-support</a> for "vendoring" external dependencies.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A new <code>go tool trace</code> command supports fine-grained
-tracing of program execution.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A new <code>go doc</code> command (distinct from <code>godoc</code>)
-is customized for command-line use.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-These and a number of other changes to the implementation and tools
-are discussed below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The release also contains one small language change involving map literals.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the timing of the <a href="https://golang.org/s/releasesched">release</a>
-strays from the usual six-month interval,
-both to provide more time to prepare this major release and to shift the schedule thereafter to
-time the release dates more conveniently.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<h3 id="map_literals">Map literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-Due to an oversight, the rule that allowed the element type to be elided from slice literals was not
-applied to map keys.
-This has been <a href="/cl/2591">corrected</a> in Go 1.5.
-An example will make this clear.
-As of Go 1.5, this map literal,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-m := map[Point]string{
- Point{29.935523, 52.891566}: "Persepolis",
- Point{-25.352594, 131.034361}: "Uluru",
- Point{37.422455, -122.084306}: "Googleplex",
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-may be written as follows, without the <code>Point</code> type listed explicitly:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-m := map[Point]string{
- {29.935523, 52.891566}: "Persepolis",
- {-25.352594, 131.034361}: "Uluru",
- {37.422455, -122.084306}: "Googleplex",
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="implementation">The Implementation</h2>
-
-<h3 id="c">No more C</h3>
-
-<p>
-The compiler and runtime are now implemented in Go and assembler, without C.
-The only C source left in the tree is related to testing or to <code>cgo</code>.
-There was a C compiler in the tree in 1.4 and earlier.
-It was used to build the runtime; a custom compiler was necessary in part to
-guarantee the C code would work with the stack management of goroutines.
-Since the runtime is in Go now, there is no need for this C compiler and it is gone.
-Details of the process to eliminate C are discussed <a href="https://golang.org/s/go13compiler">elsewhere</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The conversion from C was done with the help of custom tools created for the job.
-Most important, the compiler was actually moved by automatic translation of
-the C code into Go.
-It is in effect the same program in a different language.
-It is not a new implementation
-of the compiler so we expect the process will not have introduced new compiler
-bugs.
-An overview of this process is available in the slides for
-<a href="https://talks.golang.org/2015/gogo.slide">this presentation</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler_and_tools">Compiler and tools</h3>
-
-<p>
-Independent of but encouraged by the move to Go, the names of the tools have changed.
-The old names <code>6g</code>, <code>8g</code> and so on are gone; instead there
-is just one binary, accessible as <code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>compile</code>,
-that compiles Go source into binaries suitable for the architecture and operating system
-specified by <code>$GOARCH</code> and <code>$GOOS</code>.
-Similarly, there is now one linker (<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>link</code>)
-and one assembler (<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>asm</code>).
-The linker was translated automatically from the old C implementation,
-but the assembler is a new native Go implementation discussed
-in more detail below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Similar to the drop of the names <code>6g</code>, <code>8g</code>, and so on,
-the output of the compiler and assembler are now given a plain <code>.o</code> suffix
-rather than <code>.8</code>, <code>.6</code>, etc.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="gc">Garbage collector</h3>
-
-<p>
-The garbage collector has been re-engineered for 1.5 as part of the development
-outlined in the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go14gc">design document</a>.
-Expected latencies are much lower than with the collector
-in prior releases, through a combination of advanced algorithms,
-better <a href="https://golang.org/s/go15gcpacing">scheduling</a> of the collector,
-and running more of the collection in parallel with the user program.
-The "stop the world" phase of the collector
-will almost always be under 10 milliseconds and usually much less.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For systems that benefit from low latency, such as user-responsive web sites,
-the drop in expected latency with the new collector may be important.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Details of the new collector were presented in a
-<a href="https://talks.golang.org/2015/go-gc.pdf">talk</a> at GopherCon 2015.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="runtime">Runtime</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1.5, the order in which goroutines are scheduled has been changed.
-The properties of the scheduler were never defined by the language,
-but programs that depend on the scheduling order may be broken
-by this change.
-We have seen a few (erroneous) programs affected by this change.
-If you have programs that implicitly depend on the scheduling
-order, you will need to update them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another potentially breaking change is that the runtime now
-sets the default number of threads to run simultaneously,
-defined by <code>GOMAXPROCS</code>, to the number
-of cores available on the CPU.
-In prior releases the default was 1.
-Programs that do not expect to run with multiple cores may
-break inadvertently.
-They can be updated by removing the restriction or by setting
-<code>GOMAXPROCS</code> explicitly.
-For a more detailed discussion of this change, see
-the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go15gomaxprocs">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="build">Build</h3>
-
-<p>
-Now that the Go compiler and runtime are implemented in Go, a Go compiler
-must be available to compile the distribution from source.
-Thus, to build the Go core, a working Go distribution must already be in place.
-(Go programmers who do not work on the core are unaffected by this change.)
-Any Go 1.4 or later distribution (including <code>gccgo</code>) will serve.
-For details, see the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go15bootstrap">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p>
-Due mostly to the industry's move away from the 32-bit x86 architecture,
-the set of binary downloads provided is reduced in 1.5.
-A distribution for the OS X operating system is provided only for the
-<code>amd64</code> architecture, not <code>386</code>.
-Similarly, the ports for Snow Leopard (Apple OS X 10.6) still work but are no
-longer released as a download or maintained since Apple no longer maintains that version
-of the operating system.
-Also, the <code>dragonfly/386</code> port is no longer supported at all
-because DragonflyBSD itself no longer supports the 32-bit 386 architecture.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are however several new ports available to be built from source.
-These include <code>darwin/arm</code> and <code>darwin/arm64</code>.
-The new port <code>linux/arm64</code> is mostly in place, but <code>cgo</code>
-is only supported using external linking.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also available as experiments are <code>ppc64</code>
-and <code>ppc64le</code> (64-bit PowerPC, big- and little-endian).
-Both these ports support <code>cgo</code> but
-only with internal linking.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On FreeBSD, Go 1.5 requires FreeBSD 8-STABLE+ because of its new use of the <code>SYSCALL</code> instruction.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On NaCl, Go 1.5 requires SDK version pepper-41. Later pepper versions are not
-compatible due to the removal of the sRPC subsystem from the NaCl runtime.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On Darwin, the use of the system X.509 certificate interface can be disabled
-with the <code>ios</code> build tag.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Solaris port now has full support for cgo and the packages
-<a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a>,
-as well as a number of other fixes and improvements.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="translate">Translating</h3>
-
-<p>
-As part of the process to eliminate C from the tree, the compiler and
-linker were translated from C to Go.
-It was a genuine (machine assisted) translation, so the new programs are essentially
-the old programs translated rather than new ones with new bugs.
-We are confident the translation process has introduced few if any new bugs,
-and in fact uncovered a number of previously unknown bugs, now fixed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The assembler is a new program, however; it is described below.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="rename">Renaming</h3>
-
-<p>
-The suites of programs that were the compilers (<code>6g</code>, <code>8g</code>, etc.),
-the assemblers (<code>6a</code>, <code>8a</code>, etc.),
-and the linkers (<code>6l</code>, <code>8l</code>, etc.)
-have each been consolidated into a single tool that is configured
-by the environment variables <code>GOOS</code> and <code>GOARCH</code>.
-The old names are gone; the new tools are available through the <code>go</code> <code>tool</code>
-mechanism as <code>go tool compile</code>,
-<code>go tool asm</code>,
-<code>and go tool link</code>.
-Also, the file suffixes <code>.6</code>, <code>.8</code>, etc. for the
-intermediate object files are also gone; now they are just plain <code>.o</code> files.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, to build and link a program on amd64 for Darwin
-using the tools directly, rather than through <code>go build</code>,
-one would run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ export GOOS=darwin GOARCH=amd64
-$ go tool compile program.go
-$ go tool link program.o
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="moving">Moving</h3>
-
-<p>
-Because the <a href="/pkg/go/types/"><code>go/types</code></a> package
-has now moved into the main repository (see below),
-the <a href="/cmd/vet"><code>vet</code></a> and
-<a href="/cmd/cover"><code>cover</code></a>
-tools have also been moved.
-They are no longer maintained in the external <code>golang.org/x/tools</code> repository,
-although (deprecated) source still resides there for compatibility with old releases.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler</h3>
-
-<p>
-As described above, the compiler in Go 1.5 is a single Go program,
-translated from the old C source, that replaces <code>6g</code>, <code>8g</code>,
-and so on.
-Its target is configured by the environment variables <code>GOOS</code> and <code>GOARCH</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The 1.5 compiler is mostly equivalent to the old,
-but some internal details have changed.
-One significant change is that evaluation of constants now uses
-the <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package
-rather than a custom (and less well tested) implementation of high precision
-arithmetic.
-We do not expect this to affect the results.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For the amd64 architecture only, the compiler has a new option, <code>-dynlink</code>,
-that assists dynamic linking by supporting references to Go symbols
-defined in external shared libraries.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="assembler">Assembler</h3>
-
-<p>
-Like the compiler and linker, the assembler in Go 1.5 is a single program
-that replaces the suite of assemblers (<code>6a</code>,
-<code>8a</code>, etc.) and the environment variables
-<code>GOARCH</code> and <code>GOOS</code>
-configure the architecture and operating system.
-Unlike the other programs, the assembler is a wholly new program
-written in Go.
-</p>
-
- <p>
-The new assembler is very nearly compatible with the previous
-ones, but there are a few changes that may affect some
-assembler source files.
-See the updated <a href="/doc/asm">assembler guide</a>
-for more specific information about these changes. In summary:
-
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, the expression evaluation used for constants is a little
-different.
-It now uses unsigned 64-bit arithmetic and the precedence
-of operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code><<</code>, etc.)
-comes from Go, not C.
-We expect these changes to affect very few programs but
-manual verification may be required.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Perhaps more important is that on machines where
-<code>SP</code> or <code>PC</code> is only an alias
-for a numbered register,
-such as <code>R13</code> for the stack pointer and
-<code>R15</code> for the hardware program counter
-on ARM,
-a reference to such a register that does not include a symbol
-is now illegal.
-For example, <code>SP</code> and <code>4(SP)</code> are
-illegal but <code>sym+4(SP)</code> is fine.
-On such machines, to refer to the hardware register use its
-true <code>R</code> name.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One minor change is that some of the old assemblers
-permitted the notation
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-constant=value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to define a named constant.
-Since this is always possible to do with the traditional
-C-like <code>#define</code> notation, which is still
-supported (the assembler includes an implementation
-of a simplified C preprocessor), the feature was removed.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="link">Linker</h3>
-
-<p>
-The linker in Go 1.5 is now one Go program,
-that replaces <code>6l</code>, <code>8l</code>, etc.
-Its operating system and instruction set are specified
-by the environment variables <code>GOOS</code> and <code>GOARCH</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are several other changes.
-The most significant is the addition of a <code>-buildmode</code> option that
-expands the style of linking; it now supports
-situations such as building shared libraries and allowing other languages
-to call into Go libraries.
-Some of these were outlined in a <a href="https://golang.org/s/execmodes">design document</a>.
-For a list of the available build modes and their use, run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go help buildmode
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Another minor change is that the linker no longer records build time stamps in
-the header of Windows executables.
-Also, although this may be fixed, Windows cgo executables are missing some
-DWARF information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the <code>-X</code> flag, which takes two arguments,
-as in
-</p>
-
-<pre>
--X importpath.name value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-now also accepts a more common Go flag style with a single argument
-that is itself a <code>name=value</code> pair:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
--X importpath.name=value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Although the old syntax still works, it is recommended that uses of this
-flag in scripts and the like be updated to the new form.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_command">Go command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go"><code>go</code></a> command's basic operation
-is unchanged, but there are a number of changes worth noting.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The previous release introduced the idea of a directory internal to a package
-being unimportable through the <code>go</code> command.
-In 1.4, it was tested with the introduction of some internal elements
-in the core repository.
-As suggested in the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go14internal">design document</a>,
-that change is now being made available to all repositories.
-The rules are explained in the design document, but in summary any
-package in or under a directory named <code>internal</code> may
-be imported by packages rooted in the same subtree.
-Existing packages with directory elements named <code>internal</code> may be
-inadvertently broken by this change, which was why it was advertised
-in the last release.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another change in how packages are handled is the experimental
-addition of support for "vendoring".
-For details, see the documentation for the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Vendor_Directories"><code>go</code> command</a>
-and the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go15vendor">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There have also been several minor changes.
-Read the <a href="/cmd/go">documentation</a> for full details.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-SWIG support has been updated such that
-<code>.swig</code> and <code>.swigcxx</code>
-now require SWIG 3.0.6 or later.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>install</code> subcommand now removes the
-binary created by the <code>build</code> subcommand
-in the source directory, if present,
-to avoid problems having two binaries present in the tree.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>std</code> (standard library) wildcard package name
-now excludes commands.
-A new <code>cmd</code> wildcard covers the commands.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A new <code>-asmflags</code> build option
-sets flags to pass to the assembler.
-However,
-the <code>-ccflags</code> build option has been dropped;
-it was specific to the old, now deleted C compiler .
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A new <code>-buildmode</code> build option
-sets the build mode, described above.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A new <code>-pkgdir</code> build option
-sets the location of installed package archives,
-to help isolate custom builds.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A new <code>-toolexec</code> build option
-allows substitution of a different command to invoke
-the compiler and so on.
-This acts as a custom replacement for <code>go tool</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>test</code> subcommand now has a <code>-count</code>
-flag to specify how many times to run each test and benchmark.
-The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
-does the work here, through the <code>-test.count</code> flag.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>generate</code> subcommand has a couple of new features.
-The <code>-run</code> option specifies a regular expression to select which directives
-to execute; this was proposed but never implemented in 1.4.
-The executing pattern now has access to two new environment variables:
-<code>$GOLINE</code> returns the source line number of the directive
-and <code>$DOLLAR</code> expands to a dollar sign.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>get</code> subcommand now has a <code>-insecure</code>
-flag that must be enabled if fetching from an insecure repository, one that
-does not encrypt the connection.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="vet_command">Go vet command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/vet"><code>go tool vet</code></a> command now does
-more thorough validation of struct tags.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="trace_command">Trace command</h3>
-
-<p>
-A new tool is available for dynamic execution tracing of Go programs.
-The usage is analogous to how the test coverage tool works.
-Generation of traces is integrated into <code>go test</code>,
-and then a separate execution of the tracing tool itself analyzes the results:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go test -trace=trace.out path/to/package
-$ go tool trace [flags] pkg.test trace.out
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The flags enable the output to be displayed in a browser window.
-For details, run <code>go tool trace -help</code>.
-There is also a description of the tracing facility in this
-<a href="https://talks.golang.org/2015/dynamic-tools.slide">talk</a>
-from GopherCon 2015.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="doc_command">Go doc command</h3>
-
-<p>
-A few releases back, the <code>go doc</code>
-command was deleted as being unnecessary.
-One could always run "<code>godoc .</code>" instead.
-The 1.5 release introduces a new <a href="/cmd/doc"><code>go doc</code></a>
-command with a more convenient command-line interface than
-<code>godoc</code>'s.
-It is designed for command-line usage specifically, and provides a more
-compact and focused presentation of the documentation for a package
-or its elements, according to the invocation.
-It also provides case-insensitive matching and
-support for showing the documentation for unexported symbols.
-For details run "<code>go help doc</code>".
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cgo">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-When parsing <code>#cgo</code> lines,
-the invocation <code>${SRCDIR}</code> is now
-expanded into the path to the source directory.
-This allows options to be passed to the
-compiler and linker that involve file paths relative to the
-source code directory. Without the expansion the paths would be
-invalid when the current working directory changes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Solaris now has full cgo support.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On Windows, cgo now uses external linking by default.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When a C struct ends with a zero-sized field, but the struct itself is
-not zero-sized, Go code can no longer refer to the zero-sized field.
-Any such references will have to be rewritten.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise statements
-about performance are difficult to make.
-The changes are even broader ranging than usual in this release, which
-includes a new garbage collector and a conversion of the runtime to Go.
-Some programs may run faster, some slower.
-On average the programs in the Go 1 benchmark suite run a few percent faster in Go 1.5
-than they did in Go 1.4,
-while as mentioned above the garbage collector's pauses are
-dramatically shorter, and almost always under 10 milliseconds.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Builds in Go 1.5 will be slower by a factor of about two.
-The automatic translation of the compiler and linker from C to Go resulted in
-unidiomatic Go code that performs poorly compared to well-written Go.
-Analysis tools and refactoring helped to improve the code, but much remains to be done.
-Further profiling and optimization will continue in Go 1.6 and future releases.
-For more details, see these <a href="https://talks.golang.org/2015/gogo.slide">slides</a>
-and associated <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cF1zJYkBW4A">video</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="flag">Flag</h3>
-
-<p>
-The flag package's
-<a href="/pkg/flag/#PrintDefaults"><code>PrintDefaults</code></a>
-function, and method on <a href="/pkg/flag/#FlagSet"><code>FlagSet</code></a>,
-have been modified to create nicer usage messages.
-The format has been changed to be more human-friendly and in the usage
-messages a word quoted with `backquotes` is taken to be the name of the
-flag's operand to display in the usage message.
-For instance, a flag created with the invocation,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-cpuFlag = flag.Int("cpu", 1, "run `N` processes in parallel")
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-will show the help message,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
--cpu N
- run N processes in parallel (default 1)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Also, the default is now listed only when it is not the zero value for the type.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="math_big">Floats in math/big</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package
-has a new, fundamental data type,
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float"><code>Float</code></a>,
-which implements arbitrary-precision floating-point numbers.
-A <code>Float</code> value is represented by a boolean sign,
-a variable-length mantissa, and a 32-bit fixed-size signed exponent.
-The precision of a <code>Float</code> (the mantissa size in bits)
-can be specified explicitly or is otherwise determined by the first
-operation that creates the value.
-Once created, the size of a <code>Float</code>'s mantissa may be modified with the
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float.SetPrec"><code>SetPrec</code></a> method.
-<code>Floats</code> support the concept of infinities, such as are created by
-overflow, but values that would lead to the equivalent of IEEE 754 NaNs
-trigger a panic.
-<code>Float</code> operations support all IEEE-754 rounding modes.
-When the precision is set to 24 (53) bits,
-operations that stay within the range of normalized <code>float32</code>
-(<code>float64</code>)
-values produce the same results as the corresponding IEEE-754
-arithmetic on those values.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_types">Go types</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/go/types/"><code>go/types</code></a> package
-up to now has been maintained in the <code>golang.org/x</code>
-repository; as of Go 1.5 it has been relocated to the main repository.
-The code at the old location is now deprecated.
-There is also a modest API change in the package, discussed below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Associated with this move, the
-<a href="/pkg/go/constant/"><code>go/constant</code></a>
-package also moved to the main repository;
-it was <code>golang.org/x/tools/exact</code> before.
-The <a href="/pkg/go/importer/"><code>go/importer</code></a> package
-also moved to the main repository,
-as well as some tools described above.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="net">Net</h3>
-
-<p>
-The DNS resolver in the net package has almost always used <code>cgo</code> to access
-the system interface.
-A change in Go 1.5 means that on most Unix systems DNS resolution
-will no longer require <code>cgo</code>, which simplifies execution
-on those platforms.
-Now, if the system's networking configuration permits, the native Go resolver
-will suffice.
-The important effect of this change is that each DNS resolution occupies a goroutine
-rather than a thread,
-so a program with multiple outstanding DNS requests will consume fewer operating
-system resources.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The decision of how to run the resolver applies at run time, not build time.
-The <code>netgo</code> build tag that has been used to enforce the use
-of the Go resolver is no longer necessary, although it still works.
-A new <code>netcgo</code> build tag forces the use of the <code>cgo</code> resolver at
-build time.
-To force <code>cgo</code> resolution at run time set
-<code>GODEBUG=netdns=cgo</code> in the environment.
-More debug options are documented <a href="https://golang.org/cl/11584">here</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This change applies to Unix systems only.
-Windows, Mac OS X, and Plan 9 systems behave as before.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="reflect">Reflect</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package
-has two new functions: <a href="/pkg/reflect/#ArrayOf"><code>ArrayOf</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/reflect/#FuncOf"><code>FuncOf</code></a>.
-These functions, analogous to the extant
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#SliceOf"><code>SliceOf</code></a> function,
-create new types at runtime to describe arrays and functions.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="hardening">Hardening</h3>
-
-<p>
-Several dozen bugs were found in the standard library
-through randomized testing with the
-<a href="https://github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz"><code>go-fuzz</code></a> tool.
-Bugs were fixed in the
-<a href="/pkg/archive/tar/"><code>archive/tar</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/gif/"><code>image/gif</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/jpeg/"><code>image/jpeg</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/png/"><code>image/png</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a>,
-packages.
-The fixes harden the implementation against incorrect and malicious inputs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type now has a
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer.SetOffset"><code>SetOffset</code></a>
-method to specify the location within the output stream at which to write the archive.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> in the
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package now has a
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.Discard"><code>Discard</code></a>
-method to discard data from the input.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package,
-the <a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a> type
-now has a <a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer.Cap"><code>Cap</code></a> method
-that reports the number of bytes allocated within the buffer.
-Similarly, in both the <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> packages,
-the <a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>
-type now has a <a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader.Size"><code>Size</code></a>
-method that reports the original length of the underlying slice or string.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Both the <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> packages
-also now have a <a href="/pkg/bytes/#LastIndexByte"><code>LastIndexByte</code></a>
-function that locates the rightmost byte with that value in the argument.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/"><code>crypto</code></a> package
-has a new interface, <a href="/pkg/crypto/#Decrypter"><code>Decrypter</code></a>,
-that abstracts the behavior of a private key used in asymmetric decryption.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/"><code>crypto/cipher</code></a> package,
-the documentation for the <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/#Stream"><code>Stream</code></a>
-interface has been clarified regarding the behavior when the source and destination are
-different lengths.
-If the destination is shorter than the source, the method will panic.
-This is not a change in the implementation, only the documentation.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/"><code>crypto/cipher</code></a> package,
-there is now support for nonce lengths other than 96 bytes in AES's Galois/Counter mode (GCM),
-which some protocols require.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/"><code>crypto/elliptic</code></a> package,
-there is now a <code>Name</code> field in the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/#CurveParams"><code>CurveParams</code></a> struct,
-and the curves implemented in the package have been given names.
-These names provide a safer way to select a curve, as opposed to
-selecting its bit size, for cryptographic systems that are curve-dependent.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/"><code>crypto/elliptic</code></a> package,
-the <a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a> function
-now verifies that the point is actually on the curve.
-(If it is not, the function returns nils).
-This change guards against certain attacks.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/"><code>crypto/sha512</code></a>
-package now has support for the two truncated versions of
-the SHA-512 hash algorithm, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
-minimum protocol version now defaults to TLS 1.0.
-The old default, SSLv3, is still available through <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> if needed.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
-now supports Signed Certificate Timestamps (SCTs) as specified in RFC 6962.
-The server serves them if they are listed in the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Certificate"><code>Certificate</code></a> struct,
-and the client requests them and exposes them, if present,
-in its <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a> struct.
-
-<li>
-The stapled OCSP response to a <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> client connection,
-previously only available via the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Conn.OCSPResponse"><code>OCSPResponse</code></a> method,
-is now exposed in the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ConnectionState"><code>ConnectionState</code></a> struct.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> server implementation
-will now always call the
-<code>GetCertificate</code> function in
-the <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> struct
-to select a certificate for the connection when none is supplied.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Finally, the session ticket keys in the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
-can now be changed while the server is running.
-This is done through the new
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.SetSessionTicketKeys"><code>SetSessionTicketKeys</code></a>
-method of the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a> type.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package,
-wildcards are now accepted only in the leftmost label as defined in
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3">the specification</a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package,
-the handling of unknown critical extensions has been changed.
-They used to cause parse errors but now they are parsed and caused errors only
-in <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate.Verify"><code>Verify</code></a>.
-The new field <code>UnhandledCriticalExtensions</code> of
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate"><code>Certificate</code></a> records these extensions.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>DB</code></a> type of the
-<a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package
-now has a <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.Stats"><code>Stats</code></a> method
-to retrieve database statistics.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/"><code>debug/dwarf</code></a>
-package has extensive additions to better support DWARF version 4.
-See for example the definition of the new type
-<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#Class"><code>Class</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/"><code>debug/dwarf</code></a> package
-also now supports decoding of DWARF line tables.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/debug/elf/"><code>debug/elf</code></a>
-package now has support for the 64-bit PowerPC architecture.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/"><code>encoding/base64</code></a> package
-now supports unpadded encodings through two new encoding variables,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/#RawStdEncoding"><code>RawStdEncoding</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/#RawURLEncoding"><code>RawURLEncoding</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
-now returns an <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#UnmarshalTypeError"><code>UnmarshalTypeError</code></a>
-if a JSON value is not appropriate for the target variable or component
-to which it is being unmarshaled.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <code>encoding/json</code>'s
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a>
-type has a new method that provides a streaming interface for decoding
-a JSON document:
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder.Token"><code>Token</code></a>.
-It also interoperates with the existing functionality of <code>Decode</code>,
-which will continue a decode operation already started with <code>Decoder.Token</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/flag/"><code>flag</code></a> package
-has a new function, <a href="/pkg/flag/#UnquoteUsage"><code>UnquoteUsage</code></a>,
-to assist in the creation of usage messages using the new convention
-described above.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package,
-a value of type <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a> now
-prints what it holds, rather than use the <code>reflect.Value</code>'s <code>Stringer</code>
-method, which produces things like <code><int Value></code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/ast/#EmptyStmt"><code>EmptyStmt</code></a> type
-in the <a href="/pkg/go/ast/"><code>go/ast</code></a> package now
-has a boolean <code>Implicit</code> field that records whether the
-semicolon was implicitly added or was present in the source.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-For forward compatibility the <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>go/build</code></a> package
-reserves <code>GOARCH</code> values for a number of architectures that Go might support one day.
-This is not a promise that it will.
-Also, the <a href="/pkg/go/build/#Package"><code>Package</code></a> struct
-now has a <code>PkgTargetRoot</code> field that stores the
-architecture-dependent root directory in which to install, if known.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The (newly migrated) <a href="/pkg/go/types/"><code>go/types</code></a>
-package allows one to control the prefix attached to package-level names using
-the new <a href="/pkg/go/types/#Qualifier"><code>Qualifier</code></a>
-function type as an argument to several functions. This is an API change for
-the package, but since it is new to the core, it is not breaking the Go 1 compatibility
-rules since code that uses the package must explicitly ask for it at its new location.
-To update, run
-<a href="https://golang.org/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_go_tool_fix_on_packages"><code>go fix</code></a> on your package.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a> package,
-the <a href="/pkg/image/#Rectangle"><code>Rectangle</code></a> type
-now implements the <a href="/pkg/image/#Image"><code>Image</code></a> interface,
-so a <code>Rectangle</code> can serve as a mask when drawing.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a> package,
-to assist in the handling of some JPEG images,
-there is now support for 4:1:1 and 4:1:0 YCbCr subsampling and basic
-CMYK support, represented by the new <code>image.CMYK</code> struct.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a> package
-adds basic CMYK support, through the new
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#CMYK"><code>CMYK</code></a> struct,
-the <a href="/pkg/image/color/#CMYKModel"><code>CMYKModel</code></a> color model, and the
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#CMYKToRGB"><code>CMYKToRGB</code></a> function, as
-needed by some JPEG images.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a> package,
-the conversion of a <a href="/pkg/image/color/#YCbCr"><code>YCbCr</code></a>
-value to <code>RGBA</code> has become more precise.
-Previously, the low 8 bits were just an echo of the high 8 bits;
-now they contain more accurate information.
-Because of the echo property of the old code, the operation
-<code>uint8(r)</code> to extract an 8-bit red value worked, but is incorrect.
-In Go 1.5, that operation may yield a different value.
-The correct code is, and always was, to select the high 8 bits:
-<code>uint8(r>>8)</code>.
-Incidentally, the <code>image/draw</code> package
-provides better support for such conversions; see
-<a href="https://blog.golang.org/go-imagedraw-package">this blog post</a>
-for more information.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Finally, as of Go 1.5 the closest match check in
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Palette.Index"><code>Index</code></a>
-now honors the alpha channel.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/gif/"><code>image/gif</code></a> package
-includes a couple of generalizations.
-A multiple-frame GIF file can now have an overall bounds different
-from all the contained single frames' bounds.
-Also, the <a href="/pkg/image/gif/#GIF"><code>GIF</code></a> struct
-now has a <code>Disposal</code> field
-that specifies the disposal method for each frame.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/io/"><code>io</code></a> package
-adds a <a href="/pkg/io/#CopyBuffer"><code>CopyBuffer</code></a> function
-that is like <a href="/pkg/io/#Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> but
-uses a caller-provided buffer, permitting control of allocation and buffer size.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/log/"><code>log</code></a> package
-has a new <a href="/pkg/log/#LUTC"><code>LUTC</code></a> flag
-that causes time stamps to be printed in the UTC time zone.
-It also adds a <a href="/pkg/log/#Logger.SetOutput"><code>SetOutput</code></a> method
-for user-created loggers.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In Go 1.4, <a href="/pkg/math/#Max"><code>Max</code></a> was not detecting all possible NaN bit patterns.
-This is fixed in Go 1.5, so programs that use <code>math.Max</code> on data including NaNs may behave differently,
-but now correctly according to the IEEE754 definition of NaNs.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package
-adds a new <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Jacobi"><code>Jacobi</code></a>
-function for integers and a new
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.ModSqrt"><code>ModSqrt</code></a>
-method for the <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> type.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The mime package
-adds a new <a href="/pkg/mime/#WordDecoder"><code>WordDecoder</code></a> type
-to decode MIME headers containing RFC 204-encoded words.
-It also provides <a href="/pkg/mime/#BEncoding"><code>BEncoding</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/mime/#QEncoding"><code>QEncoding</code></a>
-as implementations of the encoding schemes of RFC 2045 and RFC 2047.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/mime/"><code>mime</code></a> package also adds an
-<a href="/pkg/mime/#ExtensionsByType"><code>ExtensionsByType</code></a>
-function that returns the MIME extensions know to be associated with a given MIME type.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-There is a new <a href="/pkg/mime/quotedprintable/"><code>mime/quotedprintable</code></a>
-package that implements the quoted-printable encoding defined by RFC 2045.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package will now
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Dial"><code>Dial</code></a> hostnames by trying each
-IP address in order until one succeeds.
-The <code><a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer">Dialer</a>.DualStack</code>
-mode now implements Happy Eyeballs
-(<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6555">RFC 6555</a>) by giving the
-first address family a 300ms head start; this value can be overridden by
-the new <code>Dialer.FallbackDelay</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A number of inconsistencies in the types returned by errors in the
-<a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package have been
-tidied up.
-Most now return an
-<a href="/pkg/net/#OpError"><code>OpError</code></a> value
-with more information than before.
-Also, the <a href="/pkg/net/#OpError"><code>OpError</code></a>
-type now includes a <code>Source</code> field that holds the local
-network address.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package now
-has support for setting trailers from a server <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Handler"><code>Handler</code></a>.
-For details, see the documentation for
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-There is a new method to cancel a <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a>
-<code>Request</code> by setting the new
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request.Cancel</code></a>
-field.
-It is supported by <code>http.Transport</code>.
-The <code>Cancel</code> field's type is compatible with the
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/context"><code>context.Context.Done</code></a>
-return value.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package,
-there is code to ignore the zero <a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>Time</code></a> value
-in the <a href="/pkg/net/#ServeContent"><code>ServeContent</code></a> function.
-As of Go 1.5, it now also ignores a time value equal to the Unix epoch.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/fcgi/"><code>net/http/fcgi</code></a> package
-exports two new errors,
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/fcgi/#ErrConnClosed"><code>ErrConnClosed</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/fcgi/#ErrRequestAborted"><code>ErrRequestAborted</code></a>,
-to report the corresponding error conditions.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/cgi/"><code>net/http/cgi</code></a> package
-had a bug that mishandled the values of the environment variables
-<code>REMOTE_ADDR</code> and <code>REMOTE_HOST</code>.
-This has been fixed.
-Also, starting with Go 1.5 the package sets the <code>REMOTE_PORT</code>
-variable.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/mail/"><code>net/mail</code></a> package
-adds an <a href="/pkg/net/mail/#AddressParser"><code>AddressParser</code></a>
-type that can parse mail addresses.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/"><code>net/smtp</code></a> package
-now has a <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client.TLSConnectionState"><code>TLSConnectionState</code></a>
-accessor to the <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client"><code>Client</code></a>
-type that returns the client's TLS state.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/"><code>os</code></a> package
-has a new <a href="/pkg/os/#LookupEnv"><code>LookupEnv</code></a> function
-that is similar to <a href="/pkg/os/#Getenv"><code>Getenv</code></a>
-but can distinguish between an empty environment variable and a missing one.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/signal/"><code>os/signal</code></a> package
-adds new <a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Ignore"><code>Ignore</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Reset"><code>Reset</code></a> functions.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/trace/"><code>runtime/trace</code></a>,
-and <a href="/pkg/net/http/pprof/"><code>net/http/pprof</code></a> packages
-each have new functions to support the tracing facilities described above:
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadTrace"><code>ReadTrace</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#StartTrace"><code>StartTrace</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#StopTrace"><code>StopTrace</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/trace/#Start"><code>Start</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/trace/#Stop"><code>Stop</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/pprof/#Trace"><code>Trace</code></a>.
-See the respective documentation for details.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/"><code>runtime/pprof</code></a> package
-by default now includes overall memory statistics in all memory profiles.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> package
-has a new <a href="/pkg/strings/#Compare"><code>Compare</code></a> function.
-This is present to provide symmetry with the <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package
-but is otherwise unnecessary as strings support comparison natively.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/sync/#WaitGroup"><code>WaitGroup</code></a> implementation in
-package <a href="/pkg/sync/"><code>sync</code></a>
-now diagnoses code that races a call to <a href="/pkg/sync/#WaitGroup.Add"><code>Add</code></a>
-against a return from <a href="/pkg/sync/#WaitGroup.Wait"><code>Wait</code></a>.
-If it detects this condition, the implementation panics.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package,
-the Linux <code>SysProcAttr</code> struct now has a
-<code>GidMappingsEnableSetgroups</code> field, made necessary
-by security changes in Linux 3.19.
-On all Unix systems, the struct also has new <code>Foreground</code> and <code>Pgid</code> fields
-to provide more control when exec'ing.
-On Darwin, there is now a <code>Syscall9</code> function
-to support calls with too many arguments.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/testing/quick/"><code>testing/quick</code></a> will now
-generate <code>nil</code> values for pointer types,
-making it possible to use with recursive data structures.
-Also, the package now supports generation of array types.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a> packages,
-integer constants too large to be represented as a Go integer now trigger a
-parse error. Before, they were silently converted to floating point, losing
-precision.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a> packages,
-a new <a href="/pkg/text/template/#Template.Option"><code>Option</code></a> method
-allows customization of the behavior of the template during execution.
-The sole implemented option allows control over how a missing key is
-handled when indexing a map.
-The default, which can now be overridden, is as before: to continue with an invalid value.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package's
-<code>Time</code> type has a new method
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.AppendFormat"><code>AppendFormat</code></a>,
-which can be used to avoid allocation when printing a time value.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package and associated
-support throughout the system has been upgraded from version 7.0 to
-<a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/">Unicode 8.0</a>.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.6.html b/content/doc/go1.6.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 902a82d..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.6.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,923 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.6 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.6",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-Edit .,s;^PKG:([a-z][A-Za-z0-9_/]+);<a href="/pkg/\1/"><code>\1</code></a>;g
-Edit .,s;^([a-z][A-Za-z0-9_/]+)\.([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+\.)?([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+)([ .',]|$);<a href="/pkg/\1/#\2\3"><code>\3</code></a>\4;g
--->
-
-<style>
-ul li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.6</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest Go release, version 1.6, arrives six months after 1.5.
-Most of its changes are in the implementation of the language, runtime, and libraries.
-There are no changes to the language specification.
-As always, the release maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise of compatibility</a>.
-We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The release adds new ports to <a href="#ports">Linux on 64-bit MIPS and Android on 32-bit x86</a>;
-defined and enforced <a href="#cgo">rules for sharing Go pointers with C</a>;
-transparent, automatic <a href="#http2">support for HTTP/2</a>;
-and a new mechanism for <a href="#template">template reuse</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are no language changes in this release.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.6 adds experimental ports to
-Linux on 64-bit MIPS (<code>linux/mips64</code> and <code>linux/mips64le</code>).
-These ports support <code>cgo</code> but only with internal linking.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.6 also adds an experimental port to Android on 32-bit x86 (<code>android/386</code>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On FreeBSD, Go 1.6 defaults to using <code>clang</code>, not <code>gcc</code>, as the external C compiler.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On Linux on little-endian 64-bit PowerPC (<code>linux/ppc64le</code>),
-Go 1.6 now supports <code>cgo</code> with external linking and
-is roughly feature complete.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On NaCl, Go 1.5 required SDK version pepper-41.
-Go 1.6 adds support for later SDK versions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On 32-bit x86 systems using the <code>-dynlink</code> or <code>-shared</code> compilation modes,
-the register CX is now overwritten by certain memory references and should
-be avoided in hand-written assembly.
-See the <a href="/doc/asm#x86">assembly documentation</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="cgo">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-There is one major change to <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a>, along with one minor change.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The major change is the definition of rules for sharing Go pointers with C code,
-to ensure that such C code can coexist with Go's garbage collector.
-Briefly, Go and C may share memory allocated by Go
-when a pointer to that memory is passed to C as part of a <code>cgo</code> call,
-provided that the memory itself contains no pointers to Go-allocated memory,
-and provided that C does not retain the pointer after the call returns.
-These rules are checked by the runtime during program execution:
-if the runtime detects a violation, it prints a diagnosis and crashes the program.
-The checks can be disabled by setting the environment variable
-<code>GODEBUG=cgocheck=0</code>, but note that the vast majority of
-code identified by the checks is subtly incompatible with garbage collection
-in one way or another.
-Disabling the checks will typically only lead to more mysterious failure modes.
-Fixing the code in question should be strongly preferred
-over turning off the checks.
-See the <a href="/cmd/cgo/#hdr-Passing_pointers"><code>cgo</code> documentation</a> for more details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The minor change is
-the addition of explicit <code>C.complexfloat</code> and <code>C.complexdouble</code> types,
-separate from Go's <code>complex64</code> and <code>complex128</code>.
-Matching the other numeric types, C's complex types and Go's complex type are
-no longer interchangeable.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler Toolchain</h3>
-
-<p>
-The compiler toolchain is mostly unchanged.
-Internally, the most significant change is that the parser is now hand-written
-instead of generated from <a href="/cmd/yacc/">yacc</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The compiler, linker, and <code>go</code> command have a new flag <code>-msan</code>,
-analogous to <code>-race</code> and only available on linux/amd64,
-that enables interoperation with the <a href="https://clang.llvm.org/docs/MemorySanitizer.html">Clang MemorySanitizer</a>.
-Such interoperation is useful mainly for testing a program containing suspect C or C++ code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The linker has a new option <code>-libgcc</code> to set the expected location
-of the C compiler support library when linking <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> code.
-The option is only consulted when using <code>-linkmode=internal</code>,
-and it may be set to <code>none</code> to disable the use of a support library.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The implementation of <a href="/doc/go1.5#link">build modes started in Go 1.5</a> has been expanded to more systems.
-This release adds support for the <code>c-shared</code> mode on <code>android/386</code>, <code>android/amd64</code>,
-<code>android/arm64</code>, <code>linux/386</code>, and <code>linux/arm64</code>;
-for the <code>shared</code> mode on <code>linux/386</code>, <code>linux/arm</code>, <code>linux/amd64</code>, and <code>linux/ppc64le</code>;
-and for the new <code>pie</code> mode (generating position-independent executables) on
-<code>android/386</code>, <code>android/amd64</code>, <code>android/arm</code>, <code>android/arm64</code>, <code>linux/386</code>,
-<code>linux/amd64</code>, <code>linux/arm</code>, <code>linux/arm64</code>, and <code>linux/ppc64le</code>.
-See the <a href="https://golang.org/s/execmodes">design document</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As a reminder, the linker's <code>-X</code> flag changed in Go 1.5.
-In Go 1.4 and earlier, it took two arguments, as in
-</p>
-
-<pre>
--X importpath.name value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.5 added an alternative syntax using a single argument
-that is itself a <code>name=value</code> pair:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
--X importpath.name=value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1.5 the old syntax was still accepted, after printing a warning
-suggesting use of the new syntax instead.
-Go 1.6 continues to accept the old syntax and print the warning.
-Go 1.7 will remove support for the old syntax.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-The release schedules for the GCC and Go projects do not coincide.
-GCC release 5 contains the Go 1.4 version of gccgo.
-The next release, GCC 6, will have the Go 1.6.1 version of gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_command">Go command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go"><code>go</code></a> command's basic operation
-is unchanged, but there are a number of changes worth noting.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.5 introduced experimental support for vendoring,
-enabled by setting the <code>GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>.
-Go 1.6 keeps the vendoring support, no longer considered experimental,
-and enables it by default.
-It can be disabled explicitly by setting
-the <code>GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT</code> environment variable to <code>0</code>.
-Go 1.7 will remove support for the environment variable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The most likely problem caused by enabling vendoring by default happens
-in source trees containing an existing directory named <code>vendor</code> that
-does not expect to be interpreted according to new vendoring semantics.
-In this case, the simplest fix is to rename the directory to anything other
-than <code>vendor</code> and update any affected import paths.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For details about vendoring,
-see the documentation for the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Vendor_Directories"><code>go</code> command</a>
-and the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go15vendor">design document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is a new build flag, <code>-msan</code>,
-that compiles Go with support for the LLVM memory sanitizer.
-This is intended mainly for use when linking against C or C++ code
-that is being checked with the memory sanitizer.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="doc_command">Go doc command</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.5 introduced the
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Show_documentation_for_package_or_symbol"><code>go doc</code></a> command,
-which allows references to packages using only the package name, as in
-<code>go</code> <code>doc</code> <code>http</code>.
-In the event of ambiguity, the Go 1.5 behavior was to use the package
-with the lexicographically earliest import path.
-In Go 1.6, ambiguity is resolved by preferring import paths with
-fewer elements, breaking ties using lexicographic comparison.
-An important effect of this change is that original copies of packages
-are now preferred over vendored copies.
-Successful searches also tend to run faster.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="vet_command">Go vet command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/vet"><code>go vet</code></a> command now diagnoses
-passing function or method values as arguments to <code>Printf</code>,
-such as when passing <code>f</code> where <code>f()</code> was intended.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise statements
-about performance are difficult to make.
-Some programs may run faster, some slower.
-On average the programs in the Go 1 benchmark suite run a few percent faster in Go 1.6
-than they did in Go 1.5.
-The garbage collector's pauses are even lower than in Go 1.5,
-especially for programs using
-a large amount of memory.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There have been significant optimizations bringing more than 10% improvements
-to implementations of the
-<a href="/pkg/compress/bzip2/"><code>compress/bzip2</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/aes/"><code>crypto/aes</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/"><code>crypto/elliptic</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/ecdsa/"><code>crypto/ecdsa</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a> packages.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="http2">HTTP/2</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.6 adds transparent support in the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package
-for the new <a href="https://http2.github.io/">HTTP/2 protocol</a>.
-Go clients and servers will automatically use HTTP/2 as appropriate when using HTTPS.
-There is no exported API specific to details of the HTTP/2 protocol handling,
-just as there is no exported API specific to HTTP/1.1.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Programs that must disable HTTP/2 can do so by setting
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport.TLSNextProto</code></a> (for clients)
-or
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server.TLSNextProto</code></a> (for servers)
-to a non-nil, empty map.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Programs that must adjust HTTP/2 protocol-specific details can import and use
-<a href="https://golang.org/x/net/http2"><code>golang.org/x/net/http2</code></a>,
-in particular its
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/http2/#ConfigureServer">ConfigureServer</a>
-and
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/http2/#ConfigureTransport">ConfigureTransport</a>
-functions.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="runtime">Runtime</h3>
-
-<p>
-The runtime has added lightweight, best-effort detection of concurrent misuse of maps.
-As always, if one goroutine is writing to a map, no other goroutine should be
-reading or writing the map concurrently.
-If the runtime detects this condition, it prints a diagnosis and crashes the program.
-The best way to find out more about the problem is to run the program
-under the
-<a href="https://blog.golang.org/race-detector">race detector</a>,
-which will more reliably identify the race
-and give more detail.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For program-ending panics, the runtime now by default
-prints only the stack of the running goroutine,
-not all existing goroutines.
-Usually only the current goroutine is relevant to a panic,
-so omitting the others significantly reduces irrelevant output
-in a crash message.
-To see the stacks from all goroutines in crash messages, set the environment variable
-<code>GOTRACEBACK</code> to <code>all</code>
-or call
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetTraceback"><code>debug.SetTraceback</code></a>
-before the crash, and rerun the program.
-See the <a href="/pkg/runtime/#hdr-Environment_Variables">runtime documentation</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Uncaught panics intended to dump the state of the entire program,
-such as when a timeout is detected or when explicitly handling a received signal,
-should now call <code>debug.SetTraceback("all")</code> before panicking.
-Searching for uses of
-<a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Notify"><code>signal.Notify</code></a> may help identify such code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On Windows, Go programs in Go 1.5 and earlier forced
-the global Windows timer resolution to 1ms at startup
-by calling <code>timeBeginPeriod(1)</code>.
-Go no longer needs this for good scheduler performance,
-and changing the global timer resolution caused problems on some systems,
-so the call has been removed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When using <code>-buildmode=c-archive</code> or
-<code>-buildmode=c-shared</code> to build an archive or a shared
-library, the handling of signals has changed.
-In Go 1.5 the archive or shared library would install a signal handler
-for most signals.
-In Go 1.6 it will only install a signal handler for the
-synchronous signals needed to handle run-time panics in Go code:
-SIGBUS, SIGFPE, SIGSEGV.
-See the <a href="/pkg/os/signal">os/signal</a> package for more
-details.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="reflect">Reflect</h3>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package has
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/12367">resolved a long-standing incompatibility</a>
-between the gc and gccgo toolchains
-regarding embedded unexported struct types containing exported fields.
-Code that walks data structures using reflection, especially to implement
-serialization in the spirit
-of the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> packages,
-may need to be updated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The problem arises when using reflection to walk through
-an embedded unexported struct-typed field
-into an exported field of that struct.
-In this case, <code>reflect</code> had incorrectly reported
-the embedded field as exported, by returning an empty <code>Field.PkgPath</code>.
-Now it correctly reports the field as unexported
-but ignores that fact when evaluating access to exported fields
-contained within the struct.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Typically, code that previously walked over structs and used
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f.PkgPath != ""
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to exclude inaccessible fields
-should now use
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f.PkgPath != "" && !f.Anonymous
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For example, see the changes to the implementations of
-<a href="https://go-review.googlesource.com/#/c/14011/2/src/encoding/json/encode.go"><code>encoding/json</code></a> and
-<a href="https://go-review.googlesource.com/#/c/14012/2/src/encoding/xml/typeinfo.go"><code>encoding/xml</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="sort">Sorting</h3>
-
-<p>
-In the
-<a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a>
-package,
-the implementation of
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Sort"><code>Sort</code></a>
-has been rewritten to make about 10% fewer calls to the
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Interface"><code>Interface</code></a>'s
-<code>Less</code> and <code>Swap</code>
-methods, with a corresponding overall time savings.
-The new algorithm does choose a different ordering than before
-for values that compare equal (those pairs for which <code>Less(i,</code> <code>j)</code> and <code>Less(j,</code> <code>i)</code> are false).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-The definition of <code>Sort</code> makes no guarantee about the final order of equal values,
-but the new behavior may still break programs that expect a specific order.
-Such programs should either refine their <code>Less</code> implementations
-to report the desired order
-or should switch to
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Stable"><code>Stable</code></a>,
-which preserves the original input order
-of equal values.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="template">Templates</h3>
-
-<p>
-In the
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/">text/template</a> package,
-there are two significant new features to make writing templates easier.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, it is now possible to <a href="/pkg/text/template/#hdr-Text_and_spaces">trim spaces around template actions</a>,
-which can make template definitions more readable.
-A minus sign at the beginning of an action says to trim space before the action,
-and a minus sign at the end of an action says to trim space after the action.
-For example, the template
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-{{"{{"}}23 -}}
- <
-{{"{{"}}- 45}}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-formats as <code>23<45</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Second, the new <a href="/pkg/text/template/#hdr-Actions"><code>{{"{{"}}block}}</code> action</a>,
-combined with allowing redefinition of named templates,
-provides a simple way to define pieces of a template that
-can be replaced in different instantiations.
-There is <a href="/pkg/text/template/#example_Template_block">an example</a>
-in the <code>text/template</code> package that demonstrates this new feature.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/"><code>archive/tar</code></a> package's
-implementation corrects many bugs in rare corner cases of the file format.
-One visible change is that the
-<a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type's
-<a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Reader.Read"><code>Read</code></a> method
-now presents the content of special file types as being empty,
-returning <code>io.EOF</code> immediately.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/"><code>archive/zip</code></a> package, the
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type now has a
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Reader.RegisterDecompressor"><code>RegisterDecompressor</code></a> method,
-and the
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a> type now has a
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer.RegisterCompressor"><code>RegisterCompressor</code></a> method,
-enabling control over compression options for individual zip files.
-These take precedence over the pre-existing global
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#RegisterDecompressor"><code>RegisterDecompressor</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#RegisterCompressor"><code>RegisterCompressor</code></a> functions.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a> type now has a
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Scanner.Buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a> method,
-to specify an initial buffer and maximum buffer size to use during scanning.
-This makes it possible, when needed, to scan tokens larger than
-<code>MaxScanTokenSize</code>.
-Also for the <code>Scanner</code>, the package now defines the
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#ErrFinalToken"><code>ErrFinalToken</code></a> error value, for use by
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#SplitFunc">split functions</a> to abort processing or to return a final empty token.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a> package
-has deprecated its
-<a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#ReadError"><code>ReadError</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#WriteError"><code>WriteError</code></a> error implementations.
-In Go 1.5 they were only rarely returned when an error was encountered;
-now they are never returned, although they remain defined for compatibility.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/"><code>compress/flate</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib/"><code>compress/zlib</code></a> packages
-now report
-<a href="/pkg/io/#ErrUnexpectedEOF"><code>io.ErrUnexpectedEOF</code></a> for truncated input streams, instead of
-<a href="/pkg/io/#EOF"><code>io.EOF</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/"><code>crypto/cipher</code></a> package now
-overwrites the destination buffer in the event of a GCM decryption failure.
-This is to allow the AESNI code to avoid using a temporary buffer.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/"><code>crypto/tls</code></a> package
-has a variety of minor changes.
-It now allows
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Listen"><code>Listen</code></a>
-to succeed when the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a>
-has a nil <code>Certificates</code>, as long as the <code>GetCertificate</code> callback is set,
-it adds support for RSA with AES-GCM cipher suites,
-and
-it adds a
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#RecordHeaderError"><code>RecordHeaderError</code></a>
-to allow clients (in particular, the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package)
-to report a better error when attempting a TLS connection to a non-TLS server.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package
-now permits certificates to contain negative serial numbers
-(technically an error, but unfortunately common in practice),
-and it defines a new
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#InsecureAlgorithmError"><code>InsecureAlgorithmError</code></a>
-to give a better error message when rejecting a certificate
-signed with an insecure algorithm like MD5.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf"><code>debug/dwarf</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/"><code>debug/elf</code></a> packages
-together add support for compressed DWARF sections.
-User code needs no updating: the sections are decompressed automatically when read.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/debug/elf/"><code>debug/elf</code></a> package
-adds support for general compressed ELF sections.
-User code needs no updating: the sections are decompressed automatically when read.
-However, compressed
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#Section"><code>Sections</code></a> do not support random access:
-they have a nil <code>ReaderAt</code> field.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/"><code>encoding/asn1</code></a> package
-now exports
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#pkg-constants">tag and class constants</a>
-useful for advanced parsing of ASN.1 structures.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/"><code>encoding/asn1</code></a> package,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a> now rejects various non-standard integer and length encodings.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/base64"><code>encoding/base64</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> has been fixed
-to process the final bytes of its input. Previously it processed as many four-byte tokens as
-possible but ignored the remainder, up to three bytes.
-The <code>Decoder</code> therefore now handles inputs in unpadded encodings (like
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/#RawURLEncoding">RawURLEncoding</a>) correctly,
-but it also rejects inputs in padded encodings that are truncated or end with invalid bytes,
-such as trailing spaces.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package
-now checks the syntax of a
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Number"><code>Number</code></a>
-before marshaling it, requiring that it conforms to the JSON specification for numeric values.
-As in previous releases, the zero <code>Number</code> (an empty string) is marshaled as a literal 0 (zero).
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
-function now supports a <code>cdata</code> attribute, such as <code>chardata</code>
-but encoding its argument in one or more <code><![CDATA[ ... ]]></code> tags.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder.Token"><code>Token</code></a> method
-now reports an error when encountering EOF before seeing all open tags closed,
-consistent with its general requirement that tags in the input be properly matched.
-To avoid that requirement, use
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder.RawToken"><code>RawToken</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package now allows
-any integer type as an argument to
-<a href="/pkg/fmt/#Printf"><code>Printf</code></a>'s <code>*</code> width and precision specification.
-In previous releases, the argument to <code>*</code> was required to have type <code>int</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a> package,
-<a href="/pkg/fmt/#Scanf"><code>Scanf</code></a> can now scan hexadecimal strings using %X, as an alias for %x.
-Both formats accept any mix of upper- and lower-case hexadecimal.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a> packages
-add
-<a href="/pkg/image/#NYCbCrA"><code>NYCbCrA</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#NYCbCrA"><code>NYCbCrA</code></a>
-types, to support Y'CbCr images with non-premultiplied alpha.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/io/"><code>io</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/io/#MultiWriter"><code>MultiWriter</code></a>
-implementation now implements a <code>WriteString</code> method,
-for use by
-<a href="/pkg/io/#WriteString"><code>WriteString</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package,
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> adds
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.Append"><code>Append</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.Text"><code>Text</code></a>
-methods to give more control over printing.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package,
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float"><code>Float</code></a> now implements
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>encoding.TextMarshaler</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>encoding.TextUnmarshaler</code></a>,
-allowing it to be serialized in a natural form by the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> packages.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package,
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float"><code>Float</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float.Append"><code>Append</code></a> method now supports the special precision argument -1.
-As in
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#ParseFloat"><code>strconv.ParseFloat</code></a>,
-precision -1 means to use the smallest number of digits necessary such that
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float.Parse"><code>Parse</code></a>
-reading the result into a <code>Float</code> of the same precision
-will yield the original value.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/math/rand/"><code>math/rand</code></a> package
-adds a
-<a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Read"><code>Read</code></a>
-function, and likewise
-<a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand"><code>Rand</code></a> adds a
-<a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand.Read"><code>Read</code></a> method.
-These make it easier to generate pseudorandom test data.
-Note that, like the rest of the package,
-these should not be used in cryptographic settings;
-for such purposes, use the <a href="/pkg/crypto/rand/"><code>crypto/rand</code></a> package instead.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ParseMAC"><code>ParseMAC</code></a> function now accepts 20-byte IP-over-InfiniBand (IPoIB) link-layer addresses.
-</li>
-
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package,
-there have been a few changes to DNS lookups.
-First, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/#DNSError"><code>DNSError</code></a> error implementation now implements
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Error"><code>Error</code></a>,
-and in particular its new
-<a href="/pkg/net/#DNSError.IsTemporary"><code>IsTemporary</code></a>
-method returns true for DNS server errors.
-Second, DNS lookup functions such as
-<a href="/pkg/net/#LookupAddr"><code>LookupAddr</code></a>
-now return rooted domain names (with a trailing dot)
-on Plan 9 and Windows, to match the behavior of Go on Unix systems.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package has
-a number of minor additions beyond the HTTP/2 support already discussed.
-First, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#FileServer"><code>FileServer</code></a> now sorts its generated directory listings by file name.
-Second, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ServeFile"><code>ServeFile</code></a> function now refuses to serve a result
-if the request's URL path contains “..” (dot-dot) as a path element.
-Programs should typically use <code>FileServer</code> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Dir"><code>Dir</code></a>
-instead of calling <code>ServeFile</code> directly.
-Programs that need to serve file content in response to requests for URLs containing dot-dot can
-still call <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ServeContent"><code>ServeContent</code></a>.
-Third, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>Client</code></a> now allows user code to set the
-<code>Expect:</code> <code>100-continue</code> header (see
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport.ExpectContinueTimeout</code></a>).
-Fourth, there are
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#pkg-constants">five new error codes</a>:
-<code>StatusPreconditionRequired</code> (428),
-<code>StatusTooManyRequests</code> (429),
-<code>StatusRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge</code> (431), and
-<code>StatusNetworkAuthenticationRequired</code> (511) from RFC 6585,
-as well as the recently-approved
-<code>StatusUnavailableForLegalReasons</code> (451).
-Fifth, the implementation and documentation of
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#CloseNotifier"><code>CloseNotifier</code></a>
-has been substantially changed.
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Hijacker"><code>Hijacker</code></a>
-interface now works correctly on connections that have previously
-been used with <code>CloseNotifier</code>.
-The documentation now describes when <code>CloseNotifier</code>
-is expected to work.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package,
-there are a few changes related to the handling of a
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request</code></a> data structure with its <code>Method</code> field set to the empty string.
-An empty <code>Method</code> field has always been documented as an alias for <code>"GET"</code>
-and it remains so.
-However, Go 1.6 fixes a few routines that did not treat an empty
-<code>Method</code> the same as an explicit <code>"GET"</code>.
-Most notably, in previous releases
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>Client</code></a> followed redirects only with
-<code>Method</code> set explicitly to <code>"GET"</code>;
-in Go 1.6 <code>Client</code> also follows redirects for the empty <code>Method</code>.
-Finally,
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#NewRequest"><code>NewRequest</code></a> accepts a <code>method</code> argument that has not been
-documented as allowed to be empty.
-In past releases, passing an empty <code>method</code> argument resulted
-in a <code>Request</code> with an empty <code>Method</code> field.
-In Go 1.6, the resulting <code>Request</code> always has an initialized
-<code>Method</code> field: if its argument is an empty string, <code>NewRequest</code>
-sets the <code>Method</code> field in the returned <code>Request</code> to <code>"GET"</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/"><code>net/http/httptest</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/#ResponseRecorder"><code>ResponseRecorder</code></a> now initializes a default Content-Type header
-using the same content-sniffing algorithm as in
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>http.Server</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/url/"><code>net/url</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/net/url/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a> is now stricter and more spec-compliant regarding the parsing
-of host names.
-For example, spaces in the host name are no longer accepted.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Also in the <a href="/pkg/net/url/"><code>net/url</code></a> package,
-the <a href="/pkg/net/url/#Error"><code>Error</code></a> type now implements
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Error"><code>net.Error</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/"><code>os</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsExist"><code>IsExist</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsNotExist"><code>IsNotExist</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsPermission"><code>IsPermission</code></a>
-now return correct results when inquiring about an
-<a href="/pkg/os/#SyscallError"><code>SyscallError</code></a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-On Unix-like systems, when a write
-to <a href="/pkg/os/#pkg-variables"><code>os.Stdout</code>
-or <code>os.Stderr</code></a> (more precisely, an <code>os.File</code>
-opened for file descriptor 1 or 2) fails due to a broken pipe error,
-the program will raise a <code>SIGPIPE</code> signal.
-By default this will cause the program to exit; this may be changed by
-calling the
-<a href="/pkg/os/signal"><code>os/signal</code></a>
-<a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Notify"><code>Notify</code></a> function
-for <code>syscall.SIGPIPE</code>.
-A write to a broken pipe on a file descriptor other 1 or 2 will simply
-return <code>syscall.EPIPE</code> (possibly wrapped in
-<a href="/pkg/os#PathError"><code>os.PathError</code></a>
-and/or <a href="/pkg/os#SyscallError"><code>os.SyscallError</code></a>)
-to the caller.
-The old behavior of raising an uncatchable <code>SIGPIPE</code> signal
-after 10 consecutive writes to a broken pipe no longer occurs.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/os/exec/"><code>os/exec</code></a> package,
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd"><code>Cmd</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd.Output"><code>Output</code></a> method continues to return an
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#ExitError"><code>ExitError</code></a> when a command exits with an unsuccessful status.
-If standard error would otherwise have been discarded,
-the returned <code>ExitError</code> now holds a prefix and suffix
-(currently 32 kB) of the failed command's standard error output,
-for debugging or for inclusion in error messages.
-The <code>ExitError</code>'s
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#ExitError.String"><code>String</code></a>
-method does not show the captured standard error;
-programs must retrieve it from the data structure
-separately.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-On Windows, the <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/"><code>path/filepath</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#Join"><code>Join</code></a> function now correctly handles the case when the base is a relative drive path.
-For example, <code>Join(`c:`,</code> <code>`a`)</code> now
-returns <code>`c:a`</code> instead of <code>`c:\a`</code> as in past releases.
-This may affect code that expects the incorrect result.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a> package,
-the
-<a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp"><code>Regexp</code></a> type has always been safe for use by
-concurrent goroutines.
-It uses a <a href="/pkg/sync/#Mutex"><code>sync.Mutex</code></a> to protect
-a cache of scratch spaces used during regular expression searches.
-Some high-concurrency servers using the same <code>Regexp</code> from many goroutines
-have seen degraded performance due to contention on that mutex.
-To help such servers, <code>Regexp</code> now has a
-<a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Copy"><code>Copy</code></a> method,
-which makes a copy of a <code>Regexp</code> that shares most of the structure
-of the original but has its own scratch space cache.
-Two goroutines can use different copies of a <code>Regexp</code>
-without mutex contention.
-A copy does have additional space overhead, so <code>Copy</code>
-should only be used when contention has been observed.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a> package adds
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#IsGraphic"><code>IsGraphic</code></a>,
-similar to <a href="/pkg/strconv/#IsPrint"><code>IsPrint</code></a>.
-It also adds
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteToGraphic"><code>QuoteToGraphic</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteRuneToGraphic"><code>QuoteRuneToGraphic</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#AppendQuoteToGraphic"><code>AppendQuoteToGraphic</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#AppendQuoteRuneToGraphic"><code>AppendQuoteRuneToGraphic</code></a>,
-analogous to
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteToASCII"><code>QuoteToASCII</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/#QuoteRuneToASCII"><code>QuoteRuneToASCII</code></a>,
-and so on.
-The <code>ASCII</code> family escapes all space characters except ASCII space (U+0020).
-In contrast, the <code>Graphic</code> family does not escape any Unicode space characters (category Zs).
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In the <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package,
-when a test calls
-<a href="/pkg/testing/#T.Parallel">t.Parallel</a>,
-that test is paused until all non-parallel tests complete, and then
-that test continues execution with all other parallel tests.
-Go 1.6 changes the time reported for such a test:
-previously the time counted only the parallel execution,
-but now it also counts the time from the start of testing
-until the call to <code>t.Parallel</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> package
-contains two minor changes, in addition to the <a href="#template">major changes</a>
-described above.
-First, it adds a new
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/#ExecError"><code>ExecError</code></a> type
-returned for any error during
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/#Template.Execute"><code>Execute</code></a>
-that does not originate in a <code>Write</code> to the underlying writer.
-Callers can distinguish template usage errors from I/O errors by checking for
-<code>ExecError</code>.
-Second, the
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/#Template.Funcs"><code>Funcs</code></a> method
-now checks that the names used as keys in the
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/#FuncMap"><code>FuncMap</code></a>
-are identifiers that can appear in a template function invocation.
-If not, <code>Funcs</code> panics.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The <a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package's
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a> function has always rejected any day of month larger than 31,
-such as January 32.
-In Go 1.6, <code>Parse</code> now also rejects February 29 in non-leap years,
-February 30, February 31, April 31, June 31, September 31, and November 31.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.7.html b/content/doc/go1.7.html
deleted file mode 100644
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--- a/content/doc/go1.7.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1281 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.7 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.7",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-for acme:
-Edit .,s;^PKG:([a-z][A-Za-z0-9_/]+);<a href="/pkg/\1/"><code>\1</code></a>;g
-Edit .,s;^([a-z][A-Za-z0-9_/]+)\.([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+\.)?([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+)([ .',)]|$);<a href="/pkg/\1/#\2\3"><code>\3</code></a>\4;g
-Edit .,s;^FULL:([a-z][A-Za-z0-9_/]+)\.([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+\.)?([A-Z][A-Za-z0-9_]+)([ .',)]|$);<a href="/pkg/\1/#\2\3"><code>\1.\2\3</code></a>\4;g
-Edit .,s;^DPKG:([a-z][A-Za-z0-9_/]+);<dl id="\1"><a href="/pkg/\1/">\1</a></dl>;g
-
-rsc last updated through 6729576
--->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<style>
-ul li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.7</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest Go release, version 1.7, arrives six months after 1.6.
-Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries.
-There is one minor change to the language specification.
-As always, the release maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise of compatibility</a>.
-We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The release <a href="#ports">adds a port to IBM LinuxOne</a>;
-<a href="#compiler">updates the x86-64 compiler back end</a> to generate more efficient code;
-includes the <a href="#context">context package</a>, promoted from the
-<a href="https://golang.org/x/net/context">x/net subrepository</a>
-and now used in the standard library;
-and <a href="#testing">adds support in the testing package</a> for
-creating hierarchies of tests and benchmarks.
-The release also <a href="#cmd_go">finalizes the vendoring support</a>
-started in Go 1.5, making it a standard feature.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
-There is one tiny language change in this release.
-The section on <a href="/ref/spec#Terminating_statements">terminating statements</a>
-clarifies that to determine whether a statement list ends in a terminating statement,
-the “final non-empty statement” is considered the end,
-matching the existing behavior of the gc and gccgo compiler toolchains.
-In earlier releases the definition referred only to the “final statement,”
-leaving the effect of trailing empty statements at the least unclear.
-The <a href="/pkg/go/types/"><code>go/types</code></a>
-package has been updated to match the gc and gccgo compiler toolchains
-in this respect.
-This change has no effect on the correctness of existing programs.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.7 adds support for macOS 10.12 Sierra.
-Binaries built with versions of Go before 1.7 will not work
-correctly on Sierra.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.7 adds an experimental port to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_on_z_Systems">Linux on z Systems</a> (<code>linux/s390x</code>)
-and the beginning of a port to Plan 9 on ARM (<code>plan9/arm</code>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The experimental ports to Linux on 64-bit MIPS (<code>linux/mips64</code> and <code>linux/mips64le</code>)
-added in Go 1.6 now have full support for cgo and external linking.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The experimental port to Linux on little-endian 64-bit PowerPC (<code>linux/ppc64le</code>)
-now requires the POWER8 architecture or later.
-Big-endian 64-bit PowerPC (<code>linux/ppc64</code>) only requires the
-POWER5 architecture.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The OpenBSD port now requires OpenBSD 5.6 or later, for access to the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/getentropy.2"><i>getentropy</i>(2)</a> system call.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="known_issues">Known Issues</h3>
-
-<p>
-There are some instabilities on FreeBSD that are known but not understood.
-These can lead to program crashes in rare cases.
-See <a href="https://golang.org/issue/16136">issue 16136</a>,
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/15658">issue 15658</a>,
-and <a href="https://golang.org/issue/16396">issue 16396</a>.
-Any help in solving these FreeBSD-specific issues would be appreciated.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_asm">Assembler</h3>
-
-<p>
-For 64-bit ARM systems, the vector register names have been
-corrected to <code>V0</code> through <code>V31</code>;
-previous releases incorrectly referred to them as <code>V32</code> through <code>V63</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For 64-bit x86 systems, the following instructions have been added:
-<code>PCMPESTRI</code>,
-<code>RORXL</code>,
-<code>RORXQ</code>,
-<code>VINSERTI128</code>,
-<code>VPADDD</code>,
-<code>VPADDQ</code>,
-<code>VPALIGNR</code>,
-<code>VPBLENDD</code>,
-<code>VPERM2F128</code>,
-<code>VPERM2I128</code>,
-<code>VPOR</code>,
-<code>VPSHUFB</code>,
-<code>VPSHUFD</code>,
-<code>VPSLLD</code>,
-<code>VPSLLDQ</code>,
-<code>VPSLLQ</code>,
-<code>VPSRLD</code>,
-<code>VPSRLDQ</code>,
-and
-<code>VPSRLQ</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler Toolchain</h3>
-
-<p>
-This release includes a new code generation back end for 64-bit x86 systems,
-following a <a href="https://golang.org/s/go17ssa">proposal from 2015</a>
-that has been under development since then.
-The new back end, based on
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">SSA</a>,
-generates more compact, more efficient code
-and provides a better platform for optimizations
-such as bounds check elimination.
-The new back end reduces the CPU time required by
-<a href="https://golang.org/test/bench/go1/">our benchmark programs</a> by 5-35%.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For this release, the new back end can be disabled by passing
-<code>-ssa=0</code> to the compiler.
-If you find that your program compiles or runs successfully
-only with the new back end disabled, please
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/new">file a bug report</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The format of exported metadata written by the compiler in package archives has changed:
-the old textual format has been replaced by a more compact binary format.
-This results in somewhat smaller package archives and fixes a few
-long-standing corner case bugs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For this release, the new export format can be disabled by passing
-<code>-newexport=0</code> to the compiler.
-If you find that your program compiles or runs successfully
-only with the new export format disabled, please
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/new">file a bug report</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The linker's <code>-X</code> option no longer supports the unusual two-argument form
-<code>-X</code> <code>name</code> <code>value</code>,
-as <a href="/doc/go1.6#compiler">announced</a> in the Go 1.6 release
-and in warnings printed by the linker.
-Use <code>-X</code> <code>name=value</code> instead.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The compiler and linker have been optimized and run significantly faster in this release than in Go 1.6,
-although they are still slower than we would like and will continue to be optimized in future releases.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Due to changes across the compiler toolchain and standard library,
-binaries built with this release should typically be smaller than binaries
-built with Go 1.6,
-sometimes by as much as 20-30%.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On x86-64 systems, Go programs now maintain stack frame pointers
-as expected by profiling tools like Linux's perf and Intel's VTune,
-making it easier to analyze and optimize Go programs using these tools.
-The frame pointer maintenance has a small run-time overhead that varies
-but averages around 2%. We hope to reduce this cost in future releases.
-To build a toolchain that does not use frame pointers, set
-<code>GOEXPERIMENT=noframepointer</code> when running
-<code>make.bash</code>, <code>make.bat</code>, or <code>make.rc</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_cgo">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-Packages using <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> may now include
-Fortran source files (in addition to C, C++, Objective C, and SWIG),
-although the Go bindings must still use C language APIs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go bindings may now use a new helper function <code>C.CBytes</code>.
-In contrast to <code>C.CString</code>, which takes a Go <code>string</code>
-and returns a <code>*C.byte</code> (a C <code>char*</code>),
-<code>C.CBytes</code> takes a Go <code>[]byte</code>
-and returns an <code>unsafe.Pointer</code> (a C <code>void*</code>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Packages and binaries built using <code>cgo</code> have in past releases
-produced different output on each build,
-due to the embedding of temporary directory names.
-When using this release with
-new enough versions of GCC or Clang
-(those that support the <code>-fdebug-prefix-map</code> option),
-those builds should finally be deterministic.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-Due to the alignment of Go's semiannual release schedule with GCC's annual release schedule,
-GCC release 6 contains the Go 1.6.1 version of gccgo.
-The next release, GCC 7, will likely have the Go 1.8 version of gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_go">Go command</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command's basic operation
-is unchanged, but there are a number of changes worth noting.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This release removes support for the <code>GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT</code> environment variable,
-as <a href="/doc/go1.6#go_command">announced</a> in the Go 1.6 release.
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/go15vendor">Vendoring support</a>
-is now a standard feature of the <code>go</code> command and toolchain.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Package</code> data structure made available to
-“<code>go</code> <code>list</code>” now includes a
-<code>StaleReason</code> field explaining why a particular package
-is or is not considered stale (in need of rebuilding).
-This field is available to the <code>-f</code> or <code>-json</code>
-options and is useful for understanding why a target is being rebuilt.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The “<code>go</code> <code>get</code>” command now supports
-import paths referring to <code>git.openstack.org</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This release adds experimental, minimal support for building programs using
-<a href="/pkg/go/build#hdr-Binary_Only_Packages">binary-only packages</a>,
-packages distributed in binary form
-without the corresponding source code.
-This feature is needed in some commercial settings
-but is not intended to be fully integrated into the rest of the toolchain.
-For example, tools that assume access to complete source code
-will not work with such packages, and there are no plans to support
-such packages in the “<code>go</code> <code>get</code>” command.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_doc">Go doc</h3>
-
-<p>
-The “<code>go</code> <code>doc</code>” command
-now groups constructors with the type they construct,
-following <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_vet">Go vet</h3>
-
-<p>
-The “<code>go</code> <code>vet</code>” command
-has more accurate analysis in its <code>-copylock</code> and <code>-printf</code> checks,
-and a new <code>-tests</code> check that checks the name and signature of likely test functions.
-To avoid confusion with the new <code>-tests</code> check, the old, unadvertised
-<code>-test</code> option has been removed; it was equivalent to <code>-all</code> <code>-shadow</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p id="vet_lostcancel">
-The <code>vet</code> command also has a new check,
-<code>-lostcancel</code>, which detects failure to call the
-cancelation function returned by the <code>WithCancel</code>,
-<code>WithTimeout</code>, and <code>WithDeadline</code> functions in
-Go 1.7's new <code>context</code> package (see <a
-href='#context'>below</a>).
-Failure to call the function prevents the new <code>Context</code>
-from being reclaimed until its parent is cancelled.
-(The background context is never cancelled.)
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_dist">Go tool dist</h3>
-
-<p>
-The new subcommand “<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>dist</code> <code>list</code>”
-prints all supported operating system/architecture pairs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_trace">Go tool trace</h3>
-
-<p>
-The “<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>trace</code>” command,
-<a href="/doc/go1.5#trace_command">introduced in Go 1.5</a>,
-has been refined in various ways.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, collecting traces is significantly more efficient than in past releases.
-In this release, the typical execution-time overhead of collecting a trace is about 25%;
-in past releases it was at least 400%.
-Second, trace files now include file and line number information,
-making them more self-contained and making the
-original executable optional when running the trace tool.
-Third, the trace tool now breaks up large traces to avoid limits
-in the browser-based viewer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Although the trace file format has changed in this release,
-the Go 1.7 tools can still read traces from earlier releases.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise statements
-about performance are difficult to make.
-Most programs should run a bit faster,
-due to speedups in the garbage collector and
-optimizations in the core library.
-On x86-64 systems, many programs will run significantly faster,
-due to improvements in generated code brought by the
-new compiler back end.
-As noted above, in our own benchmarks,
-the code generation changes alone typically reduce program CPU time by 5-35%.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<!-- git log -''-grep '-[0-9][0-9]\.[0-9][0-9]%' go1.6.. -->
-There have been significant optimizations bringing more than 10% improvements
-to implementations in the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha1/"><code>crypto/sha1</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/"><code>crypto/sha256</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/"><code>encoding/binary</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/fmt/"><code>fmt</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/hash/adler32/"><code>hash/adler32</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/hash/crc32/"><code>hash/crc32</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/hash/crc64/"><code>hash/crc64</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/unicode/utf16/"><code>unicode/utf16</code></a>
-packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Garbage collection pauses should be significantly shorter than they
-were in Go 1.6 for programs with large numbers of idle goroutines,
-substantial stack size fluctuation, or large package-level variables.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="context">Context</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.7 moves the <code>golang.org/x/net/context</code> package
-into the standard library as <a href="/pkg/context/"><code>context</code></a>.
-This allows the use of contexts for cancelation, timeouts, and passing
-request-scoped data in other standard library packages,
-including
-<a href="#net">net</a>,
-<a href="#net_http">net/http</a>,
-and
-<a href="#os_exec">os/exec</a>,
-as noted below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information about contexts, see the
-<a href="/pkg/context/">package documentation</a>
-and the Go blog post
-“<a href="https://blog.golang.org/context">Go Concurrent Patterns: Context</a>.”
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="httptrace">HTTP Tracing</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.7 introduces <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace/"><code>net/http/httptrace</code></a>,
-a package that provides mechanisms for tracing events within HTTP requests.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="testing">Testing</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>testing</code> package now supports the definition
-of tests with subtests and benchmarks with sub-benchmarks.
-This support makes it easy to write table-driven benchmarks
-and to create hierarchical tests.
-It also provides a way to share common setup and tear-down code.
-See the <a href="/pkg/testing/#hdr-Subtests_and_Sub_benchmarks">package documentation</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="runtime">Runtime</h3>
-
-<p>
-All panics started by the runtime now use panic values
-that implement both the
-builtin <a href="/ref/spec#Errors"><code>error</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#Error"><code>runtime.Error</code></a>,
-as
-<a href="/ref/spec#Run_time_panics">required by the language specification</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-During panics, if a signal's name is known, it will be printed in the stack trace.
-Otherwise, the signal's number will be used, as it was before Go1.7.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new function
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#KeepAlive"><code>KeepAlive</code></a>
-provides an explicit mechanism for declaring
-that an allocated object must be considered reachable
-at a particular point in a program,
-typically to delay the execution of an associated finalizer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new function
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#CallersFrames"><code>CallersFrames</code></a>
-translates a PC slice obtained from
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#Callers"><code>Callers</code></a>
-into a sequence of frames corresponding to the call stack.
-This new API should be preferred instead of direct use of
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#FuncForPC"><code>FuncForPC</code></a>,
-because the frame sequence can more accurately describe
-call stacks with inlined function calls.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new function
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#SetCgoTraceback"><code>SetCgoTraceback</code></a>
-facilitates tighter integration between Go and C code executing
-in the same process called using cgo.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On 32-bit systems, the runtime can now use memory allocated
-by the operating system anywhere in the address space,
-eliminating the
-“memory allocated by OS not in usable range” failure
-common in some environments.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The runtime can now return unused memory to the operating system on
-all architectures.
-In Go 1.6 and earlier, the runtime could not
-release memory on ARM64, 64-bit PowerPC, or MIPS.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On Windows, Go programs in Go 1.5 and earlier forced
-the global Windows timer resolution to 1ms at startup
-by calling <code>timeBeginPeriod(1)</code>.
-Changing the global timer resolution caused problems on some systems,
-and testing suggested that the call was not needed for good scheduler performance,
-so Go 1.6 removed the call.
-Go 1.7 brings the call back: under some workloads the call
-is still needed for good scheduler performance.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library,
-made with the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>
-in mind.
-</p>
-
-<dl id="bufio"><dt><a href="/pkg/bufio/">bufio</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-In previous releases of Go, if
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.Peek"><code>Peek</code></a> method
-were asked for more bytes than fit in the underlying buffer,
-it would return an empty slice and the error <code>ErrBufferFull</code>.
-Now it returns the entire underlying buffer, still accompanied by the error <code>ErrBufferFull</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="bytes"><dt><a href="/pkg/bytes/">bytes</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new functions
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#ContainsAny"><code>ContainsAny</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#ContainsRune"><code>ContainsRune</code></a>
-have been added for symmetry with
-the <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In previous releases of Go, if
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader.Read"><code>Read</code></a> method
-were asked for zero bytes with no data remaining, it would
-return a count of 0 and no error.
-Now it returns a count of 0 and the error
-<a href="/pkg/io/#EOF"><code>io.EOF</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type has a new method
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a> to allow reuse of a <code>Reader</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="compress_flate"><dt><a href="/pkg/compress/flate/">compress/flate</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-There are many performance optimizations throughout the package.
-Decompression speed is improved by about 10%,
-while compression for <code>DefaultCompression</code> is twice as fast.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In addition to those general improvements,
-the
-<code>BestSpeed</code>
-compressor has been replaced entirely and uses an
-algorithm similar to <a href="https://github.com/google/snappy">Snappy</a>,
-resulting in about a 2.5X speed increase,
-although the output can be 5-10% larger than with the previous algorithm.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is also a new compression level
-<code>HuffmanOnly</code>
-that applies Huffman but not Lempel-Ziv encoding.
-<a href="https://blog.klauspost.com/constant-time-gzipzip-compression/">Forgoing Lempel-Ziv encoding</a> means that
-<code>HuffmanOnly</code> runs about 3X faster than the new <code>BestSpeed</code>
-but at the cost of producing compressed outputs that are 20-40% larger than those
-generated by the new <code>BestSpeed</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is important to note that both
-<code>BestSpeed</code> and <code>HuffmanOnly</code> produce a compressed output that is
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1951">RFC 1951</a> compliant.
-In other words, any valid DEFLATE decompressor will continue to be able to decompress these outputs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Lastly, there is a minor change to the decompressor's implementation of
-<a href="/pkg/io/#Reader"><code>io.Reader</code></a>. In previous versions,
-the decompressor deferred reporting
-<a href="/pkg/io/#EOF"><code>io.EOF</code></a> until exactly no more bytes could be read.
-Now, it reports
-<a href="/pkg/io/#EOF"><code>io.EOF</code></a> more eagerly when reading the last set of bytes.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto_tls"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/">crypto/tls</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The TLS implementation sends the first few data packets on each connection
-using small record sizes, gradually increasing to the TLS maximum record size.
-This heuristic reduces the amount of data that must be received before
-the first packet can be decrypted, improving communication latency over
-low-bandwidth networks.
-Setting
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a>'s
-<code>DynamicRecordSizingDisabled</code> field to true
-forces the behavior of Go 1.6 and earlier, where packets are
-as large as possible from the start of the connection.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The TLS client now has optional, limited support for server-initiated renegotiation,
-enabled by setting the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config"><code>Config</code></a>'s
-<code>Renegotiation</code> field.
-This is needed for connecting to many Microsoft Azure servers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The errors returned by the package now consistently begin with a
-<code>tls:</code> prefix.
-In past releases, some errors used a <code>crypto/tls:</code> prefix,
-some used a <code>tls:</code> prefix, and some had no prefix at all.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When generating self-signed certificates, the package no longer sets the
-“Authority Key Identifier” field by default.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto_x509"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/">crypto/x509</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new function
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#SystemCertPool"><code>SystemCertPool</code></a>
-provides access to the entire system certificate pool if available.
-There is also a new associated error type
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#SystemRootsError"><code>SystemRootsError</code></a>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="debug_dwarf"><dt><a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/">debug/dwarf</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type's new
-<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#Reader.SeekPC"><code>SeekPC</code></a> method and the
-<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#Data"><code>Data</code></a> type's new
-<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#Ranges"><code>Ranges</code></a> method
-help to find the compilation unit to pass to a
-<a href="/pkg/debug/dwarf/#LineReader"><code>LineReader</code></a>
-and to identify the specific function for a given program counter.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="debug_elf"><dt><a href="/pkg/debug/elf/">debug/elf</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new
-<a href="/pkg/debug/elf/#R_390"><code>R_390</code></a> relocation type
-and its many predefined constants
-support the S390 port.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding_asn1"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/">encoding/asn1</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The ASN.1 decoder now rejects non-minimal integer encodings.
-This may cause the package to reject some invalid but formerly accepted ASN.1 data.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding_json"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">encoding/json</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>'s new
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Encoder.SetIndent"><code>SetIndent</code></a> method
-sets the indentation parameters for JSON encoding,
-like in the top-level
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Indent"><code>Indent</code></a> function.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>'s new
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Encoder.SetEscapeHTML"><code>SetEscapeHTML</code></a> method
-controls whether the
-<code>&</code>, <code><</code>, and <code>></code>
-characters in quoted strings should be escaped as
-<code>\u0026</code>, <code>\u003c</code>, and <code>\u003e</code>,
-respectively.
-As in previous releases, the encoder defaults to applying this escaping,
-to avoid certain problems that can arise when embedding JSON in HTML.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In earlier versions of Go, this package only supported encoding and decoding
-maps using keys with string types.
-Go 1.7 adds support for maps using keys with integer types:
-the encoding uses a quoted decimal representation as the JSON key.
-Go 1.7 also adds support for encoding maps using non-string keys that implement
-the <code>MarshalText</code>
-(see
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextMarshaler"><code>encoding.TextMarshaler</code></a>)
-method,
-as well as support for decoding maps using non-string keys that implement
-the <code>UnmarshalText</code>
-(see
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/#TextUnmarshaler"><code>encoding.TextUnmarshaler</code></a>)
-method.
-These methods are ignored for keys with string types in order to preserve
-the encoding and decoding used in earlier versions of Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When encoding a slice of typed bytes,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
-now generates an array of elements encoded using
-that byte type's
-<code>MarshalJSON</code>
-or
-<code>MarshalText</code>
-method if present,
-only falling back to the default base64-encoded string data if neither method is available.
-Earlier versions of Go accept both the original base64-encoded string encoding
-and the array encoding (assuming the byte type also implements
-<code>UnmarshalJSON</code>
-or
-<code>UnmarshalText</code>
-as appropriate),
-so this change should be semantically backwards compatible with earlier versions of Go,
-even though it does change the chosen encoding.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="go_build"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/build/">go/build</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-To implement the go command's new support for binary-only packages
-and for Fortran code in cgo-based packages,
-the
-<a href="/pkg/go/build/#Package"><code>Package</code></a> type
-adds new fields <code>BinaryOnly</code>, <code>CgoFFLAGS</code>, and <code>FFiles</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="go_doc"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/doc/">go/doc</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-To support the corresponding change in <code>go</code> <code>test</code> described above,
-<a href="/pkg/go/doc/#Example"><code>Example</code></a> struct adds a Unordered field
-indicating whether the example may generate its output lines in any order.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="io"><dt><a href="/pkg/io/">io</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The package adds new constants
-<code>SeekStart</code>, <code>SeekCurrent</code>, and <code>SeekEnd</code>,
-for use with
-<a href="/pkg/io/#Seeker"><code>Seeker</code></a>
-implementations.
-These constants are preferred over <code>os.SEEK_SET</code>, <code>os.SEEK_CUR</code>, and <code>os.SEEK_END</code>,
-but the latter will be preserved for compatibility.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math_big"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/big/">math/big</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float"><code>Float</code></a> type adds
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float.GobEncode"><code>GobEncode</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float.GobDecode"><code>GobDecode</code></a> methods,
-so that values of type <code>Float</code> can now be encoded and decoded using the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a>
-package.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math_rand"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/rand/">math/rand</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Read"><code>Read</code></a> function and
-<a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand"><code>Rand</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand.Read"><code>Read</code></a> method
-now produce a pseudo-random stream of bytes that is consistent and not
-dependent on the size of the input buffer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The documentation clarifies that
-Rand's <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand.Seed"><code>Seed</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand.Read"><code>Read</code></a> methods
-are not safe to call concurrently, though the global
-functions <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Seed"><code>Seed</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Read"><code>Read</code></a> are (and have
-always been) safe.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="mime_multipart"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/">mime/multipart</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
-implementation now emits each multipart section's header sorted by key.
-Previously, iteration over a map caused the section header to use a
-non-deterministic order.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/">net</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-As part of the introduction of <a href="#context">context</a>, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a> type has a new method
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.DialContext"><code>DialContext</code></a>, like
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.Dial"><code>Dial</code></a> but adding the
-<a href="/pkg/context/#Context"><code>context.Context</code></a>
-for the dial operation.
-The context is intended to obsolete the <code>Dialer</code>'s
-<code>Cancel</code> and <code>Deadline</code> fields,
-but the implementation continues to respect them,
-for backwards compatibility.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IP"><code>IP</code></a> type's
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IP.String"><code>String</code></a> method has changed its result for invalid <code>IP</code> addresses.
-In past releases, if an <code>IP</code> byte slice had length other than 0, 4, or 16, <code>String</code>
-returned <code>"?"</code>.
-Go 1.7 adds the hexadecimal encoding of the bytes, as in <code>"?12ab"</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The pure Go <a href="/pkg/net/#hdr-Name_Resolution">name resolution</a>
-implementation now respects <code>nsswitch.conf</code>'s
-stated preference for the priority of DNS lookups compared to
-local file (that is, <code>/etc/hosts</code>) lookups.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>'s
-documentation now makes clear that beginning to write the response
-may prevent future reads on the request body.
-For maximal compatibility, implementations are encouraged to
-read the request body completely before writing any part of the response.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As part of the introduction of <a href="#context">context</a>, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request</code></a> has a new methods
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.Context"><code>Context</code></a>, to retrieve the associated context, and
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.WithContext"><code>WithContext</code></a>, to construct a copy of <code>Request</code>
-with a modified context.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a> implementation,
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Serve"><code>Serve</code></a> records in the request context
-both the underlying <code>*Server</code> using the key <code>ServerContextKey</code>
-and the local address on which the request was received (a
-<a href="/pkg/net/#Addr"><code>Addr</code></a>) using the key <code>LocalAddrContextKey</code>.
-For example, the address on which a request received is
-<code>req.Context().Value(http.LocalAddrContextKey).(net.Addr)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The server's <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Serve"><code>Serve</code></a> method
-now only enables HTTP/2 support if the <code>Server.TLSConfig</code> field is <code>nil</code>
-or includes <code>"h2"</code> in its <code>TLSConfig.NextProtos</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The server implementation now
-pads response codes less than 100 to three digits
-as required by the protocol,
-so that <code>w.WriteHeader(5)</code> uses the HTTP response
-status <code>005</code>, not just <code>5</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The server implementation now correctly sends only one "Transfer-Encoding" header when "chunked"
-is set explicitly, following <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.1">RFC 7230</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The server implementation is now stricter about rejecting requests with invalid HTTP versions.
-Invalid requests claiming to be HTTP/0.x are now rejected (HTTP/0.9 was never fully supported),
-and plaintext HTTP/2 requests other than the "PRI * HTTP/2.0" upgrade request are now rejected as well.
-The server continues to handle encrypted HTTP/2 requests.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the server, a 200 status code is sent back by the timeout handler on an empty
-response body, instead of sending back 0 as the status code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the client, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a> implementation passes the request context
-to any dial operation connecting to the remote server.
-If a custom dialer is needed, the new <code>Transport</code> field
-<code>DialContext</code> is preferred over the existing <code>Dial</code> field,
-to allow the transport to supply a context.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a> also adds fields
-<code>IdleConnTimeout</code>,
-<code>MaxIdleConns</code>,
-and
-<code>MaxResponseHeaderBytes</code>
-to help control client resources consumed
-by idle or chatty servers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>Client</code></a>'s configured <code>CheckRedirect</code> function can now
-return <code>ErrUseLastResponse</code> to indicate that the
-most recent redirect response should be returned as the
-result of the HTTP request.
-That response is now available to the <code>CheckRedirect</code> function
-as <code>req.Response</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Since Go 1, the default behavior of the HTTP client is
-to request server-side compression
-using the <code>Accept-Encoding</code> request header
-and then to decompress the response body transparently,
-and this behavior is adjustable using the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>'s <code>DisableCompression</code> field.
-In Go 1.7, to aid the implementation of HTTP proxies, the
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>Response</code></a>'s new
-<code>Uncompressed</code> field reports whether
-this transparent decompression took place.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#DetectContentType"><code>DetectContentType</code></a>
-adds support for a few new audio and video content types.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http_cgi"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/cgi/">net/http/cgi</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/cgi/#Handler"><code>Handler</code></a>
-adds a new field
-<code>Stderr</code>
-that allows redirection of the child process's
-standard error away from the host process's
-standard error.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http_httptest"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/">net/http/httptest</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The new function
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/#NewRequest"><code>NewRequest</code></a>
-prepares a new
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>http.Request</code></a>
-suitable for passing to an
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Handler"><code>http.Handler</code></a> during a test.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/#ResponseRecorder"><code>ResponseRecorder</code></a>'s new
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/#ResponseRecorder.Result"><code>Result</code></a> method
-returns the recorded
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>http.Response</code></a>.
-Tests that need to check the response's headers or trailers
-should call <code>Result</code> and inspect the response fields
-instead of accessing
-<code>ResponseRecorder</code>'s <code>HeaderMap</code> directly.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http_httputil"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/">net/http/httputil</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a> implementation now responds with “502 Bad Gateway”
-when it cannot reach a back end; in earlier releases it responded with “500 Internal Server Error.”
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Both
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ClientConn"><code>ClientConn</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ServerConn"><code>ServerConn</code></a> have been documented as deprecated.
-They are low-level, old, and unused by Go's current HTTP stack
-and will no longer be updated.
-Programs should use
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>http.Client</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>http.Transport</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>http.Server</code></a>
-instead.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http_pprof"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/pprof/">net/http/pprof</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The runtime trace HTTP handler, installed to handle the path <code>/debug/pprof/trace</code>,
-now accepts a fractional number in its <code>seconds</code> query parameter,
-allowing collection of traces for intervals smaller than one second.
-This is especially useful on busy servers.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl><dt><a href="/pkg/net/mail/">net/mail</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The address parser now allows unescaped UTF-8 text in addresses
-following <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6532">RFC 6532</a>,
-but it does not apply any normalization to the result.
-For compatibility with older mail parsers,
-the address encoder, namely
-<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#Address"><code>Address</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#Address.String"><code>String</code></a> method,
-continues to escape all UTF-8 text following <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322">RFC 5322</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddress"><code>ParseAddress</code></a>
-function and
-the <a href="/pkg/net/mail/#AddressParser.Parse"><code>AddressParser.Parse</code></a>
-method are stricter.
-They used to ignore any characters following an e-mail address, but
-will now return an error for anything other than whitespace.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_url"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/url/">net/url</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL"><code>URL</code></a>'s
-new <code>ForceQuery</code> field
-records whether the URL must have a query string,
-in order to distinguish URLs without query strings (like <code>/search</code>)
-from URLs with empty query strings (like <code>/search?</code>).
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="os"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/">os</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsExist"><code>IsExist</code></a> now returns true for <code>syscall.ENOTEMPTY</code>,
-on systems where that error exists.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On Windows,
-<a href="/pkg/os/#Remove"><code>Remove</code></a> now removes read-only files when possible,
-making the implementation behave as on
-non-Windows systems.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="os_exec"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/exec/">os/exec</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-As part of the introduction of <a href="#context">context</a>,
-the new constructor
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#CommandContext"><code>CommandContext</code></a>
-is like
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Command"><code>Command</code></a> but includes a context that can be used to cancel the command execution.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="os_user"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/user/">os/user</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/os/user/#Current"><code>Current</code></a>
-function is now implemented even when cgo is not available.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new
-<a href="/pkg/os/user/#Group"><code>Group</code></a> type,
-along with the lookup functions
-<a href="/pkg/os/user/#LookupGroup"><code>LookupGroup</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/os/user/#LookupGroupId"><code>LookupGroupId</code></a>
-and the new field <code>GroupIds</code> in the <code>User</code> struct,
-provides access to system-specific user group information.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="reflect"><dt><a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-Although
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.Field"><code>Field</code></a> method has always been documented to panic
-if the given field number <code>i</code> is out of range, it has instead
-silently returned a zero
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>.
-Go 1.7 changes the method to behave as documented.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructOf"><code>StructOf</code></a>
-function constructs a struct type at run time.
-It completes the set of type constructors, joining
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#ArrayOf"><code>ArrayOf</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#ChanOf"><code>ChanOf</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#FuncOf"><code>FuncOf</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#MapOf"><code>MapOf</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#PtrTo"><code>PtrTo</code></a>,
-and
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#SliceOf"><code>SliceOf</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag"><code>StructTag</code></a>'s
-new method
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag.Lookup"><code>Lookup</code></a>
-is like
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag.Get"><code>Get</code></a>
-but distinguishes the tag not containing the given key
-from the tag associating an empty string with the given key.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.Method"><code>Method</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type.NumMethod"><code>NumMethod</code></a>
-methods of
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Type</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
-no longer return or count unexported methods.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="strings"><dt><a href="/pkg/strings/">strings</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-In previous releases of Go, if
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>'s
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader.Read"><code>Read</code></a> method
-were asked for zero bytes with no data remaining, it would
-return a count of 0 and no error.
-Now it returns a count of 0 and the error
-<a href="/pkg/io/#EOF"><code>io.EOF</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type has a new method
-<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a> to allow reuse of a <code>Reader</code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="time"><dt><a href="/pkg/time/">time</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Duration"><code>Duration</code></a>'s
-time.Duration.String method now reports the zero duration as <code>"0s"</code>, not <code>"0"</code>.
-<a href="/pkg/time/#ParseDuration"><code>ParseDuration</code></a> continues to accept both forms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The method call <code>time.Local.String()</code> now returns <code>"Local"</code> on all systems;
-in earlier releases, it returned an empty string on Windows.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The time zone database in
-<code>$GOROOT/lib/time</code> has been updated
-to IANA release 2016d.
-This fallback database is only used when the system time zone database
-cannot be found, for example on Windows.
-The Windows time zone abbreviation list has also been updated.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="syscall"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/">syscall</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-On Linux, the
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#SysProcAttr"><code>SysProcAttr</code></a> struct
-(as used in
-<a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd"><code>os/exec.Cmd</code></a>'s <code>SysProcAttr</code> field)
-has a new <code>Unshareflags</code> field.
-If the field is nonzero, the child process created by
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#ForkExec"><code>ForkExec</code></a>
-(as used in <code>exec.Cmd</code>'s <code>Run</code> method)
-will call the
-<a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/unshare.2.html"><i>unshare</i>(2)</a>
-system call before executing the new program.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-
-<dl id="unicode"><dt><a href="/pkg/unicode/">unicode</a></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package and associated
-support throughout the system has been upgraded from version 8.0 to
-<a href="http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/">Unicode 9.0</a>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.8.html b/content/doc/go1.8.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 611f5ee..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.8.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1666 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.8 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.8",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<style>
-ul li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.8</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest Go release, version 1.8, arrives six months after <a href="go1.7">Go 1.7</a>.
-Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries.
-There are <a href="#language">two minor changes</a> to the language specification.
-As always, the release maintains the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise of compatibility</a>.
-We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The release <a href="#ports">adds support for 32-bit MIPS</a>,
-<a href="#compiler">updates the compiler back end</a> to generate more efficient code,
-<a href="#gc">reduces GC pauses</a> by eliminating stop-the-world stack rescanning,
-<a href="#h2push">adds HTTP/2 Push support</a>,
-<a href="#http_shutdown">adds HTTP graceful shutdown</a>,
-<a href="#more_context">adds more context support</a>,
-<a href="#mutex_prof">enables profiling mutexes</a>,
-and <a href="#sort_slice">simplifies sorting slices</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
- When explicitly converting a value from one struct type to another,
- as of Go 1.8 the tags are ignored. Thus two structs that differ
- only in their tags may be converted from one to the other:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func example() {
- type T1 struct {
- X int `json:"foo"`
- }
- type T2 struct {
- X int `json:"bar"`
- }
- var v1 T1
- var v2 T2
- v1 = T1(v2) // now legal
-}
-</pre>
-
-
-<p> <!-- CL 17711 -->
- The language specification now only requires that implementations
- support up to 16-bit exponents in floating-point constants. This does not affect
- either the “<a href="/cmd/compile/"><code>gc</code></a>” or
- <code>gccgo</code> compilers, both of
- which still support 32-bit exponents.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go now supports 32-bit MIPS on Linux for both big-endian
-(<code>linux/mips</code>) and little-endian machines
-(<code>linux/mipsle</code>) that implement the MIPS32r1 instruction set with FPU
-or kernel FPU emulation. Note that many common MIPS-based routers lack an FPU and
-have firmware that doesn't enable kernel FPU emulation; Go won't run on such machines.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On DragonFly BSD, Go now requires DragonFly 4.4.4 or later. <!-- CL 29491, CL 29971 -->
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On OpenBSD, Go now requires OpenBSD 5.9 or later. <!-- CL 34093 -->
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Plan 9 port's networking support is now much more complete
-and matches the behavior of Unix and Windows with respect to deadlines
-and cancelation. For Plan 9 kernel requirements, see the
-<a href="https://golang.org/wiki/Plan9">Plan 9 wiki page</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.8 now only supports OS X 10.8 or later. This is likely the last
- Go release to support 10.8. Compiling Go or running
- binaries on older OS X versions is untested.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.8 will be the last release to support Linux on ARMv5E and ARMv6 processors:
- Go 1.9 will likely require the ARMv6K (as found in the Raspberry Pi 1) or later.
- To identify whether a Linux system is ARMv6K or later, run
- “<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>dist</code> <code>-check-armv6k</code>”
- (to facilitate testing, it is also possible to just copy the <code>dist</code> command to the
- system without installing a full copy of Go 1.8)
- and if the program terminates with output "ARMv6K supported." then the system
- implements ARMv6K or later.
- Go on non-Linux ARM systems already requires ARMv6K or later.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="known_issues">Known Issues</h3>
-
-<p>
-There are some instabilities on FreeBSD and NetBSD that are known but not understood.
-These can lead to program crashes in rare cases.
-See
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/15658">issue 15658</a> and
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/16511">issue 16511</a>.
-Any help in solving these issues would be appreciated.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_asm">Assembler</h3>
-
-<p>
-For 64-bit x86 systems, the following instructions have been added:
-<code>VBROADCASTSD</code>,
-<code>BROADCASTSS</code>,
-<code>MOVDDUP</code>,
-<code>MOVSHDUP</code>,
-<code>MOVSLDUP</code>,
-<code>VMOVDDUP</code>,
-<code>VMOVSHDUP</code>, and
-<code>VMOVSLDUP</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For 64-bit PPC systems, the common vector scalar instructions have been
-added:
-<code>LXS</code>,
-<code>LXSDX</code>,
-<code>LXSI</code>,
-<code>LXSIWAX</code>,
-<code>LXSIWZX</code>,
-<code>LXV</code>,
-<code>LXVD2X</code>,
-<code>LXVDSX</code>,
-<code>LXVW4X</code>,
-<code>MFVSR</code>,
-<code>MFVSRD</code>,
-<code>MFVSRWZ</code>,
-<code>MTVSR</code>,
-<code>MTVSRD</code>,
-<code>MTVSRWA</code>,
-<code>MTVSRWZ</code>,
-<code>STXS</code>,
-<code>STXSDX</code>,
-<code>STXSI</code>,
-<code>STXSIWX</code>,
-<code>STXV</code>,
-<code>STXVD2X</code>,
-<code>STXVW4X</code>,
-<code>XSCV</code>,
-<code>XSCVDPSP</code>,
-<code>XSCVDPSPN</code>,
-<code>XSCVDPSXDS</code>,
-<code>XSCVDPSXWS</code>,
-<code>XSCVDPUXDS</code>,
-<code>XSCVDPUXWS</code>,
-<code>XSCVSPDP</code>,
-<code>XSCVSPDPN</code>,
-<code>XSCVSXDDP</code>,
-<code>XSCVSXDSP</code>,
-<code>XSCVUXDDP</code>,
-<code>XSCVUXDSP</code>,
-<code>XSCVX</code>,
-<code>XSCVXP</code>,
-<code>XVCV</code>,
-<code>XVCVDPSP</code>,
-<code>XVCVDPSXDS</code>,
-<code>XVCVDPSXWS</code>,
-<code>XVCVDPUXDS</code>,
-<code>XVCVDPUXWS</code>,
-<code>XVCVSPDP</code>,
-<code>XVCVSPSXDS</code>,
-<code>XVCVSPSXWS</code>,
-<code>XVCVSPUXDS</code>,
-<code>XVCVSPUXWS</code>,
-<code>XVCVSXDDP</code>,
-<code>XVCVSXDSP</code>,
-<code>XVCVSXWDP</code>,
-<code>XVCVSXWSP</code>,
-<code>XVCVUXDDP</code>,
-<code>XVCVUXDSP</code>,
-<code>XVCVUXWDP</code>,
-<code>XVCVUXWSP</code>,
-<code>XVCVX</code>,
-<code>XVCVXP</code>,
-<code>XXLAND</code>,
-<code>XXLANDC</code>,
-<code>XXLANDQ</code>,
-<code>XXLEQV</code>,
-<code>XXLNAND</code>,
-<code>XXLNOR</code>,
-<code>XXLOR</code>,
-<code>XXLORC</code>,
-<code>XXLORQ</code>,
-<code>XXLXOR</code>,
-<code>XXMRG</code>,
-<code>XXMRGHW</code>,
-<code>XXMRGLW</code>,
-<code>XXPERM</code>,
-<code>XXPERMDI</code>,
-<code>XXSEL</code>,
-<code>XXSI</code>,
-<code>XXSLDWI</code>,
-<code>XXSPLT</code>, and
-<code>XXSPLTW</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="tool_yacc">Yacc</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 27324, CL 27325 -->
-The <code>yacc</code> tool (previously available by running
-“<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>yacc</code>”) has been removed.
-As of Go 1.7 it was no longer used by the Go compiler.
-It has moved to the “tools” repository and is now available at
-<code><a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goyacc">golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goyacc</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="tool_fix">Fix</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 28872 -->
- The <code>fix</code> tool has a new “<code>context</code>”
- fix to change imports from “<code>golang.org/x/net/context</code>”
- to “<a href="/pkg/context/"><code>context</code></a>”.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="tool_pprof">Pprof</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 33157 -->
- The <code>pprof</code> tool can now profile TLS servers
- and skip certificate validation by using the “<code>https+insecure</code>”
- URL scheme.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 23781 -->
- The callgrind output now has instruction-level granularity.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="tool_trace">Trace</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 23324 -->
- The <code>trace</code> tool has a new <code>-pprof</code> flag for
- producing pprof-compatible blocking and latency profiles from an
- execution trace.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 30017, CL 30702 -->
- Garbage collection events are now shown more clearly in the
- execution trace viewer. Garbage collection activity is shown on its
- own row and GC helper goroutines are annotated with their roles.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="tool_vet">Vet</h3>
-
-<p>Vet is stricter in some ways and looser where it
- previously caused false positives.</p>
-
-<p>Vet now checks for copying an array of locks,
- duplicate JSON and XML struct field tags,
- non-space-separated struct tags,
- deferred calls to HTTP <code>Response.Body.Close</code>
- before checking errors, and
- indexed arguments in <code>Printf</code>.
- It also improves existing checks.</p>
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler Toolchain</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1.7 introduced a new compiler back end for 64-bit x86 systems.
-In Go 1.8, that back end has been developed further and is now used for
-all architectures.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The new back end, based on
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_single_assignment_form">static single assignment form</a> (SSA),
-generates more compact, more efficient code
-and provides a better platform for optimizations
-such as bounds check elimination.
-The new back end reduces the CPU time required by
-<a href="https://golang.org/test/bench/go1/">our benchmark programs</a> by 20-30%
-on 32-bit ARM systems. For 64-bit x86 systems, which already used the SSA back end in
-Go 1.7, the gains are a more modest 0-10%. Other architectures will likely
-see improvements closer to the 32-bit ARM numbers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- The temporary <code>-ssa=0</code> compiler flag introduced in Go 1.7
- to disable the new back end has been removed in Go 1.8.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- In addition to enabling the new compiler back end for all systems,
- Go 1.8 also introduces a new compiler front end. The new compiler
- front end should not be noticeable to users but is the foundation for
- future performance work.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- The compiler and linker have been optimized and run faster in this
- release than in Go 1.7, although they are still slower than we would
- like and will continue to be optimized in future releases.
- Compared to the previous release, Go 1.8 is
- <a href="https://dave.cheney.net/2016/11/19/go-1-8-toolchain-improvements">about 15% faster</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_cgo">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 31141 -->
-The Go tool now remembers the value of the <code>CGO_ENABLED</code> environment
-variable set during <code>make.bash</code> and applies it to all future compilations
-by default to fix issue <a href="https://golang.org/issue/12808">#12808</a>.
-When doing native compilation, it is rarely necessary to explicitly set
-the <code>CGO_ENABLED</code> environment variable as <code>make.bash</code>
-will detect the correct setting automatically. The main reason to explicitly
-set the <code>CGO_ENABLED</code> environment variable is when your environment
-supports cgo, but you explicitly do not want cgo support, in which case, set
-<code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> during <code>make.bash</code> or <code>all.bash</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 29991 -->
-The environment variable <code>PKG_CONFIG</code> may now be used to
-set the program to run to handle <code>#cgo</code> <code>pkg-config</code>
-directives. The default is <code>pkg-config</code>, the program
-always used by earlier releases. This is intended to make it easier
-to cross-compile
-<a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> code.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 32354 -->
-The <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> tool now supports a <code>-srcdir</code>
-option, which is used by the <a href="/cmd/go/">go</a> command.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 31768, 31811 -->
-If <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> code calls <code>C.malloc</code>, and
-<code>malloc</code> returns <code>NULL</code>, the program will now
-crash with an out of memory error.
-<code>C.malloc</code> will never return <code>nil</code>.
-Unlike most C functions, <code>C.malloc</code> may not be used in a
-two-result form returning an errno value.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 33237 -->
-If <a href="/cmd/cgo/">cgo</a> is used to call a C function passing a
-pointer to a C union, and if the C union can contain any pointer
-values, and if <a href="/cmd/cgo/#hdr-Passing_pointers">cgo pointer
-checking</a> is enabled (as it is by default), the union value is now
-checked for Go pointers.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-Due to the alignment of Go's semiannual release schedule with GCC's
-annual release schedule,
-GCC release 6 contains the Go 1.6.1 version of gccgo.
-We expect that the next release, GCC 7, will contain the Go 1.8
-version of gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gopath">Default GOPATH</h3>
-
-<p>
- The
- <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-GOPATH_environment_variable"><code>GOPATH</code>
- environment variable</a> now has a default value if it
- is unset. It defaults to
- <code>$HOME/go</code> on Unix and
- <code>%USERPROFILE%/go</code> on Windows.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_get">Go get</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 34818 -->
- The “<code>go</code> <code>get</code>” command now always respects
- HTTP proxy environment variables, regardless of whether
- the <code style='white-space:nowrap'>-insecure</code> flag is used. In previous releases, the
- <code style='white-space:nowrap'>-insecure</code> flag had the side effect of not using proxies.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_bug">Go bug</h3>
-
-<p>
- The new
- “<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Print_information_for_bug_reports"><code>go</code> <code>bug</code></a>”
- command starts a bug report on GitHub, prefilled
- with information about the current system.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cmd_doc">Go doc</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 25419 -->
- The
- “<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Show_documentation_for_package_or_symbol"><code>go</code> <code>doc</code></a>”
- command now groups constants and variables with their type,
- following the behavior of
- <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 25420 -->
- In order to improve the readability of <code>doc</code>'s
- output, each summary of the first-level items is guaranteed to
- occupy a single line.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 31852 -->
- Documentation for a specific method in an interface definition can
- now be requested, as in
- “<code>go</code> <code>doc</code> <code>net.Conn.SetDeadline</code>”.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="plugin">Plugins</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go now provides early support for plugins with a “<code>plugin</code>”
- build mode for generating plugins written in Go, and a
- new <a href="/pkg/plugin/"><code>plugin</code></a> package for
- loading such plugins at run time. Plugin support is currently only
- available on Linux. Please report any issues.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="runtime">Runtime</h2>
-
-<h3 id="liveness">Argument Liveness</h3>
-
-<p>
- <!-- Issue 15843 --> The garbage collector no longer considers
- arguments live throughout the entirety of a function. For more
- information, and for how to force a variable to remain live, see
- the <a href="/pkg/runtime/#KeepAlive"><code>runtime.KeepAlive</code></a>
- function added in Go 1.7.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- <i>Updating:</i>
- Code that sets a finalizer on an allocated object may need to add
- calls to <code>runtime.KeepAlive</code> in functions or methods
- using that object.
- Read the
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#KeepAlive"><code>KeepAlive</code>
- documentation</a> and its example for more details.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="mapiter">Concurrent Map Misuse</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1.6, the runtime
-<a href="/doc/go1.6#runtime">added lightweight,
-best-effort detection of concurrent misuse of maps</a>. This release
-improves that detector with support for detecting programs that
-concurrently write to and iterate over a map.
-</p>
-<p>
-As always, if one goroutine is writing to a map, no other goroutine should be
-reading (which includes iterating) or writing the map concurrently.
-If the runtime detects this condition, it prints a diagnosis and crashes the program.
-The best way to find out more about the problem is to run the program
-under the
-<a href="https://blog.golang.org/race-detector">race detector</a>,
-which will more reliably identify the race
-and give more detail.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="memstats">MemStats Documentation</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 28972 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/runtime/#MemStats"><code>runtime.MemStats</code></a>
- type has been more thoroughly documented.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
-As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise statements
-about performance are difficult to make.
-Most programs should run a bit faster,
-due to speedups in the garbage collector and
-optimizations in the standard library.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There have been optimizations to implementations in the
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/aes/"><code>crypto/aes</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/cipher/"><code>crypto/cipher</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/"><code>crypto/elliptic</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha256/"><code>crypto/sha256</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/sha512/"><code>crypto/sha512</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/"><code>encoding/asn1</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/"><code>encoding/csv</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/hex/"><code>encoding/hex</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/hash/crc32/"><code>hash/crc32</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/draw/"><code>image/draw</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/math/"><code>math</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/"><code>runtime</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/unicode/utf8/"><code>unicode/utf8</code></a>
-packages.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gc">Garbage Collector</h3>
-
-<p>
- Garbage collection pauses should be significantly shorter than they
- were in Go 1.7, usually under 100 microseconds and often as low as
- 10 microseconds.
- See the
- <a href="https://github.com/golang/proposal/blob/master/design/17503-eliminate-rescan.md"
- >document on eliminating stop-the-world stack re-scanning</a>
- for details. More work remains for Go 1.9.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="defer">Defer</h3>
-
-<!-- CL 29656, CL 29656 -->
-<p>
- The overhead of <a href="/ref/spec/#Defer_statements">deferred
- function calls</a> has been reduced by about half.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="cgoperf">Cgo</h3>
-
-<p>The overhead of calls from Go into C has been reduced by about half.</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Standard library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
-
-<p>
-Examples have been added to the documentation across many packages.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="sort_slice">Sort</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/sort/">sort</a> package
-now includes a convenience function
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#Slice"><code>Slice</code></a> to sort a
-slice given a <em>less</em> function.
-
-In many cases this means that writing a new sorter type is not
-necessary.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also new are
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#SliceStable"><code>SliceStable</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/sort/#SliceIsSorted"><code>SliceIsSorted</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="h2push">HTTP/2 Push</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a> package now includes a
-mechanism to
-send HTTP/2 server pushes from a
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Handler"><code>Handler</code></a>.
-Similar to the existing <code>Flusher</code> and <code>Hijacker</code>
-interfaces, an HTTP/2
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>
-now implements the new
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Pusher"><code>Pusher</code></a> interface.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="http_shutdown">HTTP Server Graceful Shutdown</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 32329 -->
- The HTTP Server now has support for graceful shutdown using the new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown"><code>Server.Shutdown</code></a>
- method and abrupt shutdown using the new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Close"><code>Server.Close</code></a>
- method.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="more_context">More Context Support</h3>
-
-<p>
- Continuing <a href="/doc/go1.7#context">Go 1.7's adoption</a>
- of <a href="/pkg/context/#Context"><code>context.Context</code></a>
- into the standard library, Go 1.8 adds more context support
- to existing packages:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>The new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Shutdown"><code>Server.Shutdown</code></a>
- takes a context argument.</li>
- <li>There have been <a href="#database_sql">significant additions</a> to the
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/">database/sql</a> package with context support.</li>
- <li>All nine of the new <code>Lookup</code> methods on the new
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Resolver"><code>net.Resolver</code></a> now
- take a context.</li>
- </ul>
-
-<h3 id="mutex_prof">Mutex Contention Profiling</h3>
-
-<p>
- The runtime and tools now support profiling contended mutexes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Most users will want to use the new <code>-mutexprofile</code>
- flag with “<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Description_of_testing_flags"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>”,
- and then use <a href="/cmd/pprof/">pprof</a> on the resultant file.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Lower-level support is also available via the new
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#MutexProfile"><code>MutexProfile</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#SetMutexProfileFraction"><code>SetMutexProfileFraction</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- A known limitation for Go 1.8 is that the profile only reports contention for
- <a href="/pkg/sync/#Mutex"><code>sync.Mutex</code></a>,
- not
- <a href="/pkg/sync/#RWMutex"><code>sync.RWMutex</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
-As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library,
-made with the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>
-in mind. The following sections list the user visible changes and additions.
-Optimizations and minor bug fixes are not listed.
-</p>
-
-<dl id="archive_tar"><dt><a href="/pkg/archive/tar/">archive/tar</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 28471, CL 31440, CL 31441, CL 31444, CL 28418, CL 31439 -->
- The tar implementation corrects many bugs in corner cases of the file format.
- The <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>
- is now able to process tar files in the PAX format with entries larger than 8GB.
- The <a href="/pkg/archive/tar/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
- no longer produces invalid tar files in some situations involving long pathnames.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="compress_flate"><dt><a href="/pkg/compress/flate/">compress/flate</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31640, CL 31174, CL 32149 -->
- There have been some minor fixes to the encoder to improve the
- compression ratio in certain situations. As a result, the exact
- encoded output of <code>DEFLATE</code> may be different from Go 1.7. Since
- <code>DEFLATE</code> is the underlying compression of gzip, png, zlib, and zip,
- those formats may have changed outputs.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31174 -->
- The encoder, when operating in
- <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#NoCompression"><code>NoCompression</code></a>
- mode, now produces a consistent output that is not dependent on
- the size of the slices passed to the
- <a href="/pkg/compress/flate/#Writer.Write"><code>Write</code></a>
- method.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 28216 -->
- The decoder, upon encountering an error, now returns any
- buffered data it had uncompressed along with the error.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-
-<dl id="compress_gzip"><dt><a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/">compress/gzip</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p>
- The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
- now encodes a zero <code>MTIME</code> field when
- the <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Header"><code>Header.ModTime</code></a>
- field is the zero value.
-
- In previous releases of Go, the <code>Writer</code> would encode
- a nonsensical value.
-
- Similarly,
- the <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>
- now reports a zero encoded <code>MTIME</code> field as a zero
- <code>Header.ModTime</code>.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="context"><dt><a href="/pkg/context/">context</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 30370 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/context#DeadlineExceeded"><code>DeadlineExceeded</code></a>
- error now implements
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Error"><code>net.Error</code></a>
- and reports true for both the <code>Timeout</code> and
- <code>Temporary</code> methods.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto_tls"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/">crypto/tls</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 25159, CL 31318 -->
- The new method
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Conn.CloseWrite"><code>Conn.CloseWrite</code></a>
- allows TLS connections to be half closed.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 28075 -->
- The new method
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.Clone"><code>Config.Clone</code></a>
- clones a TLS configuration.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- <!-- CL 30790 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.GetConfigForClient"><code>Config.GetConfigForClient</code></a>
- callback allows selecting a configuration for a client dynamically, based
- on the client's
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ClientHelloInfo"><code>ClientHelloInfo</code></a>.
-
- <!-- CL 31391, CL 32119 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#ClientHelloInfo"><code>ClientHelloInfo</code></a>
- struct now has new
- fields <code>Conn</code>, <code>SignatureSchemes</code> (using
- the new
- type <a href="/kg/crypto/tls/#SignatureScheme"><code>SignatureScheme</code></a>),
- <code>SupportedProtos</code>, and <code>SupportedVersions</code>.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 32115 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.GetClientCertificate"><code>Config.GetClientCertificate</code></a>
- callback allows selecting a client certificate based on the server's
- TLS <code>CertificateRequest</code> message, represented by the new
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#CertificateRequestInfo"><code>CertificateRequestInfo</code></a>.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 27434 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.KeyLogWriter"><code>Config.KeyLogWriter</code></a>
- allows debugging TLS connections
- in <a href="https://www.wireshark.org/">WireShark</a> and
- similar tools.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 32115 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config.VerifyPeerCertificate"><code>Config.VerifyPeerCertificate</code></a>
- callback allows additional validation of a peer's presented certificate.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 18130 -->
- The <code>crypto/tls</code> package now implements basic
- countermeasures against CBC padding oracles. There should be
- no explicit secret-dependent timings, but it does not attempt to
- normalize memory accesses to prevent cache timing leaks.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- The <code>crypto/tls</code> package now supports
- X25519 and <!-- CL 30824, CL 30825 -->
- ChaCha20-Poly1305. <!-- CL 30957, CL 30958 -->
- ChaCha20-Poly1305 is now prioritized unless <!-- CL 32871 -->
- hardware support for AES-GCM is present.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 27315, CL 35290 -->
- AES-128-CBC cipher suites with SHA-256 are also
- now supported, but disabled by default.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="crypto_x509"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/">crypto/x509</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 24743 -->
- PSS signatures are now supported.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 32644 -->
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#UnknownAuthorityError"><code>UnknownAuthorityError</code></a>
- now has a <code>Cert</code> field, reporting the untrusted
- certificate.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- Certificate validation is more permissive in a few cases and
- stricter in a few other cases.
- <!--
-crypto/x509: allow a leaf certificate to be specified directly as root (CL 27393)
-crypto/x509: check that the issuer name matches the issuer's subject name (CL 23571)
-crypto/x509: don't accept a root that already appears in a chain. (CL 32121)
-crypto/x509: fix name constraints handling (CL 30155)
-crypto/x509: parse all names in an RDN (CL 30810)
-crypto/x509: recognise ISO OID for RSA+SHA1 (CL 27394)
-crypto/x509: require a NULL parameters for RSA public keys (CL 16166, CL 27312)
-crypto/x509: return error for missing SerialNumber (CL 27238)
--->
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 30375 -->
- Root certificates will now also be looked for
- at <code>/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/pem/tls-ca-bundle.pem</code>
- on Linux, to support RHEL and CentOS.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="database_sql"><dt><a href="/pkg/database/sql/">database/sql</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- The package now supports <code>context.Context</code>. There are new methods
- ending in <code>Context</code> such as
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.QueryContext"><code>DB.QueryContext</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.PrepareContext"><code>DB.PrepareContext</code></a>
- that take context arguments. Using the new <code>Context</code> methods ensures that
- connections are closed and returned to the connection pool when the
- request is done; enables canceling in-progress queries
- should the driver support that; and allows the database
- pool to cancel waiting for the next available connection.
- </p>
- <p>
- The <a href="/pkg/database/sql#IsolationLevel"><code>IsolationLevel</code></a>
- can now be set when starting a transaction by setting the isolation level
- on <a href="/pkg/database/sql#TxOptions.Isolation"><code>TxOptions.Isolation</code></a> and passing
- it to <a href="/pkg/database/sql#DB.BeginTx"><code>DB.BeginTx</code></a>.
- An error will be returned if an isolation level is selected that the driver
- does not support. A read-only attribute may also be set on the transaction
- by setting <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#TxOptions.ReadOnly"><code>TxOptions.ReadOnly</code></a>
- to true.
- </p>
- <p>
- Queries now expose the SQL column type information for drivers that support it.
- Rows can return <a href="/pkg/database/sql#Rows.ColumnTypes"><code>ColumnTypes</code></a>
- which can include SQL type information, column type lengths, and the Go type.
- </p>
- <p>
- A <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Rows"><code>Rows</code></a>
- can now represent multiple result sets. After
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Rows.Next"><code>Rows.Next</code></a> returns false,
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Rows.NextResultSet"><code>Rows.NextResultSet</code></a>
- may be called to advance to the next result set. The existing <code>Rows</code>
- should continue to be used after it advances to the next result set.
- </p>
- <p>
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#NamedArg"><code>NamedArg</code></a> may be used
- as query arguments. The new function <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Named"><code>Named</code></a>
- helps create a <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#NamedArg"><code>NamedArg</code></a>
- more succinctly.
- <p>
- If a driver supports the new
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Pinger"><code>Pinger</code></a>
- interface, the
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.Ping"><code>DB.Ping</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.PingContext"><code>DB.PingContext</code></a>
- methods will use that interface to check whether a
- database connection is still valid.
- </p>
- <p>
- The new <code>Context</code> query methods work for all drivers, but
- <code>Context</code> cancelation is not responsive unless the driver has been
- updated to use them. The other features require driver support in
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver"><code>database/sql/driver</code></a>.
- Driver authors should review the new interfaces. Users of existing
- driver should review the driver documentation to see what
- it supports and any system specific documentation on each feature.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="debug_pe"><dt><a href="/pkg/debug/pe/">debug/pe</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 22720, CL 27212, CL 22181, CL 22332, CL 22336, Issue 15345 -->
- The package has been extended and is now used by
- <a href="/cmd/link/">the Go linker</a> to read <code>gcc</code>-generated object files.
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/debug/pe/#File.StringTable"><code>File.StringTable</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/debug/pe/#Section.Relocs"><code>Section.Relocs</code></a>
- fields provide access to the COFF string table and COFF relocations.
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/debug/pe/#File.COFFSymbols"><code>File.COFFSymbols</code></a>
- allows low-level access to the COFF symbol table.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding_base64"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/">encoding/base64</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 24964 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/base64/#Encoding.Strict"><code>Encoding.Strict</code></a>
- method returns an <code>Encoding</code> that causes the decoder
- to return an error when the trailing padding bits are not zero.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding_binary"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/">encoding/binary</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 28514 -->
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/#Read"><code>Read</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/#Write"><code>Write</code></a>
- now support booleans.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding_json"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/json/">encoding/json</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 18692 -->
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#UnmarshalTypeError"><code>UnmarshalTypeError</code></a>
- now includes the struct and field name.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31932 -->
- A nil <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshaler"><code>Marshaler</code></a>
- now marshals as a JSON <code>null</code> value.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 21811 -->
- A <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#RawMessage"><code>RawMessage</code></a> value now
- marshals the same as its pointer type.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 30371 -->
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
- encodes floating-point numbers using the same format as in ES6,
- preferring decimal (not exponential) notation for a wider range of values.
- In particular, all floating-point integers up to 2<sup>64</sup> format the
- same as the equivalent <code>int64</code> representation.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 30944 -->
- In previous versions of Go, unmarshaling a JSON <code>null</code> into an
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Unmarshaler"><code>Unmarshaler</code></a>
- was considered a no-op; now the <code>Unmarshaler</code>'s
- <code>UnmarshalJSON</code> method is called with the JSON literal
- <code>null</code> and can define the semantics of that case.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding_pem"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/pem/">encoding/pem</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 27391 -->
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/pem/#Decode"><code>Decode</code></a>
- is now strict about the format of the ending line.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="encoding_xml"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/">encoding/xml</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 30946 -->
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a>
- now has wildcard support for collecting all attributes using
- the new <code>",any,attr"</code> struct tag.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="expvar"><dt><a href="/pkg/expvar/">expvar</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 30917 -->
- The new methods
- <a href="/pkg/expvar/#Int.Value"><code>Int.Value</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/expvar/#String.Value"><code>String.Value</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/expvar/#Float.Value"><code>Float.Value</code></a>, and
- <a href="/pkg/expvar/#Func.Value"><code>Func.Value</code></a>
- report the current value of an exported variable.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 24722 -->
- The new
- function <a href="/pkg/expvar/#Handler"><code>Handler</code></a>
- returns the package's HTTP handler, to enable installing it in
- non-standard locations.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="fmt"><dt><a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 30611 -->
- <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Scanf"><code>Scanf</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Fscanf"><code>Fscanf</code></a>, and
- <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Sscanf"><code>Sscanf</code></a> now
- handle spaces differently and more consistently than
- previous releases. See the
- <a href="/pkg/fmt/#hdr-Scanning">scanning documentation</a>
- for details.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="go_doc"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/doc/">go/doc</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 29870 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/go/doc/#IsPredeclared"><code>IsPredeclared</code></a>
- function reports whether a string is a predeclared identifier.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="go_types"><dt><a href="/pkg/go/types/">go/types</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 30715 -->
- The new function
- <a href="/pkg/go/types/#Default"><code>Default</code></a>
- returns the default "typed" type for an "untyped" type.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 31939 -->
- The alignment of <code>complex64</code> now matches
- the <a href="/cmd/compile/">Go compiler</a>.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="html_template"><dt><a href="/pkg/html/template/">html/template</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 14336 -->
- The package now validates
- the <code>"type"</code> attribute on
- a <code><script></code> tag.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="image_png"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/png/">image/png</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 32143, CL 32140 -->
- <a href="/pkg/image/png/#Decode"><code>Decode</code></a>
- (and <code>DecodeConfig</code>)
- now supports True Color and grayscale transparency.
- </p>
- <p> <!-- CL 29872 -->
- <a href="/pkg/image/png/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
- is now faster and creates smaller output
- when encoding paletted images.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math_big"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/big/">math/big</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 30706 -->
- The new method
- <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.Sqrt"><code>Int.Sqrt</code></a>
- calculates ⌊√x⌋.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- The new method
- <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Float.Scan"><code>Float.Scan</code></a>
- is a support routine for
- <a href="/pkg/fmt/#Scanner"><code>fmt.Scanner</code></a>.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.ModInverse"><code>Int.ModInverse</code></a>
- now supports negative numbers.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="math_rand"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/rand/">math/rand</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p><!-- CL 27253, CL 33456 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Rand.Uint64"><code>Rand.Uint64</code></a>
- method returns <code>uint64</code> values. The
- new <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Source64"><code>Source64</code></a>
- interface describes sources capable of generating such values
- directly; otherwise the <code>Rand.Uint64</code> method
- constructs a <code>uint64</code> from two calls
- to <a href="/pkg/math/rand/#Source"><code>Source</code></a>'s
- <code>Int63</code> method.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="mime"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/">mime</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 32175 -->
- <a href="/pkg/mime/#ParseMediaType"><code>ParseMediaType</code></a>
- now preserves unnecessary backslash escapes as literals,
- in order to support MSIE.
- When MSIE sends a full file path (in “intranet mode”), it does not
- escape backslashes: “<code>C:\dev\go\foo.txt</code>”, not
- “<code>C:\\dev\\go\\foo.txt</code>”.
- If we see an unnecessary backslash escape, we now assume it is from MSIE
- and intended as a literal backslash.
- No known MIME generators emit unnecessary backslash escapes
- for simple token characters like numbers and letters.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="mime_quotedprintable"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/quotedprintable/">mime/quotedprintable</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p>
- The
- <a href="/pkg/mime/quotedprintable/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>'s
- parsing has been relaxed in two ways to accept
- more input seen in the wild.
-
- <!-- CL 32174 -->
- First, it accepts an equals sign (<code>=</code>) not followed
- by two hex digits as a literal equal sign.
-
- <!-- CL 27530 -->
- Second, it silently ignores a trailing equals sign at the end of
- an encoded input.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/">net</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p><!-- CL 30164, CL 33473 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a> documentation
- has been updated to clarify expectations of an interface
- implementation. Updates in the <code>net/http</code> packages
- depend on implementations obeying the documentation.
- </p>
- <p><i>Updating:</i> implementations of the <code>Conn</code> interface should verify
- they implement the documented semantics. The
- <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/net/nettest">golang.org/x/net/nettest</a>
- package will exercise a <code>Conn</code> and validate it behaves properly.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 32099 -->
- The new method
- <a href="/pkg/net/#UnixListener.SetUnlinkOnClose"><code>UnixListener.SetUnlinkOnClose</code></a>
- sets whether the underlying socket file should be removed from the file system when
- the listener is closed.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 29951 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/net/#Buffers"><code>Buffers</code></a> type permits
- writing to the network more efficiently from multiple discontiguous buffers
- in memory. On certain machines, for certain types of connections,
- this is optimized into an OS-specific batch write operation (such as <code>writev</code>).
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 29440 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/net/#Resolver"><code>Resolver</code></a> looks up names and numbers
- and supports <a href="/pkg/context/#Context"><code>context.Context</code></a>.
- The <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a> now has an optional
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.Resolver"><code>Resolver</code> field</a>.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 29892 -->
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Interfaces"><code>Interfaces</code></a> is now supported on Solaris.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 29233, CL 24901 -->
- The Go DNS resolver now supports <code>resolv.conf</code>'s “<code>rotate</code>”
- and “<code>option</code> <code>ndots:0</code>” options. The “<code>ndots</code>” option is
- now respected in the same way as <code>libresolve</code>.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p>Server changes:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>The server now supports graceful shutdown support, <a href="#http_shutdown">mentioned above</a>.</li>
-
- <li> <!-- CL 32024 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server"><code>Server</code></a>
- adds configuration options
- <code>ReadHeaderTimeout</code> and <code>IdleTimeout</code>
- and documents <code>WriteTimeout</code>.
- </li>
-
- <li> <!-- CL 32014 -->
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#FileServer"><code>FileServer</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ServeContent"><code>ServeContent</code></a>
- now support HTTP <code>If-Match</code> conditional requests,
- in addition to the previous <code>If-None-Match</code>
- support for ETags properly formatted according to RFC 7232, section 2.3.
- </li>
- </ul>
-
- <p>
- There are several additions to what a server's <code>Handler</code> can do:
- </p>
-
- <ul>
- <li><!-- CL 31173 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/context/#Context"><code>Context</code></a>
- returned
- by <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.Context"><code>Request.Context</code></a>
- is canceled if the underlying <code>net.Conn</code>
- closes. For instance, if the user closes their browser in the
- middle of a slow request, the <code>Handler</code> can now
- detect that the user is gone. This complements the
- existing <a href="/pkg/net/http/#CloseNotifier"><code>CloseNotifier</code></a>
- support. This functionality requires that the underlying
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Conn"><code>net.Conn</code></a> implements
- <a href="#net">recently clarified interface documentation</a>.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 32479 -->
- To serve trailers produced after the header has already been written,
- see the new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#TrailerPrefix"><code>TrailerPrefix</code></a>
- mechanism.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 33099 -->
- A <code>Handler</code> can now abort a response by panicking
- with the error
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ErrAbortHandler"><code>ErrAbortHandler</code></a>.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 30812 -->
- A <code>Write</code> of zero bytes to a
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ResponseWriter"><code>ResponseWriter</code></a>
- is now defined as a
- way to test whether a <code>ResponseWriter</code> has been hijacked:
- if so, the <code>Write</code> returns
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ErrHijacked"><code>ErrHijacked</code></a>
- without printing an error
- to the server's error log.
- </li>
-
- </ul>
-
- <p>Client & Transport changes:</p>
- <ul>
- <li><!-- CL 28930, CL 31435 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client"><code>Client</code></a>
- now copies most request headers on redirect. See
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Client">the documentation</a>
- on the <code>Client</code> type for details.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 29072 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
- now supports international domain names. Consequently, so do
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Get">Get</a> and other helpers.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 31733, CL 29852 -->
- The <code>Client</code> now supports 301, 307, and 308 redirects.
-
- For example, <code>Client.Post</code> now follows 301
- redirects, converting them to <code>GET</code> requests
- without bodies, like it did for 302 and 303 redirect responses
- previously.
-
- The <code>Client</code> now also follows 307 and 308
- redirects, preserving the original request method and body, if
- any. If the redirect requires resending the request body, the
- request must have the new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request.GetBody</code></a>
- field defined.
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#NewRequest"><code>NewRequest</code></a>
- sets <code>Request.GetBody</code> automatically for common
- body types.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 32482 -->
- The <code>Transport</code> now rejects requests for URLs with
- ports containing non-digit characters.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 27117 -->
- The <code>Transport</code> will now retry non-idempotent
- requests if no bytes were written before a network failure
- and the request has no body.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 32481 -->
- The
- new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport.ProxyConnectHeader</code></a>
- allows configuration of header values to send to a proxy
- during a <code>CONNECT</code> request.
- </li>
-
- <li> <!-- CL 28077 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#DefaultTransport"><code>DefaultTransport.Dialer</code></a>
- now enables <code>DualStack</code> ("<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6555">Happy Eyeballs</a>") support,
- allowing the use of IPv4 as a backup if it looks like IPv6 might be
- failing.
- </li>
-
- <li> <!-- CL 31726 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
- no longer reads a byte of a non-nil
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.Body"><code>Request.Body</code></a>
- when the
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.ContentLength"><code>Request.ContentLength</code></a>
- is zero to determine whether the <code>ContentLength</code>
- is actually zero or just undefined.
- To explicitly signal that a body has zero length,
- either set it to <code>nil</code>, or set it to the new value
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#NoBody"><code>NoBody</code></a>.
- The new <code>NoBody</code> value is intended for use by <code>Request</code>
- constructor functions; it is used by
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#NewRequest"><code>NewRequest</code></a>.
- </li>
- </ul>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http_httptrace"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace/">net/http/httptrace</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 30359 -->
- There is now support for tracing a client request's TLS handshakes with
- the new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace/#ClientTrace.TLSHandshakeStart"><code>ClientTrace.TLSHandshakeStart</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptrace/#ClientTrace.TLSHandshakeDone"><code>ClientTrace.TLSHandshakeDone</code></a>.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_http_httputil"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/">net/http/httputil</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 32356 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a>
- has a new optional hook,
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy.ModifyResponse"><code>ModifyResponse</code></a>,
- for modifying the response from the back end before proxying it to the client.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_mail"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/mail/">net/mail</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 32176 -->
- Empty quoted strings are once again allowed in the name part of
- an address. That is, Go 1.4 and earlier accepted
- <code>""</code> <code><gopher@example.com></code>,
- but Go 1.5 introduced a bug that rejected this address.
- The address is recognized again.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31581 -->
- The
- <a href="/pkg/net/mail/#Header.Date"><code>Header.Date</code></a>
- method has always provided a way to parse
- the <code>Date:</code> header.
- A new function
- <a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseDate"><code>ParseDate</code></a>
- allows parsing dates found in other
- header lines, such as the <code>Resent-Date:</code> header.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_smtp"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/smtp/">net/smtp</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 33143 -->
- If an implementation of the
- <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Auth"><code>Auth.Start</code></a>
- method returns an empty <code>toServer</code> value,
- the package no longer sends
- trailing whitespace in the SMTP <code>AUTH</code> command,
- which some servers rejected.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="net_url"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/url/">net/url</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31322 -->
- The new functions
- <a href="/pkg/net/url/#PathEscape"><code>PathEscape</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/net/url/#PathUnescape"><code>PathUnescape</code></a>
- are similar to the query escaping and unescaping functions but
- for path elements.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 28933 -->
- The new methods
- <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL.Hostname"><code>URL.Hostname</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL.Port"><code>URL.Port</code></a>
- return the hostname and port fields of a URL,
- correctly handling the case where the port may not be present.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 28343 -->
- The existing method
- <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL.ResolveReference"><code>URL.ResolveReference</code></a>
- now properly handles paths with escaped bytes without losing
- the escaping.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31467 -->
- The <code>URL</code> type now implements
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryMarshaler"><code>encoding.BinaryMarshaler</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/#BinaryUnmarshaler"><code>encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler</code></a>,
- making it possible to process URLs in <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/">gob data</a>.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 29610, CL 31582 -->
- Following RFC 3986,
- <a href="/pkg/net/url/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a>
- now rejects URLs like <code>this_that:other/thing</code> instead of
- interpreting them as relative paths (<code>this_that</code> is not a valid scheme).
- To force interpretation as a relative path,
- such URLs should be prefixed with “<code>./</code>”.
- The <code>URL.String</code> method now inserts this prefix as needed.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="os"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/">os</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 16551 -->
- The new function
- <a href="/pkg/os/#Executable"><code>Executable</code></a> returns
- the path name of the running executable.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 30614 -->
- An attempt to call a method on
- an <a href="/pkg/os/#File"><code>os.File</code></a> that has
- already been closed will now return the new error
- value <a href="/pkg/os/#ErrClosed"><code>os.ErrClosed</code></a>.
- Previously it returned a system-specific error such
- as <code>syscall.EBADF</code>.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31358 -->
- On Unix systems, <a href="/pkg/os/#Rename"><code>os.Rename</code></a>
- will now return an error when used to rename a directory to an
- existing empty directory.
- Previously it would fail when renaming to a non-empty directory
- but succeed when renaming to an empty directory.
- This makes the behavior on Unix correspond to that of other systems.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 32451 -->
- On Windows, long absolute paths are now transparently converted to
- extended-length paths (paths that start with “<code>\\?\</code>”).
- This permits the package to work with files whose path names are
- longer than 260 characters.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 29753 -->
- On Windows, <a href="/pkg/os/#IsExist"><code>os.IsExist</code></a>
- will now return <code>true</code> for the system
- error <code>ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY</code>.
- This roughly corresponds to the existing handling of the Unix
- error <code>ENOTEMPTY</code>.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 32152 -->
- On Plan 9, files that are not served by <code>#M</code> will now
- have <a href="/pkg/os/#ModeDevice"><code>ModeDevice</code></a> set in
- the value returned
- by <a href="/pkg/os/#FileInfo"><code>FileInfo.Mode</code></a>.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="path_filepath"><dt><a href="/pkg/path/filepath/">path/filepath</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p>
- A number of bugs and corner cases on Windows were fixed:
- <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#Abs"><code>Abs</code></a> now calls <code>Clean</code> as documented,
- <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#Glob"><code>Glob</code></a> now matches
- “<code>\\?\c:\*</code>”,
- <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#EvalSymlinks"><code>EvalSymlinks</code></a> now
- correctly handles “<code>C:.</code>”, and
- <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#Clean"><code>Clean</code></a> now properly
- handles a leading “<code>..</code>” in the path.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="reflect"><dt><a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 30088 -->
- The new function
- <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Swapper"><code>Swapper</code></a> was
- added to support <a href="#sortslice"><code>sort.Slice</code></a>.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="strconv"><dt><a href="/pkg/strconv/">strconv</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 31210 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/strconv/#Unquote"><code>Unquote</code></a>
- function now strips carriage returns (<code>\r</code>) in
- backquoted raw strings, following the
- <a href="/ref/spec#String_literals">Go language semantics</a>.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="syscall"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/">syscall</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 25050, CL 25022 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Getpagesize"><code>Getpagesize</code></a>
- now returns the system's size, rather than a constant value.
- Previously it always returned 4KB.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 31446 -->
- The signature
- of <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Utimes"><code>Utimes</code></a> has
- changed on Solaris to match all the other Unix systems'
- signature. Portable code should continue to use
- <a href="/pkg/os/#Chtimes"><code>os.Chtimes</code></a> instead.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 32319 -->
- The <code>X__cmsg_data</code> field has been removed from
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Cmsghdr"><code>Cmsghdr</code></a>.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="text_template"><dt><a href="/pkg/text/template/">text/template</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p> <!-- CL 31462 -->
- <a href="/pkg/text/template/#Template.Execute"><code>Template.Execute</code></a>
- can now take a
- <a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>reflect.Value</code></a> as its data
- argument, and
- <a href="/pkg/text/template/#FuncMap"><code>FuncMap</code></a>
- functions can also accept and return <code>reflect.Value</code>.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="time"><dt><a href="/pkg/time/">time</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 20118 --> The new function
- <a href="/pkg/time/#Until"><code>Until</code></a> complements
- the analogous <code>Since</code> function.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 29338 -->
- <a href="/pkg/time/#ParseDuration"><code>ParseDuration</code></a>
- now accepts long fractional parts.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 33429 -->
- <a href="/pkg/time/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a>
- now rejects dates before the start of a month, such as June 0;
- it already rejected dates beyond the end of the month, such as
- June 31 and July 32.
- </p>
-
- <p> <!-- CL 33029 --> <!-- CL 34816 -->
- The <code>tzdata</code> database has been updated to version
- 2016j for systems that don't already have a local time zone
- database.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="testing"><dt><a href="/pkg/testing/">testing</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 29970 -->
- The new method
- <a href="/pkg/testing/#T.Name"><code>T.Name</code></a>
- (and <code>B.Name</code>) returns the name of the current
- test or benchmark.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 32483 -->
- The new function
- <a href="/pkg/testing/#CoverMode"><code>CoverMode</code></a>
- reports the test coverage mode.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 32615 -->
- Tests and benchmarks are now marked as failed if the race
- detector is enabled and a data race occurs during execution.
- Previously, individual test cases would appear to pass,
- and only the overall execution of the test binary would fail.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 32455 -->
- The signature of the
- <a href="/pkg/testing/#MainStart"><code>MainStart</code></a>
- function has changed, as allowed by the documentation. It is an
- internal detail and not part of the Go 1 compatibility promise.
- If you're not calling <code>MainStart</code> directly but see
- errors, that likely means you set the
- normally-empty <code>GOROOT</code> environment variable and it
- doesn't match the version of your <code>go</code> command's binary.
- </p>
-
- </dd>
-</dl>
-
-<dl id="unicode"><dt><a href="/pkg/unicode/">unicode</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 30935 -->
- <a href="/pkg/unicode/#SimpleFold"><code>SimpleFold</code></a>
- now returns its argument unchanged if the provided input was an invalid rune.
- Previously, the implementation failed with an index bounds check panic.
- </p>
- </dd>
-</dl>
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.9.html b/content/doc/go1.9.html
deleted file mode 100644
index fa50ae7..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.9.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1024 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1.9 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1.9",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<!--
-NOTE: In this document and others in this directory, the convention is to
-set fixed-width phrases with non-fixed-width spaces, as in
-<code>hello</code> <code>world</code>.
-Do not send CLs removing the interior tags from such phrases.
--->
-
-<style>
-ul li { margin: 0.5em 0; }
-</style>
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.9</h2>
-
-<p>
- The latest Go release, version 1.9, arrives six months
- after <a href="go1.8">Go 1.8</a> and is the tenth release in
- the <a href="https://golang.org/doc/devel/release.html">Go 1.x
- series</a>.
- There are two <a href="#language">changes to the language</a>:
- adding support for type aliases and defining when implementations
- may fuse floating point operations.
- Most of the changes are in the implementation of the toolchain,
- runtime, and libraries.
- As always, the release maintains the Go 1
- <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise of compatibility</a>.
- We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as
- before.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- The release
- adds <a href="#monotonic-time">transparent monotonic time support</a>,
- <a href="#parallel-compile">parallelizes compilation of functions</a> within a package,
- better supports <a href="#test-helper">test helper functions</a>,
- includes a new <a href="#math-bits">bit manipulation package</a>,
- and has a new <a href="#sync-map">concurrent map type</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<p>
- There are two changes to the language.
-</p>
-<p>
- Go now supports type aliases to support gradual code repair while
- moving a type between packages.
- The <a href="https://golang.org/design/18130-type-alias">type alias
- design document</a>
- and <a href="https://talks.golang.org/2016/refactor.article">an
- article on refactoring</a> cover the problem in detail.
- In short, a type alias declaration has the form:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T1 = T2
-</pre>
-
-<p>
- This declaration introduces an alias name <code>T1</code>—an
- alternate spelling—for the type denoted by <code>T2</code>; that is,
- both <code>T1</code> and <code>T2</code> denote the same type.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 40391 -->
- A smaller language change is that the
- <a href="/ref/spec#Floating_point_operators">language specification
- now states</a> when implementations are allowed to fuse floating
- point operations together, such as by using an architecture's "fused
- multiply and add" (FMA) instruction to compute <code>x*y</code> <code>+</code> <code>z</code>
- without rounding the intermediate result <code>x*y</code>.
- To force the intermediate rounding, write <code>float64(x*y)</code> <code>+</code> <code>z</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ports">Ports</h2>
-
-<p>
- There are no new supported operating systems or processor
- architectures in this release.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="power8">ppc64x requires POWER8</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 36725, CL 36832 -->
- Both <code>GOARCH=ppc64</code> and <code>GOARCH=ppc64le</code> now
- require at least POWER8 support. In previous releases,
- only <code>GOARCH=ppc64le</code> required POWER8 and the big
- endian <code>ppc64</code> architecture supported older
- hardware.
-<p>
-
-<h3 id="freebsd">FreeBSD</h3>
-
-<p>
- Go 1.9 is the last release that will run on FreeBSD 9.3,
- which is already
- <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/security/unsupported.html">unsupported by FreeBSD</a>.
- Go 1.10 will require FreeBSD 10.3+.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="openbsd">OpenBSD 6.0</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 40331 -->
- Go 1.9 now enables PT_TLS generation for cgo binaries and thus
- requires OpenBSD 6.0 or newer. Go 1.9 no longer supports
- OpenBSD 5.9.
-<p>
-
-<h3 id="known_issues">Known Issues</h3>
-
-<p>
- There are some instabilities on FreeBSD that are known but not understood.
- These can lead to program crashes in rare cases.
- See <a href="https://golang.org/issue/15658">issue 15658</a>.
- Any help in solving this FreeBSD-specific issue would be appreciated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Go stopped running NetBSD builders during the Go 1.9 development
- cycle due to NetBSD kernel crashes, up to and including NetBSD 7.1.
- As Go 1.9 is being released, NetBSD 7.1.1 is being released with a fix.
- However, at this time we have no NetBSD builders passing our test suite.
- Any help investigating the
- <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/labels/OS-NetBSD">various NetBSD issues</a>
- would be appreciated.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<h3 id="parallel-compile">Parallel Compilation</h3>
-
-<p>
- The Go compiler now supports compiling a package's functions in parallel, taking
- advantage of multiple cores. This is in addition to the <code>go</code> command's
- existing support for parallel compilation of separate packages.
- Parallel compilation is on by default, but it can be disabled by setting the
- environment variable <code>GO19CONCURRENTCOMPILATION</code> to <code>0</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="vendor-dotdotdot">Vendor matching with ./...</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 38745 -->
- By popular request, <code>./...</code> no longer matches packages
- in <code>vendor</code> directories in tools accepting package names,
- such as <code>go</code> <code>test</code>. To match vendor
- directories, write <code>./vendor/...</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="goroot">Moved GOROOT</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 42533 -->
- The <a href="/cmd/go/">go tool</a> will now use the path from which it
- was invoked to attempt to locate the root of the Go install tree.
- This means that if the entire Go installation is moved to a new
- location, the go tool should continue to work as usual.
- This may be overridden by setting <code>GOROOT</code> in the environment,
- which should only be done in unusual circumstances.
- Note that this does not affect the result of
- the <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GOROOT">runtime.GOROOT</a> function, which
- will continue to report the original installation location;
- this may be fixed in later releases.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compiler">Compiler Toolchain</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 37441 -->
- Complex division is now C99-compatible. This has always been the
- case in gccgo and is now fixed in the gc toolchain.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 36983 -->
- The linker will now generate DWARF information for cgo executables on Windows.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 44210, CL 40095 -->
- The compiler now includes lexical scopes in the generated DWARF if the
- <code>-N -l</code> flags are provided, allowing
- debuggers to hide variables that are not in scope. The <code>.debug_info</code>
- section is now DWARF version 4.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 43855 -->
- The values of <code>GOARM</code> and <code>GO386</code> now affect a
- compiled package's build ID, as used by the <code>go</code> tool's
- dependency caching.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="asm">Assembler</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 42028 -->
- The four-operand ARM <code>MULA</code> instruction is now assembled correctly,
- with the addend register as the third argument and the result
- register as the fourth and final argument.
- In previous releases, the two meanings were reversed.
- The three-operand form, in which the fourth argument is implicitly
- the same as the third, is unaffected.
- Code using four-operand <code>MULA</code> instructions
- will need to be updated, but we believe this form is very rarely used.
- <code>MULAWT</code> and <code>MULAWB</code> were already
- using the correct order in all forms and are unchanged.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 42990 -->
- The assembler now supports <code>ADDSUBPS/PD</code>, completing the
- two missing x86 SSE3 instructions.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go-doc">Doc</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 36031 -->
- Long lists of arguments are now truncated. This improves the readability
- of <code>go</code> <code>doc</code> on some generated code.
-</p>
-
-<p><!-- CL 38438 -->
- Viewing documentation on struct fields is now supported.
- For example, <code>go</code> <code>doc</code> <code>http.Client.Jar</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go-env-json">Env</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 38757 -->
- The new <code>go</code> <code>env</code> <code>-json</code> flag
- enables JSON output, instead of the default OS-specific output
- format.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go-test-list">Test</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 41195 -->
- The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Description_of_testing_flags"><code>go</code> <code>test</code></a>
- command accepts a new <code>-list</code> flag, which takes a regular
- expression as an argument and prints to stdout the name of any
- tests, benchmarks, or examples that match it, without running them.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="go-tool-pprof">Pprof</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 34192 -->
- Profiles produced by the <code>runtime/pprof</code> package now
- include symbol information, so they can be viewed
- in <code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>pprof</code>
- without the binary that produced the profile.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 38343 -->
- The <code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>pprof</code> command now
- uses the HTTP proxy information defined in the environment, using
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ProxyFromEnvironment"><code>http.ProxyFromEnvironment</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="vet">Vet</h3>
-
-<!-- CL 40112 -->
-<p>
- The <a href="/cmd/vet/"><code>vet</code> command</a>
- has been better integrated into the
- <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code> tool</a>,
- so <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> now supports all standard build
- flags while <code>vet</code>'s own flags are now available
- from <code>go</code> <code>vet</code> as well as
- from <code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>vet</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gccgo">Gccgo</h3>
-
-<p>
-Due to the alignment of Go's semiannual release schedule with GCC's
-annual release schedule,
-GCC release 7 contains the Go 1.8.3 version of gccgo.
-We expect that the next release, GCC 8, will contain the Go 1.10
-version of gccgo.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="runtime">Runtime</h2>
-
-<h3 id="callersframes">Call stacks with inlined frames</h3>
-
-<p>
- Users of
- <a href="/pkg/runtime#Callers"><code>runtime.Callers</code></a>
- should avoid directly inspecting the resulting PC slice and instead use
- <a href="/pkg/runtime#CallersFrames"><code>runtime.CallersFrames</code></a>
- to get a complete view of the call stack, or
- <a href="/pkg/runtime#Caller"><code>runtime.Caller</code></a>
- to get information about a single caller.
- This is because an individual element of the PC slice cannot account
- for inlined frames or other nuances of the call stack.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Specifically, code that directly iterates over the PC slice and uses
- functions such as
- <a href="/pkg/runtime#FuncForPC"><code>runtime.FuncForPC</code></a>
- to resolve each PC individually will miss inlined frames.
- To get a complete view of the stack, such code should instead use
- <code>CallersFrames</code>.
- Likewise, code should not assume that the length returned by
- <code>Callers</code> is any indication of the call depth.
- It should instead count the number of frames returned by
- <code>CallersFrames</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Code that queries a single caller at a specific depth should use
- <code>Caller</code> rather than passing a slice of length 1 to
- <code>Callers</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- <a href="/pkg/runtime#CallersFrames"><code>runtime.CallersFrames</code></a>
- has been available since Go 1.7, so code can be updated prior to
- upgrading to Go 1.9.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<p>
- As always, the changes are so general and varied that precise
- statements about performance are difficult to make. Most programs
- should run a bit faster, due to speedups in the garbage collector,
- better generated code, and optimizations in the core library.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gc">Garbage Collector</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 37520 -->
- Library functions that used to trigger stop-the-world garbage
- collection now trigger concurrent garbage collection.
-
- Specifically, <a href="/pkg/runtime/#GC"><code>runtime.GC</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetGCPercent"><code>debug.SetGCPercent</code></a>,
- and
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#FreeOSMemory"><code>debug.FreeOSMemory</code></a>,
- now trigger concurrent garbage collection, blocking only the calling
- goroutine until the garbage collection is done.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 34103, CL 39835 -->
- The
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetGCPercent"><code>debug.SetGCPercent</code></a>
- function only triggers a garbage collection if one is immediately
- necessary because of the new GOGC value.
- This makes it possible to adjust GOGC on-the-fly.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 38732 -->
- Large object allocation performance is significantly improved in
- applications using large (>50GB) heaps containing many large
- objects.
-</p>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 34937 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats"><code>runtime.ReadMemStats</code></a>
- function now takes less than 100µs even for very large heaps.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="library">Core library</h2>
-
-<h3 id="monotonic-time">Transparent Monotonic Time support</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 36255 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package now transparently
- tracks monotonic time in each <a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>Time</code></a>
- value, making computing durations between two <code>Time</code> values
- a safe operation in the presence of wall clock adjustments.
- See the <a href="/pkg/time/#hdr-Monotonic_Clocks">package docs</a> and
- <a href="https://golang.org/design/12914-monotonic">design document</a>
- for details.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="math-bits">New bit manipulation package</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 36315 -->
- Go 1.9 includes a new package,
- <a href="/pkg/math/bits/"><code>math/bits</code></a>, with optimized
- implementations for manipulating bits. On most architectures,
- functions in this package are additionally recognized by the
- compiler and treated as intrinsics for additional performance.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="test-helper">Test Helper Functions</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 38796 -->
- The
- new <a href="/pkg/testing/#T.Helper"><code>(*T).Helper</code></a>
- and <a href="/pkg/testing/#B.Helper"><code>(*B).Helper</code></a>
- methods mark the calling function as a test helper function. When
- printing file and line information, that function will be skipped.
- This permits writing test helper functions while still having useful
- line numbers for users.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="sync-map">Concurrent Map</h3>
-
-<p> <!-- CL 36617 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/sync/#Map"><code>Map</code></a> type
- in the <a href="/pkg/sync/"><code>sync</code></a> package
- is a concurrent map with amortized-constant-time loads, stores, and
- deletes. It is safe for multiple goroutines to call a <code>Map</code>'s methods
- concurrently.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="pprof-labels">Profiler Labels</h3>
-
-<p><!-- CL 34198 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof"><code>runtime/pprof</code> package</a>
- now supports adding labels to <code>pprof</code> profiler records.
- Labels form a key-value map that is used to distinguish calls of the
- same function in different contexts when looking at profiles
- with the <a href="/cmd/pprof/"><code>pprof</code> command</a>.
- The <code>pprof</code> package's
- new <a href="/pkg/runtime/pprof/#Do"><code>Do</code> function</a>
- runs code associated with some provided labels. Other new functions
- in the package help work with labels.
-</p>
-
-</dl><!-- runtime/pprof -->
-
-
-<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
-
-<p>
- As always, there are various minor changes and updates to the library,
- made with the Go 1 <a href="/doc/go1compat">promise of compatibility</a>
- in mind.
-</p>
-
-<dl id="archive/zip"><dt><a href="/pkg/archive/zip/">archive/zip</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 39570 -->
- The
- ZIP <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
- now sets the UTF-8 bit in
- the <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#FileHeader.Flags"><code>FileHeader.Flags</code></a>
- when appropriate.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- archive/zip -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/rand"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/rand/">crypto/rand</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 43852 -->
- On Linux, Go now calls the <code>getrandom</code> system call
- without the <code>GRND_NONBLOCK</code> flag; it will now block
- until the kernel has sufficient randomness. On kernels predating
- the <code>getrandom</code> system call, Go continues to read
- from <code>/dev/urandom</code>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/rand -->
-
-<dl id="crypto/x509"><dt><a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/">crypto/x509</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36093 -->
-
- On Unix systems the environment
- variables <code>SSL_CERT_FILE</code>
- and <code>SSL_CERT_DIR</code> can now be used to override the
- system default locations for the SSL certificate file and SSL
- certificate files directory, respectively.
- </p>
-
- <p>The FreeBSD file <code>/usr/local/etc/ssl/cert.pem</code> is
- now included in the certificate search path.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 36900 -->
-
- The package now supports excluded domains in name constraints.
- In addition to enforcing such constraints,
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCertificate"><code>CreateCertificate</code></a>
- will create certificates with excluded name constraints
- if the provided template certificate has the new
- field
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate.ExcludedDNSDomains"><code>ExcludedDNSDomains</code></a>
- populated.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 36696 -->
-
- If any SAN extension, including with no DNS names, is present
- in the certificate, then the Common Name from
- <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate.Subject"><code>Subject</code></a> is ignored.
- In previous releases, the code tested only whether DNS-name SANs were
- present in a certificate.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- crypto/x509 -->
-
-<dl id="database/sql"><dt><a href="/pkg/database/sql/">database/sql</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 35476 -->
- The package will now use a cached <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Stmt"><code>Stmt</code></a> if
- available in <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Tx.Stmt"><code>Tx.Stmt</code></a>.
- This prevents statements from being re-prepared each time
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Tx.Stmt"><code>Tx.Stmt</code></a> is called.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 38533 -->
- The package now allows drivers to implement their own argument checkers by implementing
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#NamedValueChecker"><code>driver.NamedValueChecker</code></a>.
- This also allows drivers to support <code>OUTPUT</code> and <code>INOUT</code> parameter types.
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Out"><code>Out</code></a> should be used to return output parameters
- when supported by the driver.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 39031 -->
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Rows.Scan"><code>Rows.Scan</code></a> can now scan user-defined string types.
- Previously the package supported scanning into numeric types like <code>type</code> <code>Int</code> <code>int64</code>. It now also supports
- scanning into string types like <code>type</code> <code>String</code> <code>string</code>.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 40694 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.Conn"><code>DB.Conn</code></a> method returns the new
- <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a> type representing an
- exclusive connection to the database from the connection pool. All queries run on
- a <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a> will use the same underlying
- connection until <a href="/pkg/database/sql/#Conn.Close"><code>Conn.Close</code></a> is called
- to return the connection to the connection pool.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- database/sql -->
-
-<dl id="encoding/asn1"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/">encoding/asn1</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 38660 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#NullBytes"><code>NullBytes</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/asn1/#NullRawValue"><code>NullRawValue</code></a>
- represent the ASN.1 NULL type.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- encoding/asn1 -->
-
-<dl id="encoding/base32"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/base32/">encoding/base32</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 38634 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/encoding/base32/#Encoding.WithPadding">Encoding.WithPadding</a>
- method adds support for custom padding characters and disabling padding.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- encoding/base32 -->
-
-<dl id="encoding/csv"><dt><a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/">encoding/csv</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 41730 -->
- The new field
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/#Reader.ReuseRecord"><code>Reader.ReuseRecord</code></a>
- controls whether calls to
- <a href="/pkg/encoding/csv/#Reader.Read"><code>Read</code></a>
- may return a slice sharing the backing array of the previous
- call's returned slice for improved performance.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- encoding/csv -->
-
-<dl id="fmt"><dt><a href="/pkg/fmt/">fmt</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 37051 -->
- The sharp flag ('<code>#</code>') is now supported when printing
- floating point and complex numbers. It will always print a
- decimal point
- for <code>%e</code>, <code>%E</code>, <code>%f</code>, <code>%F</code>, <code>%g</code>
- and <code>%G</code>; it will not remove trailing zeros
- for <code>%g</code> and <code>%G</code>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- fmt -->
-
-<dl id="hash/fnv"><dt><a href="/pkg/hash/fnv/">hash/fnv</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 38356 -->
- The package now includes 128-bit FNV-1 and FNV-1a hash support with
- <a href="/pkg/hash/fnv/#New128"><code>New128</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/hash/fnv/#New128a"><code>New128a</code></a>, respectively.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- hash/fnv -->
-
-<dl id="html/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/html/template/">html/template</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 37880, CL 40936 -->
- The package now reports an error if a predefined escaper (one of
- "html", "urlquery" and "js") is found in a pipeline and does not match
- what the auto-escaper would have decided on its own.
- This avoids certain security or correctness issues.
- Now use of one of these escapers is always either a no-op or an error.
- (The no-op case eases migration from <a href="/pkg/text/template/">text/template</a>.)
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- html/template -->
-
-<dl id="image"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/">image</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36734 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/image/#Rectangle.Intersect"><code>Rectangle.Intersect</code></a>
- method now returns a zero <code>Rectangle</code> when called on
- adjacent but non-overlapping rectangles, as documented. In
- earlier releases it would incorrectly return an empty but
- non-zero <code>Rectangle</code>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- image -->
-
-<dl id="image/color"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/color/">image/color</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36732 -->
- The YCbCr to RGBA conversion formula has been tweaked to ensure
- that rounding adjustments span the complete [0, 0xffff] RGBA
- range.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- image/color -->
-
-<dl id="image/png"><dt><a href="/pkg/image/png/">image/png</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 34150 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/image/png/#Encoder.BufferPool"><code>Encoder.BufferPool</code></a>
- field allows specifying an <a href="/pkg/image/png/#EncoderBufferPool"><code>EncoderBufferPool</code></a>,
- that will be used by the encoder to get temporary <code>EncoderBuffer</code>
- buffers when encoding a PNG image.
-
- The use of a <code>BufferPool</code> reduces the number of
- memory allocations performed while encoding multiple images.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 38271 -->
- The package now supports the decoding of transparent 8-bit
- grayscale ("Gray8") images.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- image/png -->
-
-<dl id="math/big"><dt><a href="/pkg/math/big/">math/big</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36487 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.IsInt64"><code>IsInt64</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.IsUint64"><code>IsUint64</code></a>
- methods report whether an <code>Int</code>
- may be represented as an <code>int64</code> or <code>uint64</code>
- value.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- math/big -->
-
-<dl id="mime/multipart"><dt><a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/">mime/multipart</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 39223 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#FileHeader.Size"><code>FileHeader.Size</code></a>
- field describes the size of a file in a multipart message.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- mime/multipart -->
-
-<dl id="net"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/">net</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 32572 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Resolver.StrictErrors"><code>Resolver.StrictErrors</code></a>
- provides control over how Go's built-in DNS resolver handles
- temporary errors during queries composed of multiple sub-queries,
- such as an A+AAAA address lookup.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 37260 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/net/#Resolver.Dial"><code>Resolver.Dial</code></a>
- allows a <code>Resolver</code> to use a custom dial function.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 40510 -->
- <a href="/pkg/net/#JoinHostPort"><code>JoinHostPort</code></a> now only places an address in square brackets if the host contains a colon.
- In previous releases it would also wrap addresses in square brackets if they contained a percent ('<code>%</code>') sign.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 37913 -->
- The new methods
- <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn.SyscallConn"><code>TCPConn.SyscallConn</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.SyscallConn"><code>IPConn.SyscallConn</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.SyscallConn"><code>UDPConn.SyscallConn</code></a>,
- and
- <a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.SyscallConn"><code>UnixConn.SyscallConn</code></a>
- provide access to the connections' underlying file descriptors.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- 45088 -->
- It is now safe to call <a href="/pkg/net/#Dial"><code>Dial</code></a> with the address obtained from
- <code>(*TCPListener).String()</code> after creating the listener with
- <code><a href="/pkg/net/#Listen">Listen</a>("tcp", ":0")</code>.
- Previously it failed on some machines with half-configured IPv6 stacks.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net -->
-
-<dl id="net/http"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/">net/http</a></dt>
- <dd>
-
- <p><!-- CL 37328 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Cookie.String"><code>Cookie.String</code></a> method, used for
- <code>Cookie</code> and <code>Set-Cookie</code> headers, now encloses values in double quotes
- if the value contains either a space or a comma.
- </p>
-
- <p>Server changes:</p>
- <ul>
- <li><!-- CL 38194 -->
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#ServeMux"><code>ServeMux</code></a> now ignores ports in the host
- header when matching handlers. The host is matched unmodified for <code>CONNECT</code> requests.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 44074 -->
- The new <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.ServeTLS"><code>Server.ServeTLS</code></a> method wraps
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.Serve"><code>Server.Serve</code></a> with added TLS support.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 34727 -->
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Server.WriteTimeout"><code>Server.WriteTimeout</code></a>
- now applies to HTTP/2 connections and is enforced per-stream.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 43231 -->
- HTTP/2 now uses the priority write scheduler by default.
- Frames are scheduled by following HTTP/2 priorities as described in
- <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-5.3">RFC 7540 Section 5.3</a>.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 36483 -->
- The HTTP handler returned by <a href="/pkg/net/http/#StripPrefix"><code>StripPrefix</code></a>
- now calls its provided handler with a modified clone of the original <code>*http.Request</code>.
- Any code storing per-request state in maps keyed by <code>*http.Request</code> should
- use
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.Context"><code>Request.Context</code></a>,
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.WithContext"><code>Request.WithContext</code></a>,
- and
- <a href="/pkg/context/#WithValue"><code>context.WithValue</code></a> instead.
- </li>
-
- <li><!-- CL 35490 -->
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#LocalAddrContextKey"><code>LocalAddrContextKey</code></a> now contains
- the connection's actual network address instead of the interface address used by the listener.
- </li>
- </ul>
-
- <p>Client & Transport changes:</p>
- <ul>
- <li><!-- CL 35488 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport"><code>Transport</code></a>
- now supports making requests via SOCKS5 proxy when the URL returned by
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.Proxy"><code>Transport.Proxy</code></a>
- has the scheme <code>socks5</code>.
- </li>
- </ul>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http -->
-
-<dl id="net/http/fcgi"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/fcgi/">net/http/fcgi</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 40012 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/fcgi/#ProcessEnv"><code>ProcessEnv</code></a>
- function returns FastCGI environment variables associated with an HTTP request
- for which there are no appropriate
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>http.Request</code></a>
- fields, such as <code>REMOTE_USER</code>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http/fcgi -->
-
-<dl id="net/http/httptest"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/">net/http/httptest</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 34639 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/#Server.Client"><code>Server.Client</code></a>
- method returns an HTTP client configured for making requests to the test server.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/net/http/httptest/#Server.Certificate"><code>Server.Certificate</code></a>
- method returns the test server's TLS certificate, if any.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http/httptest -->
-
-<dl id="net/http/httputil"><dt><a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/">net/http/httputil</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 43712 -->
- The <a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/#ReverseProxy"><code>ReverseProxy</code></a>
- now proxies all HTTP/2 response trailers, even those not declared in the initial response
- header. Such undeclared trailers are used by the gRPC protocol.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- net/http/httputil -->
-
-<dl id="os"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/">os</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36800 -->
- The <code>os</code> package now uses the internal runtime poller
- for file I/O.
- This reduces the number of threads required for read/write
- operations on pipes, and it eliminates races when one goroutine
- closes a file while another is using the file for I/O.
- </p>
-
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 37915 -->
- On Windows,
- <a href="/pkg/os/#Args"><code>Args</code></a>
- is now populated without <code>shell32.dll</code>, improving process start-up time by 1-7 ms.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- os -->
-
-<dl id="os/exec"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/exec/">os/exec</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 37586 -->
- The <code>os/exec</code> package now prevents child processes from being created with
- any duplicate environment variables.
- If <a href="/pkg/os/exec/#Cmd.Env"><code>Cmd.Env</code></a>
- contains duplicate environment keys, only the last
- value in the slice for each duplicate key is used.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- os/exec -->
-
-<dl id="os/user"><dt><a href="/pkg/os/user/">os/user</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 37664 -->
- <a href="/pkg/os/user/#Lookup"><code>Lookup</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/os/user/#LookupId"><code>LookupId</code></a> now
- work on Unix systems when <code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> by reading
- the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 33713 -->
- <a href="/pkg/os/user/#LookupGroup"><code>LookupGroup</code></a> and
- <a href="/pkg/os/user/#LookupGroupId"><code>LookupGroupId</code></a> now
- work on Unix systems when <code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> by reading
- the <code>/etc/group</code> file.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- os/user -->
-
-<dl id="reflect"><dt><a href="/pkg/reflect/">reflect</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 38335 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/reflect/#MakeMapWithSize"><code>MakeMapWithSize</code></a>
- function creates a map with a capacity hint.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- reflect -->
-
-<dl id="runtime"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/">runtime</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 37233, CL 37726 -->
- Tracebacks generated by the runtime and recorded in profiles are
- now accurate in the presence of inlining.
- To retrieve tracebacks programmatically, applications should use
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#CallersFrames"><code>runtime.CallersFrames</code></a>
- rather than directly iterating over the results of
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#Callers"><code>runtime.Callers</code></a>.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 38403 -->
- On Windows, Go no longer forces the system timer to run at high
- resolution when the program is idle.
- This should reduce the impact of Go programs on battery life.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 29341 -->
- On FreeBSD, <code>GOMAXPROCS</code> and
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/#NumCPU"><code>runtime.NumCPU</code></a>
- are now based on the process' CPU mask, rather than the total
- number of CPUs.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 43641 -->
- The runtime has preliminary support for Android O.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- runtime -->
-
-<dl id="runtime/debug"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/">runtime/debug</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 34013 -->
- Calling
- <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetGCPercent"><code>SetGCPercent</code></a>
- with a negative value no longer runs an immediate garbage collection.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- runtime/debug -->
-
-<dl id="runtime/trace"><dt><a href="/pkg/runtime/trace/">runtime/trace</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36015 -->
- The execution trace now displays mark assist events, which
- indicate when an application goroutine is forced to assist
- garbage collection because it is allocating too quickly.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 40810 -->
- "Sweep" events now encompass the entire process of finding free
- space for an allocation, rather than recording each individual
- span that is swept.
- This reduces allocation latency when tracing allocation-heavy
- programs.
- The sweep event shows how many bytes were swept and how many
- were reclaimed.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- runtime/trace -->
-
-<dl id="sync"><dt><a href="/pkg/sync/">sync</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 34310 -->
- <a href="/pkg/sync/#Mutex"><code>Mutex</code></a> is now more fair.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- sync -->
-
-<dl id="syscall"><dt><a href="/pkg/syscall/">syscall</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36697 -->
- The new field
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Credential.NoSetGroups"><code>Credential.NoSetGroups</code></a>
- controls whether Unix systems make a <code>setgroups</code> system call
- to set supplementary groups when starting a new process.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 43512 -->
- The new field
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/#SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps"><code>SysProcAttr.AmbientCaps</code></a>
- allows setting ambient capabilities on Linux 4.3+ when creating
- a new process.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 37439 -->
- On 64-bit x86 Linux, process creation latency has been optimized with
- use of <code>CLONE_VFORK</code> and <code>CLONE_VM</code>.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 37913 -->
- The new
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a>
- interface describes some types in the
- <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a>
- package that can provide access to their underlying file descriptor
- using the new
- <a href="/pkg/syscall/#RawConn"><code>RawConn</code></a>
- interface.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- syscall -->
-
-
-<dl id="testing/quick"><dt><a href="/pkg/testing/quick/">testing/quick</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 39152 -->
- The package now chooses values in the full range when
- generating <code>int64</code> and <code>uint64</code> random
- numbers; in earlier releases generated values were always
- limited to the [-2<sup>62</sup>, 2<sup>62</sup>) range.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- In previous releases, using a nil
- <a href="/pkg/testing/quick/#Config.Rand"><code>Config.Rand</code></a>
- value caused a fixed deterministic random number generator to be used.
- It now uses a random number generator seeded with the current time.
- For the old behavior, set <code>Config.Rand</code> to <code>rand.New(rand.NewSource(0))</code>.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- testing/quick -->
-
-<dl id="text/template"><dt><a href="/pkg/text/template/">text/template</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 38420 -->
- The handling of empty blocks, which was broken by a Go 1.8
- change that made the result dependent on the order of templates,
- has been fixed, restoring the old Go 1.7 behavior.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- text/template -->
-
-<dl id="time"><dt><a href="/pkg/time/">time</a></dt>
- <dd>
- <p><!-- CL 36615 -->
- The new methods
- <a href="/pkg/time/#Duration.Round"><code>Duration.Round</code></a>
- and
- <a href="/pkg/time/#Duration.Truncate"><code>Duration.Truncate</code></a>
- handle rounding and truncating durations to multiples of a given duration.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 35710 -->
- Retrieving the time and sleeping now work correctly under Wine.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- If a <code>Time</code> value has a monotonic clock reading, its
- string representation (as returned by <code>String</code>) now includes a
- final field <code>"m=±value"</code>, where <code>value</code> is the
- monotonic clock reading formatted as a decimal number of seconds.
- </p>
-
- <p><!-- CL 44832 -->
- The included <code>tzdata</code> timezone database has been
- updated to version 2017b. As always, it is only used if the
- system does not already have the database available.
- </p>
-
-</dl><!-- time -->
diff --git a/content/doc/go1.html b/content/doc/go1.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 34e305b..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2038 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1 Release Notes",
- "Path": "/doc/go1",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go version 1, Go 1 for short, defines a language and a set of core libraries
-that provide a stable foundation for creating reliable products, projects, and
-publications.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The driving motivation for Go 1 is stability for its users. People should be able to
-write Go programs and expect that they will continue to compile and run without
-change, on a time scale of years, including in production environments such as
-Google App Engine. Similarly, people should be able to write books about Go, be
-able to say which version of Go the book is describing, and have that version
-number still be meaningful much later.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Code that compiles in Go 1 should, with few exceptions, continue to compile and
-run throughout the lifetime of that version, even as we issue updates and bug
-fixes such as Go version 1.1, 1.2, and so on. Other than critical fixes, changes
-made to the language and library for subsequent releases of Go 1 may
-add functionality but will not break existing Go 1 programs.
-<a href="go1compat.html">The Go 1 compatibility document</a>
-explains the compatibility guidelines in more detail.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 is a representation of Go as it used today, not a wholesale rethinking of
-the language. We avoided designing new features and instead focused on cleaning
-up problems and inconsistencies and improving portability. There are a number
-changes to the Go language and packages that we had considered for some time and
-prototyped but not released primarily because they are significant and
-backwards-incompatible. Go 1 was an opportunity to get them out, which is
-helpful for the long term, but also means that Go 1 introduces incompatibilities
-for old programs. Fortunately, the <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool can
-automate much of the work needed to bring programs up to the Go 1 standard.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This document outlines the major changes in Go 1 that will affect programmers
-updating existing code; its reference point is the prior release, r60 (tagged as
-r60.3). It also explains how to update code from r60 to run under Go 1.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
-
-<h3 id="append">Append</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>append</code> predeclared variadic function makes it easy to grow a slice
-by adding elements to the end.
-A common use is to add bytes to the end of a byte slice when generating output.
-However, <code>append</code> did not provide a way to append a string to a <code>[]byte</code>,
-which is another common case.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/greeting := ..byte/` `/append.*hello/`}}
-
-<p>
-By analogy with the similar property of <code>copy</code>, Go 1
-permits a string to be appended (byte-wise) directly to a byte
-slice, reducing the friction between strings and byte slices.
-The conversion is no longer necessary:
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/append.*world/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="close">Close</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>close</code> predeclared function provides a mechanism
-for a sender to signal that no more values will be sent.
-It is important to the implementation of <code>for</code> <code>range</code>
-loops over channels and is helpful in other situations.
-Partly by design and partly because of race conditions that can occur otherwise,
-it is intended for use only by the goroutine sending on the channel,
-not by the goroutine receiving data.
-However, before Go 1 there was no compile-time checking that <code>close</code>
-was being used correctly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To close this gap, at least in part, Go 1 disallows <code>close</code> on receive-only channels.
-Attempting to close such a channel is a compile-time error.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- var c chan int
- var csend chan<- int = c
- var crecv <-chan int = c
- close(c) // legal
- close(csend) // legal
- close(crecv) // illegal
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Existing code that attempts to close a receive-only channel was
-erroneous even before Go 1 and should be fixed. The compiler will
-now reject such code.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="literals">Composite literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, a composite literal of array, slice, or map type can elide the
-type specification for the elements' initializers if they are of pointer type.
-All four of the initializations in this example are legal; the last one was illegal before Go 1.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/type Date struct/` `/STOP/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This change has no effect on existing code, but the command
-<code>gofmt</code> <code>-s</code> applied to existing source
-will, among other things, elide explicit element types wherever permitted.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="init">Goroutines during init</h3>
-
-<p>
-The old language defined that <code>go</code> statements executed during initialization created goroutines but that they did not begin to run until initialization of the entire program was complete.
-This introduced clumsiness in many places and, in effect, limited the utility
-of the <code>init</code> construct:
-if it was possible for another package to use the library during initialization, the library
-was forced to avoid goroutines.
-This design was done for reasons of simplicity and safety but,
-as our confidence in the language grew, it seemed unnecessary.
-Running goroutines during initialization is no more complex or unsafe than running them during normal execution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, code that uses goroutines can be called from
-<code>init</code> routines and global initialization expressions
-without introducing a deadlock.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/PackageGlobal/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes,
-although it's possible that code that depends on goroutines not starting before <code>main</code> will break.
-There was no such code in the standard repository.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="rune">The rune type</h3>
-
-<p>
-The language spec allows the <code>int</code> type to be 32 or 64 bits wide, but current implementations set <code>int</code> to 32 bits even on 64-bit platforms.
-It would be preferable to have <code>int</code> be 64 bits on 64-bit platforms.
-(There are important consequences for indexing large slices.)
-However, this change would waste space when processing Unicode characters with
-the old language because the <code>int</code> type was also used to hold Unicode code points: each code point would waste an extra 32 bits of storage if <code>int</code> grew from 32 bits to 64.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To make changing to 64-bit <code>int</code> feasible,
-Go 1 introduces a new basic type, <code>rune</code>, to represent
-individual Unicode code points.
-It is an alias for <code>int32</code>, analogous to <code>byte</code>
-as an alias for <code>uint8</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Character literals such as <code>'a'</code>, <code>'語'</code>, and <code>'\u0345'</code>
-now have default type <code>rune</code>,
-analogous to <code>1.0</code> having default type <code>float64</code>.
-A variable initialized to a character constant will therefore
-have type <code>rune</code> unless otherwise specified.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Libraries have been updated to use <code>rune</code> rather than <code>int</code>
-when appropriate. For instance, the functions <code>unicode.ToLower</code> and
-relatives now take and return a <code>rune</code>.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/STARTRUNE/` `/ENDRUNE/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Most source code will be unaffected by this because the type inference from
-<code>:=</code> initializers introduces the new type silently, and it propagates
-from there.
-Some code may get type errors that a trivial conversion will resolve.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="error">The error type</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 introduces a new built-in type, <code>error</code>, which has the following definition:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- type error interface {
- Error() string
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Since the consequences of this type are all in the package library,
-it is discussed <a href="#errors">below</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="delete">Deleting from maps</h3>
-
-<p>
-In the old language, to delete the entry with key <code>k</code> from map <code>m</code>, one wrote the statement,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- m[k] = value, false
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This syntax was a peculiar special case, the only two-to-one assignment.
-It required passing a value (usually ignored) that is evaluated but discarded,
-plus a boolean that was nearly always the constant <code>false</code>.
-It did the job but was odd and a point of contention.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, that syntax has gone; instead there is a new built-in
-function, <code>delete</code>. The call
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/delete\(m, k\)/`}}
-
-<p>
-will delete the map entry retrieved by the expression <code>m[k]</code>.
-There is no return value. Deleting a non-existent entry is a no-op.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will convert expressions of the form <code>m[k] = value,
-false</code> into <code>delete(m, k)</code> when it is clear that
-the ignored value can be safely discarded from the program and
-<code>false</code> refers to the predefined boolean constant.
-The fix tool
-will flag other uses of the syntax for inspection by the programmer.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="iteration">Iterating in maps</h3>
-
-<p>
-The old language specification did not define the order of iteration for maps,
-and in practice it differed across hardware platforms.
-This caused tests that iterated over maps to be fragile and non-portable, with the
-unpleasant property that a test might always pass on one machine but break on another.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the order in which elements are visited when iterating
-over a map using a <code>for</code> <code>range</code> statement
-is defined to be unpredictable, even if the same loop is run multiple
-times with the same map.
-Code should not assume that the elements are visited in any particular order.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This change means that code that depends on iteration order is very likely to break early and be fixed long before it becomes a problem.
-Just as important, it allows the map implementation to ensure better map balancing even when programs are using range loops to select an element from a map.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/Sunday/` `/^ }/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This is one change where tools cannot help. Most existing code
-will be unaffected, but some programs may break or misbehave; we
-recommend manual checking of all range statements over maps to
-verify they do not depend on iteration order. There were a few such
-examples in the standard repository; they have been fixed.
-Note that it was already incorrect to depend on the iteration order, which
-was unspecified. This change codifies the unpredictability.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="multiple_assignment">Multiple assignment</h3>
-
-<p>
-The language specification has long guaranteed that in assignments
-the right-hand-side expressions are all evaluated before any left-hand-side expressions are assigned.
-To guarantee predictable behavior,
-Go 1 refines the specification further.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the left-hand side of the assignment
-statement contains expressions that require evaluation, such as
-function calls or array indexing operations, these will all be done
-using the usual left-to-right rule before any variables are assigned
-their value. Once everything is evaluated, the actual assignments
-proceed in left-to-right order.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These examples illustrate the behavior.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/sa :=/` `/then sc.0. = 2/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This is one change where tools cannot help, but breakage is unlikely.
-No code in the standard repository was broken by this change, and code
-that depended on the previous unspecified behavior was already incorrect.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="shadowing">Returns and shadowed variables</h3>
-
-<p>
-A common mistake is to use <code>return</code> (without arguments) after an assignment to a variable that has the same name as a result variable but is not the same variable.
-This situation is called <em>shadowing</em>: the result variable has been shadowed by another variable with the same name declared in an inner scope.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In functions with named return values,
-the Go 1 compilers disallow return statements without arguments if any of the named return values is shadowed at the point of the return statement.
-(It isn't part of the specification, because this is one area we are still exploring;
-the situation is analogous to the compilers rejecting functions that do not end with an explicit return statement.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This function implicitly returns a shadowed return value and will be rejected by the compiler:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- func Bug() (i, j, k int) {
- for i = 0; i < 5; i++ {
- for j := 0; j < 5; j++ { // Redeclares j.
- k += i*j
- if k > 100 {
- return // Rejected: j is shadowed here.
- }
- }
- }
- return // OK: j is not shadowed here.
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that shadows return values in this way will be rejected by the compiler and will need to be fixed by hand.
-The few cases that arose in the standard repository were mostly bugs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="unexported">Copying structs with unexported fields</h3>
-
-<p>
-The old language did not allow a package to make a copy of a struct value containing unexported fields belonging to a different package.
-There was, however, a required exception for a method receiver;
-also, the implementations of <code>copy</code> and <code>append</code> have never honored the restriction.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 will allow packages to copy struct values containing unexported fields from other packages.
-Besides resolving the inconsistency,
-this change admits a new kind of API: a package can return an opaque value without resorting to a pointer or interface.
-The new implementations of <code>time.Time</code> and
-<code>reflect.Value</code> are examples of types taking advantage of this new property.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As an example, if package <code>p</code> includes the definitions,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- type Struct struct {
- Public int
- secret int
- }
- func NewStruct(a int) Struct { // Note: not a pointer.
- return Struct{a, f(a)}
- }
- func (s Struct) String() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("{%d (secret %d)}", s.Public, s.secret)
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-a package that imports <code>p</code> can assign and copy values of type
-<code>p.Struct</code> at will.
-Behind the scenes the unexported fields will be assigned and copied just
-as if they were exported,
-but the client code will never be aware of them. The code
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- import "p"
-
- myStruct := p.NewStruct(23)
- copyOfMyStruct := myStruct
- fmt.Println(myStruct, copyOfMyStruct)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-will show that the secret field of the struct has been copied to the new value.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-This is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="equality">Equality</h3>
-
-<p>
-Before Go 1, the language did not define equality on struct and array values.
-This meant,
-among other things, that structs and arrays could not be used as map keys.
-On the other hand, Go did define equality on function and map values.
-Function equality was problematic in the presence of closures
-(when are two closures equal?)
-while map equality compared pointers, not the maps' content, which was usually
-not what the user would want.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 addressed these issues.
-First, structs and arrays can be compared for equality and inequality
-(<code>==</code> and <code>!=</code>),
-and therefore be used as map keys,
-provided they are composed from elements for which equality is also defined,
-using element-wise comparison.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/type Day struct/` `/Printf/`}}
-
-<p>
-Second, Go 1 removes the definition of equality for function values,
-except for comparison with <code>nil</code>.
-Finally, map equality is gone too, also except for comparison with <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that equality is still undefined for slices, for which the
-calculation is in general infeasible. Also note that the ordered
-comparison operators (<code><</code> <code><=</code>
-<code>></code> <code>>=</code>) are still undefined for
-structs and arrays.
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Struct and array equality is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes.
-Existing code that depends on function or map equality will be
-rejected by the compiler and will need to be fixed by hand.
-Few programs will be affected, but the fix may require some
-redesign.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="packages">The package hierarchy</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 addresses many deficiencies in the old standard library and
-cleans up a number of packages, making them more internally consistent
-and portable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This section describes how the packages have been rearranged in Go 1.
-Some have moved, some have been renamed, some have been deleted.
-New packages are described in later sections.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="hierarchy">The package hierarchy</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 has a rearranged package hierarchy that groups related items
-into subdirectories. For instance, <code>utf8</code> and
-<code>utf16</code> now occupy subdirectories of <code>unicode</code>.
-Also, <a href="#subrepo">some packages</a> have moved into
-subrepositories of
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go"><code>code.google.com/p/go</code></a>
-while <a href="#deleted">others</a> have been deleted outright.
-</p>
-
-<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="Moved packages">
-<colgroup align="left" width="60%"></colgroup>
-<colgroup align="left" width="40%"></colgroup>
-<tr>
-<th align="left">Old path</th>
-<th align="left">New path</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>asn1</td> <td>encoding/asn1</td></tr>
-<tr><td>csv</td> <td>encoding/csv</td></tr>
-<tr><td>gob</td> <td>encoding/gob</td></tr>
-<tr><td>json</td> <td>encoding/json</td></tr>
-<tr><td>xml</td> <td>encoding/xml</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>exp/template/html</td> <td>html/template</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>big</td> <td>math/big</td></tr>
-<tr><td>cmath</td> <td>math/cmplx</td></tr>
-<tr><td>rand</td> <td>math/rand</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>http</td> <td>net/http</td></tr>
-<tr><td>http/cgi</td> <td>net/http/cgi</td></tr>
-<tr><td>http/fcgi</td> <td>net/http/fcgi</td></tr>
-<tr><td>http/httptest</td> <td>net/http/httptest</td></tr>
-<tr><td>http/pprof</td> <td>net/http/pprof</td></tr>
-<tr><td>mail</td> <td>net/mail</td></tr>
-<tr><td>rpc</td> <td>net/rpc</td></tr>
-<tr><td>rpc/jsonrpc</td> <td>net/rpc/jsonrpc</td></tr>
-<tr><td>smtp</td> <td>net/smtp</td></tr>
-<tr><td>url</td> <td>net/url</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>exec</td> <td>os/exec</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>scanner</td> <td>text/scanner</td></tr>
-<tr><td>tabwriter</td> <td>text/tabwriter</td></tr>
-<tr><td>template</td> <td>text/template</td></tr>
-<tr><td>template/parse</td> <td>text/template/parse</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>utf8</td> <td>unicode/utf8</td></tr>
-<tr><td>utf16</td> <td>unicode/utf16</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-Note that the package names for the old <code>cmath</code> and
-<code>exp/template/html</code> packages have changed to <code>cmplx</code>
-and <code>template</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update all imports and package renames for packages that
-remain inside the standard repository. Programs that import packages
-that are no longer in the standard repository will need to be edited
-by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="exp">The package tree exp</h3>
-
-<p>
-Because they are not standardized, the packages under the <code>exp</code> directory will not be available in the
-standard Go 1 release distributions, although they will be available in source code form
-in <a href="//code.google.com/p/go/">the repository</a> for
-developers who wish to use them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Several packages have moved under <code>exp</code> at the time of Go 1's release:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><code>ebnf</code></li>
-<li><code>html</code><sup>†</sup></li>
-<li><code>go/types</code></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-(<sup>†</sup>The <code>EscapeString</code> and <code>UnescapeString</code> types remain
-in package <code>html</code>.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-All these packages are available under the same names, with the prefix <code>exp/</code>: <code>exp/ebnf</code> etc.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also, the <code>utf8.String</code> type has been moved to its own package, <code>exp/utf8string</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the <code>gotype</code> command now resides in <code>exp/gotype</code>, while
-<code>ebnflint</code> is now in <code>exp/ebnflint</code>.
-If they are installed, they now reside in <code>$GOROOT/bin/tool</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that uses packages in <code>exp</code> will need to be updated by hand,
-or else compiled from an installation that has <code>exp</code> available.
-The <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool or the compiler will complain about such uses.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="old">The package tree old</h3>
-
-<p>
-Because they are deprecated, the packages under the <code>old</code> directory will not be available in the
-standard Go 1 release distributions, although they will be available in source code form for
-developers who wish to use them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The packages in their new locations are:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><code>old/netchan</code></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that uses packages now in <code>old</code> will need to be updated by hand,
-or else compiled from an installation that has <code>old</code> available.
-The <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool will warn about such uses.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="deleted">Deleted packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 deletes several packages outright:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><code>container/vector</code></li>
-<li><code>exp/datafmt</code></li>
-<li><code>go/typechecker</code></li>
-<li><code>old/regexp</code></li>
-<li><code>old/template</code></li>
-<li><code>try</code></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-and also the command <code>gotry</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that uses <code>container/vector</code> should be updated to use
-slices directly. See
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/SliceTricks">the Go
-Language Community Wiki</a> for some suggestions.
-Code that uses the other packages (there should be almost zero) will need to be rethought.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="subrepo">Packages moving to subrepositories</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 has moved a number of packages into other repositories, usually sub-repositories of
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/go/">the main Go repository</a>.
-This table lists the old and new import paths:
-
-<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="Sub-repositories">
-<colgroup align="left" width="40%"></colgroup>
-<colgroup align="left" width="60%"></colgroup>
-<tr>
-<th align="left">Old</th>
-<th align="left">New</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/bcrypt</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/bcrypt</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/blowfish</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/blowfish</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/cast5</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/cast5</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/md4</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/md4</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/ocsp</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ocsp</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/openpgp</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/armor</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/armor</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/elgamal</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/elgamal</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/errors</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/errors</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/packet</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/packet</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/s2k</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/s2k</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/ripemd160</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ripemd160</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/twofish</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/twofish</tr>
-<tr><td>crypto/xtea</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/xtea</tr>
-<tr><td>exp/ssh</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ssh</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>image/bmp</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.image/bmp</tr>
-<tr><td>image/tiff</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.image/tiff</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>net/dict</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.net/dict</tr>
-<tr><td>net/websocket</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.net/websocket</tr>
-<tr><td>exp/spdy</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.net/spdy</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>encoding/git85</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.codereview/git85</tr>
-<tr><td>patch</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.codereview/patch</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>exp/wingui</td> <td>code.google.com/p/gowingui</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update imports of these packages to use the new import paths.
-Installations that depend on these packages will need to install them using
-a <code>go get</code> command.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="major">Major changes to the library</h2>
-
-<p>
-This section describes significant changes to the core libraries, the ones that
-affect the most programs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="errors">The error type and errors package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The placement of <code>os.Error</code> in package <code>os</code> is mostly historical: errors first came up when implementing package <code>os</code>, and they seemed system-related at the time.
-Since then it has become clear that errors are more fundamental than the operating system. For example, it would be nice to use <code>Errors</code> in packages that <code>os</code> depends on, like <code>syscall</code>.
-Also, having <code>Error</code> in <code>os</code> introduces many dependencies on <code>os</code> that would otherwise not exist.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 solves these problems by introducing a built-in <code>error</code> interface type and a separate <code>errors</code> package (analogous to <code>bytes</code> and <code>strings</code>) that contains utility functions.
-It replaces <code>os.NewError</code> with
-<a href="/pkg/errors/#New"><code>errors.New</code></a>,
-giving errors a more central place in the environment.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-So the widely-used <code>String</code> method does not cause accidental satisfaction
-of the <code>error</code> interface, the <code>error</code> interface uses instead
-the name <code>Error</code> for that method:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- type error interface {
- Error() string
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <code>fmt</code> library automatically invokes <code>Error</code>, as it already
-does for <code>String</code>, for easy printing of error values.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/START ERROR EXAMPLE/` `/END ERROR EXAMPLE/`}}
-
-<p>
-All standard packages have been updated to use the new interface; the old <code>os.Error</code> is gone.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A new package, <a href="/pkg/errors/"><code>errors</code></a>, contains the function
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func New(text string) error
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to turn a string into an error. It replaces the old <code>os.NewError</code>.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/ErrSyntax/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
-Code that defines error types with a <code>String</code> method will need to be updated
-by hand to rename the methods to <code>Error</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="errno">System call errors</h3>
-
-<p>
-The old <code>syscall</code> package, which predated <code>os.Error</code>
-(and just about everything else),
-returned errors as <code>int</code> values.
-In turn, the <code>os</code> package forwarded many of these errors, such
-as <code>EINVAL</code>, but using a different set of errors on each platform.
-This behavior was unpleasant and unportable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a>
-package instead returns an <code>error</code> for system call errors.
-On Unix, the implementation is done by a
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Errno"><code>syscall.Errno</code></a> type
-that satisfies <code>error</code> and replaces the old <code>os.Errno</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The changes affecting <code>os.EINVAL</code> and relatives are
-described <a href="#os">elsewhere</a>.
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
-Regardless, most code should use the <code>os</code> package
-rather than <code>syscall</code> and so will be unaffected.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="time">Time</h3>
-
-<p>
-Time is always a challenge to support well in a programming language.
-The old Go <code>time</code> package had <code>int64</code> units, no
-real type safety,
-and no distinction between absolute times and durations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One of the most sweeping changes in the Go 1 library is therefore a
-complete redesign of the
-<a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package.
-Instead of an integer number of nanoseconds as an <code>int64</code>,
-and a separate <code>*time.Time</code> type to deal with human
-units such as hours and years,
-there are now two fundamental types:
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>time.Time</code></a>
-(a value, so the <code>*</code> is gone), which represents a moment in time;
-and <a href="/pkg/time/#Duration"><code>time.Duration</code></a>,
-which represents an interval.
-Both have nanosecond resolution.
-A <code>Time</code> can represent any time into the ancient
-past and remote future, while a <code>Duration</code> can
-span plus or minus only about 290 years.
-There are methods on these types, plus a number of helpful
-predefined constant durations such as <code>time.Second</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Among the new methods are things like
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Add"><code>Time.Add</code></a>,
-which adds a <code>Duration</code> to a <code>Time</code>, and
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Sub"><code>Time.Sub</code></a>,
-which subtracts two <code>Times</code> to yield a <code>Duration</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The most important semantic change is that the Unix epoch (Jan 1, 1970) is now
-relevant only for those functions and methods that mention Unix:
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Unix"><code>time.Unix</code></a>
-and the <a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Unix"><code>Unix</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/time/#Time.UnixNano"><code>UnixNano</code></a> methods
-of the <code>Time</code> type.
-In particular,
-<a href="/pkg/time/#Now"><code>time.Now</code></a>
-returns a <code>time.Time</code> value rather than, in the old
-API, an integer nanosecond count since the Unix epoch.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/sleepUntil/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-The new types, methods, and constants have been propagated through
-all the standard packages that use time, such as <code>os</code> and
-its representation of file time stamps.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-The <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool will update many uses of the old <code>time</code> package to use the new
-types and methods, although it does not replace values such as <code>1e9</code>
-representing nanoseconds per second.
-Also, because of type changes in some of the values that arise,
-some of the expressions rewritten by the fix tool may require
-further hand editing; in such cases the rewrite will include
-the correct function or method for the old functionality, but
-may have the wrong type or require further analysis.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="minor">Minor changes to the library</h2>
-
-<p>
-This section describes smaller changes, such as those to less commonly
-used packages or that affect
-few programs beyond the need to run <code>go</code> <code>fix</code>.
-This category includes packages that are new in Go 1.
-Collectively they improve portability, regularize behavior, and
-make the interfaces more modern and Go-like.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="archive_zip">The archive/zip package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>*zip.Writer</code></a> no
-longer has a <code>Write</code> method. Its presence was a mistake.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="bufio">The bufio package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, <a href="/pkg/bufio/#NewReaderSize"><code>bufio.NewReaderSize</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/bufio/#NewWriterSize"><code>bufio.NewWriterSize</code></a>
-functions no longer return an error for invalid sizes.
-If the argument size is too small or invalid, it is adjusted.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update calls that assign the error to _.
-Calls that aren't fixed will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="compress">The compress/flate, compress/gzip and compress/zlib packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <code>NewWriterXxx</code> functions in
-<a href="/pkg/compress/flate"><code>compress/flate</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib"><code>compress/zlib</code></a>
-all return <code>(*Writer, error)</code> if they take a compression level,
-and <code>*Writer</code> otherwise. Package <code>gzip</code>'s
-<code>Compressor</code> and <code>Decompressor</code> types have been renamed
-to <code>Writer</code> and <code>Reader</code>. Package <code>flate</code>'s
-<code>WrongValueError</code> type has been removed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update old names and calls that assign the error to _.
-Calls that aren't fixed will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="crypto_aes_des">The crypto/aes and crypto/des packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <code>Reset</code> method has been removed. Go does not guarantee
-that memory is not copied and therefore this method was misleading.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The cipher-specific types <code>*aes.Cipher</code>, <code>*des.Cipher</code>,
-and <code>*des.TripleDESCipher</code> have been removed in favor of
-<code>cipher.Block</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Remove the calls to Reset. Replace uses of the specific cipher types with
-cipher.Block.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="crypto_elliptic">The crypto/elliptic package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, <a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/#Curve"><code>elliptic.Curve</code></a>
-has been made an interface to permit alternative implementations. The curve
-parameters have been moved to the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/#CurveParams"><code>elliptic.CurveParams</code></a>
-structure.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Existing users of <code>*elliptic.Curve</code> will need to change to
-simply <code>elliptic.Curve</code>. Calls to <code>Marshal</code>,
-<code>Unmarshal</code> and <code>GenerateKey</code> are now functions
-in <code>crypto/elliptic</code> that take an <code>elliptic.Curve</code>
-as their first argument.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="crypto_hmac">The crypto/hmac package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the hash-specific functions, such as <code>hmac.NewMD5</code>, have
-been removed from <code>crypto/hmac</code>. Instead, <code>hmac.New</code> takes
-a function that returns a <code>hash.Hash</code>, such as <code>md5.New</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will perform the needed changes.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="crypto_x509">The crypto/x509 package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCertificate"><code>CreateCertificate</code></a>
-function and
-<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#Certificate.CreateCRL"><code>CreateCRL</code></a>
-method in <code>crypto/x509</code> have been altered to take an
-<code>interface{}</code> where they previously took a <code>*rsa.PublicKey</code>
-or <code>*rsa.PrivateKey</code>. This will allow other public key algorithms
-to be implemented in the future.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-No changes will be needed.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="encoding_binary">The encoding/binary package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <code>binary.TotalSize</code> function has been replaced by
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/#Size"><code>Size</code></a>,
-which takes an <code>interface{}</code> argument rather than
-a <code>reflect.Value</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="encoding_xml">The encoding/xml package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>xml</code></a> package
-has been brought closer in design to the other marshaling packages such
-as <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The old <code>Parser</code> type is renamed
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> and has a new
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder.Decode"><code>Decode</code></a> method. An
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a> type was also introduced.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The functions <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a>
-work with <code>[]byte</code> values now. To work with streams,
-use the new <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> types.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When marshaling or unmarshaling values, the format of supported flags in
-field tags has changed to be closer to the
-<a href="/pkg/encoding/json"><code>json</code></a> package
-(<code>`xml:"name,flag"`</code>). The matching done between field tags, field
-names, and the XML attribute and element names is now case-sensitive.
-The <code>XMLName</code> field tag, if present, must also match the name
-of the XML element being marshaled.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update most uses of the package except for some calls to
-<code>Unmarshal</code>. Special care must be taken with field tags,
-since the fix tool will not update them and if not fixed by hand they will
-misbehave silently in some cases. For example, the old
-<code>"attr"</code> is now written <code>",attr"</code> while plain
-<code>"attr"</code> remains valid but with a different meaning.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="expvar">The expvar package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <code>RemoveAll</code> function has been removed.
-The <code>Iter</code> function and Iter method on <code>*Map</code> have
-been replaced by
-<a href="/pkg/expvar/#Do"><code>Do</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/expvar/#Map.Do"><code>(*Map).Do</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Most code using <code>expvar</code> will not need changing. The rare code that used
-<code>Iter</code> can be updated to pass a closure to <code>Do</code> to achieve the same effect.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="flag">The flag package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the interface <a href="/pkg/flag/#Value"><code>flag.Value</code></a> has changed slightly.
-The <code>Set</code> method now returns an <code>error</code> instead of
-a <code>bool</code> to indicate success or failure.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is also a new kind of flag, <code>Duration</code>, to support argument
-values specifying time intervals.
-Values for such flags must be given units, just as <code>time.Duration</code>
-formats them: <code>10s</code>, <code>1h30m</code>, etc.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/timeout/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Programs that implement their own flags will need minor manual fixes to update their
-<code>Set</code> methods.
-The <code>Duration</code> flag is new and affects no existing code.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="go">The go/* packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-Several packages under <code>go</code> have slightly revised APIs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A concrete <code>Mode</code> type was introduced for configuration mode flags
-in the packages
-<a href="/pkg/go/scanner/"><code>go/scanner</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/go/parser/"><code>go/parser</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/go/printer/"><code>go/printer</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/go/doc/"><code>go/doc</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The modes <code>AllowIllegalChars</code> and <code>InsertSemis</code> have been removed
-from the <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/"><code>go/scanner</code></a> package. They were mostly
-useful for scanning text other then Go source files. Instead, the
-<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/"><code>text/scanner</code></a> package should be used
-for that purpose.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/#ErrorHandler"><code>ErrorHandler</code></a> provided
-to the scanner's <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/#Scanner.Init"><code>Init</code></a> method is
-now simply a function rather than an interface. The <code>ErrorVector</code> type has
-been removed in favor of the (existing) <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/#ErrorList"><code>ErrorList</code></a>
-type, and the <code>ErrorVector</code> methods have been migrated. Instead of embedding
-an <code>ErrorVector</code> in a client of the scanner, now a client should maintain
-an <code>ErrorList</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The set of parse functions provided by the <a href="/pkg/go/parser/"><code>go/parser</code></a>
-package has been reduced to the primary parse function
-<a href="/pkg/go/parser/#ParseFile"><code>ParseFile</code></a>, and a couple of
-convenience functions <a href="/pkg/go/parser/#ParseDir"><code>ParseDir</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/go/parser/#ParseExpr"><code>ParseExpr</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/go/printer/"><code>go/printer</code></a> package supports an additional
-configuration mode <a href="/pkg/go/printer/#Mode"><code>SourcePos</code></a>;
-if set, the printer will emit <code>//line</code> comments such that the generated
-output contains the original source code position information. The new type
-<a href="/pkg/go/printer/#CommentedNode"><code>CommentedNode</code></a> can be
-used to provide comments associated with an arbitrary
-<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Node"><code>ast.Node</code></a> (until now only
-<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#File"><code>ast.File</code></a> carried comment information).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The type names of the <a href="/pkg/go/doc/"><code>go/doc</code></a> package have been
-streamlined by removing the <code>Doc</code> suffix: <code>PackageDoc</code>
-is now <code>Package</code>, <code>ValueDoc</code> is <code>Value</code>, etc.
-Also, all types now consistently have a <code>Name</code> field (or <code>Names</code>,
-in the case of type <code>Value</code>) and <code>Type.Factories</code> has become
-<code>Type.Funcs</code>.
-Instead of calling <code>doc.NewPackageDoc(pkg, importpath)</code>,
-documentation for a package is created with:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- doc.New(pkg, importpath, mode)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-where the new <code>mode</code> parameter specifies the operation mode:
-if set to <a href="/pkg/go/doc/#AllDecls"><code>AllDecls</code></a>, all declarations
-(not just exported ones) are considered.
-The function <code>NewFileDoc</code> was removed, and the function
-<code>CommentText</code> has become the method
-<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#CommentGroup.Text"><code>Text</code></a> of
-<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#CommentGroup"><code>ast.CommentGroup</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In package <a href="/pkg/go/token/"><code>go/token</code></a>, the
-<a href="/pkg/go/token/#FileSet"><code>token.FileSet</code></a> method <code>Files</code>
-(which originally returned a channel of <code>*token.File</code>s) has been replaced
-with the iterator <a href="/pkg/go/token/#FileSet.Iterate"><code>Iterate</code></a> that
-accepts a function argument instead.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In package <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>go/build</code></a>, the API
-has been nearly completely replaced.
-The package still computes Go package information
-but it does not run the build: the <code>Cmd</code> and <code>Script</code>
-types are gone.
-(To build code, use the new
-<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command instead.)
-The <code>DirInfo</code> type is now named
-<a href="/pkg/go/build/#Package"><code>Package</code></a>.
-<code>FindTree</code> and <code>ScanDir</code> are replaced by
-<a href="/pkg/go/build/#Import"><code>Import</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/go/build/#ImportDir"><code>ImportDir</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that uses packages in <code>go</code> will have to be updated by hand; the
-compiler will reject incorrect uses. Templates used in conjunction with any of the
-<code>go/doc</code> types may need manual fixes; the renamed fields will lead
-to run-time errors.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="hash">The hash package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the definition of <a href="/pkg/hash/#Hash"><code>hash.Hash</code></a> includes
-a new method, <code>BlockSize</code>. This new method is used primarily in the
-cryptographic libraries.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Sum</code> method of the
-<a href="/pkg/hash/#Hash"><code>hash.Hash</code></a> interface now takes a
-<code>[]byte</code> argument, to which the hash value will be appended.
-The previous behavior can be recreated by adding a <code>nil</code> argument to the call.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Existing implementations of <code>hash.Hash</code> will need to add a
-<code>BlockSize</code> method. Hashes that process the input one byte at
-a time can implement <code>BlockSize</code> to return 1.
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update calls to the <code>Sum</code> methods of the various
-implementations of <code>hash.Hash</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Since the package's functionality is new, no updating is necessary.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="http">The http package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1 the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>http</code></a> package is refactored,
-putting some of the utilities into a
-<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/"><code>httputil</code></a> subdirectory.
-These pieces are only rarely needed by HTTP clients.
-The affected items are:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>ClientConn</li>
-<li>DumpRequest</li>
-<li>DumpRequestOut</li>
-<li>DumpResponse</li>
-<li>NewChunkedReader</li>
-<li>NewChunkedWriter</li>
-<li>NewClientConn</li>
-<li>NewProxyClientConn</li>
-<li>NewServerConn</li>
-<li>NewSingleHostReverseProxy</li>
-<li>ReverseProxy</li>
-<li>ServerConn</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Request.RawURL</code> field has been removed; it was a
-historical artifact.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Handle</code> and <code>HandleFunc</code>
-functions, and the similarly-named methods of <code>ServeMux</code>,
-now panic if an attempt is made to register the same pattern twice.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update the few programs that are affected except for
-uses of <code>RawURL</code>, which must be fixed by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="image">The image package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a> package has had a number of
-minor changes, rearrangements and renamings.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most of the color handling code has been moved into its own package,
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a>.
-For the elements that moved, a symmetry arises; for instance,
-each pixel of an
-<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>image.RGBA</code></a>
-is a
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#RGBA"><code>color.RGBA</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The old <code>image/ycbcr</code> package has been folded, with some
-renamings, into the
-<a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a>
-packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The old <code>image.ColorImage</code> type is still in the <code>image</code>
-package but has been renamed
-<a href="/pkg/image/#Uniform"><code>image.Uniform</code></a>,
-while <code>image.Tiled</code> has been removed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This table lists the renamings.
-</p>
-
-<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="image renames">
-<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
-<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
-<tr>
-<th align="left">Old</th>
-<th align="left">New</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>image.Color</td> <td>color.Color</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.ColorModel</td> <td>color.Model</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.ColorModelFunc</td> <td>color.ModelFunc</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.PalettedColorModel</td> <td>color.Palette</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>image.RGBAColor</td> <td>color.RGBA</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.RGBA64Color</td> <td>color.RGBA64</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.NRGBAColor</td> <td>color.NRGBA</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.NRGBA64Color</td> <td>color.NRGBA64</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.AlphaColor</td> <td>color.Alpha</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.Alpha16Color</td> <td>color.Alpha16</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.GrayColor</td> <td>color.Gray</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.Gray16Color</td> <td>color.Gray16</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>image.RGBAColorModel</td> <td>color.RGBAModel</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.RGBA64ColorModel</td> <td>color.RGBA64Model</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.NRGBAColorModel</td> <td>color.NRGBAModel</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.NRGBA64ColorModel</td> <td>color.NRGBA64Model</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.AlphaColorModel</td> <td>color.AlphaModel</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.Alpha16ColorModel</td> <td>color.Alpha16Model</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.GrayColorModel</td> <td>color.GrayModel</td></tr>
-<tr><td>image.Gray16ColorModel</td> <td>color.Gray16Model</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.RGBToYCbCr</td> <td>color.RGBToYCbCr</td></tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCrToRGB</td> <td>color.YCbCrToRGB</td></tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCrColorModel</td> <td>color.YCbCrModel</td></tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCrColor</td> <td>color.YCbCr</td></tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCr</td> <td>image.YCbCr</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.SubsampleRatio444</td> <td>image.YCbCrSubsampleRatio444</td></tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.SubsampleRatio422</td> <td>image.YCbCrSubsampleRatio422</td></tr>
-<tr><td>ycbcr.SubsampleRatio420</td> <td>image.YCbCrSubsampleRatio420</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>image.ColorImage</td> <td>image.Uniform</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-The image package's <code>New</code> functions
-(<a href="/pkg/image/#NewRGBA"><code>NewRGBA</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/#NewRGBA64"><code>NewRGBA64</code></a>, etc.)
-take an <a href="/pkg/image/#Rectangle"><code>image.Rectangle</code></a> as an argument
-instead of four integers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, there are new predefined <code>color.Color</code> variables
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Black"><code>color.Black</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#White"><code>color.White</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Opaque"><code>color.Opaque</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Transparent"><code>color.Transparent</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="log_syslog">The log/syslog package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/log/syslog/#NewLogger"><code>syslog.NewLogger</code></a>
-function returns an error as well as a <code>log.Logger</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="mime">The mime package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/mime/#FormatMediaType"><code>FormatMediaType</code></a> function
-of the <code>mime</code> package has been simplified to make it
-consistent with
-<a href="/pkg/mime/#ParseMediaType"><code>ParseMediaType</code></a>.
-It now takes <code>"text/html"</code> rather than <code>"text"</code> and <code>"html"</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="net">The net package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the various <code>SetTimeout</code>,
-<code>SetReadTimeout</code>, and <code>SetWriteTimeout</code> methods
-have been replaced with
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.SetDeadline"><code>SetDeadline</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.SetReadDeadline"><code>SetReadDeadline</code></a>, and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.SetWriteDeadline"><code>SetWriteDeadline</code></a>,
-respectively. Rather than taking a timeout value in nanoseconds that
-apply to any activity on the connection, the new methods set an
-absolute deadline (as a <code>time.Time</code> value) after which
-reads and writes will time out and no longer block.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are also new functions
-<a href="/pkg/net/#DialTimeout"><code>net.DialTimeout</code></a>
-to simplify timing out dialing a network address and
-<a href="/pkg/net/#ListenMulticastUDP"><code>net.ListenMulticastUDP</code></a>
-to allow multicast UDP to listen concurrently across multiple listeners.
-The <code>net.ListenMulticastUDP</code> function replaces the old
-<code>JoinGroup</code> and <code>LeaveGroup</code> methods.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that uses the old methods will fail to compile and must be updated by hand.
-The semantic change makes it difficult for the fix tool to update automatically.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="os">The os package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Time</code> function has been removed; callers should use
-the <a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>Time</code></a> type from the
-<code>time</code> package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Exec</code> function has been removed; callers should use
-<code>Exec</code> from the <code>syscall</code> package, where available.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>ShellExpand</code> function has been renamed to <a
-href="/pkg/os/#ExpandEnv"><code>ExpandEnv</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/#NewFile"><code>NewFile</code></a> function
-now takes a <code>uintptr</code> fd, instead of an <code>int</code>.
-The <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Fd"><code>Fd</code></a> method on files now
-also returns a <code>uintptr</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are no longer error constants such as <code>EINVAL</code>
-in the <code>os</code> package, since the set of values varied with
-the underlying operating system. There are new portable functions like
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsPermission"><code>IsPermission</code></a>
-to test common error properties, plus a few new error values
-with more Go-like names, such as
-<a href="/pkg/os/#ErrPermission"><code>ErrPermission</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/os/#ErrNotExist"><code>ErrNotExist</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Getenverror</code> function has been removed. To distinguish
-between a non-existent environment variable and an empty string,
-use <a href="/pkg/os/#Environ"><code>os.Environ</code></a> or
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Getenv"><code>syscall.Getenv</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/os/#Process.Wait"><code>Process.Wait</code></a> method has
-dropped its option argument and the associated constants are gone
-from the package.
-Also, the function <code>Wait</code> is gone; only the method of
-the <code>Process</code> type persists.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Waitmsg</code> type returned by
-<a href="/pkg/os/#Process.Wait"><code>Process.Wait</code></a>
-has been replaced with a more portable
-<a href="/pkg/os/#ProcessState"><code>ProcessState</code></a>
-type with accessor methods to recover information about the
-process.
-Because of changes to <code>Wait</code>, the <code>ProcessState</code>
-value always describes an exited process.
-Portability concerns simplified the interface in other ways, but the values returned by the
-<a href="/pkg/os/#ProcessState.Sys"><code>ProcessState.Sys</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/os/#ProcessState.SysUsage"><code>ProcessState.SysUsage</code></a>
-methods can be type-asserted to underlying system-specific data structures such as
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#WaitStatus"><code>syscall.WaitStatus</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Rusage"><code>syscall.Rusage</code></a> on Unix.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will drop a zero argument to <code>Process.Wait</code>.
-All other changes will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="os_fileinfo">The os.FileInfo type</h4>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 redefines the <a href="/pkg/os/#FileInfo"><code>os.FileInfo</code></a> type,
-changing it from a struct to an interface:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- type FileInfo interface {
- Name() string // base name of the file
- Size() int64 // length in bytes
- Mode() FileMode // file mode bits
- ModTime() time.Time // modification time
- IsDir() bool // abbreviation for Mode().IsDir()
- Sys() interface{} // underlying data source (can return nil)
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The file mode information has been moved into a subtype called
-<a href="/pkg/os/#FileMode"><code>os.FileMode</code></a>,
-a simple integer type with <code>IsDir</code>, <code>Perm</code>, and <code>String</code>
-methods.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The system-specific details of file modes and properties such as (on Unix)
-i-number have been removed from <code>FileInfo</code> altogether.
-Instead, each operating system's <code>os</code> package provides an
-implementation of the <code>FileInfo</code> interface, which
-has a <code>Sys</code> method that returns the
-system-specific representation of file metadata.
-For instance, to discover the i-number of a file on a Unix system, unpack
-the <code>FileInfo</code> like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- fi, err := os.Stat("hello.go")
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- // Check that it's a Unix file.
- unixStat, ok := fi.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t)
- if !ok {
- log.Fatal("hello.go: not a Unix file")
- }
- fmt.Printf("file i-number: %d\n", unixStat.Ino)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Assuming (which is unwise) that <code>"hello.go"</code> is a Unix file,
-the i-number expression could be contracted to
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- fi.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The vast majority of uses of <code>FileInfo</code> need only the methods
-of the standard interface.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>os</code> package no longer contains wrappers for the POSIX errors
-such as <code>ENOENT</code>.
-For the few programs that need to verify particular error conditions, there are
-now the boolean functions
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsExist"><code>IsExist</code></a>,
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsNotExist"><code>IsNotExist</code></a>
-and
-<a href="/pkg/os/#IsPermission"><code>IsPermission</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/os\.Open/` `/}/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update code that uses the old equivalent of the current <code>os.FileInfo</code>
-and <code>os.FileMode</code> API.
-Code that needs system-specific file details will need to be updated by hand.
-Code that uses the old POSIX error values from the <code>os</code> package
-will fail to compile and will also need to be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="os_signal">The os/signal package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>os/signal</code> package in Go 1 replaces the
-<code>Incoming</code> function, which returned a channel
-that received all incoming signals,
-with the selective <code>Notify</code> function, which asks
-for delivery of specific signals on an existing channel.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code must be updated by hand.
-A literal translation of
-</p>
-<pre>
-c := signal.Incoming()
-</pre>
-<p>
-is
-</p>
-<pre>
-c := make(chan os.Signal)
-signal.Notify(c) // ask for all signals
-</pre>
-<p>
-but most code should list the specific signals it wants to handle instead:
-</p>
-<pre>
-c := make(chan os.Signal)
-signal.Notify(c, syscall.SIGHUP, syscall.SIGQUIT)
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="path_filepath">The path/filepath package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#Walk"><code>Walk</code></a> function of the
-<code>path/filepath</code> package
-has been changed to take a function value of type
-<a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#WalkFunc"><code>WalkFunc</code></a>
-instead of a <code>Visitor</code> interface value.
-<code>WalkFunc</code> unifies the handling of both files and directories.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- type WalkFunc func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <code>WalkFunc</code> function will be called even for files or directories that could not be opened;
-in such cases the error argument will describe the failure.
-If a directory's contents are to be skipped,
-the function should return the value <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#pkg-variables"><code>filepath.SkipDir</code></a>
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/STARTWALK/` `/ENDWALK/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-The change simplifies most code but has subtle consequences, so affected programs
-will need to be updated by hand.
-The compiler will catch code using the old interface.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="regexp">The regexp package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a> package has been rewritten.
-It has the same interface but the specification of the regular expressions
-it supports has changed from the old "egrep" form to that of
-<a href="//code.google.com/p/re2/">RE2</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that uses the package should have its regular expressions checked by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="runtime">The runtime package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, much of the API exported by package
-<code>runtime</code> has been removed in favor of
-functionality provided by other packages.
-Code using the <code>runtime.Type</code> interface
-or its specific concrete type implementations should
-now use package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
-Code using <code>runtime.Semacquire</code> or <code>runtime.Semrelease</code>
-should use channels or the abstractions in package <a href="/pkg/sync/"><code>sync</code></a>.
-The <code>runtime.Alloc</code>, <code>runtime.Free</code>,
-and <code>runtime.Lookup</code> functions, an unsafe API created for
-debugging the memory allocator, have no replacement.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Before, <code>runtime.MemStats</code> was a global variable holding
-statistics about memory allocation, and calls to <code>runtime.UpdateMemStats</code>
-ensured that it was up to date.
-In Go 1, <code>runtime.MemStats</code> is a struct type, and code should use
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats"><code>runtime.ReadMemStats</code></a>
-to obtain the current statistics.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The package adds a new function,
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#NumCPU"><code>runtime.NumCPU</code></a>, that returns the number of CPUs available
-for parallel execution, as reported by the operating system kernel.
-Its value can inform the setting of <code>GOMAXPROCS</code>.
-The <code>runtime.Cgocalls</code> and <code>runtime.Goroutines</code> functions
-have been renamed to <code>runtime.NumCgoCall</code> and <code>runtime.NumGoroutine</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update code for the function renamings.
-Other code will need to be updated by hand.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="strconv">The strconv package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a>
-package has been significantly reworked to make it more Go-like and less C-like,
-although <code>Atoi</code> lives on (it's similar to
-<code>int(ParseInt(x, 10, 0))</code>, as does
-<code>Itoa(x)</code> (<code>FormatInt(int64(x), 10)</code>).
-There are also new variants of some of the functions that append to byte slices rather than
-return strings, to allow control over allocation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This table summarizes the renamings; see the
-<a href="/pkg/strconv/">package documentation</a>
-for full details.
-</p>
-
-<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="strconv renames">
-<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
-<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
-<tr>
-<th align="left">Old call</th>
-<th align="left">New call</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Atob(x)</td> <td>ParseBool(x)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Atof32(x)</td> <td>ParseFloat(x, 32)§</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Atof64(x)</td> <td>ParseFloat(x, 64)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>AtofN(x, n)</td> <td>ParseFloat(x, n)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Atoi(x)</td> <td>Atoi(x)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Atoi(x)</td> <td>ParseInt(x, 10, 0)§</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Atoi64(x)</td> <td>ParseInt(x, 10, 64)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Atoui(x)</td> <td>ParseUint(x, 10, 0)§</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Atoui64(x)</td> <td>ParseUint(x, 10, 64)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Btoi64(x, b)</td> <td>ParseInt(x, b, 64)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Btoui64(x, b)</td> <td>ParseUint(x, b, 64)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Btoa(x)</td> <td>FormatBool(x)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Ftoa32(x, f, p)</td> <td>FormatFloat(float64(x), f, p, 32)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Ftoa64(x, f, p)</td> <td>FormatFloat(x, f, p, 64)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>FtoaN(x, f, p, n)</td> <td>FormatFloat(x, f, p, n)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Itoa(x)</td> <td>Itoa(x)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Itoa(x)</td> <td>FormatInt(int64(x), 10)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Itoa64(x)</td> <td>FormatInt(x, 10)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Itob(x, b)</td> <td>FormatInt(int64(x), b)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Itob64(x, b)</td> <td>FormatInt(x, b)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Uitoa(x)</td> <td>FormatUint(uint64(x), 10)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Uitoa64(x)</td> <td>FormatUint(x, 10)</td></tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr><td>Uitob(x, b)</td> <td>FormatUint(uint64(x), b)</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Uitob64(x, b)</td> <td>FormatUint(x, b)</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
-<br>
-§ <code>Atoi</code> persists but <code>Atoui</code> and <code>Atof32</code> do not, so
-they may require
-a cast that must be added by hand; the <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool will warn about it.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="templates">The template packages</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>template</code> and <code>exp/template/html</code> packages have moved to
-<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> and
-<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>.
-More significant, the interface to these packages has been simplified.
-The template language is the same, but the concept of "template set" is gone
-and the functions and methods of the packages have changed accordingly,
-often by elimination.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Instead of sets, a <code>Template</code> object
-may contain multiple named template definitions,
-in effect constructing
-name spaces for template invocation.
-A template can invoke any other template associated with it, but only those
-templates associated with it.
-The simplest way to associate templates is to parse them together, something
-made easier with the new structure of the packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-The imports will be updated by fix tool.
-Single-template uses will be otherwise be largely unaffected.
-Code that uses multiple templates in concert will need to be updated by hand.
-The <a href="/pkg/text/template/#pkg-examples">examples</a> in
-the documentation for <code>text/template</code> can provide guidance.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="testing">The testing package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The testing package has a type, <code>B</code>, passed as an argument to benchmark functions.
-In Go 1, <code>B</code> has new methods, analogous to those of <code>T</code>, enabling
-logging and failure reporting.
-</p>
-
-{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/func.*Benchmark/` `/^}/`}}
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Existing code is unaffected, although benchmarks that use <code>println</code>
-or <code>panic</code> should be updated to use the new methods.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="testing_script">The testing/script package</h3>
-
-<p>
-The testing/script package has been deleted. It was a dreg.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-No code is likely to be affected.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="unsafe">The unsafe package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the functions
-<code>unsafe.Typeof</code>, <code>unsafe.Reflect</code>,
-<code>unsafe.Unreflect</code>, <code>unsafe.New</code>, and
-<code>unsafe.NewArray</code> have been removed;
-they duplicated safer functionality provided by
-package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code using these functions must be rewritten to use
-package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
-The changes to <a href="//golang.org/change/2646dc956207">encoding/gob</a> and the <a href="//code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/source/detail?r=5340ad310031">protocol buffer library</a>
-may be helpful as examples.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="url">The url package</h3>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1 several fields from the <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL"><code>url.URL</code></a> type
-were removed or replaced.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL.String"><code>String</code></a> method now
-predictably rebuilds an encoded URL string using all of <code>URL</code>'s
-fields as necessary. The resulting string will also no longer have
-passwords escaped.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Raw</code> field has been removed. In most cases the <code>String</code>
-method may be used in its place.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The old <code>RawUserinfo</code> field is replaced by the <code>User</code>
-field, of type <a href="/pkg/net/url/#Userinfo"><code>*net.Userinfo</code></a>.
-Values of this type may be created using the new <a href="/pkg/net/url/#User"><code>net.User</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/net/url/#UserPassword"><code>net.UserPassword</code></a>
-functions. The <code>EscapeUserinfo</code> and <code>UnescapeUserinfo</code>
-functions are also gone.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>RawAuthority</code> field has been removed. The same information is
-available in the <code>Host</code> and <code>User</code> fields.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>RawPath</code> field and the <code>EncodedPath</code> method have
-been removed. The path information in rooted URLs (with a slash following the
-schema) is now available only in decoded form in the <code>Path</code> field.
-Occasionally, the encoded data may be required to obtain information that
-was lost in the decoding process. These cases must be handled by accessing
-the data the URL was built from.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-URLs with non-rooted paths, such as <code>"mailto:dev@golang.org?subject=Hi"</code>,
-are also handled differently. The <code>OpaquePath</code> boolean field has been
-removed and a new <code>Opaque</code> string field introduced to hold the encoded
-path for such URLs. In Go 1, the cited URL parses as:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- URL{
- Scheme: "mailto",
- Opaque: "dev@golang.org",
- RawQuery: "subject=Hi",
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A new <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL.RequestURI"><code>RequestURI</code></a> method was
-added to <code>URL</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>ParseWithReference</code> function has been renamed to <code>ParseWithFragment</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Code that uses the old fields will fail to compile and must be updated by hand.
-The semantic changes make it difficult for the fix tool to update automatically.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="cmd_go">The go command</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a>, a tool for fetching,
-building, and installing Go packages and commands. The <code>go</code> command
-does away with makefiles, instead using Go source code to find dependencies and
-determine build conditions. Most existing Go programs will no longer require
-makefiles to be built.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for a primer on the
-<code>go</code> command and the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command documentation</a>
-for the full details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Updating</em>:
-Projects that depend on the Go project's old makefile-based build
-infrastructure (<code>Make.pkg</code>, <code>Make.cmd</code>, and so on) should
-switch to using the <code>go</code> command for building Go code and, if
-necessary, rewrite their makefiles to perform any auxiliary build tasks.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="cmd_cgo">The cgo command</h2>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, the <a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo command</a>
-uses a different <code>_cgo_export.h</code>
-file, which is generated for packages containing <code>//export</code> lines.
-The <code>_cgo_export.h</code> file now begins with the C preamble comment,
-so that exported function definitions can use types defined there.
-This has the effect of compiling the preamble multiple times, so a
-package using <code>//export</code> must not put function definitions
-or variable initializations in the C preamble.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="releases">Packaged releases</h2>
-
-<p>
-One of the most significant changes associated with Go 1 is the availability
-of prepackaged, downloadable distributions.
-They are available for many combinations of architecture and operating system
-(including Windows) and the list will grow.
-Installation details are described on the
-<a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a> page, while
-the distributions themselves are listed on the
-<a href="/dl/">downloads page</a>.
diff --git a/content/doc/go1compat.html b/content/doc/go1compat.html
deleted file mode 100644
index a5624ef..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go1compat.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go 1 and the Future of Go Programs",
- "Path": "/doc/go1compat"
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
-<p>
-The release of Go version 1, Go 1 for short, is a major milestone
-in the development of the language. Go 1 is a stable platform for
-the growth of programs and projects written in Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go 1 defines two things: first, the specification of the language;
-and second, the specification of a set of core APIs, the "standard
-packages" of the Go library. The Go 1 release includes their
-implementation in the form of two compiler suites (gc and gccgo),
-and the core libraries themselves.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is intended that programs written to the Go 1 specification will
-continue to compile and run correctly, unchanged, over the lifetime
-of that specification. At some indefinite point, a Go 2 specification
-may arise, but until that time, Go programs that work today should
-continue to work even as future "point" releases of Go 1 arise (Go
-1.1, Go 1.2, etc.).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Compatibility is at the source level. Binary compatibility for
-compiled packages is not guaranteed between releases. After a point
-release, Go source will need to be recompiled to link against the
-new release.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The APIs may grow, acquiring new packages and features, but not in
-a way that breaks existing Go 1 code.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="expectations">Expectations</h2>
-
-<p>
-Although we expect that the vast majority of programs will maintain
-this compatibility over time, it is impossible to guarantee that
-no future change will break any program. This document is an attempt
-to set expectations for the compatibility of Go 1 software in the
-future. There are a number of ways in which a program that compiles
-and runs today may fail to do so after a future point release. They
-are all unlikely but worth recording.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-Security. A security issue in the specification or implementation
-may come to light whose resolution requires breaking compatibility.
-We reserve the right to address such security issues.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Unspecified behavior. The Go specification tries to be explicit
-about most properties of the language, but there are some aspects
-that are undefined. Programs that depend on such unspecified behavior
-may break in future releases.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Specification errors. If it becomes necessary to address an
-inconsistency or incompleteness in the specification, resolving the
-issue could affect the meaning or legality of existing programs.
-We reserve the right to address such issues, including updating the
-implementations. Except for security issues, no incompatible changes
-to the specification would be made.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Bugs. If a compiler or library has a bug that violates the
-specification, a program that depends on the buggy behavior may
-break if the bug is fixed. We reserve the right to fix such bugs.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Struct literals. For the addition of features in later point
-releases, it may be necessary to add fields to exported structs in
-the API. Code that uses unkeyed struct literals (such as pkg.T{3,
-"x"}) to create values of these types would fail to compile after
-such a change. However, code that uses keyed literals (pkg.T{A:
-3, B: "x"}) will continue to compile after such a change. We will
-update such data structures in a way that allows keyed struct
-literals to remain compatible, although unkeyed literals may fail
-to compile. (There are also more intricate cases involving nested
-data structures or interfaces, but they have the same resolution.)
-We therefore recommend that composite literals whose type is defined
-in a separate package should use the keyed notation.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Methods. As with struct fields, it may be necessary to add methods
-to types.
-Under some circumstances, such as when the type is embedded in
-a struct along with another type,
-the addition of the new method may break
-the struct by creating a conflict with an existing method of the other
-embedded type.
-We cannot protect against this rare case and do not guarantee compatibility
-should it arise.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Dot imports. If a program imports a standard package
-using <code>import . "path"</code>, additional names defined in the
-imported package in future releases may conflict with other names
-defined in the program. We do not recommend the use of <code>import .</code>
-outside of tests, and using it may cause a program to fail
-to compile in future releases.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Use of package <code>unsafe</code>. Packages that import
-<a href="/pkg/unsafe/"><code>unsafe</code></a>
-may depend on internal properties of the Go implementation.
-We reserve the right to make changes to the implementation
-that may break such programs.
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Of course, for all of these possibilities, should they arise, we
-would endeavor whenever feasible to update the specification,
-compilers, or libraries without affecting existing code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These same considerations apply to successive point releases. For
-instance, code that runs under Go 1.2 should be compatible with Go
-1.2.1, Go 1.3, Go 1.4, etc., although not necessarily with Go 1.1
-since it may use features added only in Go 1.2
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Features added between releases, available in the source repository
-but not part of the numbered binary releases, are under active
-development. No promise of compatibility is made for software using
-such features until they have been released.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, although it is not a correctness issue, it is possible
-that the performance of a program may be affected by
-changes in the implementation of the compilers or libraries upon
-which it depends.
-No guarantee can be made about the performance of a
-given program between releases.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Although these expectations apply to Go 1 itself, we hope similar
-considerations would be made for the development of externally
-developed software based on Go 1.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="subrepos">Sub-repositories</h2>
-
-<p>
-Code in sub-repositories of the main go tree, such as
-<a href="//golang.org/x/net">golang.org/x/net</a>,
-may be developed under
-looser compatibility requirements. However, the sub-repositories
-will be tagged as appropriate to identify versions that are compatible
-with the Go 1 point releases.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="operating_systems">Operating systems</h2>
-
-<p>
-It is impossible to guarantee long-term compatibility with operating
-system interfaces, which are changed by outside parties.
-The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package
-is therefore outside the purview of the guarantees made here.
-As of Go version 1.4, the <code>syscall</code> package is frozen.
-Any evolution of the system call interface must be supported elsewhere,
-such as in the
-<a href="//golang.org/x/sys">go.sys</a> subrepository.
-For details and background, see
-<a href="//golang.org/s/go1.4-syscall">this document</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="tools">Tools</h2>
-
-<p>
-Finally, the Go toolchain (compilers, linkers, build tools, and so
-on) is under active development and may change behavior. This
-means, for instance, that scripts that depend on the location and
-properties of the tools may be broken by a point release.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These caveats aside, we believe that Go 1 will be a firm foundation
-for the development of Go and its ecosystem.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/go_faq.html b/content/doc/go_faq.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 305878f..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go_faq.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2475 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)",
- "Path": "/doc/faq"
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>
-
-<h3 id="What_is_the_purpose_of_the_project">
-What is the purpose of the project?</h3>
-
-<p>
-At the time of Go's inception, only a decade ago, the programming world was different from today.
-Production software was usually written in C++ or Java,
-GitHub did not exist, most computers were not yet multiprocessors,
-and other than Visual Studio and Eclipse there were few IDEs or other high-level tools available
-at all, let alone for free on the Internet.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Meanwhile, we had become frustrated by the undue complexity required to use
-the languages we worked with to develop server software.
-Computers had become enormously quicker since languages such as
-C, C++ and Java were first developed but the act of programming had not
-itself advanced nearly as much.
-Also, it was clear that multiprocessors were becoming universal but
-most languages offered little help to program them efficiently
-and safely.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We decided to take a step back and think about what major issues were
-going to dominate software engineering in the years ahead as technology
-developed, and how a new language might help address them.
-For instance, the rise of multicore CPUs argued that a language should
-provide first-class support for some sort of concurrency or parallelism.
-And to make resource management tractable in a large concurrent program,
-garbage collection, or at least some sort of safe automatic memory management was required.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These considerations led to
-<a href="https://commandcenter.blogspot.com/2017/09/go-ten-years-and-climbing.html">a
-series of discussions</a> from which Go arose, first as a set of ideas and
-desiderata, then as a language.
-An overarching goal was that Go do more to help the working programmer
-by enabling tooling, automating mundane tasks such as code formatting,
-and removing obstacles to working on large code bases.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A much more expansive description of the goals of Go and how
-they are met, or at least approached, is available in the article,
-<a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go at Google:
-Language Design in the Service of Software Engineering</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="history">
-What is the history of the project?</h3>
-<p>
-Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike and Ken Thompson started sketching the
-goals for a new language on the white board on September 21, 2007.
-Within a few days the goals had settled into a plan to do something
-and a fair idea of what it would be. Design continued part-time in
-parallel with unrelated work. By January 2008, Ken had started work
-on a compiler with which to explore ideas; it generated C code as its
-output. By mid-year the language had become a full-time project and
-had settled enough to attempt a production compiler. In May 2008,
-Ian Taylor independently started on a GCC front end for Go using the
-draft specification. Russ Cox joined in late 2008 and helped move the language
-and libraries from prototype to reality.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go became a public open source project on November 10, 2009.
-Countless people from the community have contributed ideas, discussions, and code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are now millions of Go programmers—gophers—around the world,
-and there are more every day.
-Go's success has far exceeded our expectations.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gopher">
-What's the origin of the gopher mascot?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The mascot and logo were designed by
-<a href="https://reneefrench.blogspot.com">Renée French</a>, who also designed
-<a href="https://9p.io/plan9/glenda.html">Glenda</a>,
-the Plan 9 bunny.
-A <a href="https://blog.golang.org/gopher">blog post</a>
-about the gopher explains how it was
-derived from one she used for a <a href="https://wfmu.org/">WFMU</a>
-T-shirt design some years ago.
-The logo and mascot are covered by the
-<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0</a>
-license.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The gopher has a
-<a href="/doc/gopher/modelsheet.jpg">model sheet</a>
-illustrating his characteristics and how to represent them correctly.
-The model sheet was first shown in a
-<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rw_B4yY69k">talk</a>
-by Renée at Gophercon in 2016.
-He has unique features; he's the <em>Go gopher</em>, not just any old gopher.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="go_or_golang">
-Is the language called Go or Golang?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The language is called Go.
-The "golang" moniker arose because the web site is
-<a href="https://golang.org">golang.org</a>, not
-go.org, which was not available to us.
-Many use the golang name, though, and it is handy as
-a label.
-For instance, the Twitter tag for the language is "#golang".
-The language's name is just plain Go, regardless.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A side note: Although the
-<a href="https://blog.golang.org/go-brand">official logo</a>
-has two capital letters, the language name is written Go, not GO.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="creating_a_new_language">
-Why did you create a new language?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go was born out of frustration with existing languages and
-environments for the work we were doing at Google.
-Programming had become too
-difficult and the choice of languages was partly to blame. One had to
-choose either efficient compilation, efficient execution, or ease of
-programming; all three were not available in the same mainstream
-language. Programmers who could were choosing ease over
-safety and efficiency by moving to dynamically typed languages such as
-Python and JavaScript rather than C++ or, to a lesser extent, Java.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We were not alone in our concerns.
-After many years with a pretty quiet landscape for programming languages,
-Go was among the first of several new languages—Rust,
-Elixir, Swift, and more—that have made programming language development
-an active, almost mainstream field again.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go addressed these issues by attempting to combine the ease of programming of an interpreted,
-dynamically typed
-language with the efficiency and safety of a statically typed, compiled language.
-It also aimed to be modern, with support for networked and multicore
-computing. Finally, working with Go is intended to be <i>fast</i>: it should take
-at most a few seconds to build a large executable on a single computer.
-To meet these goals required addressing a number of
-linguistic issues: an expressive but lightweight type system;
-concurrency and garbage collection; rigid dependency specification;
-and so on. These cannot be addressed well by libraries or tools; a new
-language was called for.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The article <a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go at Google</a>
-discusses the background and motivation behind the design of the Go language,
-as well as providing more detail about many of the answers presented in this FAQ.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="ancestors">
-What are Go's ancestors?</h3>
-<p>
-Go is mostly in the C family (basic syntax),
-with significant input from the Pascal/Modula/Oberon
-family (declarations, packages),
-plus some ideas from languages
-inspired by Tony Hoare's CSP,
-such as Newsqueak and Limbo (concurrency).
-However, it is a new language across the board.
-In every respect the language was designed by thinking
-about what programmers do and how to make programming, at least the
-kind of programming we do, more effective, which means more fun.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="principles">
-What are the guiding principles in the design?</h3>
-
-<p>
-When Go was designed, Java and C++ were the most commonly
-used languages for writing servers, at least at Google.
-We felt that these languages required
-too much bookkeeping and repetition.
-Some programmers reacted by moving towards more dynamic,
-fluid languages like Python, at the cost of efficiency and
-type safety.
-We felt it should be possible to have the efficiency,
-the safety, and the fluidity in a single language.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go attempts to reduce the amount of typing in both senses of the word.
-Throughout its design, we have tried to reduce clutter and
-complexity. There are no forward declarations and no header files;
-everything is declared exactly once. Initialization is expressive,
-automatic, and easy to use. Syntax is clean and light on keywords.
-Stuttering (<code>foo.Foo* myFoo = new(foo.Foo)</code>) is reduced by
-simple type derivation using the <code>:=</code>
-declare-and-initialize construct. And perhaps most radically, there
-is no type hierarchy: types just <i>are</i>, they don't have to
-announce their relationships. These simplifications allow Go to be
-expressive yet comprehensible without sacrificing, well, sophistication.
-</p>
-<p>
-Another important principle is to keep the concepts orthogonal.
-Methods can be implemented for any type; structures represent data while
-interfaces represent abstraction; and so on. Orthogonality makes it
-easier to understand what happens when things combine.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2>
-
-<h3 id="internal_usage">
-Is Google using Go internally?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Yes. Go is used widely in production inside Google.
-One easy example is the server behind
-<a href="//golang.org">golang.org</a>.
-It's just the <a href="/cmd/godoc"><code>godoc</code></a>
-document server running in a production configuration on
-<a href="https://developers.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A more significant instance is Google's download server, <code>dl.google.com</code>,
-which delivers Chrome binaries and other large installables such as <code>apt-get</code>
-packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go is not the only language used at Google, far from it, but it is a key language
-for a number of areas including
-<a href="https://talks.golang.org/2013/go-sreops.slide">site reliability
-engineering (SRE)</a>
-and large-scale data processing.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="external_usage">
-What other companies use Go?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go usage is growing worldwide, especially but by no means exclusively
-in the cloud computing space.
-A couple of major cloud infrastructure projects written in Go are
-Docker and Kubernetes,
-but there are many more.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It's not just cloud, though.
-The Go Wiki includes a
-<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/GoUsers">page</a>,
-updated regularly, that lists some of the many companies using Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Wiki also has a page with links to
-<a href="https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/SuccessStories">success stories</a>
-about companies and projects that are using the language.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Do_Go_programs_link_with_Cpp_programs">
-Do Go programs link with C/C++ programs?</h3>
-
-<p>
-It is possible to use C and Go together in the same address space,
-but it is not a natural fit and can require special interface software.
-Also, linking C with Go code gives up the memory
-safety and stack management properties that Go provides.
-Sometimes it's absolutely necessary to use C libraries to solve a problem,
-but doing so always introduces an element of risk not present with
-pure Go code, so do so with care.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you do need to use C with Go, how to proceed depends on the Go
-compiler implementation.
-There are three Go compiler implementations supported by the
-Go team.
-These are <code>gc</code>, the default compiler,
-<code>gccgo</code>, which uses the GCC back end,
-and a somewhat less mature <code>gollvm</code>, which uses the LLVM infrastructure.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>Gc</code> uses a different calling convention and linker from C and
-therefore cannot be called directly from C programs, or vice versa.
-The <a href="/cmd/cgo/"><code>cgo</code></a> program provides the mechanism for a
-“foreign function interface” to allow safe calling of
-C libraries from Go code.
-SWIG extends this capability to C++ libraries.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can also use <code>cgo</code> and SWIG with <code>Gccgo</code> and <code>gollvm</code>.
-Since they use a traditional API, it's also possible, with great care,
-to link code from these compilers directly with GCC/LLVM-compiled C or C++ programs.
-However, doing so safely requires an understanding of the calling conventions for
-all languages concerned, as well as concern for stack limits when calling C or C++
-from Go.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="ide">
-What IDEs does Go support?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The Go project does not include a custom IDE, but the language and
-libraries have been designed to make it easy to analyze source code.
-As a consequence, most well-known editors and IDEs support Go well,
-either directly or through a plugin.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The list of well-known IDEs and editors that have good Go support
-available includes Emacs, Vim, VSCode, Atom, Eclipse, Sublime, IntelliJ
-(through a custom variant called Goland), and many more.
-Chances are your favorite environment is a productive one for
-programming in Go.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="protocol_buffers">
-Does Go support Google's protocol buffers?</h3>
-
-<p>
-A separate open source project provides the necessary compiler plugin and library.
-It is available at
-<a href="//github.com/golang/protobuf">github.com/golang/protobuf/</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Can_I_translate_the_Go_home_page">
-Can I translate the Go home page into another language?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Absolutely. We encourage developers to make Go Language sites in their own languages.
-However, if you choose to add the Google logo or branding to your site
-(it does not appear on <a href="//golang.org/">golang.org</a>),
-you will need to abide by the guidelines at
-<a href="//www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html">www.google.com/permissions/guidelines.html</a>
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Design">Design</h2>
-
-<h3 id="runtime">
-Does Go have a runtime?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go does have an extensive library, called the <em>runtime</em>,
-that is part of every Go program.
-The runtime library implements garbage collection, concurrency,
-stack management, and other critical features of the Go language.
-Although it is more central to the language, Go's runtime is analogous
-to <code>libc</code>, the C library.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is important to understand, however, that Go's runtime does not
-include a virtual machine, such as is provided by the Java runtime.
-Go programs are compiled ahead of time to native machine code
-(or JavaScript or WebAssembly, for some variant implementations).
-Thus, although the term is often used to describe the virtual
-environment in which a program runs, in Go the word “runtime”
-is just the name given to the library providing critical language services.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="unicode_identifiers">
-What's up with Unicode identifiers?</h3>
-
-<p>
-When designing Go, we wanted to make sure that it was not
-overly ASCII-centric,
-which meant extending the space of identifiers from the
-confines of 7-bit ASCII.
-Go's rule—identifier characters must be
-letters or digits as defined by Unicode—is simple to understand
-and to implement but has restrictions.
-Combining characters are
-excluded by design, for instance,
-and that excludes some languages such as Devanagari.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This rule has one other unfortunate consequence.
-Since an exported identifier must begin with an
-upper-case letter, identifiers created from characters
-in some languages can, by definition, not be exported.
-For now the
-only solution is to use something like <code>X日本語</code>, which
-is clearly unsatisfactory.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Since the earliest version of the language, there has been considerable
-thought into how best to expand the identifier space to accommodate
-programmers using other native languages.
-Exactly what to do remains an active topic of discussion, and a future
-version of the language may be more liberal in its definition
-of an identifier.
-For instance, it might adopt some of the ideas from the Unicode
-organization's <a href="http://unicode.org/reports/tr31/">recommendations</a>
-for identifiers.
-Whatever happens, it must be done compatibly while preserving
-(or perhaps expanding) the way letter case determines visibility of
-identifiers, which remains one of our favorite features of Go.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For the time being, we have a simple rule that can be expanded later
-without breaking programs, one that avoids bugs that would surely arise
-from a rule that admits ambiguous identifiers.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Why_doesnt_Go_have_feature_X">Why does Go not have feature X?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Every language contains novel features and omits someone's favorite
-feature. Go was designed with an eye on felicity of programming, speed of
-compilation, orthogonality of concepts, and the need to support features
-such as concurrency and garbage collection. Your favorite feature may be
-missing because it doesn't fit, because it affects compilation speed or
-clarity of design, or because it would make the fundamental system model
-too difficult.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If it bothers you that Go is missing feature <var>X</var>,
-please forgive us and investigate the features that Go does have. You might find that
-they compensate in interesting ways for the lack of <var>X</var>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="generics">
-Why does Go not have generic types?</h3>
-<p>
-Generics may well be added at some point. We don't feel an urgency for
-them, although we understand some programmers do.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go was intended as a language for writing server programs that would be
-easy to maintain over time.
-(See <a href="https://talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">this
-article</a> for more background.)
-The design concentrated on things like scalability, readability, and
-concurrency.
-Polymorphic programming did not seem essential to the language's
-goals at the time, and so was left out for simplicity.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The language is more mature now, and there is scope to consider
-some form of generic programming.
-However, there remain some caveats.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Generics are convenient but they come at a cost in
-complexity in the type system and run-time. We haven't yet found a
-design that gives value proportionate to the complexity, although we
-continue to think about it. Meanwhile, Go's built-in maps and slices,
-plus the ability to use the empty interface to construct containers
-(with explicit unboxing) mean in many cases it is possible to write
-code that does what generics would enable, if less smoothly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The topic remains open.
-For a look at several previous unsuccessful attempts to
-design a good generics solution for Go, see
-<a href="https://golang.org/issue/15292">this proposal</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="exceptions">
-Why does Go not have exceptions?</h3>
-<p>
-We believe that coupling exceptions to a control
-structure, as in the <code>try-catch-finally</code> idiom, results in
-convoluted code. It also tends to encourage programmers to label
-too many ordinary errors, such as failing to open a file, as
-exceptional.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go takes a different approach. For plain error handling, Go's multi-value
-returns make it easy to report an error without overloading the return value.
-<a href="/doc/articles/error_handling.html">A canonical error type, coupled
-with Go's other features</a>, makes error handling pleasant but quite different
-from that in other languages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go also has a couple
-of built-in functions to signal and recover from truly exceptional
-conditions. The recovery mechanism is executed only as part of a
-function's state being torn down after an error, which is sufficient
-to handle catastrophe but requires no extra control structures and,
-when used well, can result in clean error-handling code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="/doc/articles/defer_panic_recover.html">Defer, Panic, and Recover</a> article for details.
-Also, the <a href="https://blog.golang.org/errors-are-values">Errors are values</a> blog post
-describes one approach to handling errors cleanly in Go by demonstrating that,
-since errors are just values, the full power of Go can deployed in error handling.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="assertions">
-Why does Go not have assertions?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go doesn't provide assertions. They are undeniably convenient, but our
-experience has been that programmers use them as a crutch to avoid thinking
-about proper error handling and reporting. Proper error handling means that
-servers continue to operate instead of crashing after a non-fatal error.
-Proper error reporting means that errors are direct and to the point,
-saving the programmer from interpreting a large crash trace. Precise
-errors are particularly important when the programmer seeing the errors is
-not familiar with the code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We understand that this is a point of contention. There are many things in
-the Go language and libraries that differ from modern practices, simply
-because we feel it's sometimes worth trying a different approach.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="csp">
-Why build concurrency on the ideas of CSP?</h3>
-<p>
-Concurrency and multi-threaded programming have over time
-developed a reputation for difficulty. We believe this is due partly to complex
-designs such as
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX_Threads">pthreads</a>
-and partly to overemphasis on low-level details
-such as mutexes, condition variables, and memory barriers.
-Higher-level interfaces enable much simpler code, even if there are still
-mutexes and such under the covers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One of the most successful models for providing high-level linguistic support
-for concurrency comes from Hoare's Communicating Sequential Processes, or CSP.
-Occam and Erlang are two well known languages that stem from CSP.
-Go's concurrency primitives derive from a different part of the family tree
-whose main contribution is the powerful notion of channels as first class objects.
-Experience with several earlier languages has shown that the CSP model
-fits well into a procedural language framework.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="goroutines">
-Why goroutines instead of threads?</h3>
-<p>
-Goroutines are part of making concurrency easy to use. The idea, which has
-been around for a while, is to multiplex independently executing
-functions—coroutines—onto a set of threads.
-When a coroutine blocks, such as by calling a blocking system call,
-the run-time automatically moves other coroutines on the same operating
-system thread to a different, runnable thread so they won't be blocked.
-The programmer sees none of this, which is the point.
-The result, which we call goroutines, can be very cheap: they have little
-overhead beyond the memory for the stack, which is just a few kilobytes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To make the stacks small, Go's run-time uses resizable, bounded stacks. A newly
-minted goroutine is given a few kilobytes, which is almost always enough.
-When it isn't, the run-time grows (and shrinks) the memory for storing
-the stack automatically, allowing many goroutines to live in a modest
-amount of memory.
-The CPU overhead averages about three cheap instructions per function call.
-It is practical to create hundreds of thousands of goroutines in the same
-address space.
-If goroutines were just threads, system resources would
-run out at a much smaller number.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="atomic_maps">
-Why are map operations not defined to be atomic?</h3>
-
-<p>
-After long discussion it was decided that the typical use of maps did not require
-safe access from multiple goroutines, and in those cases where it did, the map was
-probably part of some larger data structure or computation that was already
-synchronized. Therefore requiring that all map operations grab a mutex would slow
-down most programs and add safety to few. This was not an easy decision,
-however, since it means uncontrolled map access can crash the program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The language does not preclude atomic map updates. When required, such
-as when hosting an untrusted program, the implementation could interlock
-map access.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Map access is unsafe only when updates are occurring.
-As long as all goroutines are only reading—looking up elements in the map,
-including iterating through it using a
-<code>for</code> <code>range</code> loop—and not changing the map
-by assigning to elements or doing deletions,
-it is safe for them to access the map concurrently without synchronization.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As an aid to correct map use, some implementations of the language
-contain a special check that automatically reports at run time when a map is modified
-unsafely by concurrent execution.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="language_changes">
-Will you accept my language change?</h3>
-
-<p>
-People often suggest improvements to the language—the
-<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">mailing list</a>
-contains a rich history of such discussions—but very few of these changes have
-been accepted.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Although Go is an open source project, the language and libraries are protected
-by a <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">compatibility promise</a> that prevents
-changes that break existing programs, at least at the source code level
-(programs may need to be recompiled occasionally to stay current).
-If your proposal violates the Go 1 specification we cannot even entertain the
-idea, regardless of its merit.
-A future major release of Go may be incompatible with Go 1, but discussions
-on that topic have only just begun and one thing is certain:
-there will be very few such incompatibilities introduced in the process.
-Moreover, the compatibility promise encourages us to provide an automatic path
-forward for old programs to adapt should that situation arise.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Even if your proposal is compatible with the Go 1 spec, it might
-not be in the spirit of Go's design goals.
-The article <i><a href="//talks.golang.org/2012/splash.article">Go
-at Google: Language Design in the Service of Software Engineering</a></i>
-explains Go's origins and the motivation behind its design.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="types">Types</h2>
-
-<h3 id="Is_Go_an_object-oriented_language">
-Is Go an object-oriented language?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Yes and no. Although Go has types and methods and allows an
-object-oriented style of programming, there is no type hierarchy.
-The concept of “interface” in Go provides a different approach that
-we believe is easy to use and in some ways more general. There are
-also ways to embed types in other types to provide something
-analogous—but not identical—to subclassing.
-Moreover, methods in Go are more general than in C++ or Java:
-they can be defined for any sort of data, even built-in types such
-as plain, “unboxed” integers.
-They are not restricted to structs (classes).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also, the lack of a type hierarchy makes “objects” in Go feel much more
-lightweight than in languages such as C++ or Java.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="How_do_I_get_dynamic_dispatch_of_methods">
-How do I get dynamic dispatch of methods?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The only way to have dynamically dispatched methods is through an
-interface. Methods on a struct or any other concrete type are always resolved statically.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="inheritance">
-Why is there no type inheritance?</h3>
-<p>
-Object-oriented programming, at least in the best-known languages,
-involves too much discussion of the relationships between types,
-relationships that often could be derived automatically. Go takes a
-different approach.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rather than requiring the programmer to declare ahead of time that two
-types are related, in Go a type automatically satisfies any interface
-that specifies a subset of its methods. Besides reducing the
-bookkeeping, this approach has real advantages. Types can satisfy
-many interfaces at once, without the complexities of traditional
-multiple inheritance.
-Interfaces can be very lightweight—an interface with
-one or even zero methods can express a useful concept.
-Interfaces can be added after the fact if a new idea comes along
-or for testing—without annotating the original types.
-Because there are no explicit relationships between types
-and interfaces, there is no type hierarchy to manage or discuss.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It's possible to use these ideas to construct something analogous to
-type-safe Unix pipes. For instance, see how <code>fmt.Fprintf</code>
-enables formatted printing to any output, not just a file, or how the
-<code>bufio</code> package can be completely separate from file I/O,
-or how the <code>image</code> packages generate compressed
-image files. All these ideas stem from a single interface
-(<code>io.Writer</code>) representing a single method
-(<code>Write</code>). And that's only scratching the surface.
-Go's interfaces have a profound influence on how programs are structured.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It takes some getting used to but this implicit style of type
-dependency is one of the most productive things about Go.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="methods_on_basics">
-Why is <code>len</code> a function and not a method?</h3>
-<p>
-We debated this issue but decided
-implementing <code>len</code> and friends as functions was fine in practice and
-didn't complicate questions about the interface (in the Go type sense)
-of basic types.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="overloading">
-Why does Go not support overloading of methods and operators?</h3>
-<p>
-Method dispatch is simplified if it doesn't need to do type matching as well.
-Experience with other languages told us that having a variety of
-methods with the same name but different signatures was occasionally useful
-but that it could also be confusing and fragile in practice. Matching only by name
-and requiring consistency in the types was a major simplifying decision
-in Go's type system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Regarding operator overloading, it seems more a convenience than an absolute
-requirement. Again, things are simpler without it.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="implements_interface">
-Why doesn't Go have "implements" declarations?</h3>
-
-<p>
-A Go type satisfies an interface by implementing the methods of that interface,
-nothing more. This property allows interfaces to be defined and used without
-needing to modify existing code. It enables a kind of
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_type_system">structural typing</a> that
-promotes separation of concerns and improves code re-use, and makes it easier
-to build on patterns that emerge as the code develops.
-The semantics of interfaces is one of the main reasons for Go's nimble,
-lightweight feel.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="#inheritance">question on type inheritance</a> for more detail.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="guarantee_satisfies_interface">
-How can I guarantee my type satisfies an interface?</h3>
-
-<p>
-You can ask the compiler to check that the type <code>T</code> implements the
-interface <code>I</code> by attempting an assignment using the zero value for
-<code>T</code> or pointer to <code>T</code>, as appropriate:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct{}
-var _ I = T{} // Verify that T implements I.
-var _ I = (*T)(nil) // Verify that *T implements I.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If <code>T</code> (or <code>*T</code>, accordingly) doesn't implement
-<code>I</code>, the mistake will be caught at compile time.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you wish the users of an interface to explicitly declare that they implement
-it, you can add a method with a descriptive name to the interface's method set.
-For example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Fooer interface {
- Foo()
- ImplementsFooer()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A type must then implement the <code>ImplementsFooer</code> method to be a
-<code>Fooer</code>, clearly documenting the fact and announcing it in
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Show_documentation_for_package_or_symbol">go doc</a>'s output.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Bar struct{}
-func (b Bar) ImplementsFooer() {}
-func (b Bar) Foo() {}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Most code doesn't make use of such constraints, since they limit the utility of
-the interface idea. Sometimes, though, they're necessary to resolve ambiguities
-among similar interfaces.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="t_and_equal_interface">
-Why doesn't type T satisfy the Equal interface?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Consider this simple interface to represent an object that can compare
-itself with another value:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Equaler interface {
- Equal(Equaler) bool
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and this type, <code>T</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T int
-func (t T) Equal(u T) bool { return t == u } // does not satisfy Equaler
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Unlike the analogous situation in some polymorphic type systems,
-<code>T</code> does not implement <code>Equaler</code>.
-The argument type of <code>T.Equal</code> is <code>T</code>,
-not literally the required type <code>Equaler</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go, the type system does not promote the argument of
-<code>Equal</code>; that is the programmer's responsibility, as
-illustrated by the type <code>T2</code>, which does implement
-<code>Equaler</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T2 int
-func (t T2) Equal(u Equaler) bool { return t == u.(T2) } // satisfies Equaler
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Even this isn't like other type systems, though, because in Go <em>any</em>
-type that satisfies <code>Equaler</code> could be passed as the
-argument to <code>T2.Equal</code>, and at run time we must
-check that the argument is of type <code>T2</code>.
-Some languages arrange to make that guarantee at compile time.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A related example goes the other way:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Opener interface {
- Open() Reader
-}
-
-func (t T3) Open() *os.File
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In Go, <code>T3</code> does not satisfy <code>Opener</code>,
-although it might in another language.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-While it is true that Go's type system does less for the programmer
-in such cases, the lack of subtyping makes the rules about
-interface satisfaction very easy to state: are the function's names
-and signatures exactly those of the interface?
-Go's rule is also easy to implement efficiently.
-We feel these benefits offset the lack of
-automatic type promotion. Should Go one day adopt some form of polymorphic
-typing, we expect there would be a way to express the idea of these
-examples and also have them be statically checked.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="convert_slice_of_interface">
-Can I convert a []T to an []interface{}?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Not directly.
-It is disallowed by the language specification because the two types
-do not have the same representation in memory.
-It is necessary to copy the elements individually to the destination
-slice. This example converts a slice of <code>int</code> to a slice of
-<code>interface{}</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-t := []int{1, 2, 3, 4}
-s := make([]interface{}, len(t))
-for i, v := range t {
- s[i] = v
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="convert_slice_with_same_underlying_type">
-Can I convert []T1 to []T2 if T1 and T2 have the same underlying type?</h3>
-
-This last line of this code sample does not compile.
-
-<pre>
-type T1 int
-type T2 int
-var t1 T1
-var x = T2(t1) // OK
-var st1 []T1
-var sx = ([]T2)(st1) // NOT OK
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In Go, types are closely tied to methods, in that every named type has
-a (possibly empty) method set.
-The general rule is that you can change the name of the type being
-converted (and thus possibly change its method set) but you can't
-change the name (and method set) of elements of a composite type.
-Go requires you to be explicit about type conversions.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="nil_error">
-Why is my nil error value not equal to nil?
-</h3>
-
-<p>
-Under the covers, interfaces are implemented as two elements, a type <code>T</code>
-and a value <code>V</code>.
-<code>V</code> is a concrete value such as an <code>int</code>,
-<code>struct</code> or pointer, never an interface itself, and has
-type <code>T</code>.
-For instance, if we store the <code>int</code> value 3 in an interface,
-the resulting interface value has, schematically,
-(<code>T=int</code>, <code>V=3</code>).
-The value <code>V</code> is also known as the interface's
-<em>dynamic</em> value,
-since a given interface variable might hold different values <code>V</code>
-(and corresponding types <code>T</code>)
-during the execution of the program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An interface value is <code>nil</code> only if the <code>V</code> and <code>T</code>
-are both unset, (<code>T=nil</code>, <code>V</code> is not set),
-In particular, a <code>nil</code> interface will always hold a <code>nil</code> type.
-If we store a <code>nil</code> pointer of type <code>*int</code> inside
-an interface value, the inner type will be <code>*int</code> regardless of the value of the pointer:
-(<code>T=*int</code>, <code>V=nil</code>).
-Such an interface value will therefore be non-<code>nil</code>
-<em>even when the pointer value <code>V</code> inside is</em> <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This situation can be confusing, and arises when a <code>nil</code> value is
-stored inside an interface value such as an <code>error</code> return:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func returnsError() error {
- var p *MyError = nil
- if bad() {
- p = ErrBad
- }
- return p // Will always return a non-nil error.
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If all goes well, the function returns a <code>nil</code> <code>p</code>,
-so the return value is an <code>error</code> interface
-value holding (<code>T=*MyError</code>, <code>V=nil</code>).
-This means that if the caller compares the returned error to <code>nil</code>,
-it will always look as if there was an error even if nothing bad happened.
-To return a proper <code>nil</code> <code>error</code> to the caller,
-the function must return an explicit <code>nil</code>:
-</p>
-
-
-<pre>
-func returnsError() error {
- if bad() {
- return ErrBad
- }
- return nil
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-It's a good idea for functions
-that return errors always to use the <code>error</code> type in
-their signature (as we did above) rather than a concrete type such
-as <code>*MyError</code>, to help guarantee the error is
-created correctly. As an example,
-<a href="/pkg/os/#Open"><code>os.Open</code></a>
-returns an <code>error</code> even though, if not <code>nil</code>,
-it's always of concrete type
-<a href="/pkg/os/#PathError"><code>*os.PathError</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Similar situations to those described here can arise whenever interfaces are used.
-Just keep in mind that if any concrete value
-has been stored in the interface, the interface will not be <code>nil</code>.
-For more information, see
-<a href="/doc/articles/laws_of_reflection.html">The Laws of Reflection</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="unions">
-Why are there no untagged unions, as in C?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Untagged unions would violate Go's memory safety
-guarantees.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="variant_types">
-Why does Go not have variant types?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Variant types, also known as algebraic types, provide a way to specify
-that a value might take one of a set of other types, but only those
-types. A common example in systems programming would specify that an
-error is, say, a network error, a security error or an application
-error and allow the caller to discriminate the source of the problem
-by examining the type of the error. Another example is a syntax tree
-in which each node can be a different type: declaration, statement,
-assignment and so on.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We considered adding variant types to Go, but after discussion
-decided to leave them out because they overlap in confusing ways
-with interfaces. What would happen if the elements of a variant type
-were themselves interfaces?
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also, some of what variant types address is already covered by the
-language. The error example is easy to express using an interface
-value to hold the error and a type switch to discriminate cases. The
-syntax tree example is also doable, although not as elegantly.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="covariant_types">
-Why does Go not have covariant result types?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Covariant result types would mean that an interface like
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Copyable interface {
- Copy() interface{}
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-would be satisfied by the method
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func (v Value) Copy() Value
-</pre>
-
-<p>because <code>Value</code> implements the empty interface.
-In Go method types must match exactly, so <code>Value</code> does not
-implement <code>Copyable</code>.
-Go separates the notion of what a
-type does—its methods—from the type's implementation.
-If two methods return different types, they are not doing the same thing.
-Programmers who want covariant result types are often trying to
-express a type hierarchy through interfaces.
-In Go it's more natural to have a clean separation between interface
-and implementation.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="values">Values</h2>
-
-<h3 id="conversions">
-Why does Go not provide implicit numeric conversions?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The convenience of automatic conversion between numeric types in C is
-outweighed by the confusion it causes. When is an expression unsigned?
-How big is the value? Does it overflow? Is the result portable, independent
-of the machine on which it executes?
-It also complicates the compiler; “the usual arithmetic conversions”
-are not easy to implement and inconsistent across architectures.
-For reasons of portability, we decided to make things clear and straightforward
-at the cost of some explicit conversions in the code.
-The definition of constants in Go—arbitrary precision values free
-of signedness and size annotations—ameliorates matters considerably,
-though.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A related detail is that, unlike in C, <code>int</code> and <code>int64</code>
-are distinct types even if <code>int</code> is a 64-bit type. The <code>int</code>
-type is generic; if you care about how many bits an integer holds, Go
-encourages you to be explicit.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="constants">
-How do constants work in Go?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Although Go is strict about conversion between variables of different
-numeric types, constants in the language are much more flexible.
-Literal constants such as <code>23</code>, <code>3.14159</code>
-and <a href="/pkg/math/#pkg-constants"><code>math.Pi</code></a>
-occupy a sort of ideal number space, with arbitrary precision and
-no overflow or underflow.
-For instance, the value of <code>math.Pi</code> is specified to 63 places
-in the source code, and constant expressions involving the value keep
-precision beyond what a <code>float64</code> could hold.
-Only when the constant or constant expression is assigned to a
-variable—a memory location in the program—does
-it become a "computer" number with
-the usual floating-point properties and precision.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also,
-because they are just numbers, not typed values, constants in Go can be
-used more freely than variables, thereby softening some of the awkwardness
-around the strict conversion rules.
-One can write expressions such as
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-sqrt2 := math.Sqrt(2)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-without complaint from the compiler because the ideal number <code>2</code>
-can be converted safely and accurately
-to a <code>float64</code> for the call to <code>math.Sqrt</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A blog post titled <a href="https://blog.golang.org/constants">Constants</a>
-explores this topic in more detail.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="builtin_maps">
-Why are maps built in?</h3>
-<p>
-The same reason strings are: they are such a powerful and important data
-structure that providing one excellent implementation with syntactic support
-makes programming more pleasant. We believe that Go's implementation of maps
-is strong enough that it will serve for the vast majority of uses.
-If a specific application can benefit from a custom implementation, it's possible
-to write one but it will not be as convenient syntactically; this seems a reasonable tradeoff.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="map_keys">
-Why don't maps allow slices as keys?</h3>
-<p>
-Map lookup requires an equality operator, which slices do not implement.
-They don't implement equality because equality is not well defined on such types;
-there are multiple considerations involving shallow vs. deep comparison, pointer vs.
-value comparison, how to deal with recursive types, and so on.
-We may revisit this issue—and implementing equality for slices
-will not invalidate any existing programs—but without a clear idea of what
-equality of slices should mean, it was simpler to leave it out for now.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In Go 1, unlike prior releases, equality is defined for structs and arrays, so such
-types can be used as map keys. Slices still do not have a definition of equality, though.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="references">
-Why are maps, slices, and channels references while arrays are values?</h3>
-<p>
-There's a lot of history on that topic. Early on, maps and channels
-were syntactically pointers and it was impossible to declare or use a
-non-pointer instance. Also, we struggled with how arrays should work.
-Eventually we decided that the strict separation of pointers and
-values made the language harder to use. Changing these
-types to act as references to the associated, shared data structures resolved
-these issues. This change added some regrettable complexity to the
-language but had a large effect on usability: Go became a more
-productive, comfortable language when it was introduced.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Writing_Code">Writing Code</h2>
-
-<h3 id="How_are_libraries_documented">
-How are libraries documented?</h3>
-
-<p>
-There is a program, <code>godoc</code>, written in Go, that extracts
-package documentation from the source code and serves it as a web
-page with links to declarations, files, and so on.
-An instance is running at
-<a href="/pkg/">golang.org/pkg/</a>.
-In fact, <code>godoc</code> implements the full site at
-<a href="/">golang.org/</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A <code>godoc</code> instance may be configured to provide rich,
-interactive static analyses of symbols in the programs it displays; details are
-listed <a href="https://golang.org/lib/godoc/analysis/help.html">here</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For access to documentation from the command line, the
-<a href="https://golang.org/pkg/cmd/go/">go</a> tool has a
-<a href="https://golang.org/pkg/cmd/go/#hdr-Show_documentation_for_package_or_symbol">doc</a>
-subcommand that provides a textual interface to the same information.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Is_there_a_Go_programming_style_guide">
-Is there a Go programming style guide?</h3>
-
-<p>
-There is no explicit style guide, although there is certainly
-a recognizable "Go style".
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go has established conventions to guide decisions around
-naming, layout, and file organization.
-The document <a href="effective_go.html">Effective Go</a>
-contains some advice on these topics.
-More directly, the program <code>gofmt</code> is a pretty-printer
-whose purpose is to enforce layout rules; it replaces the usual
-compendium of do's and don'ts that allows interpretation.
-All the Go code in the repository, and the vast majority in the
-open source world, has been run through <code>gofmt</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The document titled
-<a href="//golang.org/s/comments">Go Code Review Comments</a>
-is a collection of very short essays about details of Go idiom that are often
-missed by programmers.
-It is a handy reference for people doing code reviews for Go projects.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="How_do_I_submit_patches_to_the_Go_libraries">
-How do I submit patches to the Go libraries?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The library sources are in the <code>src</code> directory of the repository.
-If you want to make a significant change, please discuss on the mailing list before embarking.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the document
-<a href="contribute.html">Contributing to the Go project</a>
-for more information about how to proceed.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="git_https">
-Why does "go get" use HTTPS when cloning a repository?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Companies often permit outgoing traffic only on the standard TCP ports 80 (HTTP)
-and 443 (HTTPS), blocking outgoing traffic on other ports, including TCP port 9418
-(git) and TCP port 22 (SSH).
-When using HTTPS instead of HTTP, <code>git</code> enforces certificate validation by
-default, providing protection against man-in-the-middle, eavesdropping and tampering attacks.
-The <code>go get</code> command therefore uses HTTPS for safety.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>Git</code> can be configured to authenticate over HTTPS or to use SSH in place of HTTPS.
-To authenticate over HTTPS, you can add a line
-to the <code>$HOME/.netrc</code> file that git consults:
-</p>
-<pre>
-machine github.com login <i>USERNAME</i> password <i>APIKEY</i>
-</pre>
-<p>
-For GitHub accounts, the password can be a
-<a href="https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-personal-access-token-for-the-command-line/">personal access token</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>Git</code> can also be configured to use SSH in place of HTTPS for URLs matching a given prefix.
-For example, to use SSH for all GitHub access,
-add these lines to your <code>~/.gitconfig</code>:
-</p>
-<pre>
-[url "ssh://git@github.com/"]
- insteadOf = https://github.com/
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="get_version">
-How should I manage package versions using "go get"?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Since the inception of the project, Go has had no explicit concept of package versions,
-but that is changing.
-Versioning is a source of significant complexity, especially in large code bases,
-and it has taken some time to develop an
-approach that works well at scale in a large enough
-variety of situations to be appropriate to supply to all Go users.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Go 1.11 release adds new, experimental support
-for package versioning to the <code>go</code> command,
-in the form of Go modules.
-For more information, see the <a href="/doc/go1.11#modules">Go 1.11 release notes</a>
-and the <a href="/cmd/go#hdr-Modules__module_versions__and_more"><code>go</code> command documentation</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Regardless of the actual package management technology,
-"go get" and the larger Go toolchain does provide isolation of
-packages with different import paths.
-For example, the standard library's <code>html/template</code> and <code>text/template</code>
-coexist even though both are "package template".
-This observation leads to some advice for package authors and package users.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Packages intended for public use should try to maintain backwards compatibility as they evolve.
-The <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 compatibility guidelines</a> are a good reference here:
-don't remove exported names, encourage tagged composite literals, and so on.
-If different functionality is required, add a new name instead of changing an old one.
-If a complete break is required, create a new package with a new import path.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you're using an externally supplied package and worry that it might change in
-unexpected ways, but are not yet using Go modules,
-the simplest solution is to copy it to your local repository.
-This is the approach Google takes internally and is supported by the
-<code>go</code> command through a technique called "vendoring".
-This involves
-storing a copy of the dependency under a new import path that identifies it as a local copy.
-See the <a href="https://golang.org/s/go15vendor">design
-document</a> for details.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Pointers">Pointers and Allocation</h2>
-
-<h3 id="pass_by_value">
-When are function parameters passed by value?</h3>
-
-<p>
-As in all languages in the C family, everything in Go is passed by value.
-That is, a function always gets a copy of the
-thing being passed, as if there were an assignment statement assigning the
-value to the parameter. For instance, passing an <code>int</code> value
-to a function makes a copy of the <code>int</code>, and passing a pointer
-value makes a copy of the pointer, but not the data it points to.
-(See a <a href="/doc/faq#methods_on_values_or_pointers">later
-section</a> for a discussion of how this affects method receivers.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Map and slice values behave like pointers: they are descriptors that
-contain pointers to the underlying map or slice data. Copying a map or
-slice value doesn't copy the data it points to. Copying an interface value
-makes a copy of the thing stored in the interface value. If the interface
-value holds a struct, copying the interface value makes a copy of the
-struct. If the interface value holds a pointer, copying the interface value
-makes a copy of the pointer, but again not the data it points to.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that this discussion is about the semantics of the operations.
-Actual implementations may apply optimizations to avoid copying
-as long as the optimizations do not change the semantics.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="pointer_to_interface">
-When should I use a pointer to an interface?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Almost never. Pointers to interface values arise only in rare, tricky situations involving
-disguising an interface value's type for delayed evaluation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is a common mistake to pass a pointer to an interface value
-to a function expecting an interface. The compiler will complain about this
-error but the situation can still be confusing, because sometimes a
-<a href="#different_method_sets">pointer
-is necessary to satisfy an interface</a>.
-The insight is that although a pointer to a concrete type can satisfy
-an interface, with one exception <em>a pointer to an interface can never satisfy an interface</em>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Consider the variable declaration,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var w io.Writer
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The printing function <code>fmt.Fprintf</code> takes as its first argument
-a value that satisfies <code>io.Writer</code>—something that implements
-the canonical <code>Write</code> method. Thus we can write
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, world\n")
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If however we pass the address of <code>w</code>, the program will not compile.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-fmt.Fprintf(&w, "hello, world\n") // Compile-time error.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The one exception is that any value, even a pointer to an interface, can be assigned to
-a variable of empty interface type (<code>interface{}</code>).
-Even so, it's almost certainly a mistake if the value is a pointer to an interface;
-the result can be confusing.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="methods_on_values_or_pointers">
-Should I define methods on values or pointers?</h3>
-
-<pre>
-func (s *MyStruct) pointerMethod() { } // method on pointer
-func (s MyStruct) valueMethod() { } // method on value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For programmers unaccustomed to pointers, the distinction between these
-two examples can be confusing, but the situation is actually very simple.
-When defining a method on a type, the receiver (<code>s</code> in the above
-examples) behaves exactly as if it were an argument to the method.
-Whether to define the receiver as a value or as a pointer is the same
-question, then, as whether a function argument should be a value or
-a pointer.
-There are several considerations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-First, and most important, does the method need to modify the
-receiver?
-If it does, the receiver <em>must</em> be a pointer.
-(Slices and maps act as references, so their story is a little
-more subtle, but for instance to change the length of a slice
-in a method the receiver must still be a pointer.)
-In the examples above, if <code>pointerMethod</code> modifies
-the fields of <code>s</code>,
-the caller will see those changes, but <code>valueMethod</code>
-is called with a copy of the caller's argument (that's the definition
-of passing a value), so changes it makes will be invisible to the caller.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-By the way, in Java method receivers are always pointers,
-although their pointer nature is somewhat disguised
-(and there is a proposal to add value receivers to the language).
-It is the value receivers in Go that are unusual.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Second is the consideration of efficiency. If the receiver is large,
-a big <code>struct</code> for instance, it will be much cheaper to
-use a pointer receiver.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Next is consistency. If some of the methods of the type must have
-pointer receivers, the rest should too, so the method set is
-consistent regardless of how the type is used.
-See the section on <a href="#different_method_sets">method sets</a>
-for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For types such as basic types, slices, and small <code>structs</code>,
-a value receiver is very cheap so unless the semantics of the method
-requires a pointer, a value receiver is efficient and clear.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="new_and_make">
-What's the difference between new and make?</h3>
-
-<p>
-In short: <code>new</code> allocates memory, while <code>make</code> initializes
-the slice, map, and channel types.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="/doc/effective_go.html#allocation_new">relevant section
-of Effective Go</a> for more details.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="q_int_sizes">
-What is the size of an <code>int</code> on a 64 bit machine?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The sizes of <code>int</code> and <code>uint</code> are implementation-specific
-but the same as each other on a given platform.
-For portability, code that relies on a particular
-size of value should use an explicitly sized type, like <code>int64</code>.
-On 32-bit machines the compilers use 32-bit integers by default,
-while on 64-bit machines integers have 64 bits.
-(Historically, this was not always true.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the other hand, floating-point scalars and complex
-types are always sized (there are no <code>float</code> or <code>complex</code> basic types),
-because programmers should be aware of precision when using floating-point numbers.
-The default type used for an (untyped) floating-point constant is <code>float64</code>.
-Thus <code>foo</code> <code>:=</code> <code>3.0</code> declares a variable <code>foo</code>
-of type <code>float64</code>.
-For a <code>float32</code> variable initialized by an (untyped) constant, the variable type
-must be specified explicitly in the variable declaration:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var foo float32 = 3.0
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Alternatively, the constant must be given a type with a conversion as in
-<code>foo := float32(3.0)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="stack_or_heap">
-How do I know whether a variable is allocated on the heap or the stack?</h3>
-
-<p>
-From a correctness standpoint, you don't need to know.
-Each variable in Go exists as long as there are references to it.
-The storage location chosen by the implementation is irrelevant to the
-semantics of the language.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The storage location does have an effect on writing efficient programs.
-When possible, the Go compilers will allocate variables that are
-local to a function in that function's stack frame. However, if the
-compiler cannot prove that the variable is not referenced after the
-function returns, then the compiler must allocate the variable on the
-garbage-collected heap to avoid dangling pointer errors.
-Also, if a local variable is very large, it might make more sense
-to store it on the heap rather than the stack.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the current compilers, if a variable has its address taken, that variable
-is a candidate for allocation on the heap. However, a basic <em>escape
-analysis</em> recognizes some cases when such variables will not
-live past the return from the function and can reside on the stack.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Why_does_my_Go_process_use_so_much_virtual_memory">
-Why does my Go process use so much virtual memory?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The Go memory allocator reserves a large region of virtual memory as an arena
-for allocations. This virtual memory is local to the specific Go process; the
-reservation does not deprive other processes of memory.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To find the amount of actual memory allocated to a Go process, use the Unix
-<code>top</code> command and consult the <code>RES</code> (Linux) or
-<code>RSIZE</code> (macOS) columns.
-<!-- TODO(adg): find out how this works on Windows -->
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Concurrency">Concurrency</h2>
-
-<h3 id="What_operations_are_atomic_What_about_mutexes">
-What operations are atomic? What about mutexes?</h3>
-
-<p>
-A description of the atomicity of operations in Go can be found in
-the <a href="/ref/mem">Go Memory Model</a> document.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Low-level synchronization and atomic primitives are available in the
-<a href="/pkg/sync">sync</a> and
-<a href="/pkg/sync/atomic">sync/atomic</a>
-packages.
-These packages are good for simple tasks such as incrementing
-reference counts or guaranteeing small-scale mutual exclusion.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For higher-level operations, such as coordination among
-concurrent servers, higher-level techniques can lead
-to nicer programs, and Go supports this approach through
-its goroutines and channels.
-For instance, you can structure your program so that only one
-goroutine at a time is ever responsible for a particular piece of data.
-That approach is summarized by the original
-<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAAkCSZUG1c">Go proverb</a>,
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Do not communicate by sharing memory. Instead, share memory by communicating.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the <a href="/doc/codewalk/sharemem/">Share Memory By Communicating</a> code walk
-and its <a href="https://blog.golang.org/2010/07/share-memory-by-communicating.html">
-associated article</a> for a detailed discussion of this concept.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Large concurrent programs are likely to borrow from both these toolkits.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="parallel_slow">
-Why doesn't my program run faster with more CPUs?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Whether a program runs faster with more CPUs depends on the problem
-it is solving.
-The Go language provides concurrency primitives, such as goroutines
-and channels, but concurrency only enables parallelism
-when the underlying problem is intrinsically parallel.
-Problems that are intrinsically sequential cannot be sped up by adding
-more CPUs, while those that can be broken into pieces that can
-execute in parallel can be sped up, sometimes dramatically.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Sometimes adding more CPUs can slow a program down.
-In practical terms, programs that spend more time
-synchronizing or communicating than doing useful computation
-may experience performance degradation when using
-multiple OS threads.
-This is because passing data between threads involves switching
-contexts, which has significant cost, and that cost can increase
-with more CPUs.
-For instance, the <a href="/ref/spec#An_example_package">prime sieve example</a>
-from the Go specification has no significant parallelism although it launches many
-goroutines; increasing the number of threads (CPUs) is more likely to slow it down than
-to speed it up.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more detail on this topic see the talk entitled
-<a href="//blog.golang.org/2013/01/concurrency-is-not-parallelism.html">Concurrency
-is not Parallelism</a>.
-
-<h3 id="number_cpus">
-How can I control the number of CPUs?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The number of CPUs available simultaneously to executing goroutines is
-controlled by the <code>GOMAXPROCS</code> shell environment variable,
-whose default value is the number of CPU cores available.
-Programs with the potential for parallel execution should therefore
-achieve it by default on a multiple-CPU machine.
-To change the number of parallel CPUs to use,
-set the environment variable or use the similarly-named
-<a href="/pkg/runtime/#GOMAXPROCS">function</a>
-of the runtime package to configure the
-run-time support to utilize a different number of threads.
-Setting it to 1 eliminates the possibility of true parallelism,
-forcing independent goroutines to take turns executing.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The runtime can allocate more threads than the value
-of <code>GOMAXPROCS</code> to service multiple outstanding
-I/O requests.
-<code>GOMAXPROCS</code> only affects how many goroutines
-can actually execute at once; arbitrarily more may be blocked
-in system calls.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go's goroutine scheduler is not as good as it needs to be, although it
-has improved over time.
-In the future, it may better optimize its use of OS threads.
-For now, if there are performance issues,
-setting <code>GOMAXPROCS</code> on a per-application basis may help.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="no_goroutine_id">
-Why is there no goroutine ID?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Goroutines do not have names; they are just anonymous workers.
-They expose no unique identifier, name, or data structure to the programmer.
-Some people are surprised by this, expecting the <code>go</code>
-statement to return some item that can be used to access and control
-the goroutine later.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The fundamental reason goroutines are anonymous is so that
-the full Go language is available when programming concurrent code.
-By contrast, the usage patterns that develop when threads and goroutines are
-named can restrict what a library using them can do.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Here is an illustration of the difficulties.
-Once one names a goroutine and constructs a model around
-it, it becomes special, and one is tempted to associate all computation
-with that goroutine, ignoring the possibility
-of using multiple, possibly shared goroutines for the processing.
-If the <code>net/http</code> package associated per-request
-state with a goroutine,
-clients would be unable to use more goroutines
-when serving a request.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Moreover, experience with libraries such as those for graphics systems
-that require all processing to occur on the "main thread"
-has shown how awkward and limiting the approach can be when
-deployed in a concurrent language.
-The very existence of a special thread or goroutine forces
-the programmer to distort the program to avoid crashes
-and other problems caused by inadvertently operating
-on the wrong thread.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For those cases where a particular goroutine is truly special,
-the language provides features such as channels that can be
-used in flexible ways to interact with it.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Functions_methods">Functions and Methods</h2>
-
-<h3 id="different_method_sets">
-Why do T and *T have different method sets?</h3>
-
-<p>
-As the <a href="/ref/spec#Types">Go specification</a> says,
-the method set of a type <code>T</code> consists of all methods
-with receiver type <code>T</code>,
-while that of the corresponding pointer
-type <code>*T</code> consists of all methods with receiver <code>*T</code> or
-<code>T</code>.
-That means the method set of <code>*T</code>
-includes that of <code>T</code>,
-but not the reverse.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This distinction arises because
-if an interface value contains a pointer <code>*T</code>,
-a method call can obtain a value by dereferencing the pointer,
-but if an interface value contains a value <code>T</code>,
-there is no safe way for a method call to obtain a pointer.
-(Doing so would allow a method to modify the contents of
-the value inside the interface, which is not permitted by
-the language specification.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Even in cases where the compiler could take the address of a value
-to pass to the method, if the method modifies the value the changes
-will be lost in the caller.
-As an example, if the <code>Write</code> method of
-<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer"><code>bytes.Buffer</code></a>
-used a value receiver rather than a pointer,
-this code:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var buf bytes.Buffer
-io.Copy(buf, os.Stdin)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-would copy standard input into a <i>copy</i> of <code>buf</code>,
-not into <code>buf</code> itself.
-This is almost never the desired behavior.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="closures_and_goroutines">
-What happens with closures running as goroutines?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Some confusion may arise when using closures with concurrency.
-Consider the following program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func main() {
- done := make(chan bool)
-
- values := []string{"a", "b", "c"}
- for _, v := range values {
- go func() {
- fmt.Println(v)
- done <- true
- }()
- }
-
- // wait for all goroutines to complete before exiting
- for _ = range values {
- <-done
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-One might mistakenly expect to see <code>a, b, c</code> as the output.
-What you'll probably see instead is <code>c, c, c</code>. This is because
-each iteration of the loop uses the same instance of the variable <code>v</code>, so
-each closure shares that single variable. When the closure runs, it prints the
-value of <code>v</code> at the time <code>fmt.Println</code> is executed,
-but <code>v</code> may have been modified since the goroutine was launched.
-To help detect this and other problems before they happen, run
-<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_go_tool_vet_on_packages"><code>go vet</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To bind the current value of <code>v</code> to each closure as it is launched, one
-must modify the inner loop to create a new variable each iteration.
-One way is to pass the variable as an argument to the closure:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- for _, v := range values {
- go func(<b>u</b> string) {
- fmt.Println(<b>u</b>)
- done <- true
- }(<b>v</b>)
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In this example, the value of <code>v</code> is passed as an argument to the
-anonymous function. That value is then accessible inside the function as
-the variable <code>u</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Even easier is just to create a new variable, using a declaration style that may
-seem odd but works fine in Go:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- for _, v := range values {
- <b>v := v</b> // create a new 'v'.
- go func() {
- fmt.Println(<b>v</b>)
- done <- true
- }()
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This behavior of the language, not defining a new variable for
-each iteration, may have been a mistake in retrospect.
-It may be addressed in a later version but, for compatibility,
-cannot change in Go version 1.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Control_flow">Control flow</h2>
-
-<h3 id="Does_Go_have_a_ternary_form">
-Why does Go not have the <code>?:</code> operator?</h3>
-
-<p>
-There is no ternary testing operation in Go.
-You may use the following to achieve the same
-result:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if expr {
- n = trueVal
-} else {
- n = falseVal
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The reason <code>?:</code> is absent from Go is that the language's designers
-had seen the operation used too often to create impenetrably complex expressions.
-The <code>if-else</code> form, although longer,
-is unquestionably clearer.
-A language needs only one conditional control flow construct.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Packages_Testing">Packages and Testing</h2>
-
-<h3 id="How_do_I_create_a_multifile_package">
-How do I create a multifile package?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Put all the source files for the package in a directory by themselves.
-Source files can refer to items from different files at will; there is
-no need for forward declarations or a header file.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Other than being split into multiple files, the package will compile and test
-just like a single-file package.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="How_do_I_write_a_unit_test">
-How do I write a unit test?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Create a new file ending in <code>_test.go</code> in the same directory
-as your package sources. Inside that file, <code>import "testing"</code>
-and write functions of the form
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func TestFoo(t *testing.T) {
- ...
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Run <code>go test</code> in that directory.
-That script finds the <code>Test</code> functions,
-builds a test binary, and runs it.
-</p>
-
-<p>See the <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document,
-the <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package
-and the <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go test</code></a> subcommand for more details.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="testing_framework">
-Where is my favorite helper function for testing?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Go's standard <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package makes it easy to write unit tests, but it lacks
-features provided in other language's testing frameworks such as assertion functions.
-An <a href="#assertions">earlier section</a> of this document explained why Go
-doesn't have assertions, and
-the same arguments apply to the use of <code>assert</code> in tests.
-Proper error handling means letting other tests run after one has failed, so
-that the person debugging the failure gets a complete picture of what is
-wrong. It is more useful for a test to report that
-<code>isPrime</code> gives the wrong answer for 2, 3, 5, and 7 (or for
-2, 4, 8, and 16) than to report that <code>isPrime</code> gives the wrong
-answer for 2 and therefore no more tests were run. The programmer who
-triggers the test failure may not be familiar with the code that fails.
-Time invested writing a good error message now pays off later when the
-test breaks.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A related point is that testing frameworks tend to develop into mini-languages
-of their own, with conditionals and controls and printing mechanisms,
-but Go already has all those capabilities; why recreate them?
-We'd rather write tests in Go; it's one fewer language to learn and the
-approach keeps the tests straightforward and easy to understand.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the amount of extra code required to write
-good errors seems repetitive and overwhelming, the test might work better if
-table-driven, iterating over a list of inputs and outputs defined
-in a data structure (Go has excellent support for data structure literals).
-The work to write a good test and good error messages will then be amortized over many
-test cases. The standard Go library is full of illustrative examples, such as in
-<a href="/src/fmt/fmt_test.go">the formatting tests for the <code>fmt</code> package</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="x_in_std">
-Why isn't <i>X</i> in the standard library?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The standard library's purpose is to support the runtime, connect to
-the operating system, and provide key functionality that many Go
-programs require, such as formatted I/O and networking.
-It also contains elements important for web programming, including
-cryptography and support for standards like HTTP, JSON, and XML.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is no clear criterion that defines what is included because for
-a long time, this was the <i>only</i> Go library.
-There are criteria that define what gets added today, however.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-New additions to the standard library are rare and the bar for
-inclusion is high.
-Code included in the standard library bears a large ongoing maintenance cost
-(often borne by those other than the original author),
-is subject to the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">Go 1 compatibility promise</a>
-(blocking fixes to any flaws in the API),
-and is subject to the Go
-<a href="https://golang.org/s/releasesched">release schedule</a>,
-preventing bug fixes from being available to users quickly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most new code should live outside of the standard library and be accessible
-via the <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code> tool</a>'s
-<code>go get</code> command.
-Such code can have its own maintainers, release cycle,
-and compatibility guarantees.
-Users can find packages and read their documentation at
-<a href="https://godoc.org/">godoc.org</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Although there are pieces in the standard library that don't really belong,
-such as <code>log/syslog</code>, we continue to maintain everything in the
-library because of the Go 1 compatibility promise.
-But we encourage most new code to live elsewhere.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>
-
-<h3 id="What_compiler_technology_is_used_to_build_the_compilers">
-What compiler technology is used to build the compilers?</h3>
-
-<p>
-There are several production compilers for Go, and a number of others
-in development for various platforms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The default compiler, <code>gc</code>, is included with the
-Go distribution as part of the support for the <code>go</code>
-command.
-<code>Gc</code> was originally written in C
-because of the difficulties of bootstrapping—you'd need a Go compiler to
-set up a Go environment.
-But things have advanced and since the Go 1.5 release the compiler has been
-a Go program.
-The compiler was converted from C to Go using automatic translation tools, as
-described in this <a href="/s/go13compiler">design document</a>
-and <a href="https://talks.golang.org/2015/gogo.slide#1">talk</a>.
-Thus the compiler is now "self-hosting", which means we needed to face
-the bootstrapping problem.
-The solution is to have a working Go installation already in place,
-just as one normally has with a working C installation.
-The story of how to bring up a new Go environment from source
-is described <a href="/s/go15bootstrap">here</a> and
-<a href="/doc/install/source">here</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>Gc</code> is written in Go with a recursive descent parser
-and uses a custom loader, also written in Go but
-based on the Plan 9 loader, to generate ELF/Mach-O/PE binaries.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At the beginning of the project we considered using LLVM for
-<code>gc</code> but decided it was too large and slow to meet
-our performance goals.
-More important in retrospect, starting with LLVM would have made it
-harder to introduce some of the ABI and related changes, such as
-stack management, that Go requires but not are not part of the
-standard C setup.
-A new <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/gollvm/">LLVM implementation</a>
-is starting to come together now, however.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>Gccgo</code> compiler is a front end written in C++
-with a recursive descent parser coupled to the
-standard GCC back end.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go turned out to be a fine language in which to implement a Go compiler,
-although that was not its original goal.
-Not being self-hosting from the beginning allowed Go's design to
-concentrate on its original use case, which was networked servers.
-Had we decided Go should compile itself early on, we might have
-ended up with a language targeted more for compiler construction,
-which is a worthy goal but not the one we had initially.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Although <code>gc</code> does not use them (yet?), a native lexer and
-parser are available in the <a href="/pkg/go/"><code>go</code></a> package
-and there is also a native <a href="/pkg/go/types">type checker</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="How_is_the_run_time_support_implemented">
-How is the run-time support implemented?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Again due to bootstrapping issues, the run-time code was originally written mostly in C (with a
-tiny bit of assembler) but it has since been translated to Go
-(except for some assembler bits).
-<code>Gccgo</code>'s run-time support uses <code>glibc</code>.
-The <code>gccgo</code> compiler implements goroutines using
-a technique called segmented stacks,
-supported by recent modifications to the gold linker.
-<code>Gollvm</code> similarly is built on the corresponding
-LLVM infrastructure.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Why_is_my_trivial_program_such_a_large_binary">
-Why is my trivial program such a large binary?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The linker in the <code>gc</code> toolchain
-creates statically-linked binaries by default.
-All Go binaries therefore include the Go
-runtime, along with the run-time type information necessary to support dynamic
-type checks, reflection, and even panic-time stack traces.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A simple C "hello, world" program compiled and linked statically using
-gcc on Linux is around 750 kB, including an implementation of
-<code>printf</code>.
-An equivalent Go program using
-<code>fmt.Printf</code> weighs a couple of megabytes, but that includes
-more powerful run-time support and type and debugging information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A Go program compiled with <code>gc</code> can be linked with
-the <code>-ldflags=-w</code> flag to disable DWARF generation,
-removing debugging information from the binary but with no
-other loss of functionality.
-This can reduce the binary size substantially.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="unused_variables_and_imports">
-Can I stop these complaints about my unused variable/import?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The presence of an unused variable may indicate a bug, while
-unused imports just slow down compilation,
-an effect that can become substantial as a program accumulates
-code and programmers over time.
-For these reasons, Go refuses to compile programs with unused
-variables or imports,
-trading short-term convenience for long-term build speed and
-program clarity.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Still, when developing code, it's common to create these situations
-temporarily and it can be annoying to have to edit them out before the
-program will compile.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some have asked for a compiler option to turn those checks off
-or at least reduce them to warnings.
-Such an option has not been added, though,
-because compiler options should not affect the semantics of the
-language and because the Go compiler does not report warnings, only
-errors that prevent compilation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are two reasons for having no warnings. First, if it's worth
-complaining about, it's worth fixing in the code. (And if it's not
-worth fixing, it's not worth mentioning.) Second, having the compiler
-generate warnings encourages the implementation to warn about weak
-cases that can make compilation noisy, masking real errors that
-<em>should</em> be fixed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It's easy to address the situation, though. Use the blank identifier
-to let unused things persist while you're developing.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import "unused"
-
-// This declaration marks the import as used by referencing an
-// item from the package.
-var _ = unused.Item // TODO: Delete before committing!
-
-func main() {
- debugData := debug.Profile()
- _ = debugData // Used only during debugging.
- ....
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Nowadays, most Go programmers use a tool,
-<a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports">goimports</a>,
-which automatically rewrites a Go source file to have the correct imports,
-eliminating the unused imports issue in practice.
-This program is easily connected to most editors to run automatically when a Go source file is written.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="virus">
-Why does my virus-scanning software think my Go distribution or compiled binary is infected?</h3>
-
-<p>
-This is a common occurrence, especially on Windows machines, and is almost always a false positive.
-Commercial virus scanning programs are often confused by the structure of Go binaries, which
-they don't see as often as those compiled from other languages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you've just installed the Go distribution and the system reports it is infected, that's certainly a mistake.
-To be really thorough, you can verify the download by comparing the checksum with those on the
-<a href="https://golang.org/dl/">downloads page</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In any case, if you believe the report is in error, please report a bug to the supplier of your virus scanner.
-Maybe in time virus scanners can learn to understand Go programs.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>
-
-<h3 id="Why_does_Go_perform_badly_on_benchmark_x">
-Why does Go perform badly on benchmark X?</h3>
-
-<p>
-One of Go's design goals is to approach the performance of C for comparable
-programs, yet on some benchmarks it does quite poorly, including several
-in <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/exp/+/master/shootout/">golang.org/x/exp/shootout</a>.
-The slowest depend on libraries for which versions of comparable performance
-are not available in Go.
-For instance, <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/exp/+/master/shootout/pidigits.go">pidigits.go</a>
-depends on a multi-precision math package, and the C
-versions, unlike Go's, use <a href="https://gmplib.org/">GMP</a> (which is
-written in optimized assembler).
-Benchmarks that depend on regular expressions
-(<a href="https://go.googlesource.com/exp/+/master/shootout/regex-dna.go">regex-dna.go</a>,
-for instance) are essentially comparing Go's native <a href="/pkg/regexp">regexp package</a> to
-mature, highly optimized regular expression libraries like PCRE.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Benchmark games are won by extensive tuning and the Go versions of most
-of the benchmarks need attention. If you measure comparable C
-and Go programs
-(<a href="https://go.googlesource.com/exp/+/master/shootout/reverse-complement.go">reverse-complement.go</a>
-is one example), you'll see the two languages are much closer in raw performance
-than this suite would indicate.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Still, there is room for improvement. The compilers are good but could be
-better, many libraries need major performance work, and the garbage collector
-isn't fast enough yet. (Even if it were, taking care not to generate unnecessary
-garbage can have a huge effect.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In any case, Go can often be very competitive.
-There has been significant improvement in the performance of many programs
-as the language and tools have developed.
-See the blog post about
-<a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
-Go programs</a> for an informative example.
-
-<h2 id="change_from_c">Changes from C</h2>
-
-<h3 id="different_syntax">
-Why is the syntax so different from C?</h3>
-<p>
-Other than declaration syntax, the differences are not major and stem
-from two desires. First, the syntax should feel light, without too
-many mandatory keywords, repetition, or arcana. Second, the language
-has been designed to be easy to analyze
-and can be parsed without a symbol table. This makes it much easier
-to build tools such as debuggers, dependency analyzers, automated
-documentation extractors, IDE plug-ins, and so on. C and its
-descendants are notoriously difficult in this regard.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="declarations_backwards">
-Why are declarations backwards?</h3>
-<p>
-They're only backwards if you're used to C. In C, the notion is that a
-variable is declared like an expression denoting its type, which is a
-nice idea, but the type and expression grammars don't mix very well and
-the results can be confusing; consider function pointers. Go mostly
-separates expression and type syntax and that simplifies things (using
-prefix <code>*</code> for pointers is an exception that proves the rule). In C,
-the declaration
-</p>
-<pre>
- int* a, b;
-</pre>
-<p>
-declares <code>a</code> to be a pointer but not <code>b</code>; in Go
-</p>
-<pre>
- var a, b *int
-</pre>
-<p>
-declares both to be pointers. This is clearer and more regular.
-Also, the <code>:=</code> short declaration form argues that a full variable
-declaration should present the same order as <code>:=</code> so
-</p>
-<pre>
- var a uint64 = 1
-</pre>
-<p>
-has the same effect as
-</p>
-<pre>
- a := uint64(1)
-</pre>
-<p>
-Parsing is also simplified by having a distinct grammar for types that
-is not just the expression grammar; keywords such as <code>func</code>
-and <code>chan</code> keep things clear.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the article about
-<a href="/doc/articles/gos_declaration_syntax.html">Go's Declaration Syntax</a>
-for more details.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="no_pointer_arithmetic">
-Why is there no pointer arithmetic?</h3>
-<p>
-Safety. Without pointer arithmetic it's possible to create a
-language that can never derive an illegal address that succeeds
-incorrectly. Compiler and hardware technology have advanced to the
-point where a loop using array indices can be as efficient as a loop
-using pointer arithmetic. Also, the lack of pointer arithmetic can
-simplify the implementation of the garbage collector.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="inc_dec">
-Why are <code>++</code> and <code>--</code> statements and not expressions? And why postfix, not prefix?</h3>
-<p>
-Without pointer arithmetic, the convenience value of pre- and postfix
-increment operators drops. By removing them from the expression
-hierarchy altogether, expression syntax is simplified and the messy
-issues around order of evaluation of <code>++</code> and <code>--</code>
-(consider <code>f(i++)</code> and <code>p[i] = q[++i]</code>)
-are eliminated as well. The simplification is
-significant. As for postfix vs. prefix, either would work fine but
-the postfix version is more traditional; insistence on prefix arose
-with the STL, a library for a language whose name contains, ironically, a
-postfix increment.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="semicolons">
-Why are there braces but no semicolons? And why can't I put the opening
-brace on the next line?</h3>
-<p>
-Go uses brace brackets for statement grouping, a syntax familiar to
-programmers who have worked with any language in the C family.
-Semicolons, however, are for parsers, not for people, and we wanted to
-eliminate them as much as possible. To achieve this goal, Go borrows
-a trick from BCPL: the semicolons that separate statements are in the
-formal grammar but are injected automatically, without lookahead, by
-the lexer at the end of any line that could be the end of a statement.
-This works very well in practice but has the effect that it forces a
-brace style. For instance, the opening brace of a function cannot
-appear on a line by itself.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some have argued that the lexer should do lookahead to permit the
-brace to live on the next line. We disagree. Since Go code is meant
-to be formatted automatically by
-<a href="/cmd/gofmt/"><code>gofmt</code></a>,
-<i>some</i> style must be chosen. That style may differ from what
-you've used in C or Java, but Go is a different language and
-<code>gofmt</code>'s style is as good as any other. More
-important—much more important—the advantages of a single,
-programmatically mandated format for all Go programs greatly outweigh
-any perceived disadvantages of the particular style.
-Note too that Go's style means that an interactive implementation of
-Go can use the standard syntax one line at a time without special rules.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="garbage_collection">
-Why do garbage collection? Won't it be too expensive?</h3>
-<p>
-One of the biggest sources of bookkeeping in systems programs is
-managing the lifetimes of allocated objects.
-In languages such as C in which it is done manually,
-it can consume a significant amount of programmer time and is
-often the cause of pernicious bugs.
-Even in languages like C++ or Rust that provide mechanisms
-to assist, those mechanisms can have a significant effect on the
-design of the software, often adding programming overhead
-of its own.
-We felt it was critical to eliminate such
-programmer overheads, and advances in garbage collection
-technology in the last few years gave us confidence that it
-could be implemented cheaply enough, and with low enough
-latency, that it could be a viable approach for networked
-systems.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Much of the difficulty of concurrent programming
-has its roots in the object lifetime problem:
-as objects get passed among threads it becomes cumbersome
-to guarantee they become freed safely.
-Automatic garbage collection makes concurrent code far easier to write.
-Of course, implementing garbage collection in a concurrent environment is
-itself a challenge, but meeting it once rather than in every
-program helps everyone.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finally, concurrency aside, garbage collection makes interfaces
-simpler because they don't need to specify how memory is managed across them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This is not to say that the recent work in languages
-like Rust that bring new ideas to the problem of managing
-resources is misguided; we encourage this work and are excited to see
-how it evolves.
-But Go takes a more traditional approach by addressing
-object lifetimes through
-garbage collection, and garbage collection alone.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The current implementation is a mark-and-sweep collector.
-If the machine is a multiprocessor, the collector runs on a separate CPU
-core in parallel with the main program.
-Major work on the collector in recent years has reduced pause times
-often to the sub-millisecond range, even for large heaps,
-all but eliminating one of the major objections to garbage collection
-in networked servers.
-Work continues to refine the algorithm, reduce overhead and
-latency further, and to explore new approaches.
-The 2018
-<a href="https://blog.golang.org/ismmkeynote">ISMM keynote</a>
-by Rick Hudson of the Go team
-describes the progress so far and suggests some future approaches.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the topic of performance, keep in mind that Go gives the programmer
-considerable control over memory layout and allocation, much more than
-is typical in garbage-collected languages. A careful programmer can reduce
-the garbage collection overhead dramatically by using the language well;
-see the article about
-<a href="//blog.golang.org/2011/06/profiling-go-programs.html">profiling
-Go programs</a> for a worked example, including a demonstration of Go's
-profiling tools.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/go_mem.html b/content/doc/go_mem.html
deleted file mode 100644
index d355beb..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go_mem.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,570 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "The Go Memory Model",
- "Subtitle": "Version of May 31, 2014",
- "Path": "/ref/mem"
-}-->
-
-<style>
-p.rule {
- font-style: italic;
-}
-span.event {
- font-style: italic;
-}
-</style>
-
-<h2>Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Go memory model specifies the conditions under which
-reads of a variable in one goroutine can be guaranteed to
-observe values produced by writes to the same variable in a different goroutine.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2>Advice</h2>
-
-<p>
-Programs that modify data being simultaneously accessed by multiple goroutines
-must serialize such access.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To serialize access, protect the data with channel operations or other synchronization primitives
-such as those in the <a href="/pkg/sync/"><code>sync</code></a>
-and <a href="/pkg/sync/atomic/"><code>sync/atomic</code></a> packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you must read the rest of this document to understand the behavior of your program,
-you are being too clever.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Don't be clever.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Happens Before</h2>
-
-<p>
-Within a single goroutine, reads and writes must behave
-as if they executed in the order specified by the program.
-That is, compilers and processors may reorder the reads and writes
-executed within a single goroutine only when the reordering
-does not change the behavior within that goroutine
-as defined by the language specification.
-Because of this reordering, the execution order observed
-by one goroutine may differ from the order perceived
-by another. For example, if one goroutine
-executes <code>a = 1; b = 2;</code>, another might observe
-the updated value of <code>b</code> before the updated value of <code>a</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To specify the requirements of reads and writes, we define
-<i>happens before</i>, a partial order on the execution
-of memory operations in a Go program. If event <span class="event">e<sub>1</sub></span> happens
-before event <span class="event">e<sub>2</sub></span>, then we say that <span class="event">e<sub>2</sub></span> happens after <span class="event">e<sub>1</sub></span>.
-Also, if <span class="event">e<sub>1</sub></span> does not happen before <span class="event">e<sub>2</sub></span> and does not happen
-after <span class="event">e<sub>2</sub></span>, then we say that <span class="event">e<sub>1</sub></span> and <span class="event">e<sub>2</sub></span> happen concurrently.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-Within a single goroutine, the happens-before order is the
-order expressed by the program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A read <span class="event">r</span> of a variable <code>v</code> is <i>allowed</i> to observe a write <span class="event">w</span> to <code>v</code>
-if both of the following hold:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li><span class="event">r</span> does not happen before <span class="event">w</span>.</li>
-<li>There is no other write <span class="event">w'</span> to <code>v</code> that happens
- after <span class="event">w</span> but before <span class="event">r</span>.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-To guarantee that a read <span class="event">r</span> of a variable <code>v</code> observes a
-particular write <span class="event">w</span> to <code>v</code>, ensure that <span class="event">w</span> is the only
-write <span class="event">r</span> is allowed to observe.
-That is, <span class="event">r</span> is <i>guaranteed</i> to observe <span class="event">w</span> if both of the following hold:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li><span class="event">w</span> happens before <span class="event">r</span>.</li>
-<li>Any other write to the shared variable <code>v</code>
-either happens before <span class="event">w</span> or after <span class="event">r</span>.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-This pair of conditions is stronger than the first pair;
-it requires that there are no other writes happening
-concurrently with <span class="event">w</span> or <span class="event">r</span>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Within a single goroutine,
-there is no concurrency, so the two definitions are equivalent:
-a read <span class="event">r</span> observes the value written by the most recent write <span class="event">w</span> to <code>v</code>.
-When multiple goroutines access a shared variable <code>v</code>,
-they must use synchronization events to establish
-happens-before conditions that ensure reads observe the
-desired writes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The initialization of variable <code>v</code> with the zero value
-for <code>v</code>'s type behaves as a write in the memory model.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Reads and writes of values larger than a single machine word
-behave as multiple machine-word-sized operations in an
-unspecified order.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Synchronization</h2>
-
-<h3>Initialization</h3>
-
-<p>
-Program initialization runs in a single goroutine,
-but that goroutine may create other goroutines,
-which run concurrently.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-If a package <code>p</code> imports package <code>q</code>, the completion of
-<code>q</code>'s <code>init</code> functions happens before the start of any of <code>p</code>'s.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-The start of the function <code>main.main</code> happens after
-all <code>init</code> functions have finished.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Goroutine creation</h3>
-
-<p class="rule">
-The <code>go</code> statement that starts a new goroutine
-happens before the goroutine's execution begins.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, in this program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a string
-
-func f() {
- print(a)
-}
-
-func hello() {
- a = "hello, world"
- go f()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-calling <code>hello</code> will print <code>"hello, world"</code>
-at some point in the future (perhaps after <code>hello</code> has returned).
-</p>
-
-<h3>Goroutine destruction</h3>
-
-<p>
-The exit of a goroutine is not guaranteed to happen before
-any event in the program. For example, in this program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a string
-
-func hello() {
- go func() { a = "hello" }()
- print(a)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the assignment to <code>a</code> is not followed by
-any synchronization event, so it is not guaranteed to be
-observed by any other goroutine.
-In fact, an aggressive compiler might delete the entire <code>go</code> statement.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the effects of a goroutine must be observed by another goroutine,
-use a synchronization mechanism such as a lock or channel
-communication to establish a relative ordering.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Channel communication</h3>
-
-<p>
-Channel communication is the main method of synchronization
-between goroutines. Each send on a particular channel
-is matched to a corresponding receive from that channel,
-usually in a different goroutine.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-A send on a channel happens before the corresponding
-receive from that channel completes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var c = make(chan int, 10)
-var a string
-
-func f() {
- a = "hello, world"
- c <- 0
-}
-
-func main() {
- go f()
- <-c
- print(a)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-is guaranteed to print <code>"hello, world"</code>. The write to <code>a</code>
-happens before the send on <code>c</code>, which happens before
-the corresponding receive on <code>c</code> completes, which happens before
-the <code>print</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-The closing of a channel happens before a receive that returns a zero value
-because the channel is closed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the previous example, replacing
-<code>c <- 0</code> with <code>close(c)</code>
-yields a program with the same guaranteed behavior.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-A receive from an unbuffered channel happens before
-the send on that channel completes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This program (as above, but with the send and receive statements swapped and
-using an unbuffered channel):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var c = make(chan int)
-var a string
-
-func f() {
- a = "hello, world"
- <-c
-}
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-func main() {
- go f()
- c <- 0
- print(a)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-is also guaranteed to print <code>"hello, world"</code>. The write to <code>a</code>
-happens before the receive on <code>c</code>, which happens before
-the corresponding send on <code>c</code> completes, which happens
-before the <code>print</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the channel were buffered (e.g., <code>c = make(chan int, 1)</code>)
-then the program would not be guaranteed to print
-<code>"hello, world"</code>. (It might print the empty string,
-crash, or do something else.)
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-The <i>k</i>th receive on a channel with capacity <i>C</i> happens before the <i>k</i>+<i>C</i>th send from that channel completes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This rule generalizes the previous rule to buffered channels.
-It allows a counting semaphore to be modeled by a buffered channel:
-the number of items in the channel corresponds to the number of active uses,
-the capacity of the channel corresponds to the maximum number of simultaneous uses,
-sending an item acquires the semaphore, and receiving an item releases
-the semaphore.
-This is a common idiom for limiting concurrency.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This program starts a goroutine for every entry in the work list, but the
-goroutines coordinate using the <code>limit</code> channel to ensure
-that at most three are running work functions at a time.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var limit = make(chan int, 3)
-
-func main() {
- for _, w := range work {
- go func(w func()) {
- limit <- 1
- w()
- <-limit
- }(w)
- }
- select{}
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3>Locks</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>sync</code> package implements two lock data types,
-<code>sync.Mutex</code> and <code>sync.RWMutex</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-For any <code>sync.Mutex</code> or <code>sync.RWMutex</code> variable <code>l</code> and <i>n</i> < <i>m</i>,
-call <i>n</i> of <code>l.Unlock()</code> happens before call <i>m</i> of <code>l.Lock()</code> returns.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var l sync.Mutex
-var a string
-
-func f() {
- a = "hello, world"
- l.Unlock()
-}
-
-func main() {
- l.Lock()
- go f()
- l.Lock()
- print(a)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-is guaranteed to print <code>"hello, world"</code>.
-The first call to <code>l.Unlock()</code> (in <code>f</code>) happens
-before the second call to <code>l.Lock()</code> (in <code>main</code>) returns,
-which happens before the <code>print</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-For any call to <code>l.RLock</code> on a <code>sync.RWMutex</code> variable <code>l</code>,
-there is an <i>n</i> such that the <code>l.RLock</code> happens (returns) after call <i>n</i> to
-<code>l.Unlock</code> and the matching <code>l.RUnlock</code> happens
-before call <i>n</i>+1 to <code>l.Lock</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Once</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <code>sync</code> package provides a safe mechanism for
-initialization in the presence of multiple goroutines
-through the use of the <code>Once</code> type.
-Multiple threads can execute <code>once.Do(f)</code> for a particular <code>f</code>,
-but only one will run <code>f()</code>, and the other calls block
-until <code>f()</code> has returned.
-</p>
-
-<p class="rule">
-A single call of <code>f()</code> from <code>once.Do(f)</code> happens (returns) before any call of <code>once.Do(f)</code> returns.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In this program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a string
-var once sync.Once
-
-func setup() {
- a = "hello, world"
-}
-
-func doprint() {
- once.Do(setup)
- print(a)
-}
-
-func twoprint() {
- go doprint()
- go doprint()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-calling <code>twoprint</code> will call <code>setup</code> exactly
-once.
-The <code>setup</code> function will complete before either call
-of <code>print</code>.
-The result will be that <code>"hello, world"</code> will be printed
-twice.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Incorrect synchronization</h2>
-
-<p>
-Note that a read <span class="event">r</span> may observe the value written by a write <span class="event">w</span>
-that happens concurrently with <span class="event">r</span>.
-Even if this occurs, it does not imply that reads happening after <span class="event">r</span>
-will observe writes that happened before <span class="event">w</span>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In this program:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a, b int
-
-func f() {
- a = 1
- b = 2
-}
-
-func g() {
- print(b)
- print(a)
-}
-
-func main() {
- go f()
- g()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-it can happen that <code>g</code> prints <code>2</code> and then <code>0</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This fact invalidates a few common idioms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Double-checked locking is an attempt to avoid the overhead of synchronization.
-For example, the <code>twoprint</code> program might be
-incorrectly written as:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a string
-var done bool
-
-func setup() {
- a = "hello, world"
- done = true
-}
-
-func doprint() {
- if !done {
- once.Do(setup)
- }
- print(a)
-}
-
-func twoprint() {
- go doprint()
- go doprint()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-but there is no guarantee that, in <code>doprint</code>, observing the write to <code>done</code>
-implies observing the write to <code>a</code>. This
-version can (incorrectly) print an empty string
-instead of <code>"hello, world"</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another incorrect idiom is busy waiting for a value, as in:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a string
-var done bool
-
-func setup() {
- a = "hello, world"
- done = true
-}
-
-func main() {
- go setup()
- for !done {
- }
- print(a)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-As before, there is no guarantee that, in <code>main</code>,
-observing the write to <code>done</code>
-implies observing the write to <code>a</code>, so this program could
-print an empty string too.
-Worse, there is no guarantee that the write to <code>done</code> will ever
-be observed by <code>main</code>, since there are no synchronization
-events between the two threads. The loop in <code>main</code> is not
-guaranteed to finish.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are subtler variants on this theme, such as this program.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct {
- msg string
-}
-
-var g *T
-
-func setup() {
- t := new(T)
- t.msg = "hello, world"
- g = t
-}
-
-func main() {
- go setup()
- for g == nil {
- }
- print(g.msg)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Even if <code>main</code> observes <code>g != nil</code> and exits its loop,
-there is no guarantee that it will observe the initialized
-value for <code>g.msg</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In all these examples, the solution is the same:
-use explicit synchronization.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/go_spec.html b/content/doc/go_spec.html
deleted file mode 100644
index dcc81ed..0000000
--- a/content/doc/go_spec.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6580 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "The Go Programming Language Specification",
- "Subtitle": "Version of November 16, 2018",
- "Path": "/ref/spec"
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-This is a reference manual for the Go programming language. For
-more information and other documents, see <a href="/">golang.org</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go is a general-purpose language designed with systems programming
-in mind. It is strongly typed and garbage-collected and has explicit
-support for concurrent programming. Programs are constructed from
-<i>packages</i>, whose properties allow efficient management of
-dependencies.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The grammar is compact and regular, allowing for easy analysis by
-automatic tools such as integrated development environments.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2>
-<p>
-The syntax is specified using Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF):
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-Production = production_name "=" [ Expression ] "." .
-Expression = Alternative { "|" Alternative } .
-Alternative = Term { Term } .
-Term = production_name | token [ "…" token ] | Group | Option | Repetition .
-Group = "(" Expression ")" .
-Option = "[" Expression "]" .
-Repetition = "{" Expression "}" .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Productions are expressions constructed from terms and the following
-operators, in increasing precedence:
-</p>
-<pre class="grammar">
-| alternation
-() grouping
-[] option (0 or 1 times)
-{} repetition (0 to n times)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Lower-case production names are used to identify lexical tokens.
-Non-terminals are in CamelCase. Lexical tokens are enclosed in
-double quotes <code>""</code> or back quotes <code>``</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The form <code>a … b</code> represents the set of characters from
-<code>a</code> through <code>b</code> as alternatives. The horizontal
-ellipsis <code>…</code> is also used elsewhere in the spec to informally denote various
-enumerations or code snippets that are not further specified. The character <code>…</code>
-(as opposed to the three characters <code>...</code>) is not a token of the Go
-language.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Source_code_representation">Source code representation</h2>
-
-<p>
-Source code is Unicode text encoded in
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8">UTF-8</a>. The text is not
-canonicalized, so a single accented code point is distinct from the
-same character constructed from combining an accent and a letter;
-those are treated as two code points. For simplicity, this document
-will use the unqualified term <i>character</i> to refer to a Unicode code point
-in the source text.
-</p>
-<p>
-Each code point is distinct; for instance, upper and lower case letters
-are different characters.
-</p>
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: For compatibility with other tools, a
-compiler may disallow the NUL character (U+0000) in the source text.
-</p>
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: For compatibility with other tools, a
-compiler may ignore a UTF-8-encoded byte order mark
-(U+FEFF) if it is the first Unicode code point in the source text.
-A byte order mark may be disallowed anywhere else in the source.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Characters">Characters</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following terms are used to denote specific Unicode character classes:
-</p>
-<pre class="ebnf">
-newline = /* the Unicode code point U+000A */ .
-unicode_char = /* an arbitrary Unicode code point except newline */ .
-unicode_letter = /* a Unicode code point classified as "Letter" */ .
-unicode_digit = /* a Unicode code point classified as "Number, decimal digit" */ .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In <a href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/">The Unicode Standard 8.0</a>,
-Section 4.5 "General Category" defines a set of character categories.
-Go treats all characters in any of the Letter categories Lu, Ll, Lt, Lm, or Lo
-as Unicode letters, and those in the Number category Nd as Unicode digits.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Letters_and_digits">Letters and digits</h3>
-
-<p>
-The underscore character <code>_</code> (U+005F) is considered a letter.
-</p>
-<pre class="ebnf">
-letter = unicode_letter | "_" .
-decimal_digit = "0" … "9" .
-octal_digit = "0" … "7" .
-hex_digit = "0" … "9" | "A" … "F" | "a" … "f" .
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Lexical_elements">Lexical elements</h2>
-
-<h3 id="Comments">Comments</h3>
-
-<p>
-Comments serve as program documentation. There are two forms:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-<i>Line comments</i> start with the character sequence <code>//</code>
-and stop at the end of the line.
-</li>
-<li>
-<i>General comments</i> start with the character sequence <code>/*</code>
-and stop with the first subsequent character sequence <code>*/</code>.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-A comment cannot start inside a <a href="#Rune_literals">rune</a> or
-<a href="#String_literals">string literal</a>, or inside a comment.
-A general comment containing no newlines acts like a space.
-Any other comment acts like a newline.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Tokens">Tokens</h3>
-
-<p>
-Tokens form the vocabulary of the Go language.
-There are four classes: <i>identifiers</i>, <i>keywords</i>, <i>operators
-and punctuation</i>, and <i>literals</i>. <i>White space</i>, formed from
-spaces (U+0020), horizontal tabs (U+0009),
-carriage returns (U+000D), and newlines (U+000A),
-is ignored except as it separates tokens
-that would otherwise combine into a single token. Also, a newline or end of file
-may trigger the insertion of a <a href="#Semicolons">semicolon</a>.
-While breaking the input into tokens,
-the next token is the longest sequence of characters that form a
-valid token.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Semicolons">Semicolons</h3>
-
-<p>
-The formal grammar uses semicolons <code>";"</code> as terminators in
-a number of productions. Go programs may omit most of these semicolons
-using the following two rules:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-When the input is broken into tokens, a semicolon is automatically inserted
-into the token stream immediately after a line's final token if that token is
-<ul>
- <li>an
- <a href="#Identifiers">identifier</a>
- </li>
-
- <li>an
- <a href="#Integer_literals">integer</a>,
- <a href="#Floating-point_literals">floating-point</a>,
- <a href="#Imaginary_literals">imaginary</a>,
- <a href="#Rune_literals">rune</a>, or
- <a href="#String_literals">string</a> literal
- </li>
-
- <li>one of the <a href="#Keywords">keywords</a>
- <code>break</code>,
- <code>continue</code>,
- <code>fallthrough</code>, or
- <code>return</code>
- </li>
-
- <li>one of the <a href="#Operators_and_punctuation">operators and punctuation</a>
- <code>++</code>,
- <code>--</code>,
- <code>)</code>,
- <code>]</code>, or
- <code>}</code>
- </li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-To allow complex statements to occupy a single line, a semicolon
-may be omitted before a closing <code>")"</code> or <code>"}"</code>.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-To reflect idiomatic use, code examples in this document elide semicolons
-using these rules.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Identifiers">Identifiers</h3>
-
-<p>
-Identifiers name program entities such as variables and types.
-An identifier is a sequence of one or more letters and digits.
-The first character in an identifier must be a letter.
-</p>
-<pre class="ebnf">
-identifier = letter { letter | unicode_digit } .
-</pre>
-<pre>
-a
-_x9
-ThisVariableIsExported
-αβ
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Some identifiers are <a href="#Predeclared_identifiers">predeclared</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Keywords">Keywords</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following keywords are reserved and may not be used as identifiers.
-</p>
-<pre class="grammar">
-break default func interface select
-case defer go map struct
-chan else goto package switch
-const fallthrough if range type
-continue for import return var
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Operators_and_punctuation">Operators and punctuation</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following character sequences represent <a href="#Operators">operators</a>
-(including <a href="#assign_op">assignment operators</a>) and punctuation:
-</p>
-<pre class="grammar">
-+ & += &= && == != ( )
-- | -= |= || < <= [ ]
-* ^ *= ^= <- > >= { }
-/ << /= <<= ++ = := , ;
-% >> %= >>= -- ! ... . :
- &^ &^=
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Integer_literals">Integer literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-An integer literal is a sequence of digits representing an
-<a href="#Constants">integer constant</a>.
-An optional prefix sets a non-decimal base: <code>0</code> for octal, <code>0x</code> or
-<code>0X</code> for hexadecimal. In hexadecimal literals, letters
-<code>a-f</code> and <code>A-F</code> represent values 10 through 15.
-</p>
-<pre class="ebnf">
-int_lit = decimal_lit | octal_lit | hex_lit .
-decimal_lit = ( "1" … "9" ) { decimal_digit } .
-octal_lit = "0" { octal_digit } .
-hex_lit = "0" ( "x" | "X" ) hex_digit { hex_digit } .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-42
-0600
-0xBadFace
-170141183460469231731687303715884105727
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Floating-point_literals">Floating-point literals</h3>
-<p>
-A floating-point literal is a decimal representation of a
-<a href="#Constants">floating-point constant</a>.
-It has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part,
-and an exponent part. The integer and fractional part comprise
-decimal digits; the exponent part is an <code>e</code> or <code>E</code>
-followed by an optionally signed decimal exponent. One of the
-integer part or the fractional part may be elided; one of the decimal
-point or the exponent may be elided.
-</p>
-<pre class="ebnf">
-float_lit = decimals "." [ decimals ] [ exponent ] |
- decimals exponent |
- "." decimals [ exponent ] .
-decimals = decimal_digit { decimal_digit } .
-exponent = ( "e" | "E" ) [ "+" | "-" ] decimals .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-0.
-72.40
-072.40 // == 72.40
-2.71828
-1.e+0
-6.67428e-11
-1E6
-.25
-.12345E+5
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Imaginary_literals">Imaginary literals</h3>
-<p>
-An imaginary literal is a decimal representation of the imaginary part of a
-<a href="#Constants">complex constant</a>.
-It consists of a
-<a href="#Floating-point_literals">floating-point literal</a>
-or decimal integer followed
-by the lower-case letter <code>i</code>.
-</p>
-<pre class="ebnf">
-imaginary_lit = (decimals | float_lit) "i" .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-0i
-011i // == 11i
-0.i
-2.71828i
-1.e+0i
-6.67428e-11i
-1E6i
-.25i
-.12345E+5i
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Rune_literals">Rune literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-A rune literal represents a <a href="#Constants">rune constant</a>,
-an integer value identifying a Unicode code point.
-A rune literal is expressed as one or more characters enclosed in single quotes,
-as in <code>'x'</code> or <code>'\n'</code>.
-Within the quotes, any character may appear except newline and unescaped single
-quote. A single quoted character represents the Unicode value
-of the character itself,
-while multi-character sequences beginning with a backslash encode
-values in various formats.
-</p>
-<p>
-The simplest form represents the single character within the quotes;
-since Go source text is Unicode characters encoded in UTF-8, multiple
-UTF-8-encoded bytes may represent a single integer value. For
-instance, the literal <code>'a'</code> holds a single byte representing
-a literal <code>a</code>, Unicode U+0061, value <code>0x61</code>, while
-<code>'ä'</code> holds two bytes (<code>0xc3</code> <code>0xa4</code>) representing
-a literal <code>a</code>-dieresis, U+00E4, value <code>0xe4</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-Several backslash escapes allow arbitrary values to be encoded as
-ASCII text. There are four ways to represent the integer value
-as a numeric constant: <code>\x</code> followed by exactly two hexadecimal
-digits; <code>\u</code> followed by exactly four hexadecimal digits;
-<code>\U</code> followed by exactly eight hexadecimal digits, and a
-plain backslash <code>\</code> followed by exactly three octal digits.
-In each case the value of the literal is the value represented by
-the digits in the corresponding base.
-</p>
-<p>
-Although these representations all result in an integer, they have
-different valid ranges. Octal escapes must represent a value between
-0 and 255 inclusive. Hexadecimal escapes satisfy this condition
-by construction. The escapes <code>\u</code> and <code>\U</code>
-represent Unicode code points so within them some values are illegal,
-in particular those above <code>0x10FFFF</code> and surrogate halves.
-</p>
-<p>
-After a backslash, certain single-character escapes represent special values:
-</p>
-<pre class="grammar">
-\a U+0007 alert or bell
-\b U+0008 backspace
-\f U+000C form feed
-\n U+000A line feed or newline
-\r U+000D carriage return
-\t U+0009 horizontal tab
-\v U+000b vertical tab
-\\ U+005c backslash
-\' U+0027 single quote (valid escape only within rune literals)
-\" U+0022 double quote (valid escape only within string literals)
-</pre>
-<p>
-All other sequences starting with a backslash are illegal inside rune literals.
-</p>
-<pre class="ebnf">
-rune_lit = "'" ( unicode_value | byte_value ) "'" .
-unicode_value = unicode_char | little_u_value | big_u_value | escaped_char .
-byte_value = octal_byte_value | hex_byte_value .
-octal_byte_value = `\` octal_digit octal_digit octal_digit .
-hex_byte_value = `\` "x" hex_digit hex_digit .
-little_u_value = `\` "u" hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit .
-big_u_value = `\` "U" hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit
- hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit .
-escaped_char = `\` ( "a" | "b" | "f" | "n" | "r" | "t" | "v" | `\` | "'" | `"` ) .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-'a'
-'ä'
-'本'
-'\t'
-'\000'
-'\007'
-'\377'
-'\x07'
-'\xff'
-'\u12e4'
-'\U00101234'
-'\'' // rune literal containing single quote character
-'aa' // illegal: too many characters
-'\xa' // illegal: too few hexadecimal digits
-'\0' // illegal: too few octal digits
-'\uDFFF' // illegal: surrogate half
-'\U00110000' // illegal: invalid Unicode code point
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="String_literals">String literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-A string literal represents a <a href="#Constants">string constant</a>
-obtained from concatenating a sequence of characters. There are two forms:
-raw string literals and interpreted string literals.
-</p>
-<p>
-Raw string literals are character sequences between back quotes, as in
-<code>`foo`</code>. Within the quotes, any character may appear except
-back quote. The value of a raw string literal is the
-string composed of the uninterpreted (implicitly UTF-8-encoded) characters
-between the quotes;
-in particular, backslashes have no special meaning and the string may
-contain newlines.
-Carriage return characters ('\r') inside raw string literals
-are discarded from the raw string value.
-</p>
-<p>
-Interpreted string literals are character sequences between double
-quotes, as in <code>"bar"</code>.
-Within the quotes, any character may appear except newline and unescaped double quote.
-The text between the quotes forms the
-value of the literal, with backslash escapes interpreted as they
-are in <a href="#Rune_literals">rune literals</a> (except that <code>\'</code> is illegal and
-<code>\"</code> is legal), with the same restrictions.
-The three-digit octal (<code>\</code><i>nnn</i>)
-and two-digit hexadecimal (<code>\x</code><i>nn</i>) escapes represent individual
-<i>bytes</i> of the resulting string; all other escapes represent
-the (possibly multi-byte) UTF-8 encoding of individual <i>characters</i>.
-Thus inside a string literal <code>\377</code> and <code>\xFF</code> represent
-a single byte of value <code>0xFF</code>=255, while <code>ÿ</code>,
-<code>\u00FF</code>, <code>\U000000FF</code> and <code>\xc3\xbf</code> represent
-the two bytes <code>0xc3</code> <code>0xbf</code> of the UTF-8 encoding of character
-U+00FF.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-string_lit = raw_string_lit | interpreted_string_lit .
-raw_string_lit = "`" { unicode_char | newline } "`" .
-interpreted_string_lit = `"` { unicode_value | byte_value } `"` .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-`abc` // same as "abc"
-`\n
-\n` // same as "\\n\n\\n"
-"\n"
-"\"" // same as `"`
-"Hello, world!\n"
-"日本語"
-"\u65e5本\U00008a9e"
-"\xff\u00FF"
-"\uD800" // illegal: surrogate half
-"\U00110000" // illegal: invalid Unicode code point
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-These examples all represent the same string:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-"日本語" // UTF-8 input text
-`日本語` // UTF-8 input text as a raw literal
-"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e" // the explicit Unicode code points
-"\U000065e5\U0000672c\U00008a9e" // the explicit Unicode code points
-"\xe6\x97\xa5\xe6\x9c\xac\xe8\xaa\x9e" // the explicit UTF-8 bytes
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the source code represents a character as two code points, such as
-a combining form involving an accent and a letter, the result will be
-an error if placed in a rune literal (it is not a single code
-point), and will appear as two code points if placed in a string
-literal.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Constants">Constants</h2>
-
-<p>There are <i>boolean constants</i>,
-<i>rune constants</i>,
-<i>integer constants</i>,
-<i>floating-point constants</i>, <i>complex constants</i>,
-and <i>string constants</i>. Rune, integer, floating-point,
-and complex constants are
-collectively called <i>numeric constants</i>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A constant value is represented by a
-<a href="#Rune_literals">rune</a>,
-<a href="#Integer_literals">integer</a>,
-<a href="#Floating-point_literals">floating-point</a>,
-<a href="#Imaginary_literals">imaginary</a>,
-or
-<a href="#String_literals">string</a> literal,
-an identifier denoting a constant,
-a <a href="#Constant_expressions">constant expression</a>,
-a <a href="#Conversions">conversion</a> with a result that is a constant, or
-the result value of some built-in functions such as
-<code>unsafe.Sizeof</code> applied to any value,
-<code>cap</code> or <code>len</code> applied to
-<a href="#Length_and_capacity">some expressions</a>,
-<code>real</code> and <code>imag</code> applied to a complex constant
-and <code>complex</code> applied to numeric constants.
-The boolean truth values are represented by the predeclared constants
-<code>true</code> and <code>false</code>. The predeclared identifier
-<a href="#Iota">iota</a> denotes an integer constant.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In general, complex constants are a form of
-<a href="#Constant_expressions">constant expression</a>
-and are discussed in that section.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Numeric constants represent exact values of arbitrary precision and do not overflow.
-Consequently, there are no constants denoting the IEEE-754 negative zero, infinity,
-and not-a-number values.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Constants may be <a href="#Types">typed</a> or <i>untyped</i>.
-Literal constants, <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>iota</code>,
-and certain <a href="#Constant_expressions">constant expressions</a>
-containing only untyped constant operands are untyped.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A constant may be given a type explicitly by a <a href="#Constant_declarations">constant declaration</a>
-or <a href="#Conversions">conversion</a>, or implicitly when used in a
-<a href="#Variable_declarations">variable declaration</a> or an
-<a href="#Assignments">assignment</a> or as an
-operand in an <a href="#Expressions">expression</a>.
-It is an error if the constant value
-cannot be <a href="#Representability">represented</a> as a value of the respective type.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An untyped constant has a <i>default type</i> which is the type to which the
-constant is implicitly converted in contexts where a typed value is required,
-for instance, in a <a href="#Short_variable_declarations">short variable declaration</a>
-such as <code>i := 0</code> where there is no explicit type.
-The default type of an untyped constant is <code>bool</code>, <code>rune</code>,
-<code>int</code>, <code>float64</code>, <code>complex128</code> or <code>string</code>
-respectively, depending on whether it is a boolean, rune, integer, floating-point,
-complex, or string constant.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: Although numeric constants have arbitrary
-precision in the language, a compiler may implement them using an
-internal representation with limited precision. That said, every
-implementation must:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>Represent integer constants with at least 256 bits.</li>
-
- <li>Represent floating-point constants, including the parts of
- a complex constant, with a mantissa of at least 256 bits
- and a signed binary exponent of at least 16 bits.</li>
-
- <li>Give an error if unable to represent an integer constant
- precisely.</li>
-
- <li>Give an error if unable to represent a floating-point or
- complex constant due to overflow.</li>
-
- <li>Round to the nearest representable constant if unable to
- represent a floating-point or complex constant due to limits
- on precision.</li>
-</ul>
-<p>
-These requirements apply both to literal constants and to the result
-of evaluating <a href="#Constant_expressions">constant
-expressions</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Variables">Variables</h2>
-
-<p>
-A variable is a storage location for holding a <i>value</i>.
-The set of permissible values is determined by the
-variable's <i><a href="#Types">type</a></i>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A <a href="#Variable_declarations">variable declaration</a>
-or, for function parameters and results, the signature
-of a <a href="#Function_declarations">function declaration</a>
-or <a href="#Function_literals">function literal</a> reserves
-storage for a named variable.
-
-Calling the built-in function <a href="#Allocation"><code>new</code></a>
-or taking the address of a <a href="#Composite_literals">composite literal</a>
-allocates storage for a variable at run time.
-Such an anonymous variable is referred to via a (possibly implicit)
-<a href="#Address_operators">pointer indirection</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<i>Structured</i> variables of <a href="#Array_types">array</a>, <a href="#Slice_types">slice</a>,
-and <a href="#Struct_types">struct</a> types have elements and fields that may
-be <a href="#Address_operators">addressed</a> individually. Each such element
-acts like a variable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <i>static type</i> (or just <i>type</i>) of a variable is the
-type given in its declaration, the type provided in the
-<code>new</code> call or composite literal, or the type of
-an element of a structured variable.
-Variables of interface type also have a distinct <i>dynamic type</i>,
-which is the concrete type of the value assigned to the variable at run time
-(unless the value is the predeclared identifier <code>nil</code>,
-which has no type).
-The dynamic type may vary during execution but values stored in interface
-variables are always <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
-to the static type of the variable.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var x interface{} // x is nil and has static type interface{}
-var v *T // v has value nil, static type *T
-x = 42 // x has value 42 and dynamic type int
-x = v // x has value (*T)(nil) and dynamic type *T
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A variable's value is retrieved by referring to the variable in an
-<a href="#Expressions">expression</a>; it is the most recent value
-<a href="#Assignments">assigned</a> to the variable.
-If a variable has not yet been assigned a value, its value is the
-<a href="#The_zero_value">zero value</a> for its type.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Types">Types</h2>
-
-<p>
-A type determines a set of values together with operations and methods specific
-to those values. A type may be denoted by a <i>type name</i>, if it has one,
-or specified using a <i>type literal</i>, which composes a type from existing types.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Type = TypeName | TypeLit | "(" Type ")" .
-TypeName = identifier | QualifiedIdent .
-TypeLit = ArrayType | StructType | PointerType | FunctionType | InterfaceType |
- SliceType | MapType | ChannelType .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The language <a href="#Predeclared_identifiers">predeclares</a> certain type names.
-Others are introduced with <a href="#Type_declarations">type declarations</a>.
-<i>Composite types</i>—array, struct, pointer, function,
-interface, slice, map, and channel types—may be constructed using
-type literals.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Each type <code>T</code> has an <i>underlying type</i>: If <code>T</code>
-is one of the predeclared boolean, numeric, or string types, or a type literal,
-the corresponding underlying
-type is <code>T</code> itself. Otherwise, <code>T</code>'s underlying type
-is the underlying type of the type to which <code>T</code> refers in its
-<a href="#Type_declarations">type declaration</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type (
- A1 = string
- A2 = A1
-)
-
-type (
- B1 string
- B2 B1
- B3 []B1
- B4 B3
-)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The underlying type of <code>string</code>, <code>A1</code>, <code>A2</code>, <code>B1</code>,
-and <code>B2</code> is <code>string</code>.
-The underlying type of <code>[]B1</code>, <code>B3</code>, and <code>B4</code> is <code>[]B1</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Method_sets">Method sets</h3>
-<p>
-A type may have a <i>method set</i> associated with it.
-The method set of an <a href="#Interface_types">interface type</a> is its interface.
-The method set of any other type <code>T</code> consists of all
-<a href="#Method_declarations">methods</a> declared with receiver type <code>T</code>.
-The method set of the corresponding <a href="#Pointer_types">pointer type</a> <code>*T</code>
-is the set of all methods declared with receiver <code>*T</code> or <code>T</code>
-(that is, it also contains the method set of <code>T</code>).
-Further rules apply to structs containing embedded fields, as described
-in the section on <a href="#Struct_types">struct types</a>.
-Any other type has an empty method set.
-In a method set, each method must have a
-<a href="#Uniqueness_of_identifiers">unique</a>
-non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> <a href="#MethodName">method name</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The method set of a type determines the interfaces that the
-type <a href="#Interface_types">implements</a>
-and the methods that can be <a href="#Calls">called</a>
-using a receiver of that type.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Boolean_types">Boolean types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A <i>boolean type</i> represents the set of Boolean truth values
-denoted by the predeclared constants <code>true</code>
-and <code>false</code>. The predeclared boolean type is <code>bool</code>;
-it is a <a href="#Type_definitions">defined type</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Numeric_types">Numeric types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A <i>numeric type</i> represents sets of integer or floating-point values.
-The predeclared architecture-independent numeric types are:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-uint8 the set of all unsigned 8-bit integers (0 to 255)
-uint16 the set of all unsigned 16-bit integers (0 to 65535)
-uint32 the set of all unsigned 32-bit integers (0 to 4294967295)
-uint64 the set of all unsigned 64-bit integers (0 to 18446744073709551615)
-
-int8 the set of all signed 8-bit integers (-128 to 127)
-int16 the set of all signed 16-bit integers (-32768 to 32767)
-int32 the set of all signed 32-bit integers (-2147483648 to 2147483647)
-int64 the set of all signed 64-bit integers (-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)
-
-float32 the set of all IEEE-754 32-bit floating-point numbers
-float64 the set of all IEEE-754 64-bit floating-point numbers
-
-complex64 the set of all complex numbers with float32 real and imaginary parts
-complex128 the set of all complex numbers with float64 real and imaginary parts
-
-byte alias for uint8
-rune alias for int32
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The value of an <i>n</i>-bit integer is <i>n</i> bits wide and represented using
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement">two's complement arithmetic</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is also a set of predeclared numeric types with implementation-specific sizes:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-uint either 32 or 64 bits
-int same size as uint
-uintptr an unsigned integer large enough to store the uninterpreted bits of a pointer value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To avoid portability issues all numeric types are <a href="#Type_definitions">defined
-types</a> and thus distinct except
-<code>byte</code>, which is an <a href="#Alias_declarations">alias</a> for <code>uint8</code>, and
-<code>rune</code>, which is an alias for <code>int32</code>.
-Explicit conversions
-are required when different numeric types are mixed in an expression
-or assignment. For instance, <code>int32</code> and <code>int</code>
-are not the same type even though they may have the same size on a
-particular architecture.
-
-
-<h3 id="String_types">String types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A <i>string type</i> represents the set of string values.
-A string value is a (possibly empty) sequence of bytes.
-The number of bytes is called the length of the string and is never negative.
-Strings are immutable: once created,
-it is impossible to change the contents of a string.
-The predeclared string type is <code>string</code>;
-it is a <a href="#Type_definitions">defined type</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The length of a string <code>s</code> can be discovered using
-the built-in function <a href="#Length_and_capacity"><code>len</code></a>.
-The length is a compile-time constant if the string is a constant.
-A string's bytes can be accessed by integer <a href="#Index_expressions">indices</a>
-0 through <code>len(s)-1</code>.
-It is illegal to take the address of such an element; if
-<code>s[i]</code> is the <code>i</code>'th byte of a
-string, <code>&s[i]</code> is invalid.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Array_types">Array types</h3>
-
-<p>
-An array is a numbered sequence of elements of a single
-type, called the element type.
-The number of elements is called the length of the array and is never negative.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ArrayType = "[" ArrayLength "]" ElementType .
-ArrayLength = Expression .
-ElementType = Type .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The length is part of the array's type; it must evaluate to a
-non-negative <a href="#Constants">constant</a>
-<a href="#Representability">representable</a> by a value
-of type <code>int</code>.
-The length of array <code>a</code> can be discovered
-using the built-in function <a href="#Length_and_capacity"><code>len</code></a>.
-The elements can be addressed by integer <a href="#Index_expressions">indices</a>
-0 through <code>len(a)-1</code>.
-Array types are always one-dimensional but may be composed to form
-multi-dimensional types.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-[32]byte
-[2*N] struct { x, y int32 }
-[1000]*float64
-[3][5]int
-[2][2][2]float64 // same as [2]([2]([2]float64))
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Slice_types">Slice types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A slice is a descriptor for a contiguous segment of an <i>underlying array</i> and
-provides access to a numbered sequence of elements from that array.
-A slice type denotes the set of all slices of arrays of its element type.
-The number of elements is called the length of the slice and is never negative.
-The value of an uninitialized slice is <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-SliceType = "[" "]" ElementType .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The length of a slice <code>s</code> can be discovered by the built-in function
-<a href="#Length_and_capacity"><code>len</code></a>; unlike with arrays it may change during
-execution. The elements can be addressed by integer <a href="#Index_expressions">indices</a>
-0 through <code>len(s)-1</code>. The slice index of a
-given element may be less than the index of the same element in the
-underlying array.
-</p>
-<p>
-A slice, once initialized, is always associated with an underlying
-array that holds its elements. A slice therefore shares storage
-with its array and with other slices of the same array; by contrast,
-distinct arrays always represent distinct storage.
-</p>
-<p>
-The array underlying a slice may extend past the end of the slice.
-The <i>capacity</i> is a measure of that extent: it is the sum of
-the length of the slice and the length of the array beyond the slice;
-a slice of length up to that capacity can be created by
-<a href="#Slice_expressions"><i>slicing</i></a> a new one from the original slice.
-The capacity of a slice <code>a</code> can be discovered using the
-built-in function <a href="#Length_and_capacity"><code>cap(a)</code></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A new, initialized slice value for a given element type <code>T</code> is
-made using the built-in function
-<a href="#Making_slices_maps_and_channels"><code>make</code></a>,
-which takes a slice type
-and parameters specifying the length and optionally the capacity.
-A slice created with <code>make</code> always allocates a new, hidden array
-to which the returned slice value refers. That is, executing
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-make([]T, length, capacity)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-produces the same slice as allocating an array and <a href="#Slice_expressions">slicing</a>
-it, so these two expressions are equivalent:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-make([]int, 50, 100)
-new([100]int)[0:50]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Like arrays, slices are always one-dimensional but may be composed to construct
-higher-dimensional objects.
-With arrays of arrays, the inner arrays are, by construction, always the same length;
-however with slices of slices (or arrays of slices), the inner lengths may vary dynamically.
-Moreover, the inner slices must be initialized individually.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Struct_types">Struct types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A struct is a sequence of named elements, called fields, each of which has a
-name and a type. Field names may be specified explicitly (IdentifierList) or
-implicitly (EmbeddedField).
-Within a struct, non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> field names must
-be <a href="#Uniqueness_of_identifiers">unique</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-StructType = "struct" "{" { FieldDecl ";" } "}" .
-FieldDecl = (IdentifierList Type | EmbeddedField) [ Tag ] .
-EmbeddedField = [ "*" ] TypeName .
-Tag = string_lit .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-// An empty struct.
-struct {}
-
-// A struct with 6 fields.
-struct {
- x, y int
- u float32
- _ float32 // padding
- A *[]int
- F func()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A field declared with a type but no explicit field name is called an <i>embedded field</i>.
-An embedded field must be specified as
-a type name <code>T</code> or as a pointer to a non-interface type name <code>*T</code>,
-and <code>T</code> itself may not be
-a pointer type. The unqualified type name acts as the field name.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// A struct with four embedded fields of types T1, *T2, P.T3 and *P.T4
-struct {
- T1 // field name is T1
- *T2 // field name is T2
- P.T3 // field name is T3
- *P.T4 // field name is T4
- x, y int // field names are x and y
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The following declaration is illegal because field names must be unique
-in a struct type:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-struct {
- T // conflicts with embedded field *T and *P.T
- *T // conflicts with embedded field T and *P.T
- *P.T // conflicts with embedded field T and *T
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A field or <a href="#Method_declarations">method</a> <code>f</code> of an
-embedded field in a struct <code>x</code> is called <i>promoted</i> if
-<code>x.f</code> is a legal <a href="#Selectors">selector</a> that denotes
-that field or method <code>f</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Promoted fields act like ordinary fields
-of a struct except that they cannot be used as field names in
-<a href="#Composite_literals">composite literals</a> of the struct.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Given a struct type <code>S</code> and a <a href="#Type_definitions">defined type</a>
-<code>T</code>, promoted methods are included in the method set of the struct as follows:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>
- If <code>S</code> contains an embedded field <code>T</code>,
- the <a href="#Method_sets">method sets</a> of <code>S</code>
- and <code>*S</code> both include promoted methods with receiver
- <code>T</code>. The method set of <code>*S</code> also
- includes promoted methods with receiver <code>*T</code>.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- If <code>S</code> contains an embedded field <code>*T</code>,
- the method sets of <code>S</code> and <code>*S</code> both
- include promoted methods with receiver <code>T</code> or
- <code>*T</code>.
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-A field declaration may be followed by an optional string literal <i>tag</i>,
-which becomes an attribute for all the fields in the corresponding
-field declaration. An empty tag string is equivalent to an absent tag.
-The tags are made visible through a <a href="/pkg/reflect/#StructTag">reflection interface</a>
-and take part in <a href="#Type_identity">type identity</a> for structs
-but are otherwise ignored.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-struct {
- x, y float64 "" // an empty tag string is like an absent tag
- name string "any string is permitted as a tag"
- _ [4]byte "ceci n'est pas un champ de structure"
-}
-
-// A struct corresponding to a TimeStamp protocol buffer.
-// The tag strings define the protocol buffer field numbers;
-// they follow the convention outlined by the reflect package.
-struct {
- microsec uint64 `protobuf:"1"`
- serverIP6 uint64 `protobuf:"2"`
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Pointer_types">Pointer types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A pointer type denotes the set of all pointers to <a href="#Variables">variables</a> of a given
-type, called the <i>base type</i> of the pointer.
-The value of an uninitialized pointer is <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-PointerType = "*" BaseType .
-BaseType = Type .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-*Point
-*[4]int
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Function_types">Function types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A function type denotes the set of all functions with the same parameter
-and result types. The value of an uninitialized variable of function type
-is <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-FunctionType = "func" Signature .
-Signature = Parameters [ Result ] .
-Result = Parameters | Type .
-Parameters = "(" [ ParameterList [ "," ] ] ")" .
-ParameterList = ParameterDecl { "," ParameterDecl } .
-ParameterDecl = [ IdentifierList ] [ "..." ] Type .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Within a list of parameters or results, the names (IdentifierList)
-must either all be present or all be absent. If present, each name
-stands for one item (parameter or result) of the specified type and
-all non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> names in the signature
-must be <a href="#Uniqueness_of_identifiers">unique</a>.
-If absent, each type stands for one item of that type.
-Parameter and result
-lists are always parenthesized except that if there is exactly
-one unnamed result it may be written as an unparenthesized type.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The final incoming parameter in a function signature may have
-a type prefixed with <code>...</code>.
-A function with such a parameter is called <i>variadic</i> and
-may be invoked with zero or more arguments for that parameter.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func()
-func(x int) int
-func(a, _ int, z float32) bool
-func(a, b int, z float32) (bool)
-func(prefix string, values ...int)
-func(a, b int, z float64, opt ...interface{}) (success bool)
-func(int, int, float64) (float64, *[]int)
-func(n int) func(p *T)
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Interface_types">Interface types</h3>
-
-<p>
-An interface type specifies a <a href="#Method_sets">method set</a> called its <i>interface</i>.
-A variable of interface type can store a value of any type with a method set
-that is any superset of the interface. Such a type is said to
-<i>implement the interface</i>.
-The value of an uninitialized variable of interface type is <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-InterfaceType = "interface" "{" { MethodSpec ";" } "}" .
-MethodSpec = MethodName Signature | InterfaceTypeName .
-MethodName = identifier .
-InterfaceTypeName = TypeName .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-As with all method sets, in an interface type, each method must have a
-<a href="#Uniqueness_of_identifiers">unique</a>
-non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> name.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// A simple File interface
-interface {
- Read(b Buffer) bool
- Write(b Buffer) bool
- Close()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-More than one type may implement an interface.
-For instance, if two types <code>S1</code> and <code>S2</code>
-have the method set
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func (p T) Read(b Buffer) bool { return … }
-func (p T) Write(b Buffer) bool { return … }
-func (p T) Close() { … }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(where <code>T</code> stands for either <code>S1</code> or <code>S2</code>)
-then the <code>File</code> interface is implemented by both <code>S1</code> and
-<code>S2</code>, regardless of what other methods
-<code>S1</code> and <code>S2</code> may have or share.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A type implements any interface comprising any subset of its methods
-and may therefore implement several distinct interfaces. For
-instance, all types implement the <i>empty interface</i>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-interface{}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Similarly, consider this interface specification,
-which appears within a <a href="#Type_declarations">type declaration</a>
-to define an interface called <code>Locker</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Locker interface {
- Lock()
- Unlock()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If <code>S1</code> and <code>S2</code> also implement
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func (p T) Lock() { … }
-func (p T) Unlock() { … }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-they implement the <code>Locker</code> interface as well
-as the <code>File</code> interface.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An interface <code>T</code> may use a (possibly qualified) interface type
-name <code>E</code> in place of a method specification. This is called
-<i>embedding</i> interface <code>E</code> in <code>T</code>; it adds
-all (exported and non-exported) methods of <code>E</code> to the interface
-<code>T</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type ReadWriter interface {
- Read(b Buffer) bool
- Write(b Buffer) bool
-}
-
-type File interface {
- ReadWriter // same as adding the methods of ReadWriter
- Locker // same as adding the methods of Locker
- Close()
-}
-
-type LockedFile interface {
- Locker
- File // illegal: Lock, Unlock not unique
- Lock() // illegal: Lock not unique
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-An interface type <code>T</code> may not embed itself
-or any interface type that embeds <code>T</code>, recursively.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// illegal: Bad cannot embed itself
-type Bad interface {
- Bad
-}
-
-// illegal: Bad1 cannot embed itself using Bad2
-type Bad1 interface {
- Bad2
-}
-type Bad2 interface {
- Bad1
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Map_types">Map types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A map is an unordered group of elements of one type, called the
-element type, indexed by a set of unique <i>keys</i> of another type,
-called the key type.
-The value of an uninitialized map is <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-MapType = "map" "[" KeyType "]" ElementType .
-KeyType = Type .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="#Comparison_operators">comparison operators</a>
-<code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> must be fully defined
-for operands of the key type; thus the key type must not be a function, map, or
-slice.
-If the key type is an interface type, these
-comparison operators must be defined for the dynamic key values;
-failure will cause a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-map[string]int
-map[*T]struct{ x, y float64 }
-map[string]interface{}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The number of map elements is called its length.
-For a map <code>m</code>, it can be discovered using the
-built-in function <a href="#Length_and_capacity"><code>len</code></a>
-and may change during execution. Elements may be added during execution
-using <a href="#Assignments">assignments</a> and retrieved with
-<a href="#Index_expressions">index expressions</a>; they may be removed with the
-<a href="#Deletion_of_map_elements"><code>delete</code></a> built-in function.
-</p>
-<p>
-A new, empty map value is made using the built-in
-function <a href="#Making_slices_maps_and_channels"><code>make</code></a>,
-which takes the map type and an optional capacity hint as arguments:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-make(map[string]int)
-make(map[string]int, 100)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The initial capacity does not bound its size:
-maps grow to accommodate the number of items
-stored in them, with the exception of <code>nil</code> maps.
-A <code>nil</code> map is equivalent to an empty map except that no elements
-may be added.
-
-<h3 id="Channel_types">Channel types</h3>
-
-<p>
-A channel provides a mechanism for
-<a href="#Go_statements">concurrently executing functions</a>
-to communicate by
-<a href="#Send_statements">sending</a> and
-<a href="#Receive_operator">receiving</a>
-values of a specified element type.
-The value of an uninitialized channel is <code>nil</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ChannelType = ( "chan" | "chan" "<-" | "<-" "chan" ) ElementType .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The optional <code><-</code> operator specifies the channel <i>direction</i>,
-<i>send</i> or <i>receive</i>. If no direction is given, the channel is
-<i>bidirectional</i>.
-A channel may be constrained only to send or only to receive by
-<a href="#Assignments">assignment</a> or
-explicit <a href="#Conversions">conversion</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-chan T // can be used to send and receive values of type T
-chan<- float64 // can only be used to send float64s
-<-chan int // can only be used to receive ints
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <code><-</code> operator associates with the leftmost <code>chan</code>
-possible:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-chan<- chan int // same as chan<- (chan int)
-chan<- <-chan int // same as chan<- (<-chan int)
-<-chan <-chan int // same as <-chan (<-chan int)
-chan (<-chan int)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A new, initialized channel
-value can be made using the built-in function
-<a href="#Making_slices_maps_and_channels"><code>make</code></a>,
-which takes the channel type and an optional <i>capacity</i> as arguments:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-make(chan int, 100)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The capacity, in number of elements, sets the size of the buffer in the channel.
-If the capacity is zero or absent, the channel is unbuffered and communication
-succeeds only when both a sender and receiver are ready. Otherwise, the channel
-is buffered and communication succeeds without blocking if the buffer
-is not full (sends) or not empty (receives).
-A <code>nil</code> channel is never ready for communication.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A channel may be closed with the built-in function
-<a href="#Close"><code>close</code></a>.
-The multi-valued assignment form of the
-<a href="#Receive_operator">receive operator</a>
-reports whether a received value was sent before
-the channel was closed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A single channel may be used in
-<a href="#Send_statements">send statements</a>,
-<a href="#Receive_operator">receive operations</a>,
-and calls to the built-in functions
-<a href="#Length_and_capacity"><code>cap</code></a> and
-<a href="#Length_and_capacity"><code>len</code></a>
-by any number of goroutines without further synchronization.
-Channels act as first-in-first-out queues.
-For example, if one goroutine sends values on a channel
-and a second goroutine receives them, the values are
-received in the order sent.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Properties_of_types_and_values">Properties of types and values</h2>
-
-<h3 id="Type_identity">Type identity</h3>
-
-<p>
-Two types are either <i>identical</i> or <i>different</i>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A <a href="#Type_definitions">defined type</a> is always different from any other type.
-Otherwise, two types are identical if their <a href="#Types">underlying</a> type literals are
-structurally equivalent; that is, they have the same literal structure and corresponding
-components have identical types. In detail:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>Two array types are identical if they have identical element types and
- the same array length.</li>
-
- <li>Two slice types are identical if they have identical element types.</li>
-
- <li>Two struct types are identical if they have the same sequence of fields,
- and if corresponding fields have the same names, and identical types,
- and identical tags.
- <a href="#Exported_identifiers">Non-exported</a> field names from different
- packages are always different.</li>
-
- <li>Two pointer types are identical if they have identical base types.</li>
-
- <li>Two function types are identical if they have the same number of parameters
- and result values, corresponding parameter and result types are
- identical, and either both functions are variadic or neither is.
- Parameter and result names are not required to match.</li>
-
- <li>Two interface types are identical if they have the same set of methods
- with the same names and identical function types.
- <a href="#Exported_identifiers">Non-exported</a> method names from different
- packages are always different. The order of the methods is irrelevant.</li>
-
- <li>Two map types are identical if they have identical key and element types.</li>
-
- <li>Two channel types are identical if they have identical element types and
- the same direction.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Given the declarations
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type (
- A0 = []string
- A1 = A0
- A2 = struct{ a, b int }
- A3 = int
- A4 = func(A3, float64) *A0
- A5 = func(x int, _ float64) *[]string
-)
-
-type (
- B0 A0
- B1 []string
- B2 struct{ a, b int }
- B3 struct{ a, c int }
- B4 func(int, float64) *B0
- B5 func(x int, y float64) *A1
-)
-
-type C0 = B0
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-these types are identical:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-A0, A1, and []string
-A2 and struct{ a, b int }
-A3 and int
-A4, func(int, float64) *[]string, and A5
-
-B0 and C0
-[]int and []int
-struct{ a, b *T5 } and struct{ a, b *T5 }
-func(x int, y float64) *[]string, func(int, float64) (result *[]string), and A5
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<code>B0</code> and <code>B1</code> are different because they are new types
-created by distinct <a href="#Type_definitions">type definitions</a>;
-<code>func(int, float64) *B0</code> and <code>func(x int, y float64) *[]string</code>
-are different because <code>B0</code> is different from <code>[]string</code>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Assignability">Assignability</h3>
-
-<p>
-A value <code>x</code> is <i>assignable</i> to a <a href="#Variables">variable</a> of type <code>T</code>
-("<code>x</code> is assignable to <code>T</code>") if one of the following conditions applies:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<code>x</code>'s type is identical to <code>T</code>.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>x</code>'s type <code>V</code> and <code>T</code> have identical
-<a href="#Types">underlying types</a> and at least one of <code>V</code>
-or <code>T</code> is not a <a href="#Type_definitions">defined</a> type.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>T</code> is an interface type and
-<code>x</code> <a href="#Interface_types">implements</a> <code>T</code>.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>x</code> is a bidirectional channel value, <code>T</code> is a channel type,
-<code>x</code>'s type <code>V</code> and <code>T</code> have identical element types,
-and at least one of <code>V</code> or <code>T</code> is not a defined type.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>x</code> is the predeclared identifier <code>nil</code> and <code>T</code>
-is a pointer, function, slice, map, channel, or interface type.
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>x</code> is an untyped <a href="#Constants">constant</a>
-<a href="#Representability">representable</a>
-by a value of type <code>T</code>.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h3 id="Representability">Representability</h3>
-
-<p>
-A <a href="#Constants">constant</a> <code>x</code> is <i>representable</i>
-by a value of type <code>T</code> if one of the following conditions applies:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-<code>x</code> is in the set of values <a href="#Types">determined</a> by <code>T</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>T</code> is a floating-point type and <code>x</code> can be rounded to <code>T</code>'s
-precision without overflow. Rounding uses IEEE 754 round-to-even rules but with an IEEE
-negative zero further simplified to an unsigned zero. Note that constant values never result
-in an IEEE negative zero, NaN, or infinity.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<code>T</code> is a complex type, and <code>x</code>'s
-<a href="#Complex_numbers">components</a> <code>real(x)</code> and <code>imag(x)</code>
-are representable by values of <code>T</code>'s component type (<code>float32</code> or
-<code>float64</code>).
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<pre>
-x T x is representable by a value of T because
-
-'a' byte 97 is in the set of byte values
-97 rune rune is an alias for int32, and 97 is in the set of 32-bit integers
-"foo" string "foo" is in the set of string values
-1024 int16 1024 is in the set of 16-bit integers
-42.0 byte 42 is in the set of unsigned 8-bit integers
-1e10 uint64 10000000000 is in the set of unsigned 64-bit integers
-2.718281828459045 float32 2.718281828459045 rounds to 2.7182817 which is in the set of float32 values
--1e-1000 float64 -1e-1000 rounds to IEEE -0.0 which is further simplified to 0.0
-0i int 0 is an integer value
-(42 + 0i) float32 42.0 (with zero imaginary part) is in the set of float32 values
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-x T x is not representable by a value of T because
-
-0 bool 0 is not in the set of boolean values
-'a' string 'a' is a rune, it is not in the set of string values
-1024 byte 1024 is not in the set of unsigned 8-bit integers
--1 uint16 -1 is not in the set of unsigned 16-bit integers
-1.1 int 1.1 is not an integer value
-42i float32 (0 + 42i) is not in the set of float32 values
-1e1000 float64 1e1000 overflows to IEEE +Inf after rounding
-</pre>
-
-
-<h2 id="Blocks">Blocks</h2>
-
-<p>
-A <i>block</i> is a possibly empty sequence of declarations and statements
-within matching brace brackets.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Block = "{" StatementList "}" .
-StatementList = { Statement ";" } .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In addition to explicit blocks in the source code, there are implicit blocks:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
- <li>The <i>universe block</i> encompasses all Go source text.</li>
-
- <li>Each <a href="#Packages">package</a> has a <i>package block</i> containing all
- Go source text for that package.</li>
-
- <li>Each file has a <i>file block</i> containing all Go source text
- in that file.</li>
-
- <li>Each <a href="#If_statements">"if"</a>,
- <a href="#For_statements">"for"</a>, and
- <a href="#Switch_statements">"switch"</a>
- statement is considered to be in its own implicit block.</li>
-
- <li>Each clause in a <a href="#Switch_statements">"switch"</a>
- or <a href="#Select_statements">"select"</a> statement
- acts as an implicit block.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-Blocks nest and influence <a href="#Declarations_and_scope">scoping</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Declarations_and_scope">Declarations and scope</h2>
-
-<p>
-A <i>declaration</i> binds a non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> identifier to a
-<a href="#Constant_declarations">constant</a>,
-<a href="#Type_declarations">type</a>,
-<a href="#Variable_declarations">variable</a>,
-<a href="#Function_declarations">function</a>,
-<a href="#Labeled_statements">label</a>, or
-<a href="#Import_declarations">package</a>.
-Every identifier in a program must be declared.
-No identifier may be declared twice in the same block, and
-no identifier may be declared in both the file and package block.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a> may be used like any other identifier
-in a declaration, but it does not introduce a binding and thus is not declared.
-In the package block, the identifier <code>init</code> may only be used for
-<a href="#Package_initialization"><code>init</code> function</a> declarations,
-and like the blank identifier it does not introduce a new binding.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Declaration = ConstDecl | TypeDecl | VarDecl .
-TopLevelDecl = Declaration | FunctionDecl | MethodDecl .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <i>scope</i> of a declared identifier is the extent of source text in which
-the identifier denotes the specified constant, type, variable, function, label, or package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Go is lexically scoped using <a href="#Blocks">blocks</a>:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
- <li>The scope of a <a href="#Predeclared_identifiers">predeclared identifier</a> is the universe block.</li>
-
- <li>The scope of an identifier denoting a constant, type, variable,
- or function (but not method) declared at top level (outside any
- function) is the package block.</li>
-
- <li>The scope of the package name of an imported package is the file block
- of the file containing the import declaration.</li>
-
- <li>The scope of an identifier denoting a method receiver, function parameter,
- or result variable is the function body.</li>
-
- <li>The scope of a constant or variable identifier declared
- inside a function begins at the end of the ConstSpec or VarSpec
- (ShortVarDecl for short variable declarations)
- and ends at the end of the innermost containing block.</li>
-
- <li>The scope of a type identifier declared inside a function
- begins at the identifier in the TypeSpec
- and ends at the end of the innermost containing block.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-An identifier declared in a block may be redeclared in an inner block.
-While the identifier of the inner declaration is in scope, it denotes
-the entity declared by the inner declaration.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="#Package_clause">package clause</a> is not a declaration; the package name
-does not appear in any scope. Its purpose is to identify the files belonging
-to the same <a href="#Packages">package</a> and to specify the default package name for import
-declarations.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Label_scopes">Label scopes</h3>
-
-<p>
-Labels are declared by <a href="#Labeled_statements">labeled statements</a> and are
-used in the <a href="#Break_statements">"break"</a>,
-<a href="#Continue_statements">"continue"</a>, and
-<a href="#Goto_statements">"goto"</a> statements.
-It is illegal to define a label that is never used.
-In contrast to other identifiers, labels are not block scoped and do
-not conflict with identifiers that are not labels. The scope of a label
-is the body of the function in which it is declared and excludes
-the body of any nested function.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Blank_identifier">Blank identifier</h3>
-
-<p>
-The <i>blank identifier</i> is represented by the underscore character <code>_</code>.
-It serves as an anonymous placeholder instead of a regular (non-blank)
-identifier and has special meaning in <a href="#Declarations_and_scope">declarations</a>,
-as an <a href="#Operands">operand</a>, and in <a href="#Assignments">assignments</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Predeclared_identifiers">Predeclared identifiers</h3>
-
-<p>
-The following identifiers are implicitly declared in the
-<a href="#Blocks">universe block</a>:
-</p>
-<pre class="grammar">
-Types:
- bool byte complex64 complex128 error float32 float64
- int int8 int16 int32 int64 rune string
- uint uint8 uint16 uint32 uint64 uintptr
-
-Constants:
- true false iota
-
-Zero value:
- nil
-
-Functions:
- append cap close complex copy delete imag len
- make new panic print println real recover
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Exported_identifiers">Exported identifiers</h3>
-
-<p>
-An identifier may be <i>exported</i> to permit access to it from another package.
-An identifier is exported if both:
-</p>
-<ol>
- <li>the first character of the identifier's name is a Unicode upper case
- letter (Unicode class "Lu"); and</li>
- <li>the identifier is declared in the <a href="#Blocks">package block</a>
- or it is a <a href="#Struct_types">field name</a> or
- <a href="#MethodName">method name</a>.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>
-All other identifiers are not exported.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Uniqueness_of_identifiers">Uniqueness of identifiers</h3>
-
-<p>
-Given a set of identifiers, an identifier is called <i>unique</i> if it is
-<i>different</i> from every other in the set.
-Two identifiers are different if they are spelled differently, or if they
-appear in different <a href="#Packages">packages</a> and are not
-<a href="#Exported_identifiers">exported</a>. Otherwise, they are the same.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Constant_declarations">Constant declarations</h3>
-
-<p>
-A constant declaration binds a list of identifiers (the names of
-the constants) to the values of a list of <a href="#Constant_expressions">constant expressions</a>.
-The number of identifiers must be equal
-to the number of expressions, and the <i>n</i>th identifier on
-the left is bound to the value of the <i>n</i>th expression on the
-right.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ConstDecl = "const" ( ConstSpec | "(" { ConstSpec ";" } ")" ) .
-ConstSpec = IdentifierList [ [ Type ] "=" ExpressionList ] .
-
-IdentifierList = identifier { "," identifier } .
-ExpressionList = Expression { "," Expression } .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the type is present, all constants take the type specified, and
-the expressions must be <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a> to that type.
-If the type is omitted, the constants take the
-individual types of the corresponding expressions.
-If the expression values are untyped <a href="#Constants">constants</a>,
-the declared constants remain untyped and the constant identifiers
-denote the constant values. For instance, if the expression is a
-floating-point literal, the constant identifier denotes a floating-point
-constant, even if the literal's fractional part is zero.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const Pi float64 = 3.14159265358979323846
-const zero = 0.0 // untyped floating-point constant
-const (
- size int64 = 1024
- eof = -1 // untyped integer constant
-)
-const a, b, c = 3, 4, "foo" // a = 3, b = 4, c = "foo", untyped integer and string constants
-const u, v float32 = 0, 3 // u = 0.0, v = 3.0
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Within a parenthesized <code>const</code> declaration list the
-expression list may be omitted from any but the first ConstSpec.
-Such an empty list is equivalent to the textual substitution of the
-first preceding non-empty expression list and its type if any.
-Omitting the list of expressions is therefore equivalent to
-repeating the previous list. The number of identifiers must be equal
-to the number of expressions in the previous list.
-Together with the <a href="#Iota"><code>iota</code> constant generator</a>
-this mechanism permits light-weight declaration of sequential values:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const (
- Sunday = iota
- Monday
- Tuesday
- Wednesday
- Thursday
- Friday
- Partyday
- numberOfDays // this constant is not exported
-)
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Iota">Iota</h3>
-
-<p>
-Within a <a href="#Constant_declarations">constant declaration</a>, the predeclared identifier
-<code>iota</code> represents successive untyped integer <a href="#Constants">
-constants</a>. Its value is the index of the respective <a href="#ConstSpec">ConstSpec</a>
-in that constant declaration, starting at zero.
-It can be used to construct a set of related constants:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const (
- c0 = iota // c0 == 0
- c1 = iota // c1 == 1
- c2 = iota // c2 == 2
-)
-
-const (
- a = 1 << iota // a == 1 (iota == 0)
- b = 1 << iota // b == 2 (iota == 1)
- c = 3 // c == 3 (iota == 2, unused)
- d = 1 << iota // d == 8 (iota == 3)
-)
-
-const (
- u = iota * 42 // u == 0 (untyped integer constant)
- v float64 = iota * 42 // v == 42.0 (float64 constant)
- w = iota * 42 // w == 84 (untyped integer constant)
-)
-
-const x = iota // x == 0
-const y = iota // y == 0
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-By definition, multiple uses of <code>iota</code> in the same ConstSpec all have the same value:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const (
- bit0, mask0 = 1 << iota, 1<<iota - 1 // bit0 == 1, mask0 == 0 (iota == 0)
- bit1, mask1 // bit1 == 2, mask1 == 1 (iota == 1)
- _, _ // (iota == 2, unused)
- bit3, mask3 // bit3 == 8, mask3 == 7 (iota == 3)
-)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This last example exploits the <a href="#Constant_declarations">implicit repetition</a>
-of the last non-empty expression list.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Type_declarations">Type declarations</h3>
-
-<p>
-A type declaration binds an identifier, the <i>type name</i>, to a <a href="#Types">type</a>.
-Type declarations come in two forms: alias declarations and type definitions.
-<p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-TypeDecl = "type" ( TypeSpec | "(" { TypeSpec ";" } ")" ) .
-TypeSpec = AliasDecl | TypeDef .
-</pre>
-
-<h4 id="Alias_declarations">Alias declarations</h4>
-
-<p>
-An alias declaration binds an identifier to the given type.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-AliasDecl = identifier "=" Type .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Within the <a href="#Declarations_and_scope">scope</a> of
-the identifier, it serves as an <i>alias</i> for the type.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type (
- nodeList = []*Node // nodeList and []*Node are identical types
- Polar = polar // Polar and polar denote identical types
-)
-</pre>
-
-
-<h4 id="Type_definitions">Type definitions</h4>
-
-<p>
-A type definition creates a new, distinct type with the same
-<a href="#Types">underlying type</a> and operations as the given type,
-and binds an identifier to it.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-TypeDef = identifier Type .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The new type is called a <i>defined type</i>.
-It is <a href="#Type_identity">different</a> from any other type,
-including the type it is created from.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type (
- Point struct{ x, y float64 } // Point and struct{ x, y float64 } are different types
- polar Point // polar and Point denote different types
-)
-
-type TreeNode struct {
- left, right *TreeNode
- value *Comparable
-}
-
-type Block interface {
- BlockSize() int
- Encrypt(src, dst []byte)
- Decrypt(src, dst []byte)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A defined type may have <a href="#Method_declarations">methods</a> associated with it.
-It does not inherit any methods bound to the given type,
-but the <a href="#Method_sets">method set</a>
-of an interface type or of elements of a composite type remains unchanged:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// A Mutex is a data type with two methods, Lock and Unlock.
-type Mutex struct { /* Mutex fields */ }
-func (m *Mutex) Lock() { /* Lock implementation */ }
-func (m *Mutex) Unlock() { /* Unlock implementation */ }
-
-// NewMutex has the same composition as Mutex but its method set is empty.
-type NewMutex Mutex
-
-// The method set of PtrMutex's underlying type *Mutex remains unchanged,
-// but the method set of PtrMutex is empty.
-type PtrMutex *Mutex
-
-// The method set of *PrintableMutex contains the methods
-// Lock and Unlock bound to its embedded field Mutex.
-type PrintableMutex struct {
- Mutex
-}
-
-// MyBlock is an interface type that has the same method set as Block.
-type MyBlock Block
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Type definitions may be used to define different boolean, numeric,
-or string types and associate methods with them:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type TimeZone int
-
-const (
- EST TimeZone = -(5 + iota)
- CST
- MST
- PST
-)
-
-func (tz TimeZone) String() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("GMT%+dh", tz)
-}
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Variable_declarations">Variable declarations</h3>
-
-<p>
-A variable declaration creates one or more <a href="#Variables">variables</a>,
-binds corresponding identifiers to them, and gives each a type and an initial value.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-VarDecl = "var" ( VarSpec | "(" { VarSpec ";" } ")" ) .
-VarSpec = IdentifierList ( Type [ "=" ExpressionList ] | "=" ExpressionList ) .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-var i int
-var U, V, W float64
-var k = 0
-var x, y float32 = -1, -2
-var (
- i int
- u, v, s = 2.0, 3.0, "bar"
-)
-var re, im = complexSqrt(-1)
-var _, found = entries[name] // map lookup; only interested in "found"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If a list of expressions is given, the variables are initialized
-with the expressions following the rules for <a href="#Assignments">assignments</a>.
-Otherwise, each variable is initialized to its <a href="#The_zero_value">zero value</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If a type is present, each variable is given that type.
-Otherwise, each variable is given the type of the corresponding
-initialization value in the assignment.
-If that value is an untyped constant, it is first implicitly
-<a href="#Conversions">converted</a> to its <a href="#Constants">default type</a>;
-if it is an untyped boolean value, it is first implicitly converted to type <code>bool</code>.
-The predeclared value <code>nil</code> cannot be used to initialize a variable
-with no explicit type.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var d = math.Sin(0.5) // d is float64
-var i = 42 // i is int
-var t, ok = x.(T) // t is T, ok is bool
-var n = nil // illegal
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: A compiler may make it illegal to declare a variable
-inside a <a href="#Function_declarations">function body</a> if the variable is
-never used.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Short_variable_declarations">Short variable declarations</h3>
-
-<p>
-A <i>short variable declaration</i> uses the syntax:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ShortVarDecl = IdentifierList ":=" ExpressionList .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-It is shorthand for a regular <a href="#Variable_declarations">variable declaration</a>
-with initializer expressions but no types:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-"var" IdentifierList = ExpressionList .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-i, j := 0, 10
-f := func() int { return 7 }
-ch := make(chan int)
-r, w, _ := os.Pipe() // os.Pipe() returns a connected pair of Files and an error, if any
-_, y, _ := coord(p) // coord() returns three values; only interested in y coordinate
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Unlike regular variable declarations, a short variable declaration may <i>redeclare</i>
-variables provided they were originally declared earlier in the same block
-(or the parameter lists if the block is the function body) with the same type,
-and at least one of the non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> variables is new.
-As a consequence, redeclaration can only appear in a multi-variable short declaration.
-Redeclaration does not introduce a new variable; it just assigns a new value to the original.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-field1, offset := nextField(str, 0)
-field2, offset := nextField(str, offset) // redeclares offset
-a, a := 1, 2 // illegal: double declaration of a or no new variable if a was declared elsewhere
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Short variable declarations may appear only inside functions.
-In some contexts such as the initializers for
-<a href="#If_statements">"if"</a>,
-<a href="#For_statements">"for"</a>, or
-<a href="#Switch_statements">"switch"</a> statements,
-they can be used to declare local temporary variables.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Function_declarations">Function declarations</h3>
-
-<p>
-A function declaration binds an identifier, the <i>function name</i>,
-to a function.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-FunctionDecl = "func" FunctionName Signature [ FunctionBody ] .
-FunctionName = identifier .
-FunctionBody = Block .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the function's <a href="#Function_types">signature</a> declares
-result parameters, the function body's statement list must end in
-a <a href="#Terminating_statements">terminating statement</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func IndexRune(s string, r rune) int {
- for i, c := range s {
- if c == r {
- return i
- }
- }
- // invalid: missing return statement
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A function declaration may omit the body. Such a declaration provides the
-signature for a function implemented outside Go, such as an assembly routine.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func min(x int, y int) int {
- if x < y {
- return x
- }
- return y
-}
-
-func flushICache(begin, end uintptr) // implemented externally
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Method_declarations">Method declarations</h3>
-
-<p>
-A method is a <a href="#Function_declarations">function</a> with a <i>receiver</i>.
-A method declaration binds an identifier, the <i>method name</i>, to a method,
-and associates the method with the receiver's <i>base type</i>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-MethodDecl = "func" Receiver MethodName Signature [ FunctionBody ] .
-Receiver = Parameters .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The receiver is specified via an extra parameter section preceding the method
-name. That parameter section must declare a single non-variadic parameter, the receiver.
-Its type must be a <a href="#Type_definitions">defined</a> type <code>T</code> or a
-pointer to a defined type <code>T</code>. <code>T</code> is called the receiver
-<i>base type</i>. A receiver base type cannot be a pointer or interface type and
-it must be defined in the same package as the method.
-The method is said to be <i>bound</i> to its receiver base type and the method name
-is visible only within <a href="#Selectors">selectors</a> for type <code>T</code>
-or <code>*T</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> receiver identifier must be
-<a href="#Uniqueness_of_identifiers">unique</a> in the method signature.
-If the receiver's value is not referenced inside the body of the method,
-its identifier may be omitted in the declaration. The same applies in
-general to parameters of functions and methods.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For a base type, the non-blank names of methods bound to it must be unique.
-If the base type is a <a href="#Struct_types">struct type</a>,
-the non-blank method and field names must be distinct.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Given defined type <code>Point</code>, the declarations
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func (p *Point) Length() float64 {
- return math.Sqrt(p.x * p.x + p.y * p.y)
-}
-
-func (p *Point) Scale(factor float64) {
- p.x *= factor
- p.y *= factor
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-bind the methods <code>Length</code> and <code>Scale</code>,
-with receiver type <code>*Point</code>,
-to the base type <code>Point</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The type of a method is the type of a function with the receiver as first
-argument. For instance, the method <code>Scale</code> has type
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func(p *Point, factor float64)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-However, a function declared this way is not a method.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="Expressions">Expressions</h2>
-
-<p>
-An expression specifies the computation of a value by applying
-operators and functions to operands.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Operands">Operands</h3>
-
-<p>
-Operands denote the elementary values in an expression. An operand may be a
-literal, a (possibly <a href="#Qualified_identifiers">qualified</a>)
-non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> identifier denoting a
-<a href="#Constant_declarations">constant</a>,
-<a href="#Variable_declarations">variable</a>, or
-<a href="#Function_declarations">function</a>,
-or a parenthesized expression.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a> may appear as an
-operand only on the left-hand side of an <a href="#Assignments">assignment</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Operand = Literal | OperandName | "(" Expression ")" .
-Literal = BasicLit | CompositeLit | FunctionLit .
-BasicLit = int_lit | float_lit | imaginary_lit | rune_lit | string_lit .
-OperandName = identifier | QualifiedIdent.
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Qualified_identifiers">Qualified identifiers</h3>
-
-<p>
-A qualified identifier is an identifier qualified with a package name prefix.
-Both the package name and the identifier must not be
-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-QualifiedIdent = PackageName "." identifier .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A qualified identifier accesses an identifier in a different package, which
-must be <a href="#Import_declarations">imported</a>.
-The identifier must be <a href="#Exported_identifiers">exported</a> and
-declared in the <a href="#Blocks">package block</a> of that package.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-math.Sin // denotes the Sin function in package math
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Composite_literals">Composite literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-Composite literals construct values for structs, arrays, slices, and maps
-and create a new value each time they are evaluated.
-They consist of the type of the literal followed by a brace-bound list of elements.
-Each element may optionally be preceded by a corresponding key.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-CompositeLit = LiteralType LiteralValue .
-LiteralType = StructType | ArrayType | "[" "..." "]" ElementType |
- SliceType | MapType | TypeName .
-LiteralValue = "{" [ ElementList [ "," ] ] "}" .
-ElementList = KeyedElement { "," KeyedElement } .
-KeyedElement = [ Key ":" ] Element .
-Key = FieldName | Expression | LiteralValue .
-FieldName = identifier .
-Element = Expression | LiteralValue .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The LiteralType's underlying type must be a struct, array, slice, or map type
-(the grammar enforces this constraint except when the type is given
-as a TypeName).
-The types of the elements and keys must be <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
-to the respective field, element, and key types of the literal type;
-there is no additional conversion.
-The key is interpreted as a field name for struct literals,
-an index for array and slice literals, and a key for map literals.
-For map literals, all elements must have a key. It is an error
-to specify multiple elements with the same field name or
-constant key value. For non-constant map keys, see the section on
-<a href="#Order_of_evaluation">evaluation order</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For struct literals the following rules apply:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>A key must be a field name declared in the struct type.
- </li>
- <li>An element list that does not contain any keys must
- list an element for each struct field in the
- order in which the fields are declared.
- </li>
- <li>If any element has a key, every element must have a key.
- </li>
- <li>An element list that contains keys does not need to
- have an element for each struct field. Omitted fields
- get the zero value for that field.
- </li>
- <li>A literal may omit the element list; such a literal evaluates
- to the zero value for its type.
- </li>
- <li>It is an error to specify an element for a non-exported
- field of a struct belonging to a different package.
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Given the declarations
-</p>
-<pre>
-type Point3D struct { x, y, z float64 }
-type Line struct { p, q Point3D }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-one may write
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-origin := Point3D{} // zero value for Point3D
-line := Line{origin, Point3D{y: -4, z: 12.3}} // zero value for line.q.x
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For array and slice literals the following rules apply:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>Each element has an associated integer index marking
- its position in the array.
- </li>
- <li>An element with a key uses the key as its index. The
- key must be a non-negative constant
- <a href="#Representability">representable</a> by
- a value of type <code>int</code>; and if it is typed
- it must be of integer type.
- </li>
- <li>An element without a key uses the previous element's index plus one.
- If the first element has no key, its index is zero.
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-<a href="#Address_operators">Taking the address</a> of a composite literal
-generates a pointer to a unique <a href="#Variables">variable</a> initialized
-with the literal's value.
-</p>
-<pre>
-var pointer *Point3D = &Point3D{y: 1000}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The length of an array literal is the length specified in the literal type.
-If fewer elements than the length are provided in the literal, the missing
-elements are set to the zero value for the array element type.
-It is an error to provide elements with index values outside the index range
-of the array. The notation <code>...</code> specifies an array length equal
-to the maximum element index plus one.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-buffer := [10]string{} // len(buffer) == 10
-intSet := [6]int{1, 2, 3, 5} // len(intSet) == 6
-days := [...]string{"Sat", "Sun"} // len(days) == 2
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A slice literal describes the entire underlying array literal.
-Thus the length and capacity of a slice literal are the maximum
-element index plus one. A slice literal has the form
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-[]T{x1, x2, … xn}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and is shorthand for a slice operation applied to an array:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-tmp := [n]T{x1, x2, … xn}
-tmp[0 : n]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Within a composite literal of array, slice, or map type <code>T</code>,
-elements or map keys that are themselves composite literals may elide the respective
-literal type if it is identical to the element or key type of <code>T</code>.
-Similarly, elements or keys that are addresses of composite literals may elide
-the <code>&T</code> when the element or key type is <code>*T</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-[...]Point{{1.5, -3.5}, {0, 0}} // same as [...]Point{Point{1.5, -3.5}, Point{0, 0}}
-[][]int{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5}} // same as [][]int{[]int{1, 2, 3}, []int{4, 5}}
-[][]Point{{{0, 1}, {1, 2}}} // same as [][]Point{[]Point{Point{0, 1}, Point{1, 2}}}
-map[string]Point{"orig": {0, 0}} // same as map[string]Point{"orig": Point{0, 0}}
-map[Point]string{{0, 0}: "orig"} // same as map[Point]string{Point{0, 0}: "orig"}
-
-type PPoint *Point
-[2]*Point{{1.5, -3.5}, {}} // same as [2]*Point{&Point{1.5, -3.5}, &Point{}}
-[2]PPoint{{1.5, -3.5}, {}} // same as [2]PPoint{PPoint(&Point{1.5, -3.5}), PPoint(&Point{})}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A parsing ambiguity arises when a composite literal using the
-TypeName form of the LiteralType appears as an operand between the
-<a href="#Keywords">keyword</a> and the opening brace of the block
-of an "if", "for", or "switch" statement, and the composite literal
-is not enclosed in parentheses, square brackets, or curly braces.
-In this rare case, the opening brace of the literal is erroneously parsed
-as the one introducing the block of statements. To resolve the ambiguity,
-the composite literal must appear within parentheses.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if x == (T{a,b,c}[i]) { … }
-if (x == T{a,b,c}[i]) { … }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Examples of valid array, slice, and map literals:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// list of prime numbers
-primes := []int{2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2147483647}
-
-// vowels[ch] is true if ch is a vowel
-vowels := [128]bool{'a': true, 'e': true, 'i': true, 'o': true, 'u': true, 'y': true}
-
-// the array [10]float32{-1, 0, 0, 0, -0.1, -0.1, 0, 0, 0, -1}
-filter := [10]float32{-1, 4: -0.1, -0.1, 9: -1}
-
-// frequencies in Hz for equal-tempered scale (A4 = 440Hz)
-noteFrequency := map[string]float32{
- "C0": 16.35, "D0": 18.35, "E0": 20.60, "F0": 21.83,
- "G0": 24.50, "A0": 27.50, "B0": 30.87,
-}
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Function_literals">Function literals</h3>
-
-<p>
-A function literal represents an anonymous <a href="#Function_declarations">function</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-FunctionLit = "func" Signature FunctionBody .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-func(a, b int, z float64) bool { return a*b < int(z) }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A function literal can be assigned to a variable or invoked directly.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f := func(x, y int) int { return x + y }
-func(ch chan int) { ch <- ACK }(replyChan)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Function literals are <i>closures</i>: they may refer to variables
-defined in a surrounding function. Those variables are then shared between
-the surrounding function and the function literal, and they survive as long
-as they are accessible.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Primary_expressions">Primary expressions</h3>
-
-<p>
-Primary expressions are the operands for unary and binary expressions.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-PrimaryExpr =
- Operand |
- Conversion |
- MethodExpr |
- PrimaryExpr Selector |
- PrimaryExpr Index |
- PrimaryExpr Slice |
- PrimaryExpr TypeAssertion |
- PrimaryExpr Arguments .
-
-Selector = "." identifier .
-Index = "[" Expression "]" .
-Slice = "[" [ Expression ] ":" [ Expression ] "]" |
- "[" [ Expression ] ":" Expression ":" Expression "]" .
-TypeAssertion = "." "(" Type ")" .
-Arguments = "(" [ ( ExpressionList | Type [ "," ExpressionList ] ) [ "..." ] [ "," ] ] ")" .
-</pre>
-
-
-<pre>
-x
-2
-(s + ".txt")
-f(3.1415, true)
-Point{1, 2}
-m["foo"]
-s[i : j + 1]
-obj.color
-f.p[i].x()
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Selectors">Selectors</h3>
-
-<p>
-For a <a href="#Primary_expressions">primary expression</a> <code>x</code>
-that is not a <a href="#Package_clause">package name</a>, the
-<i>selector expression</i>
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x.f
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-denotes the field or method <code>f</code> of the value <code>x</code>
-(or sometimes <code>*x</code>; see below).
-The identifier <code>f</code> is called the (field or method) <i>selector</i>;
-it must not be the <a href="#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a>.
-The type of the selector expression is the type of <code>f</code>.
-If <code>x</code> is a package name, see the section on
-<a href="#Qualified_identifiers">qualified identifiers</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A selector <code>f</code> may denote a field or method <code>f</code> of
-a type <code>T</code>, or it may refer
-to a field or method <code>f</code> of a nested
-<a href="#Struct_types">embedded field</a> of <code>T</code>.
-The number of embedded fields traversed
-to reach <code>f</code> is called its <i>depth</i> in <code>T</code>.
-The depth of a field or method <code>f</code>
-declared in <code>T</code> is zero.
-The depth of a field or method <code>f</code> declared in
-an embedded field <code>A</code> in <code>T</code> is the
-depth of <code>f</code> in <code>A</code> plus one.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The following rules apply to selectors:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-For a value <code>x</code> of type <code>T</code> or <code>*T</code>
-where <code>T</code> is not a pointer or interface type,
-<code>x.f</code> denotes the field or method at the shallowest depth
-in <code>T</code> where there
-is such an <code>f</code>.
-If there is not exactly <a href="#Uniqueness_of_identifiers">one <code>f</code></a>
-with shallowest depth, the selector expression is illegal.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-For a value <code>x</code> of type <code>I</code> where <code>I</code>
-is an interface type, <code>x.f</code> denotes the actual method with name
-<code>f</code> of the dynamic value of <code>x</code>.
-If there is no method with name <code>f</code> in the
-<a href="#Method_sets">method set</a> of <code>I</code>, the selector
-expression is illegal.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-As an exception, if the type of <code>x</code> is a <a href="#Type_definitions">defined</a>
-pointer type and <code>(*x).f</code> is a valid selector expression denoting a field
-(but not a method), <code>x.f</code> is shorthand for <code>(*x).f</code>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-In all other cases, <code>x.f</code> is illegal.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-If <code>x</code> is of pointer type and has the value
-<code>nil</code> and <code>x.f</code> denotes a struct field,
-assigning to or evaluating <code>x.f</code>
-causes a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-If <code>x</code> is of interface type and has the value
-<code>nil</code>, <a href="#Calls">calling</a> or
-<a href="#Method_values">evaluating</a> the method <code>x.f</code>
-causes a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-For example, given the declarations:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T0 struct {
- x int
-}
-
-func (*T0) M0()
-
-type T1 struct {
- y int
-}
-
-func (T1) M1()
-
-type T2 struct {
- z int
- T1
- *T0
-}
-
-func (*T2) M2()
-
-type Q *T2
-
-var t T2 // with t.T0 != nil
-var p *T2 // with p != nil and (*p).T0 != nil
-var q Q = p
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-one may write:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-t.z // t.z
-t.y // t.T1.y
-t.x // (*t.T0).x
-
-p.z // (*p).z
-p.y // (*p).T1.y
-p.x // (*(*p).T0).x
-
-q.x // (*(*q).T0).x (*q).x is a valid field selector
-
-p.M0() // ((*p).T0).M0() M0 expects *T0 receiver
-p.M1() // ((*p).T1).M1() M1 expects T1 receiver
-p.M2() // p.M2() M2 expects *T2 receiver
-t.M2() // (&t).M2() M2 expects *T2 receiver, see section on Calls
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-but the following is invalid:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-q.M0() // (*q).M0 is valid but not a field selector
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Method_expressions">Method expressions</h3>
-
-<p>
-If <code>M</code> is in the <a href="#Method_sets">method set</a> of type <code>T</code>,
-<code>T.M</code> is a function that is callable as a regular function
-with the same arguments as <code>M</code> prefixed by an additional
-argument that is the receiver of the method.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-MethodExpr = ReceiverType "." MethodName .
-ReceiverType = Type .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Consider a struct type <code>T</code> with two methods,
-<code>Mv</code>, whose receiver is of type <code>T</code>, and
-<code>Mp</code>, whose receiver is of type <code>*T</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct {
- a int
-}
-func (tv T) Mv(a int) int { return 0 } // value receiver
-func (tp *T) Mp(f float32) float32 { return 1 } // pointer receiver
-
-var t T
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The expression
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-T.Mv
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields a function equivalent to <code>Mv</code> but
-with an explicit receiver as its first argument; it has signature
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func(tv T, a int) int
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-That function may be called normally with an explicit receiver, so
-these five invocations are equivalent:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-t.Mv(7)
-T.Mv(t, 7)
-(T).Mv(t, 7)
-f1 := T.Mv; f1(t, 7)
-f2 := (T).Mv; f2(t, 7)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Similarly, the expression
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(*T).Mp
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields a function value representing <code>Mp</code> with signature
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func(tp *T, f float32) float32
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For a method with a value receiver, one can derive a function
-with an explicit pointer receiver, so
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-(*T).Mv
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields a function value representing <code>Mv</code> with signature
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func(tv *T, a int) int
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Such a function indirects through the receiver to create a value
-to pass as the receiver to the underlying method;
-the method does not overwrite the value whose address is passed in
-the function call.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The final case, a value-receiver function for a pointer-receiver method,
-is illegal because pointer-receiver methods are not in the method set
-of the value type.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Function values derived from methods are called with function call syntax;
-the receiver is provided as the first argument to the call.
-That is, given <code>f := T.Mv</code>, <code>f</code> is invoked
-as <code>f(t, 7)</code> not <code>t.f(7)</code>.
-To construct a function that binds the receiver, use a
-<a href="#Function_literals">function literal</a> or
-<a href="#Method_values">method value</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is legal to derive a function value from a method of an interface type.
-The resulting function takes an explicit receiver of that interface type.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Method_values">Method values</h3>
-
-<p>
-If the expression <code>x</code> has static type <code>T</code> and
-<code>M</code> is in the <a href="#Method_sets">method set</a> of type <code>T</code>,
-<code>x.M</code> is called a <i>method value</i>.
-The method value <code>x.M</code> is a function value that is callable
-with the same arguments as a method call of <code>x.M</code>.
-The expression <code>x</code> is evaluated and saved during the evaluation of the
-method value; the saved copy is then used as the receiver in any calls,
-which may be executed later.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The type <code>T</code> may be an interface or non-interface type.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As in the discussion of <a href="#Method_expressions">method expressions</a> above,
-consider a struct type <code>T</code> with two methods,
-<code>Mv</code>, whose receiver is of type <code>T</code>, and
-<code>Mp</code>, whose receiver is of type <code>*T</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct {
- a int
-}
-func (tv T) Mv(a int) int { return 0 } // value receiver
-func (tp *T) Mp(f float32) float32 { return 1 } // pointer receiver
-
-var t T
-var pt *T
-func makeT() T
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The expression
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-t.Mv
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields a function value of type
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func(int) int
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-These two invocations are equivalent:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-t.Mv(7)
-f := t.Mv; f(7)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Similarly, the expression
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-pt.Mp
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields a function value of type
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func(float32) float32
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-As with <a href="#Selectors">selectors</a>, a reference to a non-interface method with a value receiver
-using a pointer will automatically dereference that pointer: <code>pt.Mv</code> is equivalent to <code>(*pt).Mv</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As with <a href="#Calls">method calls</a>, a reference to a non-interface method with a pointer receiver
-using an addressable value will automatically take the address of that value: <code>t.Mp</code> is equivalent to <code>(&t).Mp</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f := t.Mv; f(7) // like t.Mv(7)
-f := pt.Mp; f(7) // like pt.Mp(7)
-f := pt.Mv; f(7) // like (*pt).Mv(7)
-f := t.Mp; f(7) // like (&t).Mp(7)
-f := makeT().Mp // invalid: result of makeT() is not addressable
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Although the examples above use non-interface types, it is also legal to create a method value
-from a value of interface type.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var i interface { M(int) } = myVal
-f := i.M; f(7) // like i.M(7)
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Index_expressions">Index expressions</h3>
-
-<p>
-A primary expression of the form
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a[x]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-denotes the element of the array, pointer to array, slice, string or map <code>a</code> indexed by <code>x</code>.
-The value <code>x</code> is called the <i>index</i> or <i>map key</i>, respectively.
-The following rules apply:
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If <code>a</code> is not a map:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>the index <code>x</code> must be of integer type or an untyped constant</li>
- <li>a constant index must be non-negative and
- <a href="#Representability">representable</a> by a value of type <code>int</code></li>
- <li>a constant index that is untyped is given type <code>int</code></li>
- <li>the index <code>x</code> is <i>in range</i> if <code>0 <= x < len(a)</code>,
- otherwise it is <i>out of range</i></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-For <code>a</code> of <a href="#Array_types">array type</a> <code>A</code>:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>a <a href="#Constants">constant</a> index must be in range</li>
- <li>if <code>x</code> is out of range at run time,
- a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs</li>
- <li><code>a[x]</code> is the array element at index <code>x</code> and the type of
- <code>a[x]</code> is the element type of <code>A</code></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-For <code>a</code> of <a href="#Pointer_types">pointer</a> to array type:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li><code>a[x]</code> is shorthand for <code>(*a)[x]</code></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-For <code>a</code> of <a href="#Slice_types">slice type</a> <code>S</code>:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>if <code>x</code> is out of range at run time,
- a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs</li>
- <li><code>a[x]</code> is the slice element at index <code>x</code> and the type of
- <code>a[x]</code> is the element type of <code>S</code></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-For <code>a</code> of <a href="#String_types">string type</a>:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li>a <a href="#Constants">constant</a> index must be in range
- if the string <code>a</code> is also constant</li>
- <li>if <code>x</code> is out of range at run time,
- a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs</li>
- <li><code>a[x]</code> is the non-constant byte value at index <code>x</code> and the type of
- <code>a[x]</code> is <code>byte</code></li>
- <li><code>a[x]</code> may not be assigned to</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-For <code>a</code> of <a href="#Map_types">map type</a> <code>M</code>:
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li><code>x</code>'s type must be
- <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
- to the key type of <code>M</code></li>
- <li>if the map contains an entry with key <code>x</code>,
- <code>a[x]</code> is the map element with key <code>x</code>
- and the type of <code>a[x]</code> is the element type of <code>M</code></li>
- <li>if the map is <code>nil</code> or does not contain such an entry,
- <code>a[x]</code> is the <a href="#The_zero_value">zero value</a>
- for the element type of <code>M</code></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Otherwise <code>a[x]</code> is illegal.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An index expression on a map <code>a</code> of type <code>map[K]V</code>
-used in an <a href="#Assignments">assignment</a> or initialization of the special form
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-v, ok = a[x]
-v, ok := a[x]
-var v, ok = a[x]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields an additional untyped boolean value. The value of <code>ok</code> is
-<code>true</code> if the key <code>x</code> is present in the map, and
-<code>false</code> otherwise.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Assigning to an element of a <code>nil</code> map causes a
-<a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Slice_expressions">Slice expressions</h3>
-
-<p>
-Slice expressions construct a substring or slice from a string, array, pointer
-to array, or slice. There are two variants: a simple form that specifies a low
-and high bound, and a full form that also specifies a bound on the capacity.
-</p>
-
-<h4>Simple slice expressions</h4>
-
-<p>
-For a string, array, pointer to array, or slice <code>a</code>, the primary expression
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a[low : high]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-constructs a substring or slice. The <i>indices</i> <code>low</code> and
-<code>high</code> select which elements of operand <code>a</code> appear
-in the result. The result has indices starting at 0 and length equal to
-<code>high</code> - <code>low</code>.
-After slicing the array <code>a</code>
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
-s := a[1:4]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the slice <code>s</code> has type <code>[]int</code>, length 3, capacity 4, and elements
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-s[0] == 2
-s[1] == 3
-s[2] == 4
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For convenience, any of the indices may be omitted. A missing <code>low</code>
-index defaults to zero; a missing <code>high</code> index defaults to the length of the
-sliced operand:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a[2:] // same as a[2 : len(a)]
-a[:3] // same as a[0 : 3]
-a[:] // same as a[0 : len(a)]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If <code>a</code> is a pointer to an array, <code>a[low : high]</code> is shorthand for
-<code>(*a)[low : high]</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For arrays or strings, the indices are <i>in range</i> if
-<code>0</code> <= <code>low</code> <= <code>high</code> <= <code>len(a)</code>,
-otherwise they are <i>out of range</i>.
-For slices, the upper index bound is the slice capacity <code>cap(a)</code> rather than the length.
-A <a href="#Constants">constant</a> index must be non-negative and
-<a href="#Representability">representable</a> by a value of type
-<code>int</code>; for arrays or constant strings, constant indices must also be in range.
-If both indices are constant, they must satisfy <code>low <= high</code>.
-If the indices are out of range at run time, a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Except for <a href="#Constants">untyped strings</a>, if the sliced operand is a string or slice,
-the result of the slice operation is a non-constant value of the same type as the operand.
-For untyped string operands the result is a non-constant value of type <code>string</code>.
-If the sliced operand is an array, it must be <a href="#Address_operators">addressable</a>
-and the result of the slice operation is a slice with the same element type as the array.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the sliced operand of a valid slice expression is a <code>nil</code> slice, the result
-is a <code>nil</code> slice. Otherwise, if the result is a slice, it shares its underlying
-array with the operand.
-</p>
-
-<h4>Full slice expressions</h4>
-
-<p>
-For an array, pointer to array, or slice <code>a</code> (but not a string), the primary expression
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a[low : high : max]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-constructs a slice of the same type, and with the same length and elements as the simple slice
-expression <code>a[low : high]</code>. Additionally, it controls the resulting slice's capacity
-by setting it to <code>max - low</code>. Only the first index may be omitted; it defaults to 0.
-After slicing the array <code>a</code>
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a := [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
-t := a[1:3:5]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the slice <code>t</code> has type <code>[]int</code>, length 2, capacity 4, and elements
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-t[0] == 2
-t[1] == 3
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-As for simple slice expressions, if <code>a</code> is a pointer to an array,
-<code>a[low : high : max]</code> is shorthand for <code>(*a)[low : high : max]</code>.
-If the sliced operand is an array, it must be <a href="#Address_operators">addressable</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The indices are <i>in range</i> if <code>0 <= low <= high <= max <= cap(a)</code>,
-otherwise they are <i>out of range</i>.
-A <a href="#Constants">constant</a> index must be non-negative and
-<a href="#Representability">representable</a> by a value of type
-<code>int</code>; for arrays, constant indices must also be in range.
-If multiple indices are constant, the constants that are present must be in range relative to each
-other.
-If the indices are out of range at run time, a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Type_assertions">Type assertions</h3>
-
-<p>
-For an expression <code>x</code> of <a href="#Interface_types">interface type</a>
-and a type <code>T</code>, the primary expression
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x.(T)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-asserts that <code>x</code> is not <code>nil</code>
-and that the value stored in <code>x</code> is of type <code>T</code>.
-The notation <code>x.(T)</code> is called a <i>type assertion</i>.
-</p>
-<p>
-More precisely, if <code>T</code> is not an interface type, <code>x.(T)</code> asserts
-that the dynamic type of <code>x</code> is <a href="#Type_identity">identical</a>
-to the type <code>T</code>.
-In this case, <code>T</code> must <a href="#Method_sets">implement</a> the (interface) type of <code>x</code>;
-otherwise the type assertion is invalid since it is not possible for <code>x</code>
-to store a value of type <code>T</code>.
-If <code>T</code> is an interface type, <code>x.(T)</code> asserts that the dynamic type
-of <code>x</code> implements the interface <code>T</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-If the type assertion holds, the value of the expression is the value
-stored in <code>x</code> and its type is <code>T</code>. If the type assertion is false,
-a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs.
-In other words, even though the dynamic type of <code>x</code>
-is known only at run time, the type of <code>x.(T)</code> is
-known to be <code>T</code> in a correct program.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var x interface{} = 7 // x has dynamic type int and value 7
-i := x.(int) // i has type int and value 7
-
-type I interface { m() }
-
-func f(y I) {
- s := y.(string) // illegal: string does not implement I (missing method m)
- r := y.(io.Reader) // r has type io.Reader and the dynamic type of y must implement both I and io.Reader
- …
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A type assertion used in an <a href="#Assignments">assignment</a> or initialization of the special form
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-v, ok = x.(T)
-v, ok := x.(T)
-var v, ok = x.(T)
-var v, ok T1 = x.(T)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields an additional untyped boolean value. The value of <code>ok</code> is <code>true</code>
-if the assertion holds. Otherwise it is <code>false</code> and the value of <code>v</code> is
-the <a href="#The_zero_value">zero value</a> for type <code>T</code>.
-No <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs in this case.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Calls">Calls</h3>
-
-<p>
-Given an expression <code>f</code> of function type
-<code>F</code>,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-f(a1, a2, … an)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-calls <code>f</code> with arguments <code>a1, a2, … an</code>.
-Except for one special case, arguments must be single-valued expressions
-<a href="#Assignability">assignable</a> to the parameter types of
-<code>F</code> and are evaluated before the function is called.
-The type of the expression is the result type
-of <code>F</code>.
-A method invocation is similar but the method itself
-is specified as a selector upon a value of the receiver type for
-the method.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-math.Atan2(x, y) // function call
-var pt *Point
-pt.Scale(3.5) // method call with receiver pt
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In a function call, the function value and arguments are evaluated in
-<a href="#Order_of_evaluation">the usual order</a>.
-After they are evaluated, the parameters of the call are passed by value to the function
-and the called function begins execution.
-The return parameters of the function are passed by value
-back to the calling function when the function returns.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Calling a <code>nil</code> function value
-causes a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As a special case, if the return values of a function or method
-<code>g</code> are equal in number and individually
-assignable to the parameters of another function or method
-<code>f</code>, then the call <code>f(g(<i>parameters_of_g</i>))</code>
-will invoke <code>f</code> after binding the return values of
-<code>g</code> to the parameters of <code>f</code> in order. The call
-of <code>f</code> must contain no parameters other than the call of <code>g</code>,
-and <code>g</code> must have at least one return value.
-If <code>f</code> has a final <code>...</code> parameter, it is
-assigned the return values of <code>g</code> that remain after
-assignment of regular parameters.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func Split(s string, pos int) (string, string) {
- return s[0:pos], s[pos:]
-}
-
-func Join(s, t string) string {
- return s + t
-}
-
-if Join(Split(value, len(value)/2)) != value {
- log.Panic("test fails")
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A method call <code>x.m()</code> is valid if the <a href="#Method_sets">method set</a>
-of (the type of) <code>x</code> contains <code>m</code> and the
-argument list can be assigned to the parameter list of <code>m</code>.
-If <code>x</code> is <a href="#Address_operators">addressable</a> and <code>&x</code>'s method
-set contains <code>m</code>, <code>x.m()</code> is shorthand
-for <code>(&x).m()</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var p Point
-p.Scale(3.5)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-There is no distinct method type and there are no method literals.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Passing_arguments_to_..._parameters">Passing arguments to <code>...</code> parameters</h3>
-
-<p>
-If <code>f</code> is <a href="#Function_types">variadic</a> with a final
-parameter <code>p</code> of type <code>...T</code>, then within <code>f</code>
-the type of <code>p</code> is equivalent to type <code>[]T</code>.
-If <code>f</code> is invoked with no actual arguments for <code>p</code>,
-the value passed to <code>p</code> is <code>nil</code>.
-Otherwise, the value passed is a new slice
-of type <code>[]T</code> with a new underlying array whose successive elements
-are the actual arguments, which all must be <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
-to <code>T</code>. The length and capacity of the slice is therefore
-the number of arguments bound to <code>p</code> and may differ for each
-call site.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Given the function and calls
-</p>
-<pre>
-func Greeting(prefix string, who ...string)
-Greeting("nobody")
-Greeting("hello:", "Joe", "Anna", "Eileen")
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-within <code>Greeting</code>, <code>who</code> will have the value
-<code>nil</code> in the first call, and
-<code>[]string{"Joe", "Anna", "Eileen"}</code> in the second.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the final argument is assignable to a slice type <code>[]T</code>, it may be
-passed unchanged as the value for a <code>...T</code> parameter if the argument
-is followed by <code>...</code>. In this case no new slice is created.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Given the slice <code>s</code> and call
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-s := []string{"James", "Jasmine"}
-Greeting("goodbye:", s...)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-within <code>Greeting</code>, <code>who</code> will have the same value as <code>s</code>
-with the same underlying array.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Operators">Operators</h3>
-
-<p>
-Operators combine operands into expressions.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Expression = UnaryExpr | Expression binary_op Expression .
-UnaryExpr = PrimaryExpr | unary_op UnaryExpr .
-
-binary_op = "||" | "&&" | rel_op | add_op | mul_op .
-rel_op = "==" | "!=" | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">=" .
-add_op = "+" | "-" | "|" | "^" .
-mul_op = "*" | "/" | "%" | "<<" | ">>" | "&" | "&^" .
-
-unary_op = "+" | "-" | "!" | "^" | "*" | "&" | "<-" .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Comparisons are discussed <a href="#Comparison_operators">elsewhere</a>.
-For other binary operators, the operand types must be <a href="#Type_identity">identical</a>
-unless the operation involves shifts or untyped <a href="#Constants">constants</a>.
-For operations involving constants only, see the section on
-<a href="#Constant_expressions">constant expressions</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Except for shift operations, if one operand is an untyped <a href="#Constants">constant</a>
-and the other operand is not, the constant is implicitly <a href="#Conversions">converted</a>
-to the type of the other operand.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The right operand in a shift expression must have unsigned integer type
-or be an untyped constant <a href="#Representability">representable</a> by a
-value of type <code>uint</code>.
-If the left operand of a non-constant shift expression is an untyped constant,
-it is first implicitly converted to the type it would assume if the shift expression were
-replaced by its left operand alone.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var s uint = 33
-var i = 1<<s // 1 has type int
-var j int32 = 1<<s // 1 has type int32; j == 0
-var k = uint64(1<<s) // 1 has type uint64; k == 1<<33
-var m int = 1.0<<s // 1.0 has type int; m == 0 if ints are 32bits in size
-var n = 1.0<<s == j // 1.0 has type int32; n == true
-var o = 1<<s == 2<<s // 1 and 2 have type int; o == true if ints are 32bits in size
-var p = 1<<s == 1<<33 // illegal if ints are 32bits in size: 1 has type int, but 1<<33 overflows int
-var u = 1.0<<s // illegal: 1.0 has type float64, cannot shift
-var u1 = 1.0<<s != 0 // illegal: 1.0 has type float64, cannot shift
-var u2 = 1<<s != 1.0 // illegal: 1 has type float64, cannot shift
-var v float32 = 1<<s // illegal: 1 has type float32, cannot shift
-var w int64 = 1.0<<33 // 1.0<<33 is a constant shift expression
-var x = a[1.0<<s] // 1.0 has type int; x == a[0] if ints are 32bits in size
-var a = make([]byte, 1.0<<s) // 1.0 has type int; len(a) == 0 if ints are 32bits in size
-</pre>
-
-
-<h4 id="Operator_precedence">Operator precedence</h4>
-<p>
-Unary operators have the highest precedence.
-As the <code>++</code> and <code>--</code> operators form
-statements, not expressions, they fall
-outside the operator hierarchy.
-As a consequence, statement <code>*p++</code> is the same as <code>(*p)++</code>.
-<p>
-There are five precedence levels for binary operators.
-Multiplication operators bind strongest, followed by addition
-operators, comparison operators, <code>&&</code> (logical AND),
-and finally <code>||</code> (logical OR):
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-Precedence Operator
- 5 * / % << >> & &^
- 4 + - | ^
- 3 == != < <= > >=
- 2 &&
- 1 ||
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Binary operators of the same precedence associate from left to right.
-For instance, <code>x / y * z</code> is the same as <code>(x / y) * z</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-+x
-23 + 3*x[i]
-x <= f()
-^a >> b
-f() || g()
-x == y+1 && <-chanPtr > 0
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Arithmetic_operators">Arithmetic operators</h3>
-<p>
-Arithmetic operators apply to numeric values and yield a result of the same
-type as the first operand. The four standard arithmetic operators (<code>+</code>,
-<code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>) apply to integer,
-floating-point, and complex types; <code>+</code> also applies to strings.
-The bitwise logical and shift operators apply to integers only.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-+ sum integers, floats, complex values, strings
-- difference integers, floats, complex values
-* product integers, floats, complex values
-/ quotient integers, floats, complex values
-% remainder integers
-
-& bitwise AND integers
-| bitwise OR integers
-^ bitwise XOR integers
-&^ bit clear (AND NOT) integers
-
-<< left shift integer << unsigned integer
->> right shift integer >> unsigned integer
-</pre>
-
-
-<h4 id="Integer_operators">Integer operators</h4>
-
-<p>
-For two integer values <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>, the integer quotient
-<code>q = x / y</code> and remainder <code>r = x % y</code> satisfy the following
-relationships:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x = q*y + r and |r| < |y|
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-with <code>x / y</code> truncated towards zero
-(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation">"truncated division"</a>).
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- x y x / y x % y
- 5 3 1 2
--5 3 -1 -2
- 5 -3 -1 2
--5 -3 1 -2
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The one exception to this rule is that if the dividend <code>x</code> is
-the most negative value for the int type of <code>x</code>, the quotient
-<code>q = x / -1</code> is equal to <code>x</code> (and <code>r = 0</code>)
-due to two's-complement <a href="#Integer_overflow">integer overflow</a>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- x, q
-int8 -128
-int16 -32768
-int32 -2147483648
-int64 -9223372036854775808
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the divisor is a <a href="#Constants">constant</a>, it must not be zero.
-If the divisor is zero at run time, a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs.
-If the dividend is non-negative and the divisor is a constant power of 2,
-the division may be replaced by a right shift, and computing the remainder may
-be replaced by a bitwise AND operation:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- x x / 4 x % 4 x >> 2 x & 3
- 11 2 3 2 3
--11 -2 -3 -3 1
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The shift operators shift the left operand by the shift count specified by the
-right operand. They implement arithmetic shifts if the left operand is a signed
-integer and logical shifts if it is an unsigned integer.
-There is no upper limit on the shift count. Shifts behave
-as if the left operand is shifted <code>n</code> times by 1 for a shift
-count of <code>n</code>.
-As a result, <code>x << 1</code> is the same as <code>x*2</code>
-and <code>x >> 1</code> is the same as
-<code>x/2</code> but truncated towards negative infinity.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For integer operands, the unary operators
-<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, and <code>^</code> are defined as
-follows:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-+x is 0 + x
--x negation is 0 - x
-^x bitwise complement is m ^ x with m = "all bits set to 1" for unsigned x
- and m = -1 for signed x
-</pre>
-
-
-<h4 id="Integer_overflow">Integer overflow</h4>
-
-<p>
-For unsigned integer values, the operations <code>+</code>,
-<code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, and <code><<</code> are
-computed modulo 2<sup><i>n</i></sup>, where <i>n</i> is the bit width of
-the <a href="#Numeric_types">unsigned integer</a>'s type.
-Loosely speaking, these unsigned integer operations
-discard high bits upon overflow, and programs may rely on "wrap around".
-</p>
-<p>
-For signed integers, the operations <code>+</code>,
-<code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, and <code><<</code> may legally
-overflow and the resulting value exists and is deterministically defined
-by the signed integer representation, the operation, and its operands.
-Overflow does not cause a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-A compiler may not optimize code under the assumption that overflow does
-not occur. For instance, it may not assume that <code>x < x + 1</code> is always true.
-</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Floating_point_operators">Floating-point operators</h4>
-
-<p>
-For floating-point and complex numbers,
-<code>+x</code> is the same as <code>x</code>,
-while <code>-x</code> is the negation of <code>x</code>.
-The result of a floating-point or complex division by zero is not specified beyond the
-IEEE-754 standard; whether a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>
-occurs is implementation-specific.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An implementation may combine multiple floating-point operations into a single
-fused operation, possibly across statements, and produce a result that differs
-from the value obtained by executing and rounding the instructions individually.
-An explicit floating-point type <a href="#Conversions">conversion</a> rounds to
-the precision of the target type, preventing fusion that would discard that rounding.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For instance, some architectures provide a "fused multiply and add" (FMA) instruction
-that computes <code>x*y + z</code> without rounding the intermediate result <code>x*y</code>.
-These examples show when a Go implementation can use that instruction:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-// FMA allowed for computing r, because x*y is not explicitly rounded:
-r = x*y + z
-r = z; r += x*y
-t = x*y; r = t + z
-*p = x*y; r = *p + z
-r = x*y + float64(z)
-
-// FMA disallowed for computing r, because it would omit rounding of x*y:
-r = float64(x*y) + z
-r = z; r += float64(x*y)
-t = float64(x*y); r = t + z
-</pre>
-
-<h4 id="String_concatenation">String concatenation</h4>
-
-<p>
-Strings can be concatenated using the <code>+</code> operator
-or the <code>+=</code> assignment operator:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-s := "hi" + string(c)
-s += " and good bye"
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-String addition creates a new string by concatenating the operands.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Comparison_operators">Comparison operators</h3>
-
-<p>
-Comparison operators compare two operands and yield an untyped boolean value.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-== equal
-!= not equal
-< less
-<= less or equal
-> greater
->= greater or equal
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In any comparison, the first operand
-must be <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
-to the type of the second operand, or vice versa.
-</p>
-<p>
-The equality operators <code>==</code> and <code>!=</code> apply
-to operands that are <i>comparable</i>.
-The ordering operators <code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>></code>, and <code>>=</code>
-apply to operands that are <i>ordered</i>.
-These terms and the result of the comparisons are defined as follows:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>
- Boolean values are comparable.
- Two boolean values are equal if they are either both
- <code>true</code> or both <code>false</code>.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Integer values are comparable and ordered, in the usual way.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Floating-point values are comparable and ordered,
- as defined by the IEEE-754 standard.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Complex values are comparable.
- Two complex values <code>u</code> and <code>v</code> are
- equal if both <code>real(u) == real(v)</code> and
- <code>imag(u) == imag(v)</code>.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- String values are comparable and ordered, lexically byte-wise.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Pointer values are comparable.
- Two pointer values are equal if they point to the same variable or if both have value <code>nil</code>.
- Pointers to distinct <a href="#Size_and_alignment_guarantees">zero-size</a> variables may or may not be equal.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Channel values are comparable.
- Two channel values are equal if they were created by the same call to
- <a href="#Making_slices_maps_and_channels"><code>make</code></a>
- or if both have value <code>nil</code>.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Interface values are comparable.
- Two interface values are equal if they have <a href="#Type_identity">identical</a> dynamic types
- and equal dynamic values or if both have value <code>nil</code>.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- A value <code>x</code> of non-interface type <code>X</code> and
- a value <code>t</code> of interface type <code>T</code> are comparable when values
- of type <code>X</code> are comparable and
- <code>X</code> implements <code>T</code>.
- They are equal if <code>t</code>'s dynamic type is identical to <code>X</code>
- and <code>t</code>'s dynamic value is equal to <code>x</code>.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Struct values are comparable if all their fields are comparable.
- Two struct values are equal if their corresponding
- non-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a> fields are equal.
- </li>
-
- <li>
- Array values are comparable if values of the array element type are comparable.
- Two array values are equal if their corresponding elements are equal.
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-A comparison of two interface values with identical dynamic types
-causes a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> if values
-of that type are not comparable. This behavior applies not only to direct interface
-value comparisons but also when comparing arrays of interface values
-or structs with interface-valued fields.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Slice, map, and function values are not comparable.
-However, as a special case, a slice, map, or function value may
-be compared to the predeclared identifier <code>nil</code>.
-Comparison of pointer, channel, and interface values to <code>nil</code>
-is also allowed and follows from the general rules above.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const c = 3 < 4 // c is the untyped boolean constant true
-
-type MyBool bool
-var x, y int
-var (
- // The result of a comparison is an untyped boolean.
- // The usual assignment rules apply.
- b3 = x == y // b3 has type bool
- b4 bool = x == y // b4 has type bool
- b5 MyBool = x == y // b5 has type MyBool
-)
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Logical_operators">Logical operators</h3>
-
-<p>
-Logical operators apply to <a href="#Boolean_types">boolean</a> values
-and yield a result of the same type as the operands.
-The right operand is evaluated conditionally.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-&& conditional AND p && q is "if p then q else false"
-|| conditional OR p || q is "if p then true else q"
-! NOT !p is "not p"
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Address_operators">Address operators</h3>
-
-<p>
-For an operand <code>x</code> of type <code>T</code>, the address operation
-<code>&x</code> generates a pointer of type <code>*T</code> to <code>x</code>.
-The operand must be <i>addressable</i>,
-that is, either a variable, pointer indirection, or slice indexing
-operation; or a field selector of an addressable struct operand;
-or an array indexing operation of an addressable array.
-As an exception to the addressability requirement, <code>x</code> may also be a
-(possibly parenthesized)
-<a href="#Composite_literals">composite literal</a>.
-If the evaluation of <code>x</code> would cause a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>,
-then the evaluation of <code>&x</code> does too.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For an operand <code>x</code> of pointer type <code>*T</code>, the pointer
-indirection <code>*x</code> denotes the <a href="#Variables">variable</a> of type <code>T</code> pointed
-to by <code>x</code>.
-If <code>x</code> is <code>nil</code>, an attempt to evaluate <code>*x</code>
-will cause a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-&x
-&a[f(2)]
-&Point{2, 3}
-*p
-*pf(x)
-
-var x *int = nil
-*x // causes a run-time panic
-&*x // causes a run-time panic
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Receive_operator">Receive operator</h3>
-
-<p>
-For an operand <code>ch</code> of <a href="#Channel_types">channel type</a>,
-the value of the receive operation <code><-ch</code> is the value received
-from the channel <code>ch</code>. The channel direction must permit receive operations,
-and the type of the receive operation is the element type of the channel.
-The expression blocks until a value is available.
-Receiving from a <code>nil</code> channel blocks forever.
-A receive operation on a <a href="#Close">closed</a> channel can always proceed
-immediately, yielding the element type's <a href="#The_zero_value">zero value</a>
-after any previously sent values have been received.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-v1 := <-ch
-v2 = <-ch
-f(<-ch)
-<-strobe // wait until clock pulse and discard received value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A receive expression used in an <a href="#Assignments">assignment</a> or initialization of the special form
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x, ok = <-ch
-x, ok := <-ch
-var x, ok = <-ch
-var x, ok T = <-ch
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-yields an additional untyped boolean result reporting whether the
-communication succeeded. The value of <code>ok</code> is <code>true</code>
-if the value received was delivered by a successful send operation to the
-channel, or <code>false</code> if it is a zero value generated because the
-channel is closed and empty.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Conversions">Conversions</h3>
-
-<p>
-A conversion changes the <a href="#Types">type</a> of an expression
-to the type specified by the conversion.
-A conversion may appear literally in the source, or it may be <i>implied</i>
-by the context in which an expression appears.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An <i>explicit</i> conversion is an expression of the form <code>T(x)</code>
-where <code>T</code> is a type and <code>x</code> is an expression
-that can be converted to type <code>T</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Conversion = Type "(" Expression [ "," ] ")" .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the type starts with the operator <code>*</code> or <code><-</code>,
-or if the type starts with the keyword <code>func</code>
-and has no result list, it must be parenthesized when
-necessary to avoid ambiguity:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-*Point(p) // same as *(Point(p))
-(*Point)(p) // p is converted to *Point
-<-chan int(c) // same as <-(chan int(c))
-(<-chan int)(c) // c is converted to <-chan int
-func()(x) // function signature func() x
-(func())(x) // x is converted to func()
-(func() int)(x) // x is converted to func() int
-func() int(x) // x is converted to func() int (unambiguous)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A <a href="#Constants">constant</a> value <code>x</code> can be converted to
-type <code>T</code> if <code>x</code> is <a href="#Representability">representable</a>
-by a value of <code>T</code>.
-As a special case, an integer constant <code>x</code> can be explicitly converted to a
-<a href="#String_types">string type</a> using the
-<a href="#Conversions_to_and_from_a_string_type">same rule</a>
-as for non-constant <code>x</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Converting a constant yields a typed constant as result.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-uint(iota) // iota value of type uint
-float32(2.718281828) // 2.718281828 of type float32
-complex128(1) // 1.0 + 0.0i of type complex128
-float32(0.49999999) // 0.5 of type float32
-float64(-1e-1000) // 0.0 of type float64
-string('x') // "x" of type string
-string(0x266c) // "♬" of type string
-MyString("foo" + "bar") // "foobar" of type MyString
-string([]byte{'a'}) // not a constant: []byte{'a'} is not a constant
-(*int)(nil) // not a constant: nil is not a constant, *int is not a boolean, numeric, or string type
-int(1.2) // illegal: 1.2 cannot be represented as an int
-string(65.0) // illegal: 65.0 is not an integer constant
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A non-constant value <code>x</code> can be converted to type <code>T</code>
-in any of these cases:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>
- <code>x</code> is <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
- to <code>T</code>.
- </li>
- <li>
- ignoring struct tags (see below),
- <code>x</code>'s type and <code>T</code> have <a href="#Type_identity">identical</a>
- <a href="#Types">underlying types</a>.
- </li>
- <li>
- ignoring struct tags (see below),
- <code>x</code>'s type and <code>T</code> are pointer types
- that are not <a href="#Type_definitions">defined types</a>,
- and their pointer base types have identical underlying types.
- </li>
- <li>
- <code>x</code>'s type and <code>T</code> are both integer or floating
- point types.
- </li>
- <li>
- <code>x</code>'s type and <code>T</code> are both complex types.
- </li>
- <li>
- <code>x</code> is an integer or a slice of bytes or runes
- and <code>T</code> is a string type.
- </li>
- <li>
- <code>x</code> is a string and <code>T</code> is a slice of bytes or runes.
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-<a href="#Struct_types">Struct tags</a> are ignored when comparing struct types
-for identity for the purpose of conversion:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type Person struct {
- Name string
- Address *struct {
- Street string
- City string
- }
-}
-
-var data *struct {
- Name string `json:"name"`
- Address *struct {
- Street string `json:"street"`
- City string `json:"city"`
- } `json:"address"`
-}
-
-var person = (*Person)(data) // ignoring tags, the underlying types are identical
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Specific rules apply to (non-constant) conversions between numeric types or
-to and from a string type.
-These conversions may change the representation of <code>x</code>
-and incur a run-time cost.
-All other conversions only change the type but not the representation
-of <code>x</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is no linguistic mechanism to convert between pointers and integers.
-The package <a href="#Package_unsafe"><code>unsafe</code></a>
-implements this functionality under
-restricted circumstances.
-</p>
-
-<h4>Conversions between numeric types</h4>
-
-<p>
-For the conversion of non-constant numeric values, the following rules apply:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-When converting between integer types, if the value is a signed integer, it is
-sign extended to implicit infinite precision; otherwise it is zero extended.
-It is then truncated to fit in the result type's size.
-For example, if <code>v := uint16(0x10F0)</code>, then <code>uint32(int8(v)) == 0xFFFFFFF0</code>.
-The conversion always yields a valid value; there is no indication of overflow.
-</li>
-<li>
-When converting a floating-point number to an integer, the fraction is discarded
-(truncation towards zero).
-</li>
-<li>
-When converting an integer or floating-point number to a floating-point type,
-or a complex number to another complex type, the result value is rounded
-to the precision specified by the destination type.
-For instance, the value of a variable <code>x</code> of type <code>float32</code>
-may be stored using additional precision beyond that of an IEEE-754 32-bit number,
-but float32(x) represents the result of rounding <code>x</code>'s value to
-32-bit precision. Similarly, <code>x + 0.1</code> may use more than 32 bits
-of precision, but <code>float32(x + 0.1)</code> does not.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-In all non-constant conversions involving floating-point or complex values,
-if the result type cannot represent the value the conversion
-succeeds but the result value is implementation-dependent.
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="Conversions_to_and_from_a_string_type">Conversions to and from a string type</h4>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-Converting a signed or unsigned integer value to a string type yields a
-string containing the UTF-8 representation of the integer. Values outside
-the range of valid Unicode code points are converted to <code>"\uFFFD"</code>.
-
-<pre>
-string('a') // "a"
-string(-1) // "\ufffd" == "\xef\xbf\xbd"
-string(0xf8) // "\u00f8" == "ø" == "\xc3\xb8"
-type MyString string
-MyString(0x65e5) // "\u65e5" == "日" == "\xe6\x97\xa5"
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Converting a slice of bytes to a string type yields
-a string whose successive bytes are the elements of the slice.
-
-<pre>
-string([]byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', '\xc3', '\xb8'}) // "hellø"
-string([]byte{}) // ""
-string([]byte(nil)) // ""
-
-type MyBytes []byte
-string(MyBytes{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', '\xc3', '\xb8'}) // "hellø"
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Converting a slice of runes to a string type yields
-a string that is the concatenation of the individual rune values
-converted to strings.
-
-<pre>
-string([]rune{0x767d, 0x9d6c, 0x7fd4}) // "\u767d\u9d6c\u7fd4" == "白鵬翔"
-string([]rune{}) // ""
-string([]rune(nil)) // ""
-
-type MyRunes []rune
-string(MyRunes{0x767d, 0x9d6c, 0x7fd4}) // "\u767d\u9d6c\u7fd4" == "白鵬翔"
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Converting a value of a string type to a slice of bytes type
-yields a slice whose successive elements are the bytes of the string.
-
-<pre>
-[]byte("hellø") // []byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', '\xc3', '\xb8'}
-[]byte("") // []byte{}
-
-MyBytes("hellø") // []byte{'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', '\xc3', '\xb8'}
-</pre>
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Converting a value of a string type to a slice of runes type
-yields a slice containing the individual Unicode code points of the string.
-
-<pre>
-[]rune(MyString("白鵬翔")) // []rune{0x767d, 0x9d6c, 0x7fd4}
-[]rune("") // []rune{}
-
-MyRunes("白鵬翔") // []rune{0x767d, 0x9d6c, 0x7fd4}
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-
-<h3 id="Constant_expressions">Constant expressions</h3>
-
-<p>
-Constant expressions may contain only <a href="#Constants">constant</a>
-operands and are evaluated at compile time.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Untyped boolean, numeric, and string constants may be used as operands
-wherever it is legal to use an operand of boolean, numeric, or string type,
-respectively.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A constant <a href="#Comparison_operators">comparison</a> always yields
-an untyped boolean constant. If the left operand of a constant
-<a href="#Operators">shift expression</a> is an untyped constant, the
-result is an integer constant; otherwise it is a constant of the same
-type as the left operand, which must be of
-<a href="#Numeric_types">integer type</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Any other operation on untyped constants results in an untyped constant of the
-same kind; that is, a boolean, integer, floating-point, complex, or string
-constant.
-If the untyped operands of a binary operation (other than a shift) are of
-different kinds, the result is of the operand's kind that appears later in this
-list: integer, rune, floating-point, complex.
-For example, an untyped integer constant divided by an
-untyped complex constant yields an untyped complex constant.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const a = 2 + 3.0 // a == 5.0 (untyped floating-point constant)
-const b = 15 / 4 // b == 3 (untyped integer constant)
-const c = 15 / 4.0 // c == 3.75 (untyped floating-point constant)
-const Θ float64 = 3/2 // Θ == 1.0 (type float64, 3/2 is integer division)
-const Π float64 = 3/2. // Π == 1.5 (type float64, 3/2. is float division)
-const d = 1 << 3.0 // d == 8 (untyped integer constant)
-const e = 1.0 << 3 // e == 8 (untyped integer constant)
-const f = int32(1) << 33 // illegal (constant 8589934592 overflows int32)
-const g = float64(2) >> 1 // illegal (float64(2) is a typed floating-point constant)
-const h = "foo" > "bar" // h == true (untyped boolean constant)
-const j = true // j == true (untyped boolean constant)
-const k = 'w' + 1 // k == 'x' (untyped rune constant)
-const l = "hi" // l == "hi" (untyped string constant)
-const m = string(k) // m == "x" (type string)
-const Σ = 1 - 0.707i // (untyped complex constant)
-const Δ = Σ + 2.0e-4 // (untyped complex constant)
-const Φ = iota*1i - 1/1i // (untyped complex constant)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Applying the built-in function <code>complex</code> to untyped
-integer, rune, or floating-point constants yields
-an untyped complex constant.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const ic = complex(0, c) // ic == 3.75i (untyped complex constant)
-const iΘ = complex(0, Θ) // iΘ == 1i (type complex128)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Constant expressions are always evaluated exactly; intermediate values and the
-constants themselves may require precision significantly larger than supported
-by any predeclared type in the language. The following are legal declarations:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const Huge = 1 << 100 // Huge == 1267650600228229401496703205376 (untyped integer constant)
-const Four int8 = Huge >> 98 // Four == 4 (type int8)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The divisor of a constant division or remainder operation must not be zero:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-3.14 / 0.0 // illegal: division by zero
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The values of <i>typed</i> constants must always be accurately
-<a href="#Representability">representable</a> by values
-of the constant type. The following constant expressions are illegal:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-uint(-1) // -1 cannot be represented as a uint
-int(3.14) // 3.14 cannot be represented as an int
-int64(Huge) // 1267650600228229401496703205376 cannot be represented as an int64
-Four * 300 // operand 300 cannot be represented as an int8 (type of Four)
-Four * 100 // product 400 cannot be represented as an int8 (type of Four)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The mask used by the unary bitwise complement operator <code>^</code> matches
-the rule for non-constants: the mask is all 1s for unsigned constants
-and -1 for signed and untyped constants.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-^1 // untyped integer constant, equal to -2
-uint8(^1) // illegal: same as uint8(-2), -2 cannot be represented as a uint8
-^uint8(1) // typed uint8 constant, same as 0xFF ^ uint8(1) = uint8(0xFE)
-int8(^1) // same as int8(-2)
-^int8(1) // same as -1 ^ int8(1) = -2
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: A compiler may use rounding while
-computing untyped floating-point or complex constant expressions; see
-the implementation restriction in the section
-on <a href="#Constants">constants</a>. This rounding may cause a
-floating-point constant expression to be invalid in an integer
-context, even if it would be integral when calculated using infinite
-precision, and vice versa.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Order_of_evaluation">Order of evaluation</h3>
-
-<p>
-At package level, <a href="#Package_initialization">initialization dependencies</a>
-determine the evaluation order of individual initialization expressions in
-<a href="#Variable_declarations">variable declarations</a>.
-Otherwise, when evaluating the <a href="#Operands">operands</a> of an
-expression, assignment, or
-<a href="#Return_statements">return statement</a>,
-all function calls, method calls, and
-communication operations are evaluated in lexical left-to-right
-order.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, in the (function-local) assignment
-</p>
-<pre>
-y[f()], ok = g(h(), i()+x[j()], <-c), k()
-</pre>
-<p>
-the function calls and communication happen in the order
-<code>f()</code>, <code>h()</code>, <code>i()</code>, <code>j()</code>,
-<code><-c</code>, <code>g()</code>, and <code>k()</code>.
-However, the order of those events compared to the evaluation
-and indexing of <code>x</code> and the evaluation
-of <code>y</code> is not specified.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a := 1
-f := func() int { a++; return a }
-x := []int{a, f()} // x may be [1, 2] or [2, 2]: evaluation order between a and f() is not specified
-m := map[int]int{a: 1, a: 2} // m may be {2: 1} or {2: 2}: evaluation order between the two map assignments is not specified
-n := map[int]int{a: f()} // n may be {2: 3} or {3: 3}: evaluation order between the key and the value is not specified
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-At package level, initialization dependencies override the left-to-right rule
-for individual initialization expressions, but not for operands within each
-expression:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a, b, c = f() + v(), g(), sqr(u()) + v()
-
-func f() int { return c }
-func g() int { return a }
-func sqr(x int) int { return x*x }
-
-// functions u and v are independent of all other variables and functions
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The function calls happen in the order
-<code>u()</code>, <code>sqr()</code>, <code>v()</code>,
-<code>f()</code>, <code>v()</code>, and <code>g()</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Floating-point operations within a single expression are evaluated according to
-the associativity of the operators. Explicit parentheses affect the evaluation
-by overriding the default associativity.
-In the expression <code>x + (y + z)</code> the addition <code>y + z</code>
-is performed before adding <code>x</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Statements">Statements</h2>
-
-<p>
-Statements control execution.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Statement =
- Declaration | LabeledStmt | SimpleStmt |
- GoStmt | ReturnStmt | BreakStmt | ContinueStmt | GotoStmt |
- FallthroughStmt | Block | IfStmt | SwitchStmt | SelectStmt | ForStmt |
- DeferStmt .
-
-SimpleStmt = EmptyStmt | ExpressionStmt | SendStmt | IncDecStmt | Assignment | ShortVarDecl .
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Terminating_statements">Terminating statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A <i>terminating statement</i> prevents execution of all statements that lexically
-appear after it in the same <a href="#Blocks">block</a>. The following statements
-are terminating:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
- A <a href="#Return_statements">"return"</a> or
- <a href="#Goto_statements">"goto"</a> statement.
- <!-- ul below only for regular layout -->
- <ul> </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
- A call to the built-in function
- <a href="#Handling_panics"><code>panic</code></a>.
- <!-- ul below only for regular layout -->
- <ul> </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
- A <a href="#Blocks">block</a> in which the statement list ends in a terminating statement.
- <!-- ul below only for regular layout -->
- <ul> </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
- An <a href="#If_statements">"if" statement</a> in which:
- <ul>
- <li>the "else" branch is present, and</li>
- <li>both branches are terminating statements.</li>
- </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
- A <a href="#For_statements">"for" statement</a> in which:
- <ul>
- <li>there are no "break" statements referring to the "for" statement, and</li>
- <li>the loop condition is absent.</li>
- </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
- A <a href="#Switch_statements">"switch" statement</a> in which:
- <ul>
- <li>there are no "break" statements referring to the "switch" statement,</li>
- <li>there is a default case, and</li>
- <li>the statement lists in each case, including the default, end in a terminating
- statement, or a possibly labeled <a href="#Fallthrough_statements">"fallthrough"
- statement</a>.</li>
- </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
- A <a href="#Select_statements">"select" statement</a> in which:
- <ul>
- <li>there are no "break" statements referring to the "select" statement, and</li>
- <li>the statement lists in each case, including the default if present,
- end in a terminating statement.</li>
- </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>
- A <a href="#Labeled_statements">labeled statement</a> labeling
- a terminating statement.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-All other statements are not terminating.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A <a href="#Blocks">statement list</a> ends in a terminating statement if the list
-is not empty and its final non-empty statement is terminating.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Empty_statements">Empty statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-The empty statement does nothing.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-EmptyStmt = .
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Labeled_statements">Labeled statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A labeled statement may be the target of a <code>goto</code>,
-<code>break</code> or <code>continue</code> statement.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-LabeledStmt = Label ":" Statement .
-Label = identifier .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-Error: log.Panic("error encountered")
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Expression_statements">Expression statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-With the exception of specific built-in functions,
-function and method <a href="#Calls">calls</a> and
-<a href="#Receive_operator">receive operations</a>
-can appear in statement context. Such statements may be parenthesized.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ExpressionStmt = Expression .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The following built-in functions are not permitted in statement context:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-append cap complex imag len make new real
-unsafe.Alignof unsafe.Offsetof unsafe.Sizeof
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-h(x+y)
-f.Close()
-<-ch
-(<-ch)
-len("foo") // illegal if len is the built-in function
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Send_statements">Send statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A send statement sends a value on a channel.
-The channel expression must be of <a href="#Channel_types">channel type</a>,
-the channel direction must permit send operations,
-and the type of the value to be sent must be <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
-to the channel's element type.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-SendStmt = Channel "<-" Expression .
-Channel = Expression .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Both the channel and the value expression are evaluated before communication
-begins. Communication blocks until the send can proceed.
-A send on an unbuffered channel can proceed if a receiver is ready.
-A send on a buffered channel can proceed if there is room in the buffer.
-A send on a closed channel proceeds by causing a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-A send on a <code>nil</code> channel blocks forever.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-ch <- 3 // send value 3 to channel ch
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="IncDec_statements">IncDec statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-The "++" and "--" statements increment or decrement their operands
-by the untyped <a href="#Constants">constant</a> <code>1</code>.
-As with an assignment, the operand must be <a href="#Address_operators">addressable</a>
-or a map index expression.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-IncDecStmt = Expression ( "++" | "--" ) .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The following <a href="#Assignments">assignment statements</a> are semantically
-equivalent:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-IncDec statement Assignment
-x++ x += 1
-x-- x -= 1
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Assignments">Assignments</h3>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-Assignment = ExpressionList assign_op ExpressionList .
-
-assign_op = [ add_op | mul_op ] "=" .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Each left-hand side operand must be <a href="#Address_operators">addressable</a>,
-a map index expression, or (for <code>=</code> assignments only) the
-<a href="#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a>.
-Operands may be parenthesized.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x = 1
-*p = f()
-a[i] = 23
-(k) = <-ch // same as: k = <-ch
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-An <i>assignment operation</i> <code>x</code> <i>op</i><code>=</code>
-<code>y</code> where <i>op</i> is a binary <a href="#Arithmetic_operators">arithmetic operator</a>
-is equivalent to <code>x</code> <code>=</code> <code>x</code> <i>op</i>
-<code>(y)</code> but evaluates <code>x</code>
-only once. The <i>op</i><code>=</code> construct is a single token.
-In assignment operations, both the left- and right-hand expression lists
-must contain exactly one single-valued expression, and the left-hand
-expression must not be the blank identifier.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a[i] <<= 2
-i &^= 1<<n
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A tuple assignment assigns the individual elements of a multi-valued
-operation to a list of variables. There are two forms. In the
-first, the right hand operand is a single multi-valued expression
-such as a function call, a <a href="#Channel_types">channel</a> or
-<a href="#Map_types">map</a> operation, or a <a href="#Type_assertions">type assertion</a>.
-The number of operands on the left
-hand side must match the number of values. For instance, if
-<code>f</code> is a function returning two values,
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-x, y = f()
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-assigns the first value to <code>x</code> and the second to <code>y</code>.
-In the second form, the number of operands on the left must equal the number
-of expressions on the right, each of which must be single-valued, and the
-<i>n</i>th expression on the right is assigned to the <i>n</i>th
-operand on the left:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-one, two, three = '一', '二', '三'
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a> provides a way to
-ignore right-hand side values in an assignment:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-_ = x // evaluate x but ignore it
-x, _ = f() // evaluate f() but ignore second result value
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The assignment proceeds in two phases.
-First, the operands of <a href="#Index_expressions">index expressions</a>
-and <a href="#Address_operators">pointer indirections</a>
-(including implicit pointer indirections in <a href="#Selectors">selectors</a>)
-on the left and the expressions on the right are all
-<a href="#Order_of_evaluation">evaluated in the usual order</a>.
-Second, the assignments are carried out in left-to-right order.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-a, b = b, a // exchange a and b
-
-x := []int{1, 2, 3}
-i := 0
-i, x[i] = 1, 2 // set i = 1, x[0] = 2
-
-i = 0
-x[i], i = 2, 1 // set x[0] = 2, i = 1
-
-x[0], x[0] = 1, 2 // set x[0] = 1, then x[0] = 2 (so x[0] == 2 at end)
-
-x[1], x[3] = 4, 5 // set x[1] = 4, then panic setting x[3] = 5.
-
-type Point struct { x, y int }
-var p *Point
-x[2], p.x = 6, 7 // set x[2] = 6, then panic setting p.x = 7
-
-i = 2
-x = []int{3, 5, 7}
-for i, x[i] = range x { // set i, x[2] = 0, x[0]
- break
-}
-// after this loop, i == 0 and x == []int{3, 5, 3}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In assignments, each value must be <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
-to the type of the operand to which it is assigned, with the following special cases:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
- Any typed value may be assigned to the blank identifier.
-</li>
-
-<li>
- If an untyped constant
- is assigned to a variable of interface type or the blank identifier,
- the constant is first implicitly <a href="#Conversions">converted</a> to its
- <a href="#Constants">default type</a>.
-</li>
-
-<li>
- If an untyped boolean value is assigned to a variable of interface type or
- the blank identifier, it is first implicitly converted to type <code>bool</code>.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<h3 id="If_statements">If statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-"If" statements specify the conditional execution of two branches
-according to the value of a boolean expression. If the expression
-evaluates to true, the "if" branch is executed, otherwise, if
-present, the "else" branch is executed.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-IfStmt = "if" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] Expression Block [ "else" ( IfStmt | Block ) ] .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-if x > max {
- x = max
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The expression may be preceded by a simple statement, which
-executes before the expression is evaluated.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if x := f(); x < y {
- return x
-} else if x > z {
- return z
-} else {
- return y
-}
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Switch_statements">Switch statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-"Switch" statements provide multi-way execution.
-An expression or type specifier is compared to the "cases"
-inside the "switch" to determine which branch
-to execute.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-SwitchStmt = ExprSwitchStmt | TypeSwitchStmt .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-There are two forms: expression switches and type switches.
-In an expression switch, the cases contain expressions that are compared
-against the value of the switch expression.
-In a type switch, the cases contain types that are compared against the
-type of a specially annotated switch expression.
-The switch expression is evaluated exactly once in a switch statement.
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="Expression_switches">Expression switches</h4>
-
-<p>
-In an expression switch,
-the switch expression is evaluated and
-the case expressions, which need not be constants,
-are evaluated left-to-right and top-to-bottom; the first one that equals the
-switch expression
-triggers execution of the statements of the associated case;
-the other cases are skipped.
-If no case matches and there is a "default" case,
-its statements are executed.
-There can be at most one default case and it may appear anywhere in the
-"switch" statement.
-A missing switch expression is equivalent to the boolean value
-<code>true</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ExprSwitchStmt = "switch" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] [ Expression ] "{" { ExprCaseClause } "}" .
-ExprCaseClause = ExprSwitchCase ":" StatementList .
-ExprSwitchCase = "case" ExpressionList | "default" .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the switch expression evaluates to an untyped constant, it is first implicitly
-<a href="#Conversions">converted</a> to its <a href="#Constants">default type</a>;
-if it is an untyped boolean value, it is first implicitly converted to type <code>bool</code>.
-The predeclared untyped value <code>nil</code> cannot be used as a switch expression.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If a case expression is untyped, it is first implicitly <a href="#Conversions">converted</a>
-to the type of the switch expression.
-For each (possibly converted) case expression <code>x</code> and the value <code>t</code>
-of the switch expression, <code>x == t</code> must be a valid <a href="#Comparison_operators">comparison</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In other words, the switch expression is treated as if it were used to declare and
-initialize a temporary variable <code>t</code> without explicit type; it is that
-value of <code>t</code> against which each case expression <code>x</code> is tested
-for equality.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In a case or default clause, the last non-empty statement
-may be a (possibly <a href="#Labeled_statements">labeled</a>)
-<a href="#Fallthrough_statements">"fallthrough" statement</a> to
-indicate that control should flow from the end of this clause to
-the first statement of the next clause.
-Otherwise control flows to the end of the "switch" statement.
-A "fallthrough" statement may appear as the last statement of all
-but the last clause of an expression switch.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The switch expression may be preceded by a simple statement, which
-executes before the expression is evaluated.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-switch tag {
-default: s3()
-case 0, 1, 2, 3: s1()
-case 4, 5, 6, 7: s2()
-}
-
-switch x := f(); { // missing switch expression means "true"
-case x < 0: return -x
-default: return x
-}
-
-switch {
-case x < y: f1()
-case x < z: f2()
-case x == 4: f3()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: A compiler may disallow multiple case
-expressions evaluating to the same constant.
-For instance, the current compilers disallow duplicate integer,
-floating point, or string constants in case expressions.
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="Type_switches">Type switches</h4>
-
-<p>
-A type switch compares types rather than values. It is otherwise similar
-to an expression switch. It is marked by a special switch expression that
-has the form of a <a href="#Type_assertions">type assertion</a>
-using the reserved word <code>type</code> rather than an actual type:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-switch x.(type) {
-// cases
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Cases then match actual types <code>T</code> against the dynamic type of the
-expression <code>x</code>. As with type assertions, <code>x</code> must be of
-<a href="#Interface_types">interface type</a>, and each non-interface type
-<code>T</code> listed in a case must implement the type of <code>x</code>.
-The types listed in the cases of a type switch must all be
-<a href="#Type_identity">different</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-TypeSwitchStmt = "switch" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] TypeSwitchGuard "{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" .
-TypeSwitchGuard = [ identifier ":=" ] PrimaryExpr "." "(" "type" ")" .
-TypeCaseClause = TypeSwitchCase ":" StatementList .
-TypeSwitchCase = "case" TypeList | "default" .
-TypeList = Type { "," Type } .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The TypeSwitchGuard may include a
-<a href="#Short_variable_declarations">short variable declaration</a>.
-When that form is used, the variable is declared at the end of the
-TypeSwitchCase in the <a href="#Blocks">implicit block</a> of each clause.
-In clauses with a case listing exactly one type, the variable
-has that type; otherwise, the variable has the type of the expression
-in the TypeSwitchGuard.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Instead of a type, a case may use the predeclared identifier
-<a href="#Predeclared_identifiers"><code>nil</code></a>;
-that case is selected when the expression in the TypeSwitchGuard
-is a <code>nil</code> interface value.
-There may be at most one <code>nil</code> case.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Given an expression <code>x</code> of type <code>interface{}</code>,
-the following type switch:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-switch i := x.(type) {
-case nil:
- printString("x is nil") // type of i is type of x (interface{})
-case int:
- printInt(i) // type of i is int
-case float64:
- printFloat64(i) // type of i is float64
-case func(int) float64:
- printFunction(i) // type of i is func(int) float64
-case bool, string:
- printString("type is bool or string") // type of i is type of x (interface{})
-default:
- printString("don't know the type") // type of i is type of x (interface{})
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-could be rewritten:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-v := x // x is evaluated exactly once
-if v == nil {
- i := v // type of i is type of x (interface{})
- printString("x is nil")
-} else if i, isInt := v.(int); isInt {
- printInt(i) // type of i is int
-} else if i, isFloat64 := v.(float64); isFloat64 {
- printFloat64(i) // type of i is float64
-} else if i, isFunc := v.(func(int) float64); isFunc {
- printFunction(i) // type of i is func(int) float64
-} else {
- _, isBool := v.(bool)
- _, isString := v.(string)
- if isBool || isString {
- i := v // type of i is type of x (interface{})
- printString("type is bool or string")
- } else {
- i := v // type of i is type of x (interface{})
- printString("don't know the type")
- }
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The type switch guard may be preceded by a simple statement, which
-executes before the guard is evaluated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The "fallthrough" statement is not permitted in a type switch.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="For_statements">For statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "for" statement specifies repeated execution of a block. There are three forms:
-The iteration may be controlled by a single condition, a "for" clause, or a "range" clause.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ForStmt = "for" [ Condition | ForClause | RangeClause ] Block .
-Condition = Expression .
-</pre>
-
-<h4 id="For_condition">For statements with single condition</h4>
-
-<p>
-In its simplest form, a "for" statement specifies the repeated execution of
-a block as long as a boolean condition evaluates to true.
-The condition is evaluated before each iteration.
-If the condition is absent, it is equivalent to the boolean value
-<code>true</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-for a < b {
- a *= 2
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h4 id="For_clause">For statements with <code>for</code> clause</h4>
-
-<p>
-A "for" statement with a ForClause is also controlled by its condition, but
-additionally it may specify an <i>init</i>
-and a <i>post</i> statement, such as an assignment,
-an increment or decrement statement. The init statement may be a
-<a href="#Short_variable_declarations">short variable declaration</a>, but the post statement must not.
-Variables declared by the init statement are re-used in each iteration.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ForClause = [ InitStmt ] ";" [ Condition ] ";" [ PostStmt ] .
-InitStmt = SimpleStmt .
-PostStmt = SimpleStmt .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
- f(i)
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If non-empty, the init statement is executed once before evaluating the
-condition for the first iteration;
-the post statement is executed after each execution of the block (and
-only if the block was executed).
-Any element of the ForClause may be empty but the
-<a href="#Semicolons">semicolons</a> are
-required unless there is only a condition.
-If the condition is absent, it is equivalent to the boolean value
-<code>true</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-for cond { S() } is the same as for ; cond ; { S() }
-for { S() } is the same as for true { S() }
-</pre>
-
-<h4 id="For_range">For statements with <code>range</code> clause</h4>
-
-<p>
-A "for" statement with a "range" clause
-iterates through all entries of an array, slice, string or map,
-or values received on a channel. For each entry it assigns <i>iteration values</i>
-to corresponding <i>iteration variables</i> if present and then executes the block.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-RangeClause = [ ExpressionList "=" | IdentifierList ":=" ] "range" Expression .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The expression on the right in the "range" clause is called the <i>range expression</i>,
-which may be an array, pointer to an array, slice, string, map, or channel permitting
-<a href="#Receive_operator">receive operations</a>.
-As with an assignment, if present the operands on the left must be
-<a href="#Address_operators">addressable</a> or map index expressions; they
-denote the iteration variables. If the range expression is a channel, at most
-one iteration variable is permitted, otherwise there may be up to two.
-If the last iteration variable is the <a href="#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a>,
-the range clause is equivalent to the same clause without that identifier.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The range expression <code>x</code> is evaluated once before beginning the loop,
-with one exception: if at most one iteration variable is present and
-<code>len(x)</code> is <a href="#Length_and_capacity">constant</a>,
-the range expression is not evaluated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Function calls on the left are evaluated once per iteration.
-For each iteration, iteration values are produced as follows
-if the respective iteration variables are present:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-Range expression 1st value 2nd value
-
-array or slice a [n]E, *[n]E, or []E index i int a[i] E
-string s string type index i int see below rune
-map m map[K]V key k K m[k] V
-channel c chan E, <-chan E element e E
-</pre>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-For an array, pointer to array, or slice value <code>a</code>, the index iteration
-values are produced in increasing order, starting at element index 0.
-If at most one iteration variable is present, the range loop produces
-iteration values from 0 up to <code>len(a)-1</code> and does not index into the array
-or slice itself. For a <code>nil</code> slice, the number of iterations is 0.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-For a string value, the "range" clause iterates over the Unicode code points
-in the string starting at byte index 0. On successive iterations, the index value will be the
-index of the first byte of successive UTF-8-encoded code points in the string,
-and the second value, of type <code>rune</code>, will be the value of
-the corresponding code point. If the iteration encounters an invalid
-UTF-8 sequence, the second value will be <code>0xFFFD</code>,
-the Unicode replacement character, and the next iteration will advance
-a single byte in the string.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The iteration order over maps is not specified
-and is not guaranteed to be the same from one iteration to the next.
-If a map entry that has not yet been reached is removed during iteration,
-the corresponding iteration value will not be produced. If a map entry is
-created during iteration, that entry may be produced during the iteration or
-may be skipped. The choice may vary for each entry created and from one
-iteration to the next.
-If the map is <code>nil</code>, the number of iterations is 0.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-For channels, the iteration values produced are the successive values sent on
-the channel until the channel is <a href="#Close">closed</a>. If the channel
-is <code>nil</code>, the range expression blocks forever.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-The iteration values are assigned to the respective
-iteration variables as in an <a href="#Assignments">assignment statement</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The iteration variables may be declared by the "range" clause using a form of
-<a href="#Short_variable_declarations">short variable declaration</a>
-(<code>:=</code>).
-In this case their types are set to the types of the respective iteration values
-and their <a href="#Declarations_and_scope">scope</a> is the block of the "for"
-statement; they are re-used in each iteration.
-If the iteration variables are declared outside the "for" statement,
-after execution their values will be those of the last iteration.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var testdata *struct {
- a *[7]int
-}
-for i, _ := range testdata.a {
- // testdata.a is never evaluated; len(testdata.a) is constant
- // i ranges from 0 to 6
- f(i)
-}
-
-var a [10]string
-for i, s := range a {
- // type of i is int
- // type of s is string
- // s == a[i]
- g(i, s)
-}
-
-var key string
-var val interface {} // element type of m is assignable to val
-m := map[string]int{"mon":0, "tue":1, "wed":2, "thu":3, "fri":4, "sat":5, "sun":6}
-for key, val = range m {
- h(key, val)
-}
-// key == last map key encountered in iteration
-// val == map[key]
-
-var ch chan Work = producer()
-for w := range ch {
- doWork(w)
-}
-
-// empty a channel
-for range ch {}
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Go_statements">Go statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "go" statement starts the execution of a function call
-as an independent concurrent thread of control, or <i>goroutine</i>,
-within the same address space.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-GoStmt = "go" Expression .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The expression must be a function or method call; it cannot be parenthesized.
-Calls of built-in functions are restricted as for
-<a href="#Expression_statements">expression statements</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The function value and parameters are
-<a href="#Calls">evaluated as usual</a>
-in the calling goroutine, but
-unlike with a regular call, program execution does not wait
-for the invoked function to complete.
-Instead, the function begins executing independently
-in a new goroutine.
-When the function terminates, its goroutine also terminates.
-If the function has any return values, they are discarded when the
-function completes.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-go Server()
-go func(ch chan<- bool) { for { sleep(10); ch <- true }} (c)
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Select_statements">Select statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "select" statement chooses which of a set of possible
-<a href="#Send_statements">send</a> or
-<a href="#Receive_operator">receive</a>
-operations will proceed.
-It looks similar to a
-<a href="#Switch_statements">"switch"</a> statement but with the
-cases all referring to communication operations.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-SelectStmt = "select" "{" { CommClause } "}" .
-CommClause = CommCase ":" StatementList .
-CommCase = "case" ( SendStmt | RecvStmt ) | "default" .
-RecvStmt = [ ExpressionList "=" | IdentifierList ":=" ] RecvExpr .
-RecvExpr = Expression .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A case with a RecvStmt may assign the result of a RecvExpr to one or
-two variables, which may be declared using a
-<a href="#Short_variable_declarations">short variable declaration</a>.
-The RecvExpr must be a (possibly parenthesized) receive operation.
-There can be at most one default case and it may appear anywhere
-in the list of cases.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Execution of a "select" statement proceeds in several steps:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>
-For all the cases in the statement, the channel operands of receive operations
-and the channel and right-hand-side expressions of send statements are
-evaluated exactly once, in source order, upon entering the "select" statement.
-The result is a set of channels to receive from or send to,
-and the corresponding values to send.
-Any side effects in that evaluation will occur irrespective of which (if any)
-communication operation is selected to proceed.
-Expressions on the left-hand side of a RecvStmt with a short variable declaration
-or assignment are not yet evaluated.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-If one or more of the communications can proceed,
-a single one that can proceed is chosen via a uniform pseudo-random selection.
-Otherwise, if there is a default case, that case is chosen.
-If there is no default case, the "select" statement blocks until
-at least one of the communications can proceed.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-Unless the selected case is the default case, the respective communication
-operation is executed.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-If the selected case is a RecvStmt with a short variable declaration or
-an assignment, the left-hand side expressions are evaluated and the
-received value (or values) are assigned.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-The statement list of the selected case is executed.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-Since communication on <code>nil</code> channels can never proceed,
-a select with only <code>nil</code> channels and no default case blocks forever.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a []int
-var c, c1, c2, c3, c4 chan int
-var i1, i2 int
-select {
-case i1 = <-c1:
- print("received ", i1, " from c1\n")
-case c2 <- i2:
- print("sent ", i2, " to c2\n")
-case i3, ok := (<-c3): // same as: i3, ok := <-c3
- if ok {
- print("received ", i3, " from c3\n")
- } else {
- print("c3 is closed\n")
- }
-case a[f()] = <-c4:
- // same as:
- // case t := <-c4
- // a[f()] = t
-default:
- print("no communication\n")
-}
-
-for { // send random sequence of bits to c
- select {
- case c <- 0: // note: no statement, no fallthrough, no folding of cases
- case c <- 1:
- }
-}
-
-select {} // block forever
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Return_statements">Return statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "return" statement in a function <code>F</code> terminates the execution
-of <code>F</code>, and optionally provides one or more result values.
-Any functions <a href="#Defer_statements">deferred</a> by <code>F</code>
-are executed before <code>F</code> returns to its caller.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ReturnStmt = "return" [ ExpressionList ] .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In a function without a result type, a "return" statement must not
-specify any result values.
-</p>
-<pre>
-func noResult() {
- return
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-There are three ways to return values from a function with a result
-type:
-</p>
-
-<ol>
- <li>The return value or values may be explicitly listed
- in the "return" statement. Each expression must be single-valued
- and <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
- to the corresponding element of the function's result type.
-<pre>
-func simpleF() int {
- return 2
-}
-
-func complexF1() (re float64, im float64) {
- return -7.0, -4.0
-}
-</pre>
- </li>
- <li>The expression list in the "return" statement may be a single
- call to a multi-valued function. The effect is as if each value
- returned from that function were assigned to a temporary
- variable with the type of the respective value, followed by a
- "return" statement listing these variables, at which point the
- rules of the previous case apply.
-<pre>
-func complexF2() (re float64, im float64) {
- return complexF1()
-}
-</pre>
- </li>
- <li>The expression list may be empty if the function's result
- type specifies names for its <a href="#Function_types">result parameters</a>.
- The result parameters act as ordinary local variables
- and the function may assign values to them as necessary.
- The "return" statement returns the values of these variables.
-<pre>
-func complexF3() (re float64, im float64) {
- re = 7.0
- im = 4.0
- return
-}
-
-func (devnull) Write(p []byte) (n int, _ error) {
- n = len(p)
- return
-}
-</pre>
- </li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-Regardless of how they are declared, all the result values are initialized to
-the <a href="#The_zero_value">zero values</a> for their type upon entry to the
-function. A "return" statement that specifies results sets the result parameters before
-any deferred functions are executed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: A compiler may disallow an empty expression list
-in a "return" statement if a different entity (constant, type, or variable)
-with the same name as a result parameter is in
-<a href="#Declarations_and_scope">scope</a> at the place of the return.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func f(n int) (res int, err error) {
- if _, err := f(n-1); err != nil {
- return // invalid return statement: err is shadowed
- }
- return
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Break_statements">Break statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "break" statement terminates execution of the innermost
-<a href="#For_statements">"for"</a>,
-<a href="#Switch_statements">"switch"</a>, or
-<a href="#Select_statements">"select"</a> statement
-within the same function.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-BreakStmt = "break" [ Label ] .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If there is a label, it must be that of an enclosing
-"for", "switch", or "select" statement,
-and that is the one whose execution terminates.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-OuterLoop:
- for i = 0; i < n; i++ {
- for j = 0; j < m; j++ {
- switch a[i][j] {
- case nil:
- state = Error
- break OuterLoop
- case item:
- state = Found
- break OuterLoop
- }
- }
- }
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Continue_statements">Continue statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "continue" statement begins the next iteration of the
-innermost <a href="#For_statements">"for" loop</a> at its post statement.
-The "for" loop must be within the same function.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ContinueStmt = "continue" [ Label ] .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If there is a label, it must be that of an enclosing
-"for" statement, and that is the one whose execution
-advances.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-RowLoop:
- for y, row := range rows {
- for x, data := range row {
- if data == endOfRow {
- continue RowLoop
- }
- row[x] = data + bias(x, y)
- }
- }
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Goto_statements">Goto statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "goto" statement transfers control to the statement with the corresponding label
-within the same function.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-GotoStmt = "goto" Label .
-</pre>
-
-<pre>
-goto Error
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Executing the "goto" statement must not cause any variables to come into
-<a href="#Declarations_and_scope">scope</a> that were not already in scope at the point of the goto.
-For instance, this example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- goto L // BAD
- v := 3
-L:
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-is erroneous because the jump to label <code>L</code> skips
-the creation of <code>v</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A "goto" statement outside a <a href="#Blocks">block</a> cannot jump to a label inside that block.
-For instance, this example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-if n%2 == 1 {
- goto L1
-}
-for n > 0 {
- f()
- n--
-L1:
- f()
- n--
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-is erroneous because the label <code>L1</code> is inside
-the "for" statement's block but the <code>goto</code> is not.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Fallthrough_statements">Fallthrough statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "fallthrough" statement transfers control to the first statement of the
-next case clause in an <a href="#Expression_switches">expression "switch" statement</a>.
-It may be used only as the final non-empty statement in such a clause.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-FallthroughStmt = "fallthrough" .
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Defer_statements">Defer statements</h3>
-
-<p>
-A "defer" statement invokes a function whose execution is deferred
-to the moment the surrounding function returns, either because the
-surrounding function executed a <a href="#Return_statements">return statement</a>,
-reached the end of its <a href="#Function_declarations">function body</a>,
-or because the corresponding goroutine is <a href="#Handling_panics">panicking</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-DeferStmt = "defer" Expression .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The expression must be a function or method call; it cannot be parenthesized.
-Calls of built-in functions are restricted as for
-<a href="#Expression_statements">expression statements</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Each time a "defer" statement
-executes, the function value and parameters to the call are
-<a href="#Calls">evaluated as usual</a>
-and saved anew but the actual function is not invoked.
-Instead, deferred functions are invoked immediately before
-the surrounding function returns, in the reverse order
-they were deferred. That is, if the surrounding function
-returns through an explicit <a href="#Return_statements">return statement</a>,
-deferred functions are executed <i>after</i> any result parameters are set
-by that return statement but <i>before</i> the function returns to its caller.
-If a deferred function value evaluates
-to <code>nil</code>, execution <a href="#Handling_panics">panics</a>
-when the function is invoked, not when the "defer" statement is executed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For instance, if the deferred function is
-a <a href="#Function_literals">function literal</a> and the surrounding
-function has <a href="#Function_types">named result parameters</a> that
-are in scope within the literal, the deferred function may access and modify
-the result parameters before they are returned.
-If the deferred function has any return values, they are discarded when
-the function completes.
-(See also the section on <a href="#Handling_panics">handling panics</a>.)
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-lock(l)
-defer unlock(l) // unlocking happens before surrounding function returns
-
-// prints 3 2 1 0 before surrounding function returns
-for i := 0; i <= 3; i++ {
- defer fmt.Print(i)
-}
-
-// f returns 42
-func f() (result int) {
- defer func() {
- // result is accessed after it was set to 6 by the return statement
- result *= 7
- }()
- return 6
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Built-in_functions">Built-in functions</h2>
-
-<p>
-Built-in functions are
-<a href="#Predeclared_identifiers">predeclared</a>.
-They are called like any other function but some of them
-accept a type instead of an expression as the first argument.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The built-in functions do not have standard Go types,
-so they can only appear in <a href="#Calls">call expressions</a>;
-they cannot be used as function values.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Close">Close</h3>
-
-<p>
-For a channel <code>c</code>, the built-in function <code>close(c)</code>
-records that no more values will be sent on the channel.
-It is an error if <code>c</code> is a receive-only channel.
-Sending to or closing a closed channel causes a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-Closing the nil channel also causes a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>.
-After calling <code>close</code>, and after any previously
-sent values have been received, receive operations will return
-the zero value for the channel's type without blocking.
-The multi-valued <a href="#Receive_operator">receive operation</a>
-returns a received value along with an indication of whether the channel is closed.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Length_and_capacity">Length and capacity</h3>
-
-<p>
-The built-in functions <code>len</code> and <code>cap</code> take arguments
-of various types and return a result of type <code>int</code>.
-The implementation guarantees that the result always fits into an <code>int</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-Call Argument type Result
-
-len(s) string type string length in bytes
- [n]T, *[n]T array length (== n)
- []T slice length
- map[K]T map length (number of defined keys)
- chan T number of elements queued in channel buffer
-
-cap(s) [n]T, *[n]T array length (== n)
- []T slice capacity
- chan T channel buffer capacity
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The capacity of a slice is the number of elements for which there is
-space allocated in the underlying array.
-At any time the following relationship holds:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-0 <= len(s) <= cap(s)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The length of a <code>nil</code> slice, map or channel is 0.
-The capacity of a <code>nil</code> slice or channel is 0.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The expression <code>len(s)</code> is <a href="#Constants">constant</a> if
-<code>s</code> is a string constant. The expressions <code>len(s)</code> and
-<code>cap(s)</code> are constants if the type of <code>s</code> is an array
-or pointer to an array and the expression <code>s</code> does not contain
-<a href="#Receive_operator">channel receives</a> or (non-constant)
-<a href="#Calls">function calls</a>; in this case <code>s</code> is not evaluated.
-Otherwise, invocations of <code>len</code> and <code>cap</code> are not
-constant and <code>s</code> is evaluated.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-const (
- c1 = imag(2i) // imag(2i) = 2.0 is a constant
- c2 = len([10]float64{2}) // [10]float64{2} contains no function calls
- c3 = len([10]float64{c1}) // [10]float64{c1} contains no function calls
- c4 = len([10]float64{imag(2i)}) // imag(2i) is a constant and no function call is issued
- c5 = len([10]float64{imag(z)}) // invalid: imag(z) is a (non-constant) function call
-)
-var z complex128
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Allocation">Allocation</h3>
-
-<p>
-The built-in function <code>new</code> takes a type <code>T</code>,
-allocates storage for a <a href="#Variables">variable</a> of that type
-at run time, and returns a value of type <code>*T</code>
-<a href="#Pointer_types">pointing</a> to it.
-The variable is initialized as described in the section on
-<a href="#The_zero_value">initial values</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-new(T)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For instance
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type S struct { a int; b float64 }
-new(S)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-allocates storage for a variable of type <code>S</code>,
-initializes it (<code>a=0</code>, <code>b=0.0</code>),
-and returns a value of type <code>*S</code> containing the address
-of the location.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Making_slices_maps_and_channels">Making slices, maps and channels</h3>
-
-<p>
-The built-in function <code>make</code> takes a type <code>T</code>,
-which must be a slice, map or channel type,
-optionally followed by a type-specific list of expressions.
-It returns a value of type <code>T</code> (not <code>*T</code>).
-The memory is initialized as described in the section on
-<a href="#The_zero_value">initial values</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-Call Type T Result
-
-make(T, n) slice slice of type T with length n and capacity n
-make(T, n, m) slice slice of type T with length n and capacity m
-
-make(T) map map of type T
-make(T, n) map map of type T with initial space for approximately n elements
-
-make(T) channel unbuffered channel of type T
-make(T, n) channel buffered channel of type T, buffer size n
-</pre>
-
-
-<p>
-Each of the size arguments <code>n</code> and <code>m</code> must be of integer type
-or an untyped <a href="#Constants">constant</a>.
-A constant size argument must be non-negative and <a href="#Representability">representable</a>
-by a value of type <code>int</code>; if it is an untyped constant it is given type <code>int</code>.
-If both <code>n</code> and <code>m</code> are provided and are constant, then
-<code>n</code> must be no larger than <code>m</code>.
-If <code>n</code> is negative or larger than <code>m</code> at run time,
-a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a> occurs.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-s := make([]int, 10, 100) // slice with len(s) == 10, cap(s) == 100
-s := make([]int, 1e3) // slice with len(s) == cap(s) == 1000
-s := make([]int, 1<<63) // illegal: len(s) is not representable by a value of type int
-s := make([]int, 10, 0) // illegal: len(s) > cap(s)
-c := make(chan int, 10) // channel with a buffer size of 10
-m := make(map[string]int, 100) // map with initial space for approximately 100 elements
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Calling <code>make</code> with a map type and size hint <code>n</code> will
-create a map with initial space to hold <code>n</code> map elements.
-The precise behavior is implementation-dependent.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Appending_and_copying_slices">Appending to and copying slices</h3>
-
-<p>
-The built-in functions <code>append</code> and <code>copy</code> assist in
-common slice operations.
-For both functions, the result is independent of whether the memory referenced
-by the arguments overlaps.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="#Function_types">variadic</a> function <code>append</code>
-appends zero or more values <code>x</code>
-to <code>s</code> of type <code>S</code>, which must be a slice type, and
-returns the resulting slice, also of type <code>S</code>.
-The values <code>x</code> are passed to a parameter of type <code>...T</code>
-where <code>T</code> is the <a href="#Slice_types">element type</a> of
-<code>S</code> and the respective
-<a href="#Passing_arguments_to_..._parameters">parameter passing rules</a> apply.
-As a special case, <code>append</code> also accepts a first argument
-assignable to type <code>[]byte</code> with a second argument of
-string type followed by <code>...</code>. This form appends the
-bytes of the string.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-append(s S, x ...T) S // T is the element type of S
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the capacity of <code>s</code> is not large enough to fit the additional
-values, <code>append</code> allocates a new, sufficiently large underlying
-array that fits both the existing slice elements and the additional values.
-Otherwise, <code>append</code> re-uses the underlying array.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-s0 := []int{0, 0}
-s1 := append(s0, 2) // append a single element s1 == []int{0, 0, 2}
-s2 := append(s1, 3, 5, 7) // append multiple elements s2 == []int{0, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7}
-s3 := append(s2, s0...) // append a slice s3 == []int{0, 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 0, 0}
-s4 := append(s3[3:6], s3[2:]...) // append overlapping slice s4 == []int{3, 5, 7, 2, 3, 5, 7, 0, 0}
-
-var t []interface{}
-t = append(t, 42, 3.1415, "foo") // t == []interface{}{42, 3.1415, "foo"}
-
-var b []byte
-b = append(b, "bar"...) // append string contents b == []byte{'b', 'a', 'r' }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The function <code>copy</code> copies slice elements from
-a source <code>src</code> to a destination <code>dst</code> and returns the
-number of elements copied.
-Both arguments must have <a href="#Type_identity">identical</a> element type <code>T</code> and must be
-<a href="#Assignability">assignable</a> to a slice of type <code>[]T</code>.
-The number of elements copied is the minimum of
-<code>len(src)</code> and <code>len(dst)</code>.
-As a special case, <code>copy</code> also accepts a destination argument assignable
-to type <code>[]byte</code> with a source argument of a string type.
-This form copies the bytes from the string into the byte slice.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-copy(dst, src []T) int
-copy(dst []byte, src string) int
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Examples:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a = [...]int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
-var s = make([]int, 6)
-var b = make([]byte, 5)
-n1 := copy(s, a[0:]) // n1 == 6, s == []int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
-n2 := copy(s, s[2:]) // n2 == 4, s == []int{2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5}
-n3 := copy(b, "Hello, World!") // n3 == 5, b == []byte("Hello")
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Deletion_of_map_elements">Deletion of map elements</h3>
-
-<p>
-The built-in function <code>delete</code> removes the element with key
-<code>k</code> from a <a href="#Map_types">map</a> <code>m</code>. The
-type of <code>k</code> must be <a href="#Assignability">assignable</a>
-to the key type of <code>m</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-delete(m, k) // remove element m[k] from map m
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the map <code>m</code> is <code>nil</code> or the element <code>m[k]</code>
-does not exist, <code>delete</code> is a no-op.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Complex_numbers">Manipulating complex numbers</h3>
-
-<p>
-Three functions assemble and disassemble complex numbers.
-The built-in function <code>complex</code> constructs a complex
-value from a floating-point real and imaginary part, while
-<code>real</code> and <code>imag</code>
-extract the real and imaginary parts of a complex value.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-complex(realPart, imaginaryPart floatT) complexT
-real(complexT) floatT
-imag(complexT) floatT
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The type of the arguments and return value correspond.
-For <code>complex</code>, the two arguments must be of the same
-floating-point type and the return type is the complex type
-with the corresponding floating-point constituents:
-<code>complex64</code> for <code>float32</code> arguments, and
-<code>complex128</code> for <code>float64</code> arguments.
-If one of the arguments evaluates to an untyped constant, it is first implicitly
-<a href="#Conversions">converted</a> to the type of the other argument.
-If both arguments evaluate to untyped constants, they must be non-complex
-numbers or their imaginary parts must be zero, and the return value of
-the function is an untyped complex constant.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For <code>real</code> and <code>imag</code>, the argument must be
-of complex type, and the return type is the corresponding floating-point
-type: <code>float32</code> for a <code>complex64</code> argument, and
-<code>float64</code> for a <code>complex128</code> argument.
-If the argument evaluates to an untyped constant, it must be a number,
-and the return value of the function is an untyped floating-point constant.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>real</code> and <code>imag</code> functions together form the inverse of
-<code>complex</code>, so for a value <code>z</code> of a complex type <code>Z</code>,
-<code>z == Z(complex(real(z), imag(z)))</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If the operands of these functions are all constants, the return
-value is a constant.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var a = complex(2, -2) // complex128
-const b = complex(1.0, -1.4) // untyped complex constant 1 - 1.4i
-x := float32(math.Cos(math.Pi/2)) // float32
-var c64 = complex(5, -x) // complex64
-var s uint = complex(1, 0) // untyped complex constant 1 + 0i can be converted to uint
-_ = complex(1, 2<<s) // illegal: 2 assumes floating-point type, cannot shift
-var rl = real(c64) // float32
-var im = imag(a) // float64
-const c = imag(b) // untyped constant -1.4
-_ = imag(3 << s) // illegal: 3 assumes complex type, cannot shift
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Handling_panics">Handling panics</h3>
-
-<p> Two built-in functions, <code>panic</code> and <code>recover</code>,
-assist in reporting and handling <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panics</a>
-and program-defined error conditions.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-func panic(interface{})
-func recover() interface{}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-While executing a function <code>F</code>,
-an explicit call to <code>panic</code> or a <a href="#Run_time_panics">run-time panic</a>
-terminates the execution of <code>F</code>.
-Any functions <a href="#Defer_statements">deferred</a> by <code>F</code>
-are then executed as usual.
-Next, any deferred functions run by <code>F's</code> caller are run,
-and so on up to any deferred by the top-level function in the executing goroutine.
-At that point, the program is terminated and the error
-condition is reported, including the value of the argument to <code>panic</code>.
-This termination sequence is called <i>panicking</i>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-panic(42)
-panic("unreachable")
-panic(Error("cannot parse"))
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The <code>recover</code> function allows a program to manage behavior
-of a panicking goroutine.
-Suppose a function <code>G</code> defers a function <code>D</code> that calls
-<code>recover</code> and a panic occurs in a function on the same goroutine in which <code>G</code>
-is executing.
-When the running of deferred functions reaches <code>D</code>,
-the return value of <code>D</code>'s call to <code>recover</code> will be the value passed to the call of <code>panic</code>.
-If <code>D</code> returns normally, without starting a new
-<code>panic</code>, the panicking sequence stops. In that case,
-the state of functions called between <code>G</code> and the call to <code>panic</code>
-is discarded, and normal execution resumes.
-Any functions deferred by <code>G</code> before <code>D</code> are then run and <code>G</code>'s
-execution terminates by returning to its caller.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The return value of <code>recover</code> is <code>nil</code> if any of the following conditions holds:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<code>panic</code>'s argument was <code>nil</code>;
-</li>
-<li>
-the goroutine is not panicking;
-</li>
-<li>
-<code>recover</code> was not called directly by a deferred function.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The <code>protect</code> function in the example below invokes
-the function argument <code>g</code> and protects callers from
-run-time panics raised by <code>g</code>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func protect(g func()) {
- defer func() {
- log.Println("done") // Println executes normally even if there is a panic
- if x := recover(); x != nil {
- log.Printf("run time panic: %v", x)
- }
- }()
- log.Println("start")
- g()
-}
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="Bootstrapping">Bootstrapping</h3>
-
-<p>
-Current implementations provide several built-in functions useful during
-bootstrapping. These functions are documented for completeness but are not
-guaranteed to stay in the language. They do not return a result.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-Function Behavior
-
-print prints all arguments; formatting of arguments is implementation-specific
-println like print but prints spaces between arguments and a newline at the end
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: <code>print</code> and <code>println</code> need not
-accept arbitrary argument types, but printing of boolean, numeric, and string
-<a href="#Types">types</a> must be supported.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Packages">Packages</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go programs are constructed by linking together <i>packages</i>.
-A package in turn is constructed from one or more source files
-that together declare constants, types, variables and functions
-belonging to the package and which are accessible in all files
-of the same package. Those elements may be
-<a href="#Exported_identifiers">exported</a> and used in another package.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Source_file_organization">Source file organization</h3>
-
-<p>
-Each source file consists of a package clause defining the package
-to which it belongs, followed by a possibly empty set of import
-declarations that declare packages whose contents it wishes to use,
-followed by a possibly empty set of declarations of functions,
-types, variables, and constants.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-SourceFile = PackageClause ";" { ImportDecl ";" } { TopLevelDecl ";" } .
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Package_clause">Package clause</h3>
-
-<p>
-A package clause begins each source file and defines the package
-to which the file belongs.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-PackageClause = "package" PackageName .
-PackageName = identifier .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The PackageName must not be the <a href="#Blank_identifier">blank identifier</a>.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package math
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A set of files sharing the same PackageName form the implementation of a package.
-An implementation may require that all source files for a package inhabit the same directory.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Import_declarations">Import declarations</h3>
-
-<p>
-An import declaration states that the source file containing the declaration
-depends on functionality of the <i>imported</i> package
-(<a href="#Program_initialization_and_execution">§Program initialization and execution</a>)
-and enables access to <a href="#Exported_identifiers">exported</a> identifiers
-of that package.
-The import names an identifier (PackageName) to be used for access and an ImportPath
-that specifies the package to be imported.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="ebnf">
-ImportDecl = "import" ( ImportSpec | "(" { ImportSpec ";" } ")" ) .
-ImportSpec = [ "." | PackageName ] ImportPath .
-ImportPath = string_lit .
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The PackageName is used in <a href="#Qualified_identifiers">qualified identifiers</a>
-to access exported identifiers of the package within the importing source file.
-It is declared in the <a href="#Blocks">file block</a>.
-If the PackageName is omitted, it defaults to the identifier specified in the
-<a href="#Package_clause">package clause</a> of the imported package.
-If an explicit period (<code>.</code>) appears instead of a name, all the
-package's exported identifiers declared in that package's
-<a href="#Blocks">package block</a> will be declared in the importing source
-file's file block and must be accessed without a qualifier.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The interpretation of the ImportPath is implementation-dependent but
-it is typically a substring of the full file name of the compiled
-package and may be relative to a repository of installed packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Implementation restriction: A compiler may restrict ImportPaths to
-non-empty strings using only characters belonging to
-<a href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/">Unicode's</a>
-L, M, N, P, and S general categories (the Graphic characters without
-spaces) and may also exclude the characters
-<code>!"#$%&'()*,:;<=>?[\]^`{|}</code>
-and the Unicode replacement character U+FFFD.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Assume we have compiled a package containing the package clause
-<code>package math</code>, which exports function <code>Sin</code>, and
-installed the compiled package in the file identified by
-<code>"lib/math"</code>.
-This table illustrates how <code>Sin</code> is accessed in files
-that import the package after the
-various types of import declaration.
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-Import declaration Local name of Sin
-
-import "lib/math" math.Sin
-import m "lib/math" m.Sin
-import . "lib/math" Sin
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-An import declaration declares a dependency relation between
-the importing and imported package.
-It is illegal for a package to import itself, directly or indirectly,
-or to directly import a package without
-referring to any of its exported identifiers. To import a package solely for
-its side-effects (initialization), use the <a href="#Blank_identifier">blank</a>
-identifier as explicit package name:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-import _ "lib/math"
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3 id="An_example_package">An example package</h3>
-
-<p>
-Here is a complete Go package that implements a concurrent prime sieve.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-// Send the sequence 2, 3, 4, … to channel 'ch'.
-func generate(ch chan<- int) {
- for i := 2; ; i++ {
- ch <- i // Send 'i' to channel 'ch'.
- }
-}
-
-// Copy the values from channel 'src' to channel 'dst',
-// removing those divisible by 'prime'.
-func filter(src <-chan int, dst chan<- int, prime int) {
- for i := range src { // Loop over values received from 'src'.
- if i%prime != 0 {
- dst <- i // Send 'i' to channel 'dst'.
- }
- }
-}
-
-// The prime sieve: Daisy-chain filter processes together.
-func sieve() {
- ch := make(chan int) // Create a new channel.
- go generate(ch) // Start generate() as a subprocess.
- for {
- prime := <-ch
- fmt.Print(prime, "\n")
- ch1 := make(chan int)
- go filter(ch, ch1, prime)
- ch = ch1
- }
-}
-
-func main() {
- sieve()
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Program_initialization_and_execution">Program initialization and execution</h2>
-
-<h3 id="The_zero_value">The zero value</h3>
-<p>
-When storage is allocated for a <a href="#Variables">variable</a>,
-either through a declaration or a call of <code>new</code>, or when
-a new value is created, either through a composite literal or a call
-of <code>make</code>,
-and no explicit initialization is provided, the variable or value is
-given a default value. Each element of such a variable or value is
-set to the <i>zero value</i> for its type: <code>false</code> for booleans,
-<code>0</code> for numeric types, <code>""</code>
-for strings, and <code>nil</code> for pointers, functions, interfaces, slices, channels, and maps.
-This initialization is done recursively, so for instance each element of an
-array of structs will have its fields zeroed if no value is specified.
-</p>
-<p>
-These two simple declarations are equivalent:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var i int
-var i int = 0
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-After
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type T struct { i int; f float64; next *T }
-t := new(T)
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the following holds:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-t.i == 0
-t.f == 0.0
-t.next == nil
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The same would also be true after
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var t T
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="Package_initialization">Package initialization</h3>
-
-<p>
-Within a package, package-level variables are initialized in
-<i>declaration order</i> but after any of the variables
-they <i>depend</i> on.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-More precisely, a package-level variable is considered <i>ready for
-initialization</i> if it is not yet initialized and either has
-no <a href="#Variable_declarations">initialization expression</a> or
-its initialization expression has no dependencies on uninitialized variables.
-Initialization proceeds by repeatedly initializing the next package-level
-variable that is earliest in declaration order and ready for initialization,
-until there are no variables ready for initialization.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If any variables are still uninitialized when this
-process ends, those variables are part of one or more initialization cycles,
-and the program is not valid.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The declaration order of variables declared in multiple files is determined
-by the order in which the files are presented to the compiler: Variables
-declared in the first file are declared before any of the variables declared
-in the second file, and so on.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Dependency analysis does not rely on the actual values of the
-variables, only on lexical <i>references</i> to them in the source,
-analyzed transitively. For instance, if a variable <code>x</code>'s
-initialization expression refers to a function whose body refers to
-variable <code>y</code> then <code>x</code> depends on <code>y</code>.
-Specifically:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-A reference to a variable or function is an identifier denoting that
-variable or function.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A reference to a method <code>m</code> is a
-<a href="#Method_values">method value</a> or
-<a href="#Method_expressions">method expression</a> of the form
-<code>t.m</code>, where the (static) type of <code>t</code> is
-not an interface type, and the method <code>m</code> is in the
-<a href="#Method_sets">method set</a> of <code>t</code>.
-It is immaterial whether the resulting function value
-<code>t.m</code> is invoked.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-A variable, function, or method <code>x</code> depends on a variable
-<code>y</code> if <code>x</code>'s initialization expression or body
-(for functions and methods) contains a reference to <code>y</code>
-or to a function or method that depends on <code>y</code>.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Dependency analysis is performed per package; only references referring
-to variables, functions, and methods declared in the current package
-are considered.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, given the declarations
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var (
- a = c + b
- b = f()
- c = f()
- d = 3
-)
-
-func f() int {
- d++
- return d
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-the initialization order is <code>d</code>, <code>b</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>a</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Variables may also be initialized using functions named <code>init</code>
-declared in the package block, with no arguments and no result parameters.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func init() { … }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Multiple such functions may be defined per package, even within a single
-source file. In the package block, the <code>init</code> identifier can
-be used only to declare <code>init</code> functions, yet the identifier
-itself is not <a href="#Declarations_and_scope">declared</a>. Thus
-<code>init</code> functions cannot be referred to from anywhere
-in a program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A package with no imports is initialized by assigning initial values
-to all its package-level variables followed by calling all <code>init</code>
-functions in the order they appear in the source, possibly in multiple files,
-as presented to the compiler.
-If a package has imports, the imported packages are initialized
-before initializing the package itself. If multiple packages import
-a package, the imported package will be initialized only once.
-The importing of packages, by construction, guarantees that there
-can be no cyclic initialization dependencies.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Package initialization—variable initialization and the invocation of
-<code>init</code> functions—happens in a single goroutine,
-sequentially, one package at a time.
-An <code>init</code> function may launch other goroutines, which can run
-concurrently with the initialization code. However, initialization
-always sequences
-the <code>init</code> functions: it will not invoke the next one
-until the previous one has returned.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To ensure reproducible initialization behavior, build systems are encouraged
-to present multiple files belonging to the same package in lexical file name
-order to a compiler.
-</p>
-
-
-<h3 id="Program_execution">Program execution</h3>
-<p>
-A complete program is created by linking a single, unimported package
-called the <i>main package</i> with all the packages it imports, transitively.
-The main package must
-have package name <code>main</code> and
-declare a function <code>main</code> that takes no
-arguments and returns no value.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func main() { … }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Program execution begins by initializing the main package and then
-invoking the function <code>main</code>.
-When that function invocation returns, the program exits.
-It does not wait for other (non-<code>main</code>) goroutines to complete.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="Errors">Errors</h2>
-
-<p>
-The predeclared type <code>error</code> is defined as
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-type error interface {
- Error() string
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-It is the conventional interface for representing an error condition,
-with the nil value representing no error.
-For instance, a function to read data from a file might be defined:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-func Read(f *File, b []byte) (n int, err error)
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="Run_time_panics">Run-time panics</h2>
-
-<p>
-Execution errors such as attempting to index an array out
-of bounds trigger a <i>run-time panic</i> equivalent to a call of
-the built-in function <a href="#Handling_panics"><code>panic</code></a>
-with a value of the implementation-defined interface type <code>runtime.Error</code>.
-That type satisfies the predeclared interface type
-<a href="#Errors"><code>error</code></a>.
-The exact error values that
-represent distinct run-time error conditions are unspecified.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package runtime
-
-type Error interface {
- error
- // and perhaps other methods
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="System_considerations">System considerations</h2>
-
-<h3 id="Package_unsafe">Package <code>unsafe</code></h3>
-
-<p>
-The built-in package <code>unsafe</code>, known to the compiler
-and accessible through the <a href="#Import_declarations">import path</a> <code>"unsafe"</code>,
-provides facilities for low-level programming including operations
-that violate the type system. A package using <code>unsafe</code>
-must be vetted manually for type safety and may not be portable.
-The package provides the following interface:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-package unsafe
-
-type ArbitraryType int // shorthand for an arbitrary Go type; it is not a real type
-type Pointer *ArbitraryType
-
-func Alignof(variable ArbitraryType) uintptr
-func Offsetof(selector ArbitraryType) uintptr
-func Sizeof(variable ArbitraryType) uintptr
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-A <code>Pointer</code> is a <a href="#Pointer_types">pointer type</a> but a <code>Pointer</code>
-value may not be <a href="#Address_operators">dereferenced</a>.
-Any pointer or value of <a href="#Types">underlying type</a> <code>uintptr</code> can be converted to
-a type of underlying type <code>Pointer</code> and vice versa.
-The effect of converting between <code>Pointer</code> and <code>uintptr</code> is implementation-defined.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-var f float64
-bits = *(*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&f))
-
-type ptr unsafe.Pointer
-bits = *(*uint64)(ptr(&f))
-
-var p ptr = nil
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The functions <code>Alignof</code> and <code>Sizeof</code> take an expression <code>x</code>
-of any type and return the alignment or size, respectively, of a hypothetical variable <code>v</code>
-as if <code>v</code> was declared via <code>var v = x</code>.
-</p>
-<p>
-The function <code>Offsetof</code> takes a (possibly parenthesized) <a href="#Selectors">selector</a>
-<code>s.f</code>, denoting a field <code>f</code> of the struct denoted by <code>s</code>
-or <code>*s</code>, and returns the field offset in bytes relative to the struct's address.
-If <code>f</code> is an <a href="#Struct_types">embedded field</a>, it must be reachable
-without pointer indirections through fields of the struct.
-For a struct <code>s</code> with field <code>f</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&s)) + unsafe.Offsetof(s.f) == uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&s.f))
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Computer architectures may require memory addresses to be <i>aligned</i>;
-that is, for addresses of a variable to be a multiple of a factor,
-the variable's type's <i>alignment</i>. The function <code>Alignof</code>
-takes an expression denoting a variable of any type and returns the
-alignment of the (type of the) variable in bytes. For a variable
-<code>x</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&x)) % unsafe.Alignof(x) == 0
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Calls to <code>Alignof</code>, <code>Offsetof</code>, and
-<code>Sizeof</code> are compile-time constant expressions of type <code>uintptr</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="Size_and_alignment_guarantees">Size and alignment guarantees</h3>
-
-<p>
-For the <a href="#Numeric_types">numeric types</a>, the following sizes are guaranteed:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="grammar">
-type size in bytes
-
-byte, uint8, int8 1
-uint16, int16 2
-uint32, int32, float32 4
-uint64, int64, float64, complex64 8
-complex128 16
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The following minimal alignment properties are guaranteed:
-</p>
-<ol>
-<li>For a variable <code>x</code> of any type: <code>unsafe.Alignof(x)</code> is at least 1.
-</li>
-
-<li>For a variable <code>x</code> of struct type: <code>unsafe.Alignof(x)</code> is the largest of
- all the values <code>unsafe.Alignof(x.f)</code> for each field <code>f</code> of <code>x</code>, but at least 1.
-</li>
-
-<li>For a variable <code>x</code> of array type: <code>unsafe.Alignof(x)</code> is the same as
- the alignment of a variable of the array's element type.
-</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-A struct or array type has size zero if it contains no fields (or elements, respectively) that have a size greater than zero. Two distinct zero-size variables may have the same address in memory.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/gopher/README b/content/doc/gopher/README
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@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-The Go gopher was designed by Renee French. (http://reneefrench.blogspot.com/)
-The design is licensed under the Creative Commons 3.0 Attributions license.
-Read this article for more details: https://blog.golang.org/gopher
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+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Help",
- "Path": "/help/",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<div id="manual-nav"></div>
-
-<h2 id="help">Get help</h2>
-
-<img class="gopher" src="/doc/gopher/help.png"/>
-
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<h3 id="mailinglist"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts Mailing List</a></h3>
-<p>
-Get help from Go users, and share your work on the official mailing list.
-</p>
-<p>
-Search the <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>
-archives and consult the <a href="/doc/go_faq.html">FAQ</a> and
-<a href="//golang.org/wiki">wiki</a> before posting.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="forum"><a href="https://forum.golangbridge.org/">Go Forum</a></h3>
-<p>
-The <a href="https://forum.golangbridge.org/">Go Forum</a> is a discussion
-forum for Go programmers.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="discord"><a href="https://discord.gg/64C346U">Gophers Discord</a></h3>
-<p>
-Get live support and talk with other gophers on the Go Discord.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="slack"><a href="https://blog.gopheracademy.com/gophers-slack-community/">Gopher Slack</a></h3>
-<p>Get live support from other users in the Go slack channel.</p>
-
-<h3 id="irc"><a href="irc:irc.freenode.net/go-nuts">Go IRC Channel</a></h3>
-<p>Get live support at <b>#go-nuts</b> on <b>irc.freenode.net</b>, the official
-Go IRC channel.</p>
-{{end}}
-
-<h3 id="faq"><a href="/doc/faq">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></h3>
-<p>Answers to common questions about Go.</p>
-
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<h2 id="inform">Stay informed</h2>
-
-<h3 id="announce"><a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">Go Announcements Mailing List</a></h3>
-<p>
-Subscribe to
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
-for important announcements, such as the availability of new Go releases.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="blog"><a href="//blog.golang.org">Go Blog</a></h3>
-<p>The Go project's official blog.</p>
-
-<h3 id="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/golang">@golang at Twitter</a></h3>
-<p>The Go project's official Twitter account.</p>
-
-<h3 id="pluscom"><a href="https://plus.google.com/communities/114112804251407510571">Go+ community</a></h3>
-<p>A Google+ community for Go enthusiasts.</p>
-
-<h3 id="reddit"><a href="https://reddit.com/r/golang">golang sub-Reddit</a></h3>
-<p>
-The <a href="https://reddit.com/r/golang">golang sub-Reddit</a> is a place
-for Go news and discussion.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="gotime"><a href="https://changelog.com/gotime">Go Time Podcast</a></h3>
-<p>
-The <a href="https://changelog.com/gotime">Go Time podcast</a> is a panel of Go experts and special guests
-discussing the Go programming language, the community, and everything in between.
-</p>
-{{end}}
-
-<h2 id="community">Community resources</h2>
-
-<h3 id="go_user_groups"><a href="/wiki/GoUserGroups">Go User Groups</a></h3>
-<p>
-Each month in places around the world, groups of Go programmers ("gophers")
-meet to talk about Go. Find a chapter near you.
-</p>
-
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<h3 id="playground"><a href="/play">Go Playground</a></h3>
-<p>A place to write, run, and share Go code.</p>
-
-<h3 id="wiki"><a href="/wiki">Go Wiki</a></h3>
-<p>A wiki maintained by the Go community.</p>
-{{end}}
-
-<h3 id="conduct"><a href="/conduct">Code of Conduct</a></h3>
-<p>
-Guidelines for participating in Go community spaces
-and a reporting process for handling issues.
-</p>
-
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--- a/content/doc/ie.css
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-#nav-main li { display: inline; }
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+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,677 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Installing Go from source",
- "Path": "/doc/install/source"
-}-->
-
-<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go is an open source project, distributed under a
-<a href="/LICENSE">BSD-style license</a>.
-This document explains how to check out the sources,
-build them on your own machine, and run them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most users don't need to do this, and will instead install
-from precompiled binary packages as described in
-<a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a>,
-a much simpler process.
-If you want to help develop what goes into those precompiled
-packages, though, read on.
-</p>
-
-<div class="detail">
-
-<p>
-There are two official Go compiler toolchains.
-This document focuses on the <code>gc</code> Go
-compiler and tools.
-For information on how to work on <code>gccgo</code>, a more traditional
-compiler using the GCC back end, see
-<a href="/doc/install/gccgo">Setting up and using gccgo</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Go compilers support eight instruction sets.
-There are important differences in the quality of the compilers for the different
-architectures.
-</p>
-
-<dl>
-<dt>
- <code>amd64</code> (also known as <code>x86-64</code>)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- A mature implementation.
-</dd>
-<dt>
- <code>386</code> (<code>x86</code> or <code>x86-32</code>)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- Comparable to the <code>amd64</code> port.
-</dd>
-<dt>
- <code>arm</code> (<code>ARM</code>)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- Supports Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Darwin binaries. Less widely used than the other ports.
-</dd>
-<dt>
- <code>arm64</code> (<code>AArch64</code>)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- Supports Linux and Darwin binaries. New in 1.5 and not as well exercised as other ports.
-</dd>
-<dt>
- <code>ppc64, ppc64le</code> (64-bit PowerPC big- and little-endian)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- Supports Linux binaries. New in 1.5 and not as well exercised as other ports.
-</dd>
-<dt>
- <code>mips, mipsle</code> (32-bit MIPS big- and little-endian)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- Supports Linux binaries. New in 1.8 and not as well exercised as other ports.
-</dd>
-<dt>
- <code>mips64, mips64le</code> (64-bit MIPS big- and little-endian)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- Supports Linux binaries. New in 1.6 and not as well exercised as other ports.
-</dd>
-<dt>
- <code>s390x</code> (IBM System z)
-</dt>
-<dd>
- Supports Linux binaries. New in 1.7 and not as well exercised as other ports.
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
-Except for things like low-level operating system interface code, the run-time
-support is the same in all ports and includes a mark-and-sweep garbage
-collector, efficient array and string slicing, and support for efficient
-goroutines, such as stacks that grow and shrink on demand.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The compilers can target the DragonFly BSD, FreeBSD, Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD,
-macOS (Darwin), Plan 9, Solaris and Windows operating systems.
-The full set of supported combinations is listed in the discussion of
-<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the main installation page for the <a href="/doc/install#requirements">overall system requirements</a>.
-The following additional constraints apply to systems that can be built only from source:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>For Linux on PowerPC 64-bit, the minimum supported kernel version is 2.6.37, meaning that
-Go does not support CentOS 6 on these systems.
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-</div>
-
-<h2 id="go14">Install Go compiler binaries</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Go toolchain is written in Go. To build it, you need a Go compiler installed.
-The scripts that do the initial build of the tools look for an existing Go tool
-chain in <code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code>.
-If unset, the default value of <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code>
-is <code>$HOME/go1.4</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are many options for the bootstrap toolchain.
-After obtaining one, set <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code> to the
-directory containing the unpacked tree.
-For example, <code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP/bin/go</code> should be
-the <code>go</code> command binary for the bootstrap toolchain.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To use a binary release as a bootstrap toolchain, see
-<a href="/dl/">the downloads page</a> or use any other
-packaged Go distribution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To build a bootstrap toolchain from source, use
-either the git branch <code>release-branch.go1.4</code> or
-<a href="https://dl.google.com/go/go1.4-bootstrap-20171003.tar.gz">go1.4-bootstrap-20171003.tar.gz</a>,
-which contains the Go 1.4 source code plus accumulated fixes
-to keep the tools running on newer operating systems.
-(Go 1.4 was the last distribution in which the toolchain was written in C.)
-After unpacking the Go 1.4 source, <code>cd</code> to
-the <code>src</code> subdirectory, set <code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> in
-the environment, and run <code>make.bash</code> (or,
-on Windows, <code>make.bat</code>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To cross-compile a bootstrap toolchain from source, which is
-necessary on systems Go 1.4 did not target (for
-example, <code>linux/ppc64le</code>), install Go on a different system
-and run <a href="/src/bootstrap.bash">bootstrap.bash</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When run as (for example)
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ GOOS=linux GOARCH=ppc64 ./bootstrap.bash
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<code>bootstrap.bash</code> cross-compiles a toolchain for that <code>GOOS/GOARCH</code>
-combination, leaving the resulting tree in <code>../../go-${GOOS}-${GOARCH}-bootstrap</code>.
-That tree can be copied to a machine of the given target type
-and used as <code>GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP</code> to bootstrap a local build.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To use gccgo as the bootstrap toolchain, you need to arrange
-for <code>$GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP/bin/go</code> to be the go tool that comes
-as part of gccgo 5. For example on Ubuntu Vivid:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ sudo apt-get install gccgo-5
-$ sudo update-alternatives --set go /usr/bin/go-5
-$ GOROOT_BOOTSTRAP=/usr ./make.bash
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="git">Install Git, if needed</h2>
-
-<p>
-To perform the next step you must have Git installed. (Check that you
-have a <code>git</code> command before proceeding.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you do not have a working Git installation,
-follow the instructions on the
-<a href="https://git-scm.com/downloads">Git downloads</a> page.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="ccompiler">(Optional) Install a C compiler</h2>
-
-<p>
-To build a Go installation
-with <code><a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo</a></code> support, which permits Go
-programs to import C libraries, a C compiler such as <code>gcc</code>
-or <code>clang</code> must be installed first. Do this using whatever
-installation method is standard on the system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To build without <code>cgo</code>, set the environment variable
-<code>CGO_ENABLED=0</code> before running <code>all.bash</code> or
-<code>make.bash</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="fetch">Fetch the repository</h2>
-
-<p>Go will install to a directory named <code>go</code>.
-Change to the directory that will be its parent
-and make sure the <code>go</code> directory does not exist.
-Then clone the repository and check out the latest release tag
-(<code class="versionTag">go1.9</code>, for example):</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git clone https://go.googlesource.com/go
-$ cd go
-$ git checkout <span class="versionTag"><i><tag></i></span>
-</pre>
-
-<p class="whereTag">
-Where <code><tag></code> is the version string of the release.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="head">(Optional) Switch to the master branch</h2>
-
-<p>If you intend to modify the go source code, and
-<a href="/doc/contribute.html">contribute your changes</a>
-to the project, then move your repository
-off the release branch, and onto the master (development) branch.
-Otherwise, skip this step.</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ git checkout master
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="install">Install Go</h2>
-
-<p>
-To build the Go distribution, run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ cd src
-$ ./all.bash
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(To build under Windows use <code>all.bat</code>.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If all goes well, it will finish by printing output like:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-ALL TESTS PASSED
-
----
-Installed Go for linux/amd64 in /home/you/go.
-Installed commands in /home/you/go/bin.
-*** You need to add /home/you/go/bin to your $PATH. ***
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-where the details on the last few lines reflect the operating system,
-architecture, and root directory used during the install.
-</p>
-
-<div class="detail">
-<p>
-For more information about ways to control the build, see the discussion of
-<a href="#environment">environment variables</a> below.
-<code>all.bash</code> (or <code>all.bat</code>) runs important tests for Go,
-which can take more time than simply building Go. If you do not want to run
-the test suite use <code>make.bash</code> (or <code>make.bat</code>)
-instead.
-</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<h2 id="testing">Testing your installation</h2>
-
-<p>
-Check that Go is installed correctly by building a simple program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Create a file named <code>hello.go</code> and put the following program in it:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Printf("hello, world\n")
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then run it with the <code>go</code> tool:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go run hello.go
-hello, world
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you see the "hello, world" message then Go is installed correctly.
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="gopath">Set up your work environment</h2>
-
-<p>
-You're almost done.
-You just need to do a little more setup.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/doc/code.html" class="download" id="start">
-<span class="big">How to Write Go Code</span>
-<span class="desc">Learn how to set up and use the Go tools</span>
-</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document
-provides <b>essential setup instructions</b> for using the Go tools.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="tools">Install additional tools</h2>
-
-<p>
-The source code for several Go tools (including <a href="/cmd/godoc/">godoc</a>)
-is kept in <a href="https://golang.org/x/tools">the go.tools repository</a>.
-To install all of them, run the <code>go</code> <code>get</code> command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/...
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Or if you just want to install a specific command (<code>godoc</code> in this case):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To install these tools, the <code>go</code> <code>get</code> command requires
-that <a href="#git">Git</a> be installed locally.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You must also have a workspace (<code>GOPATH</code>) set up;
-see <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for the details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<b>Note</b>: The <code>go</code> command will install the <code>godoc</code>
-binary to <code>$GOROOT/bin</code> (or <code>$GOBIN</code>) and the
-<code>cover</code> and <code>vet</code> binaries to
-<code>$GOROOT/pkg/tool/$GOOS_$GOARCH</code>.
-You can access the latter commands with
-"<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>cover</code>" and
-"<code>go</code> <code>tool</code> <code>vet</code>".
-</p>
-
-<h2 id="community">Community resources</h2>
-
-<p>
-The usual community resources such as
-<code>#go-nuts</code> on the <a href="https://freenode.net/">Freenode</a> IRC server
-and the
-<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">Go Nuts</a>
-mailing list have active developers that can help you with problems
-with your installation or your development work.
-For those who wish to keep up to date,
-there is another mailing list, <a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-checkins">golang-checkins</a>,
-that receives a message summarizing each checkin to the Go repository.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Bugs can be reported using the <a href="//golang.org/issue/new">Go issue tracker</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="releases">Keeping up with releases</h2>
-
-<p>
-New releases are announced on the
-<a href="//groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
-mailing list.
-Each announcement mentions the latest release tag, for instance,
-<code class="versionTag">go1.9</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To update an existing tree to the latest release, you can run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-$ cd go/src
-$ git fetch
-$ git checkout <span class="versionTag"><i><tag></i></psan>
-$ ./all.bash
-</pre>
-
-<p class="whereTag">
-Where <code><tag></code> is the version string of the release.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="environment">Optional environment variables</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Go compilation environment can be customized by environment variables.
-<i>None is required by the build</i>, but you may wish to set some
-to override the defaults.
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><code>$GOROOT</code>
-<p>
-The root of the Go tree, often <code>$HOME/go1.X</code>.
-Its value is built into the tree when it is compiled, and
-defaults to the parent of the directory where <code>all.bash</code> was run.
-There is no need to set this unless you want to switch between multiple
-local copies of the repository.
-</p>
-</li>
-
-<li><code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code>
-<p>
-The value assumed by installed binaries and scripts when
-<code>$GOROOT</code> is not set explicitly.
-It defaults to the value of <code>$GOROOT</code>.
-If you want to build the Go tree in one location
-but move it elsewhere after the build, set
-<code>$GOROOT_FINAL</code> to the eventual location.
-</p>
-</li>
-
-<li><code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code>
-<p>
-The name of the target operating system and compilation architecture.
-These default to the values of <code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and
-<code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> respectively (described below).
-</li>
-
-<p>
-Choices for <code>$GOOS</code> are
-<code>darwin</code> (macOS 10.10 and above and iOS), <code>dragonfly</code>, <code>freebsd</code>,
-<code>linux</code>, <code>netbsd</code>, <code>openbsd</code>,
-<code>plan9</code>, <code>solaris</code> and <code>windows</code>.
-Choices for <code>$GOARCH</code> are
-<code>amd64</code> (64-bit x86, the most mature port),
-<code>386</code> (32-bit x86), <code>arm</code> (32-bit ARM), <code>arm64</code> (64-bit ARM),
-<code>ppc64le</code> (PowerPC 64-bit, little-endian), <code>ppc64</code> (PowerPC 64-bit, big-endian),
-<code>mips64le</code> (MIPS 64-bit, little-endian), <code>mips64</code> (MIPS 64-bit, big-endian),
-<code>mipsle</code> (MIPS 32-bit, little-endian), <code>mips</code> (MIPS 32-bit, big-endian), and
-<code>s390x</code> (IBM System z 64-bit, big-endian).
-The valid combinations of <code>$GOOS</code> and <code>$GOARCH</code> are:
-<table cellpadding="0">
-<tr>
-<th width="50"></th><th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOOS</code></th> <th align="left" width="100"><code>$GOARCH</code></th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>android</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>darwin</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>dragonfly</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>freebsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>arm64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>ppc64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>ppc64le</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mipsle</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>mips64le</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>linux</code></td> <td><code>s390x</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>netbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>openbsd</code></td> <td><code>arm</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>plan9</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>solaris</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>386</code></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td><td><code>windows</code></td> <td><code>amd64</code></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-
-<li><code>$GOHOSTOS</code> and <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code>
-<p>
-The name of the host operating system and compilation architecture.
-These default to the local system's operating system and
-architecture.
-</p>
-</li>
-
-<p>
-Valid choices are the same as for <code>$GOOS</code> and
-<code>$GOARCH</code>, listed above.
-The specified values must be compatible with the local system.
-For example, you should not set <code>$GOHOSTARCH</code> to
-<code>arm</code> on an x86 system.
-</p>
-
-<li><code>$GOBIN</code>
-<p>
-The location where Go binaries will be installed.
-The default is <code>$GOROOT/bin</code>.
-After installing, you will want to arrange to add this
-directory to your <code>$PATH</code>, so you can use the tools.
-If <code>$GOBIN</code> is set, the <a href="/cmd/go">go command</a>
-installs all commands there.
-</p>
-</li>
-
-<li><code>$GO386</code> (for <code>386</code> only, default is auto-detected
-if built on either <code>386</code> or <code>amd64</code>, <code>387</code> otherwise)
-<p>
-This controls the code generated by gc to use either the 387 floating-point unit
-(set to <code>387</code>) or SSE2 instructions (set to <code>sse2</code>) for
-floating point computations.
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li><code>GO386=387</code>: use x87 for floating point operations; should support all x86 chips (Pentium MMX or later).</li>
- <li><code>GO386=sse2</code>: use SSE2 for floating point operations; has better performance than 387, but only available on Pentium 4/Opteron/Athlon 64 or later.</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-
-<li><code>$GOARM</code> (for <code>arm</code> only; default is auto-detected if building
-on the target processor, 6 if not)
-<p>
-This sets the ARM floating point co-processor architecture version the run-time
-should target. If you are compiling on the target system, its value will be auto-detected.
-</p>
-<ul>
- <li><code>GOARM=5</code>: use software floating point; when CPU doesn't have VFP co-processor</li>
- <li><code>GOARM=6</code>: use VFPv1 only; default if cross compiling; usually ARM11 or better cores (VFPv2 or better is also supported)</li>
- <li><code>GOARM=7</code>: use VFPv3; usually Cortex-A cores</li>
-</ul>
-<p>
-If in doubt, leave this variable unset, and adjust it if required
-when you first run the Go executable.
-The <a href="//golang.org/wiki/GoArm">GoARM</a> page
-on the <a href="//golang.org/wiki">Go community wiki</a>
-contains further details regarding Go's ARM support.
-</p>
-</li>
-
-<li><code>$GOMIPS</code> (for <code>mips</code> and <code>mipsle</code> only) <br> <code>$GOMIPS64</code> (for <code>mips64</code> and <code>mips64le</code> only)
-<p>
- These variables set whether to use floating point instructions. Set to "<code>hardfloat</code>" to use floating point instructions; this is the default. Set to "<code>softfloat</code>" to use soft floating point.
-</p>
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note that <code>$GOARCH</code> and <code>$GOOS</code> identify the
-<em>target</em> environment, not the environment you are running on.
-In effect, you are always cross-compiling.
-By architecture, we mean the kind of binaries
-that the target environment can run:
-an x86-64 system running a 32-bit-only operating system
-must set <code>GOARCH</code> to <code>386</code>,
-not <code>amd64</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you choose to override the defaults,
-set these variables in your shell profile (<code>$HOME/.bashrc</code>,
-<code>$HOME/.profile</code>, or equivalent). The settings might look
-something like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-export GOROOT=$HOME/go1.X
-export GOARCH=amd64
-export GOOS=linux
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-although, to reiterate, none of these variables needs to be set to build,
-install, and develop the Go tree.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/install.html b/content/doc/install.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e0c7f8..0000000
--- a/content/doc/install.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,304 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Getting Started",
- "Path": "/doc/install"
-}-->
-
-<div class="hideFromDownload">
-
-<h2 id="download">Download the Go distribution</h2>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/dl/" id="start" class="download">
-<span class="big">Download Go</span>
-<span class="desc">Click here to visit the downloads page</span>
-</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/dl/" target="_blank">Official binary
-distributions</a> are available for the FreeBSD (release 10-STABLE and above),
-Linux, macOS (10.10 and above), and Windows operating systems and
-the 32-bit (<code>386</code>) and 64-bit (<code>amd64</code>) x86 processor
-architectures.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If a binary distribution is not available for your combination of operating
-system and architecture, try
-<a href="/doc/install/source">installing from source</a> or
-<a href="/doc/install/gccgo">installing gccgo instead of gc</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="requirements">System requirements</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go <a href="/dl/">binary distributions</a> are available for these supported operating systems and architectures.
-Please ensure your system meets these requirements before proceeding.
-If your OS or architecture is not on the list, you may be able to
-<a href="/doc/install/source">install from source</a> or
-<a href="/doc/install/gccgo">use gccgo instead</a>.
-</p>
-
-<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="requirements">
-<tr>
-<th align="center">Operating system</th>
-<th align="center">Architectures</th>
-<th align="center">Notes</th>
-</tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3"><hr></td></tr>
-<tr><td>FreeBSD 10.3 or later</td> <td>amd64, 386</td> <td>Debian GNU/kFreeBSD not supported</td></tr>
-<tr valign='top'><td>Linux 2.6.23 or later with glibc</td> <td>amd64, 386, arm, arm64,<br>s390x, ppc64le</td> <td>CentOS/RHEL 5.x not supported.<br>Install from source for other libc.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>macOS 10.10 or later</td> <td>amd64</td> <td>use the clang or gcc<sup>†</sup> that comes with Xcode<sup>‡</sup> for <code>cgo</code> support</td></tr>
-<tr><td>Windows 7, Server 2008R2 or later</td> <td>amd64, 386</td> <td>use MinGW gcc<sup>†</sup>. No need for cygwin or msys.</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-<sup>†</sup>A C compiler is required only if you plan to use
-<a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo</a>.<br/>
-<sup>‡</sup>You only need to install the command line tools for
-<a href="https://developer.apple.com/Xcode/">Xcode</a>. If you have already
-installed Xcode 4.3+, you can install it from the Components tab of the
-Downloads preferences panel.
-</p>
-
-</div><!-- hideFromDownload -->
-
-
-<h2 id="install">Install the Go tools</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you are upgrading from an older version of Go you must
-first <a href="#uninstall">remove the existing version</a>.
-</p>
-
-<div id="tarballInstructions">
-
-<h3 id="tarball">Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD tarballs</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/dl/">Download the archive</a>
-and extract it into <code>/usr/local</code>, creating a Go tree in
-<code>/usr/local/go</code>. For example:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-tar -C /usr/local -xzf <span class="downloadFilename">go$VERSION.$OS-$ARCH.tar.gz</span>
-</pre>
-
-<p class="hideFromDownload">
-Choose the archive file appropriate for your installation.
-For instance, if you are installing Go version 1.2.1 for 64-bit x86 on Linux,
-the archive you want is called <code>go1.2.1.linux-amd64.tar.gz</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-(Typically these commands must be run as root or through <code>sudo</code>.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Add <code>/usr/local/go/bin</code> to the <code>PATH</code> environment
-variable. You can do this by adding this line to your <code>/etc/profile</code>
-(for a system-wide installation) or <code>$HOME/.profile</code>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<b>Note</b>: changes made to a <code>profile</code> file may not apply until the
-next time you log into your computer.
-To apply the changes immediately, just run the shell commands directly
-or execute them from the profile using a command such as
-<code>source $HOME/.profile</code>.
-</p>
-
-</div><!-- tarballInstructions -->
-
-<div id="darwinPackageInstructions">
-
-<h3 id="macos"><div id="osx"></div>macOS package installer</h3>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/dl/">Download the package file</a>,
-open it, and follow the prompts to install the Go tools.
-The package installs the Go distribution to <code>/usr/local/go</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The package should put the <code>/usr/local/go/bin</code> directory in your
-<code>PATH</code> environment variable. You may need to restart any open
-Terminal sessions for the change to take effect.
-</p>
-
-</div><!-- darwinPackageInstructions -->
-
-<div id="windowsInstructions">
-
-<h3 id="windows">Windows</h3>
-
-<p class="hideFromDownload">
-The Go project provides two installation options for Windows users
-(besides <a href="/doc/install/source">installing from source</a>):
-a zip archive that requires you to set some environment variables and an
-MSI installer that configures your installation automatically.
-</p>
-
-<div id="windowsInstallerInstructions">
-
-<h4 id="windows_msi">MSI installer</h4>
-
-<p>
-Open the <a href="/dl/">MSI file</a>
-and follow the prompts to install the Go tools.
-By default, the installer puts the Go distribution in <code>c:\Go</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The installer should put the <code>c:\Go\bin</code> directory in your
-<code>PATH</code> environment variable. You may need to restart any open
-command prompts for the change to take effect.
-</p>
-
-</div><!-- windowsInstallerInstructions -->
-
-<div id="windowsZipInstructions">
-
-<h4 id="windows_zip">Zip archive</h4>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/dl/">Download the zip file</a> and extract it into the directory of your choice (we suggest <code>c:\Go</code>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you chose a directory other than <code>c:\Go</code>,
-you must set the <code>GOROOT</code> environment variable to your chosen path.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Add the <code>bin</code> subdirectory of your Go root (for example, <code>c:\Go\bin</code>) to your <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
-</p>
-
-</div><!-- windowsZipInstructions -->
-
-<h4 id="windows_env">Setting environment variables under Windows</h4>
-
-<p>
-Under Windows, you may set environment variables through the "Environment
-Variables" button on the "Advanced" tab of the "System" control panel. Some
-versions of Windows provide this control panel through the "Advanced System
-Settings" option inside the "System" control panel.
-</p>
-
-</div><!-- windowsInstructions -->
-
-
-<h2 id="testing">Test your installation</h2>
-
-<p>
-Check that Go is installed correctly by setting up a workspace
-and building a simple program, as follows.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Create your <a href="code.html#Workspaces">workspace</a> directory,
-<code class="testUnix">$HOME/go</code><code class="testWindows">%USERPROFILE%\go</code>.
-(If you'd like to use a different directory,
-you will need to <a href="https://golang.org/wiki/SettingGOPATH">set the <code>GOPATH</code> environment variable</a>.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Next, make the directory <code>src/hello</code> inside your workspace,
-and in that directory create a file named <code>hello.go</code> that looks like:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Printf("hello, world\n")
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then build it with the <code>go</code> tool:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="testUnix">
-$ <b>cd $HOME/go/src/hello</b>
-$ <b>go build</b>
-</pre>
-
-<pre class="testWindows">
-C:\> <b>cd %USERPROFILE%\go\src\hello</b>
-C:\Users\Gopher\go\src\hello> <b>go build</b>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The command above will build an executable named
-<code class="testUnix">hello</code><code class="testWindows">hello.exe</code>
-in the directory alongside your source code.
-Execute it to see the greeting:
-</p>
-
-<pre class="testUnix">
-$ <b>./hello</b>
-hello, world
-</pre>
-
-<pre class="testWindows">
-C:\Users\Gopher\go\src\hello> <b>hello</b>
-hello, world
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you see the "hello, world" message then your Go installation is working.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can run <code>go</code> <code>install</code> to install the binary into
-your workspace's <code>bin</code> directory
-or <code>go</code> <code>clean</code> <code>-i</code> to remove it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Before rushing off to write Go code please read the
-<a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> document,
-which describes some essential concepts about using the Go tools.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="uninstall">Uninstalling Go</h2>
-
-<p>
-To remove an existing Go installation from your system delete the
-<code>go</code> directory. This is usually <code>/usr/local/go</code>
-under Linux, macOS, and FreeBSD or <code>c:\Go</code>
-under Windows.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You should also remove the Go <code>bin</code> directory from your
-<code>PATH</code> environment variable.
-Under Linux and FreeBSD you should edit <code>/etc/profile</code> or
-<code>$HOME/.profile</code>.
-If you installed Go with the <a href="#macos">macOS package</a> then you
-should remove the <code>/etc/paths.d/go</code> file.
-Windows users should read the section about <a href="#windows_env">setting
-environment variables under Windows</a>.
-</p>
-
-
-<h2 id="help">Getting help</h2>
-
-<p>
- For help, see the <a href="/help/">list of Go mailing lists, forums, and places to chat</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Report bugs either by running “<b><code>go</code> <code>bug</code></b>”, or
- manually at the <a href="https://golang.org/issue">Go issue tracker</a>.
-</p>
diff --git a/content/doc/play/fib.go b/content/doc/play/fib.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 19e4721..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/fib.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-// fib returns a function that returns
-// successive Fibonacci numbers.
-func fib() func() int {
- a, b := 0, 1
- return func() int {
- a, b = b, a+b
- return a
- }
-}
-
-func main() {
- f := fib()
- // Function calls are evaluated left-to-right.
- fmt.Println(f(), f(), f(), f(), f())
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/play/hello.go b/content/doc/play/hello.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 078ddff..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/hello.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Println("Hello, 世界")
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/play/life.go b/content/doc/play/life.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 51afb61..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/life.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-// An implementation of Conway's Game of Life.
-package main
-
-import (
- "bytes"
- "fmt"
- "math/rand"
- "time"
-)
-
-// Field represents a two-dimensional field of cells.
-type Field struct {
- s [][]bool
- w, h int
-}
-
-// NewField returns an empty field of the specified width and height.
-func NewField(w, h int) *Field {
- s := make([][]bool, h)
- for i := range s {
- s[i] = make([]bool, w)
- }
- return &Field{s: s, w: w, h: h}
-}
-
-// Set sets the state of the specified cell to the given value.
-func (f *Field) Set(x, y int, b bool) {
- f.s[y][x] = b
-}
-
-// Alive reports whether the specified cell is alive.
-// If the x or y coordinates are outside the field boundaries they are wrapped
-// toroidally. For instance, an x value of -1 is treated as width-1.
-func (f *Field) Alive(x, y int) bool {
- x += f.w
- x %= f.w
- y += f.h
- y %= f.h
- return f.s[y][x]
-}
-
-// Next returns the state of the specified cell at the next time step.
-func (f *Field) Next(x, y int) bool {
- // Count the adjacent cells that are alive.
- alive := 0
- for i := -1; i <= 1; i++ {
- for j := -1; j <= 1; j++ {
- if (j != 0 || i != 0) && f.Alive(x+i, y+j) {
- alive++
- }
- }
- }
- // Return next state according to the game rules:
- // exactly 3 neighbors: on,
- // exactly 2 neighbors: maintain current state,
- // otherwise: off.
- return alive == 3 || alive == 2 && f.Alive(x, y)
-}
-
-// Life stores the state of a round of Conway's Game of Life.
-type Life struct {
- a, b *Field
- w, h int
-}
-
-// NewLife returns a new Life game state with a random initial state.
-func NewLife(w, h int) *Life {
- a := NewField(w, h)
- for i := 0; i < (w * h / 4); i++ {
- a.Set(rand.Intn(w), rand.Intn(h), true)
- }
- return &Life{
- a: a, b: NewField(w, h),
- w: w, h: h,
- }
-}
-
-// Step advances the game by one instant, recomputing and updating all cells.
-func (l *Life) Step() {
- // Update the state of the next field (b) from the current field (a).
- for y := 0; y < l.h; y++ {
- for x := 0; x < l.w; x++ {
- l.b.Set(x, y, l.a.Next(x, y))
- }
- }
- // Swap fields a and b.
- l.a, l.b = l.b, l.a
-}
-
-// String returns the game board as a string.
-func (l *Life) String() string {
- var buf bytes.Buffer
- for y := 0; y < l.h; y++ {
- for x := 0; x < l.w; x++ {
- b := byte(' ')
- if l.a.Alive(x, y) {
- b = '*'
- }
- buf.WriteByte(b)
- }
- buf.WriteByte('\n')
- }
- return buf.String()
-}
-
-func main() {
- l := NewLife(40, 15)
- for i := 0; i < 300; i++ {
- l.Step()
- fmt.Print("\x0c", l) // Clear screen and print field.
- time.Sleep(time.Second / 30)
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/play/peano.go b/content/doc/play/peano.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 214fe1b..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/peano.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-// Peano integers are represented by a linked
-// list whose nodes contain no data
-// (the nodes are the data).
-// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peano_axioms
-
-// This program demonstrates that Go's automatic
-// stack management can handle heavily recursive
-// computations.
-
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-// Number is a pointer to a Number
-type Number *Number
-
-// The arithmetic value of a Number is the
-// count of the nodes comprising the list.
-// (See the count function below.)
-
-// -------------------------------------
-// Peano primitives
-
-func zero() *Number {
- return nil
-}
-
-func isZero(x *Number) bool {
- return x == nil
-}
-
-func add1(x *Number) *Number {
- e := new(Number)
- *e = x
- return e
-}
-
-func sub1(x *Number) *Number {
- return *x
-}
-
-func add(x, y *Number) *Number {
- if isZero(y) {
- return x
- }
- return add(add1(x), sub1(y))
-}
-
-func mul(x, y *Number) *Number {
- if isZero(x) || isZero(y) {
- return zero()
- }
- return add(mul(x, sub1(y)), x)
-}
-
-func fact(n *Number) *Number {
- if isZero(n) {
- return add1(zero())
- }
- return mul(fact(sub1(n)), n)
-}
-
-// -------------------------------------
-// Helpers to generate/count Peano integers
-
-func gen(n int) *Number {
- if n > 0 {
- return add1(gen(n - 1))
- }
- return zero()
-}
-
-func count(x *Number) int {
- if isZero(x) {
- return 0
- }
- return count(sub1(x)) + 1
-}
-
-// -------------------------------------
-// Print i! for i in [0,9]
-
-func main() {
- for i := 0; i <= 9; i++ {
- f := count(fact(gen(i)))
- fmt.Println(i, "! =", f)
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/play/pi.go b/content/doc/play/pi.go
deleted file mode 100644
index f61884e..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/pi.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-// Concurrent computation of pi.
-// See https://goo.gl/la6Kli.
-//
-// This demonstrates Go's ability to handle
-// large numbers of concurrent processes.
-// It is an unreasonable way to calculate pi.
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "math"
-)
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Println(pi(5000))
-}
-
-// pi launches n goroutines to compute an
-// approximation of pi.
-func pi(n int) float64 {
- ch := make(chan float64)
- for k := 0; k <= n; k++ {
- go term(ch, float64(k))
- }
- f := 0.0
- for k := 0; k <= n; k++ {
- f += <-ch
- }
- return f
-}
-
-func term(ch chan float64, k float64) {
- ch <- 4 * math.Pow(-1, k) / (2*k + 1)
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/play/sieve.go b/content/doc/play/sieve.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 5190934..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/sieve.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-// A concurrent prime sieve
-
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-// Send the sequence 2, 3, 4, ... to channel 'ch'.
-func Generate(ch chan<- int) {
- for i := 2; ; i++ {
- ch <- i // Send 'i' to channel 'ch'.
- }
-}
-
-// Copy the values from channel 'in' to channel 'out',
-// removing those divisible by 'prime'.
-func Filter(in <-chan int, out chan<- int, prime int) {
- for {
- i := <-in // Receive value from 'in'.
- if i%prime != 0 {
- out <- i // Send 'i' to 'out'.
- }
- }
-}
-
-// The prime sieve: Daisy-chain Filter processes.
-func main() {
- ch := make(chan int) // Create a new channel.
- go Generate(ch) // Launch Generate goroutine.
- for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
- prime := <-ch
- fmt.Println(prime)
- ch1 := make(chan int)
- go Filter(ch, ch1, prime)
- ch = ch1
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/play/solitaire.go b/content/doc/play/solitaire.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 15022aa..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/solitaire.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-// This program solves the (English) peg
-// solitaire board game.
-// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peg_solitaire
-
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-const N = 11 + 1 // length of a row (+1 for \n)
-
-// The board must be surrounded by 2 illegal
-// fields in each direction so that move()
-// doesn't need to check the board boundaries.
-// Periods represent illegal fields,
-// ● are pegs, and ○ are holes.
-
-var board = []rune(
- `...........
-...........
-....●●●....
-....●●●....
-..●●●●●●●..
-..●●●○●●●..
-..●●●●●●●..
-....●●●....
-....●●●....
-...........
-...........
-`)
-
-// center is the position of the center hole if
-// there is a single one; otherwise it is -1.
-var center int
-
-func init() {
- n := 0
- for pos, field := range board {
- if field == '○' {
- center = pos
- n++
- }
- }
- if n != 1 {
- center = -1 // no single hole
- }
-}
-
-var moves int // number of times move is called
-
-// move tests if there is a peg at position pos that
-// can jump over another peg in direction dir. If the
-// move is valid, it is executed and move returns true.
-// Otherwise, move returns false.
-func move(pos, dir int) bool {
- moves++
- if board[pos] == '●' && board[pos+dir] == '●' && board[pos+2*dir] == '○' {
- board[pos] = '○'
- board[pos+dir] = '○'
- board[pos+2*dir] = '●'
- return true
- }
- return false
-}
-
-// unmove reverts a previously executed valid move.
-func unmove(pos, dir int) {
- board[pos] = '●'
- board[pos+dir] = '●'
- board[pos+2*dir] = '○'
-}
-
-// solve tries to find a sequence of moves such that
-// there is only one peg left at the end; if center is
-// >= 0, that last peg must be in the center position.
-// If a solution is found, solve prints the board after
-// each move in a backward fashion (i.e., the last
-// board position is printed first, all the way back to
-// the starting board position).
-func solve() bool {
- var last, n int
- for pos, field := range board {
- // try each board position
- if field == '●' {
- // found a peg
- for _, dir := range [...]int{-1, -N, +1, +N} {
- // try each direction
- if move(pos, dir) {
- // a valid move was found and executed,
- // see if this new board has a solution
- if solve() {
- unmove(pos, dir)
- fmt.Println(string(board))
- return true
- }
- unmove(pos, dir)
- }
- }
- last = pos
- n++
- }
- }
- // tried each possible move
- if n == 1 && (center < 0 || last == center) {
- // there's only one peg left
- fmt.Println(string(board))
- return true
- }
- // no solution found for this board
- return false
-}
-
-func main() {
- if !solve() {
- fmt.Println("no solution found")
- }
- fmt.Println(moves, "moves tried")
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/play/tree.go b/content/doc/play/tree.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 3790e6c..0000000
--- a/content/doc/play/tree.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-// Go's concurrency primitives make it easy to
-// express concurrent concepts, such as
-// this binary tree comparison.
-//
-// Trees may be of different shapes,
-// but have the same contents. For example:
-//
-// 4 6
-// 2 6 4 7
-// 1 3 5 7 2 5
-// 1 3
-//
-// This program compares a pair of trees by
-// walking each in its own goroutine,
-// sending their contents through a channel
-// to a third goroutine that compares them.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "math/rand"
-)
-
-// A Tree is a binary tree with integer values.
-type Tree struct {
- Left *Tree
- Value int
- Right *Tree
-}
-
-// Walk traverses a tree depth-first,
-// sending each Value on a channel.
-func Walk(t *Tree, ch chan int) {
- if t == nil {
- return
- }
- Walk(t.Left, ch)
- ch <- t.Value
- Walk(t.Right, ch)
-}
-
-// Walker launches Walk in a new goroutine,
-// and returns a read-only channel of values.
-func Walker(t *Tree) <-chan int {
- ch := make(chan int)
- go func() {
- Walk(t, ch)
- close(ch)
- }()
- return ch
-}
-
-// Compare reads values from two Walkers
-// that run simultaneously, and returns true
-// if t1 and t2 have the same contents.
-func Compare(t1, t2 *Tree) bool {
- c1, c2 := Walker(t1), Walker(t2)
- for {
- v1, ok1 := <-c1
- v2, ok2 := <-c2
- if !ok1 || !ok2 {
- return ok1 == ok2
- }
- if v1 != v2 {
- break
- }
- }
- return false
-}
-
-// New returns a new, random binary tree
-// holding the values 1k, 2k, ..., nk.
-func New(n, k int) *Tree {
- var t *Tree
- for _, v := range rand.Perm(n) {
- t = insert(t, (1+v)*k)
- }
- return t
-}
-
-func insert(t *Tree, v int) *Tree {
- if t == nil {
- return &Tree{nil, v, nil}
- }
- if v < t.Value {
- t.Left = insert(t.Left, v)
- return t
- }
- t.Right = insert(t.Right, v)
- return t
-}
-
-func main() {
- t1 := New(100, 1)
- fmt.Println(Compare(t1, New(100, 1)), "Same Contents")
- fmt.Println(Compare(t1, New(99, 1)), "Differing Sizes")
- fmt.Println(Compare(t1, New(100, 2)), "Differing Values")
- fmt.Println(Compare(t1, New(101, 2)), "Dissimilar")
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/cgo1.go b/content/doc/progs/cgo1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index d559e13..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/cgo1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package rand
-
-/*
-#include <stdlib.h>
-*/
-import "C"
-
-// STOP OMIT
-func Random() int {
- return int(C.rand())
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-func Seed(i int) {
- C.srand(C.uint(i))
-}
-
-// END OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/cgo2.go b/content/doc/progs/cgo2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index da07aa4..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/cgo2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package rand2
-
-/*
-#include <stdlib.h>
-*/
-import "C"
-
-func Random() int {
- var r C.int = C.rand()
- return int(r)
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-func Seed(i int) {
- C.srand(C.uint(i))
-}
-
-// END OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/cgo3.go b/content/doc/progs/cgo3.go
deleted file mode 100644
index d5cedf4..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/cgo3.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package print
-
-// #include <stdio.h>
-// #include <stdlib.h>
-import "C"
-import "unsafe"
-
-func Print(s string) {
- cs := C.CString(s)
- C.fputs(cs, (*C.FILE)(C.stdout))
- C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cs))
-}
-
-// END OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/cgo4.go b/content/doc/progs/cgo4.go
deleted file mode 100644
index dbb07e8..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/cgo4.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package print
-
-// #include <stdio.h>
-// #include <stdlib.h>
-import "C"
-import "unsafe"
-
-func Print(s string) {
- cs := C.CString(s)
- defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cs))
- C.fputs(cs, (*C.FILE)(C.stdout))
-}
-
-// END OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/defer.go b/content/doc/progs/defer.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e11020..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/defer.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "Defer, Panic, and Recover."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io"
- "os"
-)
-
-func a() {
- i := 0
- defer fmt.Println(i)
- i++
- return
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func b() {
- for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
- defer fmt.Print(i)
- }
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func c() (i int) {
- defer func() { i++ }()
- return 1
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-// Initial version.
-func CopyFile(dstName, srcName string) (written int64, err error) {
- src, err := os.Open(srcName)
- if err != nil {
- return
- }
-
- dst, err := os.Create(dstName)
- if err != nil {
- return
- }
-
- written, err = io.Copy(dst, src)
- dst.Close()
- src.Close()
- return
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func main() {
- a()
- b()
- fmt.Println()
- fmt.Println(c())
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/defer2.go b/content/doc/progs/defer2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index cad66b0..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/defer2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "Defer, Panic, and Recover."
-
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-import "io" // OMIT
-import "os" // OMIT
-
-func main() {
- f()
- fmt.Println("Returned normally from f.")
-}
-
-func f() {
- defer func() {
- if r := recover(); r != nil {
- fmt.Println("Recovered in f", r)
- }
- }()
- fmt.Println("Calling g.")
- g(0)
- fmt.Println("Returned normally from g.")
-}
-
-func g(i int) {
- if i > 3 {
- fmt.Println("Panicking!")
- panic(fmt.Sprintf("%v", i))
- }
- defer fmt.Println("Defer in g", i)
- fmt.Println("Printing in g", i)
- g(i + 1)
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-// Revised version.
-func CopyFile(dstName, srcName string) (written int64, err error) {
- src, err := os.Open(srcName)
- if err != nil {
- return
- }
- defer src.Close()
-
- dst, err := os.Create(dstName)
- if err != nil {
- return
- }
- defer dst.Close()
-
- return io.Copy(dst, src)
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/eff_bytesize.go b/content/doc/progs/eff_bytesize.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b459611..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/eff_bytesize.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-type ByteSize float64
-
-const (
- _ = iota // ignore first value by assigning to blank identifier
- KB ByteSize = 1 << (10 * iota)
- MB
- GB
- TB
- PB
- EB
- ZB
- YB
-)
-
-func (b ByteSize) String() string {
- switch {
- case b >= YB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fYB", b/YB)
- case b >= ZB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fZB", b/ZB)
- case b >= EB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fEB", b/EB)
- case b >= PB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fPB", b/PB)
- case b >= TB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fTB", b/TB)
- case b >= GB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fGB", b/GB)
- case b >= MB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fMB", b/MB)
- case b >= KB:
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fKB", b/KB)
- }
- return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fB", b)
-}
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Println(YB, ByteSize(1e13))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/eff_qr.go b/content/doc/progs/eff_qr.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 89de459..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/eff_qr.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "flag"
- "html/template"
- "log"
- "net/http"
-)
-
-var addr = flag.String("addr", ":1718", "http service address") // Q=17, R=18
-
-var templ = template.Must(template.New("qr").Parse(templateStr))
-
-func main() {
- flag.Parse()
- http.Handle("/", http.HandlerFunc(QR))
- err := http.ListenAndServe(*addr, nil)
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal("ListenAndServe:", err)
- }
-}
-
-func QR(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
- templ.Execute(w, req.FormValue("s"))
-}
-
-const templateStr = `
-<html>
-<head>
-<title>QR Link Generator</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-{{if .}}
-<img src="http://chart.apis.google.com/chart?chs=300x300&cht=qr&choe=UTF-8&chl={{.}}" />
-<br>
-{{.}}
-<br>
-<br>
-{{end}}
-<form action="/" name=f method="GET"><input maxLength=1024 size=70
-name=s value="" title="Text to QR Encode"><input type=submit
-value="Show QR" name=qr>
-</form>
-</body>
-</html>
-`
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/eff_sequence.go b/content/doc/progs/eff_sequence.go
deleted file mode 100644
index ab1826b..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/eff_sequence.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "sort"
-)
-
-func main() {
- seq := Sequence{6, 2, -1, 44, 16}
- sort.Sort(seq)
- fmt.Println(seq)
-}
-
-type Sequence []int
-
-// Methods required by sort.Interface.
-func (s Sequence) Len() int {
- return len(s)
-}
-func (s Sequence) Less(i, j int) bool {
- return s[i] < s[j]
-}
-func (s Sequence) Swap(i, j int) {
- s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i]
-}
-
-// Copy returns a copy of the Sequence.
-func (s Sequence) Copy() Sequence {
- copy := make(Sequence, 0, len(s))
- return append(copy, s...)
-}
-
-// Method for printing - sorts the elements before printing.
-func (s Sequence) String() string {
- s = s.Copy() // Make a copy; don't overwrite argument.
- sort.Sort(s)
- str := "["
- for i, elem := range s { // Loop is O(N²); will fix that in next example.
- if i > 0 {
- str += " "
- }
- str += fmt.Sprint(elem)
- }
- return str + "]"
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/eff_unused1.go b/content/doc/progs/eff_unused1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 285d55e..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/eff_unused1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io"
- "log"
- "os"
-)
-
-func main() {
- fd, err := os.Open("test.go")
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- // TODO: use fd.
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/eff_unused2.go b/content/doc/progs/eff_unused2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 92eb74e..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/eff_unused2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "io"
- "log"
- "os"
-)
-
-var _ = fmt.Printf // For debugging; delete when done.
-var _ io.Reader // For debugging; delete when done.
-
-func main() {
- fd, err := os.Open("test.go")
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- // TODO: use fd.
- _ = fd
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/error.go b/content/doc/progs/error.go
deleted file mode 100644
index e776cdb..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/error.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "Error Handling and Go."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "encoding/json"
- "errors"
- "fmt"
- "log"
- "net"
- "os"
- "time"
-)
-
-type File struct{}
-
-func Open(name string) (file *File, err error) {
- // OMIT
- panic(1)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func openFile() { // OMIT
- f, err := os.Open("filename.ext")
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- // do something with the open *File f
- // STOP OMIT
- _ = f
-}
-
-// errorString is a trivial implementation of error.
-type errorString struct {
- s string
-}
-
-func (e *errorString) Error() string {
- return e.s
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-// New returns an error that formats as the given text.
-func New(text string) error {
- return &errorString{text}
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func Sqrt(f float64) (float64, error) {
- if f < 0 {
- return 0, errors.New("math: square root of negative number")
- }
- // implementation
- return 0, nil // OMIT
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func printErr() (int, error) { // OMIT
- f, err := Sqrt(-1)
- if err != nil {
- fmt.Println(err)
- }
- // STOP OMIT
- // fmtError OMIT
- if f < 0 {
- return 0, fmt.Errorf("math: square root of negative number %g", f)
- }
- // STOP OMIT
- return 0, nil
-}
-
-type NegativeSqrtError float64
-
-func (f NegativeSqrtError) Error() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("math: square root of negative number %g", float64(f))
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-type SyntaxError struct {
- msg string // description of error
- Offset int64 // error occurred after reading Offset bytes
-}
-
-func (e *SyntaxError) Error() string { return e.msg }
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func decodeError(dec *json.Decoder, val struct{}) error { // OMIT
- var f os.FileInfo // OMIT
- if err := dec.Decode(&val); err != nil {
- if serr, ok := err.(*json.SyntaxError); ok {
- line, col := findLine(f, serr.Offset)
- return fmt.Errorf("%s:%d:%d: %v", f.Name(), line, col, err)
- }
- return err
- }
- // STOP OMIT
- return nil
-}
-
-func findLine(os.FileInfo, int64) (int, int) {
- // place holder; no need to run
- return 0, 0
-}
-
-func netError(err error) { // OMIT
- for { // OMIT
- if nerr, ok := err.(net.Error); ok && nerr.Temporary() {
- time.Sleep(1e9)
- continue
- }
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- // STOP OMIT
- }
-}
-
-func main() {}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/error2.go b/content/doc/progs/error2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 086b671..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/error2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "Error Handling and Go."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "net/http"
- "text/template"
-)
-
-func init() {
- http.HandleFunc("/view", viewRecord)
-}
-
-func viewRecord(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- c := appengine.NewContext(r)
- key := datastore.NewKey(c, "Record", r.FormValue("id"), 0, nil)
- record := new(Record)
- if err := datastore.Get(c, key, record); err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- return
- }
- if err := viewTemplate.Execute(w, record); err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- }
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-type ap struct{}
-
-func (ap) NewContext(*http.Request) *ctx { return nil }
-
-type ctx struct{}
-
-func (*ctx) Errorf(string, ...interface{}) {}
-
-var appengine ap
-
-type ds struct{}
-
-func (ds) NewKey(*ctx, string, string, int, *int) string { return "" }
-func (ds) Get(*ctx, string, *Record) error { return nil }
-
-var datastore ds
-
-type Record struct{}
-
-var viewTemplate *template.Template
-
-func main() {}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/error3.go b/content/doc/progs/error3.go
deleted file mode 100644
index d9e56b5..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/error3.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "Error Handling and Go."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "net/http"
- "text/template"
-)
-
-func init() {
- http.Handle("/view", appHandler(viewRecord))
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func viewRecord(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) error {
- c := appengine.NewContext(r)
- key := datastore.NewKey(c, "Record", r.FormValue("id"), 0, nil)
- record := new(Record)
- if err := datastore.Get(c, key, record); err != nil {
- return err
- }
- return viewTemplate.Execute(w, record)
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-type appHandler func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) error
-
-func (fn appHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- if err := fn(w, r); err != nil {
- http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
- }
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-type ap struct{}
-
-func (ap) NewContext(*http.Request) *ctx { return nil }
-
-type ctx struct{}
-
-func (*ctx) Errorf(string, ...interface{}) {}
-
-var appengine ap
-
-type ds struct{}
-
-func (ds) NewKey(*ctx, string, string, int, *int) string { return "" }
-func (ds) Get(*ctx, string, *Record) error { return nil }
-
-var datastore ds
-
-type Record struct{}
-
-var viewTemplate *template.Template
-
-func main() {}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/error4.go b/content/doc/progs/error4.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b2f304..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/error4.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "Error Handling and Go."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "net/http"
- "text/template"
-)
-
-type appError struct {
- Error error
- Message string
- Code int
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-type appHandler func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) *appError
-
-func (fn appHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
- if e := fn(w, r); e != nil { // e is *appError, not error.
- c := appengine.NewContext(r)
- c.Errorf("%v", e.Error)
- http.Error(w, e.Message, e.Code)
- }
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func viewRecord(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) *appError {
- c := appengine.NewContext(r)
- key := datastore.NewKey(c, "Record", r.FormValue("id"), 0, nil)
- record := new(Record)
- if err := datastore.Get(c, key, record); err != nil {
- return &appError{err, "Record not found", 404}
- }
- if err := viewTemplate.Execute(w, record); err != nil {
- return &appError{err, "Can't display record", 500}
- }
- return nil
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func init() {
- http.Handle("/view", appHandler(viewRecord))
-}
-
-type ap struct{}
-
-func (ap) NewContext(*http.Request) *ctx { return nil }
-
-type ctx struct{}
-
-func (*ctx) Errorf(string, ...interface{}) {}
-
-var appengine ap
-
-type ds struct{}
-
-func (ds) NewKey(*ctx, string, string, int, *int) string { return "" }
-func (ds) Get(*ctx, string, *Record) error { return nil }
-
-var datastore ds
-
-type Record struct{}
-
-var viewTemplate *template.Template
-
-func main() {}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/go1.go b/content/doc/progs/go1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 50fd934..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/go1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains examples to embed in the Go 1 release notes document.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "errors"
- "flag"
- "fmt"
- "log"
- "os"
- "path/filepath"
- "testing"
- "time"
- "unicode"
-)
-
-func main() {
- flag.Parse()
- stringAppend()
- mapDelete()
- mapIteration()
- multipleAssignment()
- structEquality()
- compositeLiterals()
- runeType()
- errorExample()
- timePackage()
- walkExample()
- osIsExist()
-}
-
-var timeout = flag.Duration("timeout", 30*time.Second, "how long to wait for completion")
-
-func init() {
- // canonicalize the logging
- log.SetFlags(0)
-}
-
-func mapDelete() {
- m := map[string]int{"7": 7, "23": 23}
- k := "7"
- delete(m, k)
- if m["7"] != 0 || m["23"] != 23 {
- log.Fatal("mapDelete:", m)
- }
-}
-
-func stringAppend() {
- greeting := []byte{}
- greeting = append(greeting, []byte("hello ")...)
- greeting = append(greeting, "world"...)
- if string(greeting) != "hello world" {
- log.Fatal("stringAppend: ", string(greeting))
- }
-}
-
-func mapIteration() {
- m := map[string]int{"Sunday": 0, "Monday": 1}
- for name, value := range m {
- // This loop should not assume Sunday will be visited first.
- f(name, value)
- }
-}
-
-func f(string, int) {
-}
-
-func assert(t bool) {
- if !t {
- log.Panic("assertion fail")
- }
-}
-
-func multipleAssignment() {
- sa := []int{1, 2, 3}
- i := 0
- i, sa[i] = 1, 2 // sets i = 1, sa[0] = 2
-
- sb := []int{1, 2, 3}
- j := 0
- sb[j], j = 2, 1 // sets sb[0] = 2, j = 1
-
- sc := []int{1, 2, 3}
- sc[0], sc[0] = 1, 2 // sets sc[0] = 1, then sc[0] = 2 (so sc[0] = 2 at end)
-
- assert(i == 1 && sa[0] == 2)
- assert(j == 1 && sb[0] == 2)
- assert(sc[0] == 2)
-}
-
-func structEquality() {
- type Day struct {
- long string
- short string
- }
- Christmas := Day{"Christmas", "XMas"}
- Thanksgiving := Day{"Thanksgiving", "Turkey"}
- holiday := map[Day]bool{
- Christmas: true,
- Thanksgiving: true,
- }
- fmt.Printf("Christmas is a holiday: %t\n", holiday[Christmas])
-}
-
-func compositeLiterals() {
- type Date struct {
- month string
- day int
- }
- // Struct values, fully qualified; always legal.
- holiday1 := []Date{
- Date{"Feb", 14},
- Date{"Nov", 11},
- Date{"Dec", 25},
- }
- // Struct values, type name elided; always legal.
- holiday2 := []Date{
- {"Feb", 14},
- {"Nov", 11},
- {"Dec", 25},
- }
- // Pointers, fully qualified, always legal.
- holiday3 := []*Date{
- &Date{"Feb", 14},
- &Date{"Nov", 11},
- &Date{"Dec", 25},
- }
- // Pointers, type name elided; legal in Go 1.
- holiday4 := []*Date{
- {"Feb", 14},
- {"Nov", 11},
- {"Dec", 25},
- }
- // STOP OMIT
- _, _, _, _ = holiday1, holiday2, holiday3, holiday4
-}
-
-func runeType() {
- // STARTRUNE OMIT
- delta := 'δ' // delta has type rune.
- var DELTA rune
- DELTA = unicode.ToUpper(delta)
- epsilon := unicode.ToLower(DELTA + 1)
- if epsilon != 'δ'+1 {
- log.Fatal("inconsistent casing for Greek")
- }
- // ENDRUNE OMIT
-}
-
-// START ERROR EXAMPLE OMIT
-type SyntaxError struct {
- File string
- Line int
- Message string
-}
-
-func (se *SyntaxError) Error() string {
- return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d: %s", se.File, se.Line, se.Message)
-}
-
-// END ERROR EXAMPLE OMIT
-
-func errorExample() {
- var ErrSyntax = errors.New("syntax error")
- _ = ErrSyntax
- se := &SyntaxError{"file", 7, "error"}
- got := fmt.Sprint(se)
- const expect = "file:7: error"
- if got != expect {
- log.Fatalf("errorsPackage: expected %q got %q", expect, got)
- }
-}
-
-// sleepUntil sleeps until the specified time. It returns immediately if it's too late.
-func sleepUntil(wakeup time.Time) {
- now := time.Now() // A Time.
- if !wakeup.After(now) {
- return
- }
- delta := wakeup.Sub(now) // A Duration.
- fmt.Printf("Sleeping for %.3fs\n", delta.Seconds())
- time.Sleep(delta)
-}
-
-func timePackage() {
- sleepUntil(time.Now().Add(123 * time.Millisecond))
-}
-
-func walkExample() {
- // STARTWALK OMIT
- markFn := func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
- if path == "pictures" { // Will skip walking of directory pictures and its contents.
- return filepath.SkipDir
- }
- if err != nil {
- return err
- }
- log.Println(path)
- return nil
- }
- err := filepath.Walk(".", markFn)
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal(err)
- }
- // ENDWALK OMIT
-}
-
-func initializationFunction(c chan int) {
- c <- 1
-}
-
-var PackageGlobal int
-
-func init() {
- c := make(chan int)
- go initializationFunction(c)
- PackageGlobal = <-c
-}
-
-func BenchmarkSprintf(b *testing.B) {
- // Verify correctness before running benchmark.
- b.StopTimer()
- got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", 23)
- const expect = "17"
- if expect != got {
- b.Fatalf("expected %q; got %q", expect, got)
- }
- b.StartTimer()
- for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
- fmt.Sprintf("%x", 23)
- }
-}
-
-func osIsExist() {
- name := "go1.go"
- f, err := os.OpenFile(name, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, 0600)
- if os.IsExist(err) {
- log.Printf("%s already exists", name)
- }
- _ = f
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/gobs1.go b/content/doc/progs/gobs1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 7077ca1..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/gobs1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package gobs1
-
-type T struct{ X, Y, Z int } // Only exported fields are encoded and decoded.
-var t = T{X: 7, Y: 0, Z: 8}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-type U struct{ X, Y *int8 } // Note: pointers to int8s
-var u U
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-type Node struct {
- Value int
- Left, Right *Node
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/gobs2.go b/content/doc/progs/gobs2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 85bb41c..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/gobs2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "bytes"
- "encoding/gob"
- "fmt"
- "log"
-)
-
-type P struct {
- X, Y, Z int
- Name string
-}
-
-type Q struct {
- X, Y *int32
- Name string
-}
-
-func main() {
- // Initialize the encoder and decoder. Normally enc and dec would be
- // bound to network connections and the encoder and decoder would
- // run in different processes.
- var network bytes.Buffer // Stand-in for a network connection
- enc := gob.NewEncoder(&network) // Will write to network.
- dec := gob.NewDecoder(&network) // Will read from network.
- // Encode (send) the value.
- err := enc.Encode(P{3, 4, 5, "Pythagoras"})
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal("encode error:", err)
- }
- // Decode (receive) the value.
- var q Q
- err = dec.Decode(&q)
- if err != nil {
- log.Fatal("decode error:", err)
- }
- fmt.Printf("%q: {%d,%d}\n", q.Name, *q.X, *q.Y)
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/image_draw.go b/content/doc/progs/image_draw.go
deleted file mode 100644
index bb73c8a..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/image_draw.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "The Go image/draw package."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "image"
- "image/color"
- "image/draw"
-)
-
-func main() {
- Color()
- Rect()
- RectAndScroll()
- ConvAndCircle()
- Glyph()
-}
-
-func Color() {
- c := color.RGBA{255, 0, 255, 255}
- r := image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480)
- dst := image.NewRGBA(r)
-
- // ZERO OMIT
- // image.ZP is the zero point -- the origin.
- draw.Draw(dst, r, &image.Uniform{c}, image.ZP, draw.Src)
- // STOP OMIT
-
- // BLUE OMIT
- m := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
- blue := color.RGBA{0, 0, 255, 255}
- draw.Draw(m, m.Bounds(), &image.Uniform{blue}, image.ZP, draw.Src)
- // STOP OMIT
-
- // RESET OMIT
- draw.Draw(m, m.Bounds(), image.Transparent, image.ZP, draw.Src)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func Rect() {
- dst := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
- sr := image.Rect(0, 0, 200, 200)
- src := image.Black
- dp := image.Point{100, 100}
-
- // RECT OMIT
- r := image.Rectangle{dp, dp.Add(sr.Size())}
- draw.Draw(dst, r, src, sr.Min, draw.Src)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func RectAndScroll() {
- dst := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
- sr := image.Rect(0, 0, 200, 200)
- src := image.Black
- dp := image.Point{100, 100}
-
- // RECT2 OMIT
- r := sr.Sub(sr.Min).Add(dp)
- draw.Draw(dst, r, src, sr.Min, draw.Src)
- // STOP OMIT
-
- m := dst
-
- // SCROLL OMIT
- b := m.Bounds()
- p := image.Pt(0, 20)
- // Note that even though the second argument is b,
- // the effective rectangle is smaller due to clipping.
- draw.Draw(m, b, m, b.Min.Add(p), draw.Src)
- dirtyRect := b.Intersect(image.Rect(b.Min.X, b.Max.Y-20, b.Max.X, b.Max.Y))
- // STOP OMIT
-
- _ = dirtyRect // noop
-}
-
-func ConvAndCircle() {
- src := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
- dst := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
-
- // CONV OMIT
- b := src.Bounds()
- m := image.NewRGBA(b)
- draw.Draw(m, b, src, b.Min, draw.Src)
- // STOP OMIT
-
- p := image.Point{100, 100}
- r := 50
-
- // CIRCLE2 OMIT
- draw.DrawMask(dst, dst.Bounds(), src, image.ZP, &circle{p, r}, image.ZP, draw.Over)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func theGlyphImageForAFont() image.Image {
- return image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
-}
-
-func theBoundsFor(index int) image.Rectangle {
- return image.Rect(0, 0, 32, 32)
-}
-
-func Glyph() {
- p := image.Point{100, 100}
- dst := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
- glyphIndex := 42
-
- // GLYPH OMIT
- src := &image.Uniform{color.RGBA{0, 0, 255, 255}}
- mask := theGlyphImageForAFont()
- mr := theBoundsFor(glyphIndex)
- draw.DrawMask(dst, mr.Sub(mr.Min).Add(p), src, image.ZP, mask, mr.Min, draw.Over)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-//CIRCLESTRUCT OMIT
-type circle struct {
- p image.Point
- r int
-}
-
-func (c *circle) ColorModel() color.Model {
- return color.AlphaModel
-}
-
-func (c *circle) Bounds() image.Rectangle {
- return image.Rect(c.p.X-c.r, c.p.Y-c.r, c.p.X+c.r, c.p.Y+c.r)
-}
-
-func (c *circle) At(x, y int) color.Color {
- xx, yy, rr := float64(x-c.p.X)+0.5, float64(y-c.p.Y)+0.5, float64(c.r)
- if xx*xx+yy*yy < rr*rr {
- return color.Alpha{255}
- }
- return color.Alpha{0}
-}
-
-//STOP OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/image_package1.go b/content/doc/progs/image_package1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index c4c401e..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/image_package1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "image"
-)
-
-func main() {
- p := image.Point{2, 1}
- fmt.Println("X is", p.X, "Y is", p.Y)
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/image_package2.go b/content/doc/progs/image_package2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index fcb5d9f..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/image_package2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "image"
-)
-
-func main() {
- r := image.Rect(2, 1, 5, 5)
- // Dx and Dy return a rectangle's width and height.
- fmt.Println(r.Dx(), r.Dy(), image.Pt(0, 0).In(r)) // prints 3 4 false
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/image_package3.go b/content/doc/progs/image_package3.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 13d0f08..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/image_package3.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "image"
-)
-
-func main() {
- r := image.Rect(2, 1, 5, 5).Add(image.Pt(-4, -2))
- fmt.Println(r.Dx(), r.Dy(), image.Pt(0, 0).In(r)) // prints 3 4 true
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/image_package4.go b/content/doc/progs/image_package4.go
deleted file mode 100644
index c46fddf..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/image_package4.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "image"
-)
-
-func main() {
- r := image.Rect(0, 0, 4, 3).Intersect(image.Rect(2, 2, 5, 5))
- // Size returns a rectangle's width and height, as a Point.
- fmt.Printf("%#v\n", r.Size()) // prints image.Point{X:2, Y:1}
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/image_package5.go b/content/doc/progs/image_package5.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bb5c76..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/image_package5.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "image"
- "image/color"
-)
-
-func main() {
- m := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 640, 480))
- m.Set(5, 5, color.RGBA{255, 0, 0, 255})
- fmt.Println(m.At(5, 5))
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/image_package6.go b/content/doc/progs/image_package6.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 62eeecd..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/image_package6.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "image"
-)
-
-func main() {
- m0 := image.NewRGBA(image.Rect(0, 0, 8, 5))
- m1 := m0.SubImage(image.Rect(1, 2, 5, 5)).(*image.RGBA)
- fmt.Println(m0.Bounds().Dx(), m1.Bounds().Dx()) // prints 8, 4
- fmt.Println(m0.Stride == m1.Stride) // prints true
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/interface.go b/content/doc/progs/interface.go
deleted file mode 100644
index c2925d5..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/interface.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "The Laws of Reflection."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "bufio"
- "bytes"
- "io"
- "os"
-)
-
-type MyInt int
-
-var i int
-var j MyInt
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-// Reader is the interface that wraps the basic Read method.
-type Reader interface {
- Read(p []byte) (n int, err error)
-}
-
-// Writer is the interface that wraps the basic Write method.
-type Writer interface {
- Write(p []byte) (n int, err error)
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func readers() { // OMIT
- var r io.Reader
- r = os.Stdin
- r = bufio.NewReader(r)
- r = new(bytes.Buffer)
- // and so on
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func typeAssertions() (interface{}, error) { // OMIT
- var r io.Reader
- tty, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/tty", os.O_RDWR, 0)
- if err != nil {
- return nil, err
- }
- r = tty
- // STOP OMIT
- var w io.Writer
- w = r.(io.Writer)
- // STOP OMIT
- var empty interface{}
- empty = w
- // STOP OMIT
- return empty, err
-}
-
-func main() {
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/interface2.go b/content/doc/progs/interface2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index a541d94..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/interface2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// This file contains the code snippets included in "The Laws of Reflection."
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "reflect"
-)
-
-func main() {
- var x float64 = 3.4
- fmt.Println("type:", reflect.TypeOf(x))
- // STOP OMIT
- // TODO(proppy): test output OMIT
-}
-
-// STOP main OMIT
-
-func f1() {
- // START f1 OMIT
- var x float64 = 3.4
- v := reflect.ValueOf(x)
- fmt.Println("type:", v.Type())
- fmt.Println("kind is float64:", v.Kind() == reflect.Float64)
- fmt.Println("value:", v.Float())
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f2() {
- // START f2 OMIT
- var x uint8 = 'x'
- v := reflect.ValueOf(x)
- fmt.Println("type:", v.Type()) // uint8.
- fmt.Println("kind is uint8: ", v.Kind() == reflect.Uint8) // true.
- x = uint8(v.Uint()) // v.Uint returns a uint64.
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f3() {
- // START f3 OMIT
- type MyInt int
- var x MyInt = 7
- v := reflect.ValueOf(x)
- // STOP OMIT
- // START f3b OMIT
- y := v.Interface().(float64) // y will have type float64.
- fmt.Println(y)
- // STOP OMIT
- // START f3c OMIT
- fmt.Println(v.Interface())
- // STOP OMIT
- // START f3d OMIT
- fmt.Printf("value is %7.1e\n", v.Interface())
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f4() {
- // START f4 OMIT
- var x float64 = 3.4
- v := reflect.ValueOf(x)
- v.SetFloat(7.1) // Error: will panic.
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f5() {
- // START f5 OMIT
- var x float64 = 3.4
- v := reflect.ValueOf(x)
- fmt.Println("settability of v:", v.CanSet())
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f6() {
- // START f6 OMIT
- var x float64 = 3.4
- v := reflect.ValueOf(x)
- // STOP OMIT
- // START f6b OMIT
- v.SetFloat(7.1)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f7() {
- // START f7 OMIT
- var x float64 = 3.4
- p := reflect.ValueOf(&x) // Note: take the address of x.
- fmt.Println("type of p:", p.Type())
- fmt.Println("settability of p:", p.CanSet())
- // STOP OMIT
- // START f7b OMIT
- v := p.Elem()
- fmt.Println("settability of v:", v.CanSet())
- // STOP OMIT
- // START f7c OMIT
- v.SetFloat(7.1)
- fmt.Println(v.Interface())
- fmt.Println(x)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f8() {
- // START f8 OMIT
- type T struct {
- A int
- B string
- }
- t := T{23, "skidoo"}
- s := reflect.ValueOf(&t).Elem()
- typeOfT := s.Type()
- for i := 0; i < s.NumField(); i++ {
- f := s.Field(i)
- fmt.Printf("%d: %s %s = %v\n", i,
- typeOfT.Field(i).Name, f.Type(), f.Interface())
- }
- // STOP OMIT
- // START f8b OMIT
- s.Field(0).SetInt(77)
- s.Field(1).SetString("Sunset Strip")
- fmt.Println("t is now", t)
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func f9() {
- // START f9 OMIT
- var x float64 = 3.4
- fmt.Println("value:", reflect.ValueOf(x))
- // STOP OMIT
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/json1.go b/content/doc/progs/json1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 9804efb..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/json1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "encoding/json"
- "log"
- "reflect"
-)
-
-type Message struct {
- Name string
- Body string
- Time int64
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func Encode() {
- m := Message{"Alice", "Hello", 1294706395881547000}
- b, err := json.Marshal(m)
-
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- expected := []byte(`{"Name":"Alice","Body":"Hello","Time":1294706395881547000}`)
- if !reflect.DeepEqual(b, expected) {
- log.Panicf("Error marshaling %q, expected %q, got %q.", m, expected, b)
- }
-
-}
-
-func Decode() {
- b := []byte(`{"Name":"Alice","Body":"Hello","Time":1294706395881547000}`)
- var m Message
- err := json.Unmarshal(b, &m)
-
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- expected := Message{
- Name: "Alice",
- Body: "Hello",
- Time: 1294706395881547000,
- }
-
- if !reflect.DeepEqual(m, expected) {
- log.Panicf("Error unmarshaling %q, expected %q, got %q.", b, expected, m)
- }
-
- m = Message{
- Name: "Alice",
- Body: "Hello",
- Time: 1294706395881547000,
- }
-
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func PartialDecode() {
- b := []byte(`{"Name":"Bob","Food":"Pickle"}`)
- var m Message
- err := json.Unmarshal(b, &m)
-
- // STOP OMIT
-
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- expected := Message{
- Name: "Bob",
- }
-
- if !reflect.DeepEqual(expected, m) {
- log.Panicf("Error unmarshaling %q, expected %q, got %q.", b, expected, m)
- }
-}
-
-func main() {
- Encode()
- Decode()
- PartialDecode()
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/json2.go b/content/doc/progs/json2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 6089ae6..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/json2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "fmt"
- "math"
-)
-
-func InterfaceExample() {
- var i interface{}
- i = "a string"
- i = 2011
- i = 2.777
-
- // STOP OMIT
-
- r := i.(float64)
- fmt.Println("the circle's area", math.Pi*r*r)
-
- // STOP OMIT
-
- switch v := i.(type) {
- case int:
- fmt.Println("twice i is", v*2)
- case float64:
- fmt.Println("the reciprocal of i is", 1/v)
- case string:
- h := len(v) / 2
- fmt.Println("i swapped by halves is", v[h:]+v[:h])
- default:
- // i isn't one of the types above
- }
-
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func main() {
- InterfaceExample()
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/json3.go b/content/doc/progs/json3.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 442c155..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/json3.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "encoding/json"
- "fmt"
- "log"
- "reflect"
-)
-
-func Decode() {
- b := []byte(`{"Name":"Wednesday","Age":6,"Parents":["Gomez","Morticia"]}`)
-
- var f interface{}
- err := json.Unmarshal(b, &f)
-
- // STOP OMIT
-
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- expected := map[string]interface{}{
- "Name": "Wednesday",
- "Age": float64(6),
- "Parents": []interface{}{
- "Gomez",
- "Morticia",
- },
- }
-
- if !reflect.DeepEqual(f, expected) {
- log.Panicf("Error unmarshaling %q, expected %q, got %q", b, expected, f)
- }
-
- f = map[string]interface{}{
- "Name": "Wednesday",
- "Age": 6,
- "Parents": []interface{}{
- "Gomez",
- "Morticia",
- },
- }
-
- // STOP OMIT
-
- m := f.(map[string]interface{})
-
- for k, v := range m {
- switch vv := v.(type) {
- case string:
- fmt.Println(k, "is string", vv)
- case int:
- fmt.Println(k, "is int", vv)
- case []interface{}:
- fmt.Println(k, "is an array:")
- for i, u := range vv {
- fmt.Println(i, u)
- }
- default:
- fmt.Println(k, "is of a type I don't know how to handle")
- }
- }
-
- // STOP OMIT
-}
-
-func main() {
- Decode()
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/json4.go b/content/doc/progs/json4.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c7e5b4..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/json4.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "encoding/json"
- "log"
- "reflect"
-)
-
-type FamilyMember struct {
- Name string
- Age int
- Parents []string
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func Decode() {
- b := []byte(`{"Name":"Bob","Age":20,"Parents":["Morticia", "Gomez"]}`)
- var m FamilyMember
- err := json.Unmarshal(b, &m)
-
- // STOP OMIT
-
- if err != nil {
- panic(err)
- }
-
- expected := FamilyMember{
- Name: "Bob",
- Age: 20,
- Parents: []string{"Morticia", "Gomez"},
- }
-
- if !reflect.DeepEqual(expected, m) {
- log.Panicf("Error unmarshaling %q, expected %q, got %q", b, expected, m)
- }
-}
-
-func main() {
- Decode()
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/json5.go b/content/doc/progs/json5.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d7a4ca..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/json5.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "encoding/json"
- "log"
- "os"
-)
-
-func main() {
- dec := json.NewDecoder(os.Stdin)
- enc := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
- for {
- var v map[string]interface{}
- if err := dec.Decode(&v); err != nil {
- log.Println(err)
- return
- }
- for k := range v {
- if k != "Name" {
- delete(v, k)
- }
- }
- if err := enc.Encode(&v); err != nil {
- log.Println(err)
- }
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/run.go b/content/doc/progs/run.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 06ea130..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/run.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// run runs the docs tests found in this directory.
-package main
-
-import (
- "bytes"
- "flag"
- "fmt"
- "io/ioutil"
- "os"
- "os/exec"
- "path/filepath"
- "regexp"
- "runtime"
- "strings"
-)
-
-const usage = `go run run.go [tests]
-
-run.go runs the docs tests in this directory.
-If no tests are provided, it runs all tests.
-Tests may be specified without their .go suffix.
-`
-
-func main() {
- flag.Usage = func() {
- fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, usage)
- flag.PrintDefaults()
- os.Exit(2)
- }
-
- flag.Parse()
- if flag.NArg() == 0 {
- // run all tests
- fixcgo()
- } else {
- // run specified tests
- onlyTest(flag.Args()...)
- }
-
- tmpdir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "go-progs")
- if err != nil {
- fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
- os.Exit(1)
- }
-
- // ratec limits the number of tests running concurrently.
- // None of the tests are intensive, so don't bother
- // trying to manually adjust for slow builders.
- ratec := make(chan bool, runtime.NumCPU())
- errc := make(chan error, len(tests))
-
- for _, tt := range tests {
- tt := tt
- ratec <- true
- go func() {
- errc <- test(tmpdir, tt.file, tt.want)
- <-ratec
- }()
- }
-
- var rc int
- for range tests {
- if err := <-errc; err != nil {
- fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, err)
- rc = 1
- }
- }
- os.Remove(tmpdir)
- os.Exit(rc)
-}
-
-// test builds the test in the given file.
-// If want is non-empty, test also runs the test
-// and checks that the output matches the regexp want.
-func test(tmpdir, file, want string) error {
- // Build the program.
- prog := filepath.Join(tmpdir, file)
- cmd := exec.Command("go", "build", "-o", prog, file+".go")
- out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
- if err != nil {
- return fmt.Errorf("go build %s.go failed: %v\nOutput:\n%s", file, err, out)
- }
- defer os.Remove(prog)
-
- // Only run the test if we have output to check.
- if want == "" {
- return nil
- }
-
- cmd = exec.Command(prog)
- out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
- if err != nil {
- return fmt.Errorf("%s failed: %v\nOutput:\n%s", file, err, out)
- }
-
- // Canonicalize output.
- out = bytes.TrimRight(out, "\n")
- out = bytes.Replace(out, []byte{'\n'}, []byte{' '}, -1)
-
- // Check the result.
- match, err := regexp.Match(want, out)
- if err != nil {
- return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse regexp %q: %v", want, err)
- }
- if !match {
- return fmt.Errorf("%s.go:\n%q\ndoes not match %s", file, out, want)
- }
-
- return nil
-}
-
-type testcase struct {
- file string
- want string
-}
-
-var tests = []testcase{
- // defer_panic_recover
- {"defer", `^0 3210 2$`},
- {"defer2", `^Calling g. Printing in g 0 Printing in g 1 Printing in g 2 Printing in g 3 Panicking! Defer in g 3 Defer in g 2 Defer in g 1 Defer in g 0 Recovered in f 4 Returned normally from f.$`},
-
- // effective_go
- {"eff_bytesize", `^1.00YB 9.09TB$`},
- {"eff_qr", ""},
- {"eff_sequence", `^\[-1 2 6 16 44\]$`},
- {"eff_unused2", ""},
-
- // error_handling
- {"error", ""},
- {"error2", ""},
- {"error3", ""},
- {"error4", ""},
-
- // law_of_reflection
- {"interface", ""},
- {"interface2", `^type: float64$`},
-
- // c_go_cgo
- {"cgo1", ""},
- {"cgo2", ""},
- {"cgo3", ""},
- {"cgo4", ""},
-
- // timeout
- {"timeout1", ""},
- {"timeout2", ""},
-
- // gobs
- {"gobs1", ""},
- {"gobs2", ""},
-
- // json
- {"json1", `^$`},
- {"json2", `the reciprocal of i is`},
- {"json3", `Age is int 6`},
- {"json4", `^$`},
- {"json5", ""},
-
- // image_package
- {"image_package1", `^X is 2 Y is 1$`},
- {"image_package2", `^3 4 false$`},
- {"image_package3", `^3 4 true$`},
- {"image_package4", `^image.Point{X:2, Y:1}$`},
- {"image_package5", `^{255 0 0 255}$`},
- {"image_package6", `^8 4 true$`},
-
- // other
- {"go1", `^Christmas is a holiday: true .*go1.go already exists$`},
- {"slices", ""},
-}
-
-func onlyTest(files ...string) {
- var new []testcase
-NextFile:
- for _, file := range files {
- file = strings.TrimSuffix(file, ".go")
- for _, tt := range tests {
- if tt.file == file {
- new = append(new, tt)
- continue NextFile
- }
- }
- fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "test %s.go not found\n", file)
- os.Exit(1)
- }
- tests = new
-}
-
-func skipTest(file string) {
- for i, tt := range tests {
- if tt.file == file {
- copy(tests[i:], tests[i+1:])
- tests = tests[:len(tests)-1]
- return
- }
- }
- panic("delete(" + file + "): not found")
-}
-
-func fixcgo() {
- if os.Getenv("CGO_ENABLED") != "1" {
- skipTest("cgo1")
- skipTest("cgo2")
- skipTest("cgo3")
- skipTest("cgo4")
- return
- }
-
- switch runtime.GOOS {
- case "freebsd":
- // cgo1 and cgo2 don't run on freebsd, srandom has a different signature
- skipTest("cgo1")
- skipTest("cgo2")
- case "netbsd":
- // cgo1 and cgo2 don't run on netbsd, srandom has a different signature
- skipTest("cgo1")
- skipTest("cgo2")
- }
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/slices.go b/content/doc/progs/slices.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 967a3e7..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/slices.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package main
-
-import (
- "io/ioutil"
- "regexp"
-)
-
-func AppendByte(slice []byte, data ...byte) []byte {
- m := len(slice)
- n := m + len(data)
- if n > cap(slice) { // if necessary, reallocate
- // allocate double what's needed, for future growth.
- newSlice := make([]byte, (n+1)*2)
- copy(newSlice, slice)
- slice = newSlice
- }
- slice = slice[0:n]
- copy(slice[m:n], data)
- return slice
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-// Filter returns a new slice holding only
-// the elements of s that satisfy fn.
-func Filter(s []int, fn func(int) bool) []int {
- var p []int // == nil
- for _, i := range s {
- if fn(i) {
- p = append(p, i)
- }
- }
- return p
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-var digitRegexp = regexp.MustCompile("[0-9]+")
-
-func FindDigits(filename string) []byte {
- b, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- return digitRegexp.Find(b)
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func CopyDigits(filename string) []byte {
- b, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)
- b = digitRegexp.Find(b)
- c := make([]byte, len(b))
- copy(c, b)
- return c
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
-
-func main() {
- // place holder; no need to run
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/timeout1.go b/content/doc/progs/timeout1.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 353ba69..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/timeout1.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package timeout
-
-import (
- "time"
-)
-
-func Timeout() {
- ch := make(chan bool, 1)
- timeout := make(chan bool, 1)
- go func() {
- time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
- timeout <- true
- }()
-
- // STOP OMIT
-
- select {
- case <-ch:
- // a read from ch has occurred
- case <-timeout:
- // the read from ch has timed out
- }
-
- // STOP OMIT
-}
diff --git a/content/doc/progs/timeout2.go b/content/doc/progs/timeout2.go
deleted file mode 100644
index b0d34ea..0000000
--- a/content/doc/progs/timeout2.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-package query
-
-type Conn string
-
-func (c Conn) DoQuery(query string) Result {
- return Result("result")
-}
-
-type Result string
-
-func Query(conns []Conn, query string) Result {
- ch := make(chan Result, 1)
- for _, conn := range conns {
- go func(c Conn) {
- select {
- case ch <- c.DoQuery(query):
- default:
- }
- }(conn)
- }
- return <-ch
-}
-
-// STOP OMIT
diff --git a/content/doc/root.html b/content/doc/root.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b7422f2..0000000
--- a/content/doc/root.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Path": "/",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<div class="left">
-
-<div id="learn">
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<a class="popout share">Pop-out</a>
-{{end}}
-<div class="rootHeading">Try Go</div>
-<div class="input">
-<textarea spellcheck="false" class="code">// You can edit this code!
-// Click here and start typing.
-package main
-
-import "fmt"
-
-func main() {
- fmt.Println("Hello, 世界")
-}</textarea>
-</div>
-<div class="output">
-<pre>
-Hello, 世界
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="buttons">
-<a class="run" href="#" title="Run this code [shift-enter]">Run</a>
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<a class="share" href="#" title="Share this code">Share</a>
-<a class="tour" href="//tour.golang.org/" title="Learn Go from your browser">Tour</a>
-{{end}}
-</div>
-<div class="toys">
-<select>
- <option value="hello.go">Hello, World!</option>
- <option value="life.go">Conway's Game of Life</option>
- <option value="fib.go">Fibonacci Closure</option>
- <option value="peano.go">Peano Integers</option>
- <option value="pi.go">Concurrent pi</option>
- <option value="sieve.go">Concurrent Prime Sieve</option>
- <option value="solitaire.go">Peg Solitaire Solver</option>
- <option value="tree.go">Tree Comparison</option>
-</select>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-<div class="right">
-
-<div id="about">
-Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build
-simple, reliable, and efficient software.
-</div>
-
-<div id="gopher"></div>
-
-<a href="/dl/" id="start">
-<span class="big">Download Go</span>
-<span class="desc">
-Binary distributions available for<br>
-Linux, macOS, Windows, and more.
-</span>
-</a>
-
-</div>
-
-<div style="clear: both"></div>
-
-{{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-<div class="left">
- <div id="video">
- <div class="rootHeading">Featured video</div>
- <div class="js-frontpage-video" style="--aspect-ratio-padding: 58.07%;"><iframe width="415" height="241" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ytEkHepK08c" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="right">
- <div id="blog">
- <div class="rootHeading">Featured articles</div>
- <div class="read"><a href="//blog.golang.org/">Read more</a></div>
- </div>
-</div>
-{{end}}
-
-<div style="clear: both;"></div>
-
-<script>
-(function() {
- 'use strict';
-
- window.initFuncs.push(function() {
- // Set up playground if enabled.
- if (window.playground) {
- window.playground({
- "codeEl": "#learn .code",
- "outputEl": "#learn .output",
- "runEl": "#learn .run",
- "shareEl": "#learn .share",
- "shareRedirect": "//play.golang.org/p/",
- "toysEl": "#learn .toys select"
- });
- } else {
- $('#learn').hide()
- }
- });
-
- {{if not $.GoogleCN}}
-
- function readableTime(t) {
- var m = ["January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July",
- "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"];
- var p = t.substring(0, t.indexOf("T")).split("-");
- var d = new Date(p[0], p[1]-1, p[2]);
- return d.getDate() + " " + m[d.getMonth()] + " " + d.getFullYear();
- }
-
- window.feedLoaded = function(result) {
- var blog = document.getElementById("blog");
- var read = blog.getElementsByClassName("read")[0];
- for (var i = 0; i < result.length && i < 2; i++) {
- var entry = result[i];
- var title = document.createElement("a");
- title.className = "title";
- title.href = entry.Link;
- title.innerHTML = entry.Title;
- blog.insertBefore(title, read);
- var extract = document.createElement("div");
- extract.className = "extract";
- extract.innerHTML = entry.Summary;
- blog.insertBefore(extract, read);
- var when = document.createElement("div");
- when.className = "when";
- when.innerHTML = "Published " + readableTime(entry.Time);
- blog.insertBefore(when, read);
- }
- }
-
- window.initFuncs.push(function() {
- // Load blog feed.
- $('<script/>').attr('text', 'text/javascript')
- .attr('src', '//blog.golang.org/.json?jsonp=feedLoaded')
- .appendTo('body');
-
- // Set the video at random.
- var videos = [
- {h: 241, s: "//www.youtube.com/embed/ytEkHepK08c"}, // Tour of Go
- {h: 241, s: "//www.youtube.com/embed/f6kdp27TYZs"}, // Concurrency Patterns
- {h: 233, s: "//player.vimeo.com/video/69237265"} // Simple environment
- ];
- var v = videos[Math.floor(Math.random()*videos.length)];
- $('#video iframe').attr('height', v.h).attr('src', v.s);
- // Compute the aspect ratio (as a percentage) of the video
- // using the fixed width 415 and the height of the current video, v.h.
- var ar = 100*v.h/415;
- $('.js-frontpage-video').attr('style', '--aspect-ratio-padding: ' + ar + '%;');
- });
-
- {{end}}
-})();
-</script>
diff --git a/content/doc/security.html b/content/doc/security.html
deleted file mode 100644
index b334963..0000000
--- a/content/doc/security.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Go Security Policy",
- "Path": "/security",
- "Template": true
-}-->
-
-<h2>Implementation</h2>
-
-<h3>Reporting a Security Bug</h3>
-
-<p>
-Please report to us any issues you find.
-This document explains how to do that and what to expect in return.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-All security bugs in the Go distribution should be reported by email to
-<a href="mailto:security@golang.org">security@golang.org</a>.
-This mail is delivered to a small security team.
-Your email will be acknowledged within 24 hours, and you'll receive a more
-detailed response to your email within 72 hours indicating the next steps in
-handling your report.
-For critical problems, you can encrypt your report using our PGP key (listed below).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please use a descriptive subject line for your report email.
-After the initial reply to your report, the security team will endeavor to keep
-you informed of the progress being made towards a fix and full announcement.
-These updates will be sent at least every five days.
-In reality, this is more likely to be every 24-48 hours.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you have not received a reply to your email within 48 hours or you have not
-heard from the security team for the past five days please contact the Go
-security team directly:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Primary security coordinator: <a href="mailto:filippo@golang.org">Filippo Valsorda</a> (<a href="https://keybase.io/filippo/pgp_keys.asc">public key</a>).</li>
-<li>Secondary coordinator: <a href="mailto:agl@golang.org">Adam Langley</a> (<a href="https://www.imperialviolet.org/key.asc">public key</a>).</li>
-<li>If you receive no response, mail <a href="mailto:golang-dev@googlegroups.com">golang-dev@googlegroups.com</a> or use the <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/golang-dev">golang-dev web interface</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Please note that golang-dev is a public discussion forum.
-When escalating on this list, please do not disclose the details of the issue.
-Simply state that you're trying to reach a member of the security team.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Flagging Existing Issues as Security-related</h3>
-
-<p>
-If you believe that an <a href="https://golang.org/issue">existing issue</a>
-is security-related, we ask that you send an email to
-<a href="mailto:security@golang.org">security@golang.org</a>.
-The email should include the issue ID and a short description of why it should
-be handled according to this security policy.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Disclosure Process</h3>
-
-<p>The Go project uses the following disclosure process:</p>
-
-<ol>
-<li>Once the security report is received it is assigned a primary handler.
-This person coordinates the fix and release process.</li>
-<li>The issue is confirmed and a list of affected software is determined.</li>
-<li>Code is audited to find any potential similar problems.</li>
-<li>If it is determined, in consultation with the submitter, that a CVE-ID is
-required, the primary handler obtains one via email to
-<a href="https://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros">oss-distros</a>.</li>
-<li>Fixes are prepared for the two most recent major releases and the head/master
-revision. These fixes are not yet committed to the public repository.</li>
-<li>A notification is sent to the
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
-mailing list to give users time to prepare their systems for the update.</li>
-<li>Three working days following this notification, the fixes are applied to
-the <a href="https://go.googlesource.com/go">public repository</a> and a new
-Go release is issued.</li>
-<li>On the date that the fixes are applied, announcements are sent to
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>,
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-dev">golang-dev</a>, and
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts">golang-nuts</a>.
-</ol>
-
-<p>
-This process can take some time, especially when coordination is required with
-maintainers of other projects. Every effort will be made to handle the bug in
-as timely a manner as possible, however it's important that we follow the
-process described above to ensure that disclosures are handled consistently.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For security issues that include the assignment of a CVE-ID,
-the issue is listed publicly under the
-<a href="https://www.cvedetails.com/vulnerability-list/vendor_id-14185/Golang.html">"Golang" product on the CVEDetails website</a>
-as well as the
-<a href="https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/search">National Vulnerability Disclosure site</a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Receiving Security Updates</h3>
-
-<p>
-The best way to receive security announcements is to subscribe to the
-<a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/golang-announce">golang-announce</a>
-mailing list. Any messages pertaining to a security issue will be prefixed
-with <code>[security]</code>.
-</p>
-
-<h3>Comments on This Policy</h3>
-
-<p>
-If you have any suggestions to improve this policy, please send an email to
-<a href="mailto:golang-dev@golang.org">golang-dev@golang.org</a> for discussion.
-</p>
-
-<h3>PGP Key for <a href="mailto:security@golang.org">security@golang.org</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-We accept PGP-encrypted email, but the majority of the security team
-are not regular PGP users so it's somewhat inconvenient. Please only
-use PGP for critical security reports.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
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-</pre>
diff --git a/content/doc/share.png b/content/doc/share.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c04f0c7..0000000
--- a/content/doc/share.png
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/content/doc/tos.html b/content/doc/tos.html
deleted file mode 100644
index fff4642..0000000
--- a/content/doc/tos.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!--{
- "Title": "Terms of service"
-}-->
-
-<p>
-The Go website (the "Website") is hosted by Google.
-By using and/or visiting the Website, you consent to be bound by Google's general
-<a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms of Service</a>
-and Google's general
-<a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/privacy/privacy-policy.html">Privacy Policy</a>.
-</p>
