proto: add IsInitialized

Move all checks for required fields into a proto.IsInitialized function.

Initial testing makes me confident that we can provide a fast-path
implementation of IsInitialized which will perform more than
acceptably.  (In the degenerate-but-common case where a message
transitively contains no required fields, this check can be nearly
zero cost.)

Unifying checks into a single function provides consistent behavior
between the wire, text, and json codecs.

Performing the check after decoding eliminates the wire decoder bug
where a split message is incorrectly seen as missing required fields.

Performing the check after decoding also provides consistent and
arguably more correct behavior when the target message was partially
prepopulated.

Change-Id: I9478b7bebb263af00c0d9f66a1f26e31ff553522
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/protobuf/+/170787
Reviewed-by: Herbie Ong <herbie@google.com>
diff --git a/proto/isinit.go b/proto/isinit.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33dfb64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/proto/isinit.go
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style.
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package proto
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/golang/protobuf/v2/internal/errors"
+	pref "github.com/golang/protobuf/v2/reflect/protoreflect"
+)
+
+// IsInitialized returns an error if any required fields in m are not set.
+func IsInitialized(m Message) error {
+	if methods := protoMethods(m); methods != nil && methods.IsInitialized != nil {
+		// TODO: Do we need a way to disable the fast path here?
+		//
+		// TODO: Should detailed information about missing
+		// fields always be provided by the slow-but-informative
+		// reflective implementation?
+		return methods.IsInitialized(m)
+	}
+	return isInitialized(m.ProtoReflect(), nil)
+}
+
+// IsInitialized returns an error if any required fields in m are not set.
+func isInitialized(m pref.Message, stack []interface{}) error {
+	md := m.Type()
+	known := m.KnownFields()
+	fields := md.Fields()
+	for i, nums := 0, md.RequiredNumbers(); i < nums.Len(); i++ {
+		num := nums.Get(i)
+		if !known.Has(num) {
+			stack = append(stack, fields.ByNumber(num).Name())
+			return newRequiredNotSetError(stack)
+		}
+	}
+	var err error
+	known.Range(func(num pref.FieldNumber, v pref.Value) bool {
+		field := fields.ByNumber(num)
+		if field == nil {
+			field = known.ExtensionTypes().ByNumber(num)
+		}
+		if field == nil {
+			panic(fmt.Errorf("no descriptor for field %d in %q", num, md.FullName()))
+		}
+		// Look for fields containing a message: Messages, groups, and maps
+		// with a message or group value.
+		ft := field.MessageType()
+		if ft == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+		if field.IsMap() {
+			if ft.Fields().ByNumber(2).MessageType() == nil {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+		// Recurse into the field
+		stack := append(stack, field.Name())
+		switch {
+		case field.IsMap():
+			v.Map().Range(func(key pref.MapKey, v pref.Value) bool {
+				stack := append(stack, "[", key, "].")
+				err = isInitialized(v.Message(), stack)
+				return err == nil
+			})
+		case field.Cardinality() == pref.Repeated:
+			for i, list := 0, v.List(); i < list.Len(); i++ {
+				stack := append(stack, "[", i, "].")
+				err = isInitialized(list.Get(i).Message(), stack)
+				if err != nil {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		default:
+			stack := append(stack, ".")
+			err = isInitialized(v.Message(), stack)
+		}
+		return err == nil
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func newRequiredNotSetError(stack []interface{}) error {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	for _, s := range stack {
+		fmt.Fprint(&buf, s)
+	}
+	var nerr errors.NonFatal
+	nerr.AppendRequiredNotSet(buf.String())
+	return nerr.E
+}