git-codereview/branch.go - review - Git at Google

 // Copyright 2014 The Go Authors.  All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

 package main

 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 )

 // Branch describes a Git branch.
 type Branch struct {
 	Name          string    // branch name
 	loadedPending bool      // following fields are valid
 	originBranch  string    // upstream origin branch
 	commitsAhead  int       // number of commits ahead of origin branch
 	branchpoint   string    // latest commit hash shared with origin branch
 	pending       []*Commit // pending commits, newest first (children before parents)
 }

 // A Commit describes a single pending commit on a Git branch.
 type Commit struct {
 	Hash      string // commit hash
 	ShortHash string // abbreviated commit hash
 	Parent    string // parent hash
 	Merge     string // for merges, hash of commit being merged into Parent
 	Message   string // commit message
 	Subject   string // first line of commit message
 	ChangeID  string // Change-Id in commit message ("" if missing)

 	// For use by pending command.
 	g         *GerritChange // associated Gerrit change data
 	gerr      error         // error loading Gerrit data
 	committed []string      // list of files in this commit
 }

 // CurrentBranch returns the current branch.
 func CurrentBranch() *Branch {
 	name := strings.TrimPrefix(trim(cmdOutput("git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD")), "heads/")
 	return &Branch{Name: name}
 }

 // DetachedHead reports whether branch b corresponds to a detached HEAD
 // (does not have a real branch name).
 func (b *Branch) DetachedHead() bool {
 	return b.Name == "HEAD"
 }

 // OriginBranch returns the name of the origin branch that branch b tracks.
 // The returned name is like "origin/master" or "origin/dev.garbage" or
 // "origin/release-branch.go1.4".
 func (b *Branch) OriginBranch() string {
 	if b.DetachedHead() {
 		// Detached head mode.
 		// "origin/HEAD" is clearly false, but it should be easy to find when it
 		// appears in other commands. Really any caller of OriginBranch
 		// should check for detached head mode.
 		return "origin/HEAD"
 	}

 	if b.originBranch != "" {
 		return b.originBranch
 	}
 	argv := []string{"git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", b.Name + "@{u}"}
 	cmd := exec.Command(argv[0], argv[1:]...)
 	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
 		// Workaround on windows. git for windows can't handle @{u} as same as
 		// given. Disable glob for this command if running on Cygwin or MSYS2.
 		envs := os.Environ()
 		envs = append(envs, "CYGWIN=noglob "+os.Getenv("CYGWIN"))
 		envs = append(envs, "MSYS=noglob "+os.Getenv("MSYS"))
 		cmd.Env = envs
 	}
 	setEnglishLocale(cmd)

 	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
 	if err == nil && len(out) > 0 {
 		b.originBranch = string(bytes.TrimSpace(out))
 		return b.originBranch
 	}

 	// Have seen both "No upstream configured" and "no upstream configured".
 	if strings.Contains(string(out), "upstream configured") {
 		// Assume branch was created before we set upstream correctly.
 		// See if origin/main exists; if so, use it.
 		// Otherwise, fall back to origin/master.
 		argv := []string{"git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "origin/main"}
 		cmd := exec.Command(argv[0], argv[1:]...)
 		setEnglishLocale(cmd)
 		if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err == nil {
 			b.originBranch = string(bytes.TrimSpace(out))
 			// Best effort attempt to correct setting for next time,
 			// and for "git status".
 			exec.Command("git", "branch", "-u", "origin/main").Run()
 			return b.originBranch
 		}
 		b.originBranch = "origin/master"
 		return b.originBranch
 	}
 	fmt.Fprintf(stderr(), "%v\n%s\n", commandString(argv[0], argv[1:]), out)
 	dief("%v", err)
 	panic("not reached")
 }

 func (b *Branch) FullName() string {
 	if b.Name != "HEAD" {
 		return "refs/heads/" + b.Name
 	}
 	return b.Name
 }

 // HasPendingCommit reports whether b has any pending commits.
 func (b *Branch) HasPendingCommit() bool {
 	b.loadPending()
 	return b.commitsAhead > 0
 }

 // Pending returns b's pending commits, newest first (children before parents).
 func (b *Branch) Pending() []*Commit {
 	b.loadPending()
 	return b.pending
 }

 // Branchpoint returns an identifier for the latest revision
 // common to both this branch and its upstream branch.
 func (b *Branch) Branchpoint() string {
 	b.loadPending()
 	return b.branchpoint
 }

 func (b *Branch) loadPending() {
 	if b.loadedPending {
 		return
 	}
 	b.loadedPending = true

 	// In case of early return.
 	b.branchpoint = trim(cmdOutput("git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"))

 	if b.DetachedHead() {
 		return
 	}

 	// Note: This runs in parallel with "git fetch -q",
 	// so the commands may see a stale version of origin/master.
 	// The use of origin here is for identifying what the branch has
 	// in common with origin (what's old on the branch).
 	// Any new commits in origin do not affect that.

 	// Note: --topo-order means child first, then parent.
 	origin := b.OriginBranch()
 	const numField = 5
 	all := trim(cmdOutput("git", "log", "--topo-order", "--format=format:%H%x00%h%x00%P%x00%B%x00%s%x00", origin+".."+b.FullName(), "--"))
 	fields := strings.Split(all, "\x00")
 	if len(fields) < numField {
 		return // nothing pending
 	}
 	for i, field := range fields {
 		fields[i] = strings.TrimLeft(field, "\r\n")
 	}
 	foundMergeBranchpoint := false
 	for i := 0; i+numField <= len(fields); i += numField {
 		c := &Commit{
 			Hash:      fields[i],
 			ShortHash: fields[i+1],
 			Parent:    strings.TrimSpace(fields[i+2]), // %P starts with \n for some reason
 			Message:   fields[i+3],
 			Subject:   fields[i+4],
 		}
 		if j := strings.Index(c.Parent, " "); j >= 0 {
 			c.Parent, c.Merge = c.Parent[:j], c.Parent[j+1:]
 			// Found merge point.
 			// Merges break the invariant that the last shared commit (the branchpoint)
 			// is the parent of the final commit in the log output.
 			// If c.Parent is on the origin branch, then since we are reading the log
 			// in (reverse) topological order, we know that c.Parent is the actual branchpoint,
 			// even if we later see additional commits on a different branch leading down to
 			// a lower location on the same origin branch.
 			// Check c.Merge (the second parent) too, so we don't depend on the parent order.
 			if strings.Contains(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-a", "--contains", c.Parent), " "+origin+"\n") {
 				foundMergeBranchpoint = true
 				b.branchpoint = c.Parent
 			}
 			if strings.Contains(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-a", "--contains", c.Merge), " "+origin+"\n") {
 				foundMergeBranchpoint = true
 				b.branchpoint = c.Merge
 			}
 		}
 		for _, line := range lines(c.Message) {
 			// Note: Keep going even if we find one, so that
 			// we take the last Change-Id line, just in case
 			// there is a commit message quoting another
 			// commit message.
 			// I'm not sure this can come up at all, but just in case.
 			if strings.HasPrefix(line, "Change-Id: ") {
 				c.ChangeID = line[len("Change-Id: "):]
 			}
 		}

 		b.pending = append(b.pending, c)
 		if !foundMergeBranchpoint {
 			b.branchpoint = c.Parent
 		}
 	}
 	b.commitsAhead = len(b.pending)
 }

 // CommitsBehind reports the number of commits present upstream
 // that are not present in the current branch.
 func (b *Branch) CommitsBehind() int {
 	return len(lines(cmdOutput("git", "log", "--format=format:x", b.FullName()+".."+b.OriginBranch(), "--")))
 }

 // Submitted reports whether some form of b's pending commit
 // has been cherry picked to origin.
 func (b *Branch) Submitted(id string) bool {
 	if id == "" {
 		return false
 	}
 	line := "Change-Id: " + id
 	out := cmdOutput("git", "log", "-n", "1", "-F", "--grep", line, b.Name+".."+b.OriginBranch(), "--")
 	return strings.Contains(out, line)
 }

 var stagedRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^[ACDMR]  `)

 // HasStagedChanges reports whether the working directory contains staged changes.
 func HasStagedChanges() bool {
 	for _, s := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "status", "-b", "--porcelain")) {
 		if stagedRE.MatchString(s) {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
 	return false
 }

 var unstagedRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^.[ACDMR]`)

 // HasUnstagedChanges reports whether the working directory contains unstaged changes.
 func HasUnstagedChanges() bool {
 	for _, s := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "status", "-b", "--porcelain")) {
 		if unstagedRE.MatchString(s) {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
 	return false
 }

 // LocalChanges returns a list of files containing staged, unstaged, and untracked changes.
 // The elements of the returned slices are typically file names, always relative to the root,
 // but there are a few alternate forms. First, for renaming or copying, the element takes
 // the form `from -> to`. Second, in the case of files with names that contain unusual characters,
 // the files (or the from, to fields of a rename or copy) are quoted C strings.
 // For now, we expect the caller only shows these to the user, so these exceptions are okay.
 func LocalChanges() (staged, unstaged, untracked []string) {
 	for _, s := range lines(cmdOutput("git", "status", "-b", "--porcelain")) {
 		if len(s) < 4 || s[2] != ' ' {
 			continue
 		}
 		switch s[0] {
 		case 'A', 'C', 'D', 'M', 'R':
 			staged = append(staged, s[3:])
 		case '?':
 			untracked = append(untracked, s[3:])
 		}
 		switch s[1] {
 		case 'A', 'C', 'D', 'M', 'R':
 			unstaged = append(unstaged, s[3:])
 		}
 	}
 	return
 }

 // LocalBranches returns a list of all known local branches.
 // If the current directory is in detached HEAD mode, one returned
 // branch will have Name == "HEAD" and DetachedHead() == true.
 func LocalBranches() []*Branch {
 	var branches []*Branch
 	current := CurrentBranch()
 	for _, s := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-q")) {
 		s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
 		if strings.HasPrefix(s, "* ") {
 			// * marks current branch in output.
 			// Normally the current branch has a name like any other,
 			// but in detached HEAD mode the branch listing shows
 			// a localized (translated) textual description instead of
 			// a branch name. Avoid language-specific differences
 			// by using CurrentBranch().Name for the current branch.
 			// It detects detached HEAD mode in a more portable way.
 			// (git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD returns 'HEAD').
 			s = current.Name
 		}
 		branches = append(branches, &Branch{Name: s})
 	}
 	return branches
 }

 func OriginBranches() []string {
 	var branches []string
 	for _, line := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-a", "-q")) {
 		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
 		if i := strings.Index(line, " -> "); i >= 0 {
 			line = line[:i]
 		}
 		name := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "* "))
 		if strings.HasPrefix(name, "remotes/origin/") {
 			branches = append(branches, strings.TrimPrefix(name, "remotes/"))
 		}
 	}
 	return branches
 }

 // GerritChange returns the change metadata from the Gerrit server
 // for the branch's pending change.
 // The extra strings are passed to the Gerrit API request as o= parameters,
 // to enable additional information. Typical values include "LABELS" and "CURRENT_REVISION".
 // See https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/Documentation/rest-api-changes.html for details.
 func (b *Branch) GerritChange(c *Commit, extra ...string) (*GerritChange, error) {
 	if !b.HasPendingCommit() {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no changes pending")
 	}
 	if c.ChangeID == "" {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing Change-Id")
 	}
 	id := fullChangeID(b, c)
 	for i, x := range extra {
 		if i == 0 {
 			id += "?"
 		} else {
 			id += "&"
 		}
 		id += "o=" + x
 	}
 	return readGerritChange(id)
 }

 // GerritChange returns the change metadata from the Gerrit server
 // for the given changes, which each be be the result of fullChangeID(b, c) for some c.
 // The extra strings are passed to the Gerrit API request as o= parameters,
 // to enable additional information. Typical values include "LABELS" and "CURRENT_REVISION".
 // See https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/Documentation/rest-api-changes.html for details.
 func (b *Branch) GerritChanges(ids []string, extra ...string) ([][]*GerritChange, error) {
 	q := ""
 	for _, id := range ids {
 		if q != "" {
 			q += "&"
 		}
 		if strings.HasSuffix(id, "~") {
 			// result of fullChangeID(b, c) with missing Change-Id; don't send
 			q += "q=is:closed+is:open" // cannot match anything
 			continue
 		}
 		q += "q=change:" + url.QueryEscape(id)
 	}
 	if q == "" {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no changes found")
 	}
 	for _, x := range extra {
 		q += "&o=" + url.QueryEscape(x)
 	}
 	return readGerritChanges(q)
 }

 // CommitByRev finds a unique pending commit by its git <rev>.
 // It dies if rev cannot be resolved to a commit or that commit is not
 // pending on b using the action ("mail", "submit") in the failure message.
 func (b *Branch) CommitByRev(action, rev string) *Commit {
 	// Parse rev to a commit hash.
 	hash, err := cmdOutputErr("git", "rev-parse", "--verify", rev+"^{commit}")
 	if err != nil {
 		msg := strings.TrimPrefix(trim(err.Error()), "fatal: ")
 		dief("cannot %s: %s", action, msg)
 	}
 	hash = trim(hash)

 	// Check that hash is a pending commit.
 	var c *Commit
 	for _, c1 := range b.Pending() {
 		if c1.Hash == hash {
 			c = c1
 			break
 		}
 	}
 	if c == nil {
 		dief("cannot %s: commit hash %q not found in the current branch", action, hash)
 	}
 	return c
 }

 // DefaultCommit returns the default pending commit for this branch.
 // It dies if there is not exactly one pending commit,
 // using the action (e.g. "mail", "submit") and optional extra instructions
 // in the failure message.
 func (b *Branch) DefaultCommit(action, extra string) *Commit {
 	work := b.Pending()
 	if len(work) == 0 {
 		dief("cannot %s: no changes pending", action)
 	}
 	if len(work) >= 2 {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
 		for _, c := range work {
 			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "\n\t%s %s", c.ShortHash, c.Subject)
 		}
 		if extra != "" {
 			extra = "; " + extra
 		}
 		dief("cannot %s: multiple changes pending%s:%s", action, extra, buf.String())
 	}
 	return work[0]
 }

 // ListFiles returns the list of files in a given commit.
 func ListFiles(c *Commit) []string {
 	return nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "diff", "--name-only", c.Parent, c.Hash, "--"))
 }

 func cmdBranchpoint(args []string) {
 	expectZeroArgs(args, "sync")
 	fmt.Fprintf(stdout(), "%s\n", CurrentBranch().Branchpoint())
 }

 func cmdRebaseWork(args []string) {
 	expectZeroArgs(args, "rebase-work")
 	b := CurrentBranch()
 	if HasStagedChanges() || HasUnstagedChanges() {
 		dief("cannot rebase with uncommitted work")
 	}
 	if len(b.Pending()) == 0 {
 		dief("no pending work")
 	}
 	run("git", "rebase", "-i", b.Branchpoint())
 }
	// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
	// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
	// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

	package main

	import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"regexp"
	"runtime"
	"strings"
	)

	// Branch describes a Git branch.
	type Branch struct {
	Name string // branch name
	loadedPending bool // following fields are valid
	originBranch string // upstream origin branch
	commitsAhead int // number of commits ahead of origin branch
	branchpoint string // latest commit hash shared with origin branch
	pending []*Commit // pending commits, newest first (children before parents)
	}

	// A Commit describes a single pending commit on a Git branch.
	type Commit struct {
	Hash string // commit hash
	ShortHash string // abbreviated commit hash
	Parent string // parent hash
	Merge string // for merges, hash of commit being merged into Parent
	Message string // commit message
	Subject string // first line of commit message
	ChangeID string // Change-Id in commit message ("" if missing)

	// For use by pending command.
	g *GerritChange // associated Gerrit change data
	gerr error // error loading Gerrit data
	committed []string // list of files in this commit
	}

	// CurrentBranch returns the current branch.
	func CurrentBranch() *Branch {
	name := strings.TrimPrefix(trim(cmdOutput("git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD")), "heads/")
	return &Branch{Name: name}
	}

	// DetachedHead reports whether branch b corresponds to a detached HEAD
	// (does not have a real branch name).
	func (b *Branch) DetachedHead() bool {
	return b.Name == "HEAD"
	}

	// OriginBranch returns the name of the origin branch that branch b tracks.
	// The returned name is like "origin/master" or "origin/dev.garbage" or
	// "origin/release-branch.go1.4".
	func (b *Branch) OriginBranch() string {
	if b.DetachedHead() {
	// Detached head mode.
	// "origin/HEAD" is clearly false, but it should be easy to find when it
	// appears in other commands. Really any caller of OriginBranch
	// should check for detached head mode.
	return "origin/HEAD"
	}

	if b.originBranch != "" {
	return b.originBranch
	}
	argv := []string{"git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", b.Name + "@{u}"}
	cmd := exec.Command(argv[0], argv[1:]...)
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
	// Workaround on windows. git for windows can't handle @{u} as same as
	// given. Disable glob for this command if running on Cygwin or MSYS2.
	envs := os.Environ()
	envs = append(envs, "CYGWIN=noglob "+os.Getenv("CYGWIN"))
	envs = append(envs, "MSYS=noglob "+os.Getenv("MSYS"))
	cmd.Env = envs
	}
	setEnglishLocale(cmd)

	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
	if err == nil && len(out) > 0 {
	b.originBranch = string(bytes.TrimSpace(out))
	return b.originBranch
	}

	// Have seen both "No upstream configured" and "no upstream configured".
	if strings.Contains(string(out), "upstream configured") {
	// Assume branch was created before we set upstream correctly.
	// See if origin/main exists; if so, use it.
	// Otherwise, fall back to origin/master.
	argv := []string{"git", "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "origin/main"}
	cmd := exec.Command(argv[0], argv[1:]...)
	setEnglishLocale(cmd)
	if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err == nil {
	b.originBranch = string(bytes.TrimSpace(out))
	// Best effort attempt to correct setting for next time,
	// and for "git status".
	exec.Command("git", "branch", "-u", "origin/main").Run()
	return b.originBranch
	}
	b.originBranch = "origin/master"
	return b.originBranch
	}
	fmt.Fprintf(stderr(), "%v\n%s\n", commandString(argv[0], argv[1:]), out)
	dief("%v", err)
	panic("not reached")
	}

	func (b *Branch) FullName() string {
	if b.Name != "HEAD" {
	return "refs/heads/" + b.Name
	}
	return b.Name
	}

	// HasPendingCommit reports whether b has any pending commits.
	func (b *Branch) HasPendingCommit() bool {
	b.loadPending()
	return b.commitsAhead > 0
	}

	// Pending returns b's pending commits, newest first (children before parents).
	func (b Branch) Pending() []Commit {
	b.loadPending()
	return b.pending
	}

	// Branchpoint returns an identifier for the latest revision
	// common to both this branch and its upstream branch.
	func (b *Branch) Branchpoint() string {
	b.loadPending()
	return b.branchpoint
	}

	func (b *Branch) loadPending() {
	if b.loadedPending {
	return
	}
	b.loadedPending = true

	// In case of early return.
	b.branchpoint = trim(cmdOutput("git", "rev-parse", "HEAD"))

	if b.DetachedHead() {
	return
	}

	// Note: This runs in parallel with "git fetch -q",
	// so the commands may see a stale version of origin/master.
	// The use of origin here is for identifying what the branch has
	// in common with origin (what's old on the branch).
	// Any new commits in origin do not affect that.

	// Note: --topo-order means child first, then parent.
	origin := b.OriginBranch()
	const numField = 5
	all := trim(cmdOutput("git", "log", "--topo-order", "--format=format:%H%x00%h%x00%P%x00%B%x00%s%x00", origin+".."+b.FullName(), "--"))
	fields := strings.Split(all, "\x00")
	if len(fields) < numField {
	return // nothing pending
	}
	for i, field := range fields {
	fields[i] = strings.TrimLeft(field, "\r\n")
	}
	foundMergeBranchpoint := false
	for i := 0; i+numField <= len(fields); i += numField {
	c := &Commit{
	Hash: fields[i],
	ShortHash: fields[i+1],
	Parent: strings.TrimSpace(fields[i+2]), // %P starts with \n for some reason
	Message: fields[i+3],
	Subject: fields[i+4],
	}
	if j := strings.Index(c.Parent, " "); j >= 0 {
	c.Parent, c.Merge = c.Parent[:j], c.Parent[j+1:]
	// Found merge point.
	// Merges break the invariant that the last shared commit (the branchpoint)
	// is the parent of the final commit in the log output.
	// If c.Parent is on the origin branch, then since we are reading the log
	// in (reverse) topological order, we know that c.Parent is the actual branchpoint,
	// even if we later see additional commits on a different branch leading down to
	// a lower location on the same origin branch.
	// Check c.Merge (the second parent) too, so we don't depend on the parent order.
	if strings.Contains(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-a", "--contains", c.Parent), " "+origin+"\n") {
	foundMergeBranchpoint = true
	b.branchpoint = c.Parent
	}
	if strings.Contains(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-a", "--contains", c.Merge), " "+origin+"\n") {
	foundMergeBranchpoint = true
	b.branchpoint = c.Merge
	}
	}
	for _, line := range lines(c.Message) {
	// Note: Keep going even if we find one, so that
	// we take the last Change-Id line, just in case
	// there is a commit message quoting another
	// commit message.
	// I'm not sure this can come up at all, but just in case.
	if strings.HasPrefix(line, "Change-Id: ") {
	c.ChangeID = line[len("Change-Id: "):]
	}
	}

	b.pending = append(b.pending, c)
	if !foundMergeBranchpoint {
	b.branchpoint = c.Parent
	}
	}
	b.commitsAhead = len(b.pending)
	}

	// CommitsBehind reports the number of commits present upstream
	// that are not present in the current branch.
	func (b *Branch) CommitsBehind() int {
	return len(lines(cmdOutput("git", "log", "--format=format:x", b.FullName()+".."+b.OriginBranch(), "--")))
	}

	// Submitted reports whether some form of b's pending commit
	// has been cherry picked to origin.
	func (b *Branch) Submitted(id string) bool {
	if id == "" {
	return false
	}
	line := "Change-Id: " + id
	out := cmdOutput("git", "log", "-n", "1", "-F", "--grep", line, b.Name+".."+b.OriginBranch(), "--")
	return strings.Contains(out, line)
	}

	var stagedRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^[ACDMR] `)

	// HasStagedChanges reports whether the working directory contains staged changes.
	func HasStagedChanges() bool {
	for _, s := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "status", "-b", "--porcelain")) {
	if stagedRE.MatchString(s) {
	return true
	}
	}
	return false
	}

	var unstagedRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^.[ACDMR]`)

	// HasUnstagedChanges reports whether the working directory contains unstaged changes.
	func HasUnstagedChanges() bool {
	for _, s := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "status", "-b", "--porcelain")) {
	if unstagedRE.MatchString(s) {
	return true
	}
	}
	return false
	}

	// LocalChanges returns a list of files containing staged, unstaged, and untracked changes.
	// The elements of the returned slices are typically file names, always relative to the root,
	// but there are a few alternate forms. First, for renaming or copying, the element takes
	// the form `from -> to`. Second, in the case of files with names that contain unusual characters,
	// the files (or the from, to fields of a rename or copy) are quoted C strings.
	// For now, we expect the caller only shows these to the user, so these exceptions are okay.
	func LocalChanges() (staged, unstaged, untracked []string) {
	for _, s := range lines(cmdOutput("git", "status", "-b", "--porcelain")) {
	if len(s) < 4 \|\| s[2] != ' ' {
	continue
	}
	switch s[0] {
	case 'A', 'C', 'D', 'M', 'R':
	staged = append(staged, s[3:])
	case '?':
	untracked = append(untracked, s[3:])
	}
	switch s[1] {
	case 'A', 'C', 'D', 'M', 'R':
	unstaged = append(unstaged, s[3:])
	}
	}
	return
	}

	// LocalBranches returns a list of all known local branches.
	// If the current directory is in detached HEAD mode, one returned
	// branch will have Name == "HEAD" and DetachedHead() == true.
	func LocalBranches() []*Branch {
	var branches []*Branch
	current := CurrentBranch()
	for _, s := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-q")) {
	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
	if strings.HasPrefix(s, "* ") {
	// * marks current branch in output.
	// Normally the current branch has a name like any other,
	// but in detached HEAD mode the branch listing shows
	// a localized (translated) textual description instead of
	// a branch name. Avoid language-specific differences
	// by using CurrentBranch().Name for the current branch.
	// It detects detached HEAD mode in a more portable way.
	// (git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD returns 'HEAD').
	s = current.Name
	}
	branches = append(branches, &Branch{Name: s})
	}
	return branches
	}

	func OriginBranches() []string {
	var branches []string
	for _, line := range nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "branch", "-a", "-q")) {
	line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
	if i := strings.Index(line, " -> "); i >= 0 {
	line = line[:i]
	}
	name := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(line, "* "))
	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "remotes/origin/") {
	branches = append(branches, strings.TrimPrefix(name, "remotes/"))
	}
	}
	return branches
	}

	// GerritChange returns the change metadata from the Gerrit server
	// for the branch's pending change.
	// The extra strings are passed to the Gerrit API request as o= parameters,
	// to enable additional information. Typical values include "LABELS" and "CURRENT_REVISION".
	// See https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/Documentation/rest-api-changes.html for details.
	func (b Branch) GerritChange(c Commit, extra ...string) (*GerritChange, error) {
	if !b.HasPendingCommit() {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no changes pending")
	}
	if c.ChangeID == "" {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing Change-Id")
	}
	id := fullChangeID(b, c)
	for i, x := range extra {
	if i == 0 {
	id += "?"
	} else {
	id += "&"
	}
	id += "o=" + x
	}
	return readGerritChange(id)
	}

	// GerritChange returns the change metadata from the Gerrit server
	// for the given changes, which each be be the result of fullChangeID(b, c) for some c.
	// The extra strings are passed to the Gerrit API request as o= parameters,
	// to enable additional information. Typical values include "LABELS" and "CURRENT_REVISION".
	// See https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/Documentation/rest-api-changes.html for details.
	func (b Branch) GerritChanges(ids []string, extra ...string) ([][]GerritChange, error) {
	q := ""
	for _, id := range ids {
	if q != "" {
	q += "&"
	}
	if strings.HasSuffix(id, "~") {
	// result of fullChangeID(b, c) with missing Change-Id; don't send
	q += "q=is:closed+is:open" // cannot match anything
	continue
	}
	q += "q=change:" + url.QueryEscape(id)
	}
	if q == "" {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no changes found")
	}
	for _, x := range extra {
	q += "&o=" + url.QueryEscape(x)
	}
	return readGerritChanges(q)
	}

	// CommitByRev finds a unique pending commit by its git <rev>.
	// It dies if rev cannot be resolved to a commit or that commit is not
	// pending on b using the action ("mail", "submit") in the failure message.
	func (b Branch) CommitByRev(action, rev string) Commit {
	// Parse rev to a commit hash.
	hash, err := cmdOutputErr("git", "rev-parse", "--verify", rev+"^{commit}")
	if err != nil {
	msg := strings.TrimPrefix(trim(err.Error()), "fatal: ")
	dief("cannot %s: %s", action, msg)
	}
	hash = trim(hash)

	// Check that hash is a pending commit.
	var c *Commit
	for _, c1 := range b.Pending() {
	if c1.Hash == hash {
	c = c1
	break
	}
	}
	if c == nil {
	dief("cannot %s: commit hash %q not found in the current branch", action, hash)
	}
	return c
	}

	// DefaultCommit returns the default pending commit for this branch.
	// It dies if there is not exactly one pending commit,
	// using the action (e.g. "mail", "submit") and optional extra instructions
	// in the failure message.
	func (b Branch) DefaultCommit(action, extra string) Commit {
	work := b.Pending()
	if len(work) == 0 {
	dief("cannot %s: no changes pending", action)
	}
	if len(work) >= 2 {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	for _, c := range work {
	fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "\n\t%s %s", c.ShortHash, c.Subject)
	}
	if extra != "" {
	extra = "; " + extra
	}
	dief("cannot %s: multiple changes pending%s:%s", action, extra, buf.String())
	}
	return work[0]
	}

	// ListFiles returns the list of files in a given commit.
	func ListFiles(c *Commit) []string {
	return nonBlankLines(cmdOutput("git", "diff", "--name-only", c.Parent, c.Hash, "--"))
	}

	func cmdBranchpoint(args []string) {
	expectZeroArgs(args, "sync")
	fmt.Fprintf(stdout(), "%s\n", CurrentBranch().Branchpoint())
	}

	func cmdRebaseWork(args []string) {
	expectZeroArgs(args, "rebase-work")
	b := CurrentBranch()
	if HasStagedChanges() \|\| HasUnstagedChanges() {
	dief("cannot rebase with uncommitted work")
	}
	if len(b.Pending()) == 0 {
	dief("no pending work")
	}
	run("git", "rebase", "-i", b.Branchpoint())
	}