context/context.go

// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package context defines the Context type, which carries deadlines,
// cancellation signals, and other request-scoped values across API boundaries
// and between processes.
// As of Go 1.7 this package is available in the standard library under the
// name [context], and migrating to it can be done automatically with [go fix].
//
// Incoming requests to a server should create a [Context], and outgoing
// calls to servers should accept a Context. The chain of function
// calls between them must propagate the Context, optionally replacing
// it with a derived Context created using [WithCancel], [WithDeadline],
// [WithTimeout], or [WithValue].
//
// Programs that use Contexts should follow these rules to keep interfaces
// consistent across packages and enable static analysis tools to check context
// propagation:
//
// Do not store Contexts inside a struct type; instead, pass a Context
// explicitly to each function that needs it. This is discussed further in
// https://go.dev/blog/context-and-structs. The Context should be the first
// parameter, typically named ctx:
//
//	func DoSomething(ctx context.Context, arg Arg) error {
//		// ... use ctx ...
//	}
//
// Do not pass a nil [Context], even if a function permits it. Pass [context.TODO]
// if you are unsure about which Context to use.
//
// Use context Values only for request-scoped data that transits processes and
// APIs, not for passing optional parameters to functions.
//
// The same Context may be passed to functions running in different goroutines;
// Contexts are safe for simultaneous use by multiple goroutines.
//
// See https://go.dev/blog/context for example code for a server that uses
// Contexts.
//
// [go fix]: https://go.dev/cmd/go#hdr-Update_packages_to_use_new_APIs
package context

import (
	"context" // standard library's context, as of Go 1.7
	"time"
)

// A Context carries a deadline, a cancellation signal, and other values across
// API boundaries.
//
// Context's methods may be called by multiple goroutines simultaneously.
type Context = context.Context

// Canceled is the error returned by [Context.Err] when the context is canceled
// for some reason other than its deadline passing.
var Canceled = context.Canceled

// DeadlineExceeded is the error returned by [Context.Err] when the context is canceled
// due to its deadline passing.
var DeadlineExceeded = context.DeadlineExceeded

// Background returns a non-nil, empty Context. It is never canceled, has no
// values, and has no deadline. It is typically used by the main function,
// initialization, and tests, and as the top-level Context for incoming
// requests.
func Background() Context {
	return background
}

// TODO returns a non-nil, empty Context. Code should use context.TODO when
// it's unclear which Context to use or it is not yet available (because the
// surrounding function has not yet been extended to accept a Context
// parameter).
func TODO() Context {
	return todo
}

var (
	background = context.Background()
	todo       = context.TODO()
)

// A CancelFunc tells an operation to abandon its work.
// A CancelFunc does not wait for the work to stop.
// A CancelFunc may be called by multiple goroutines simultaneously.
// After the first call, subsequent calls to a CancelFunc do nothing.
type CancelFunc = context.CancelFunc

// WithCancel returns a derived context that points to the parent context
// but has a new Done channel. The returned context's Done channel is closed
// when the returned cancel function is called or when the parent context's
// Done channel is closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this [Context] complete.
func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc) {
	return context.WithCancel(parent)
}

// WithDeadline returns a derived context that points to the parent context
// but has the deadline adjusted to be no later than d. If the parent's
// deadline is already earlier than d, WithDeadline(parent, d) is semantically
// equivalent to parent. The returned [Context.Done] channel is closed when
// the deadline expires, when the returned cancel function is called,
// or when the parent context's Done channel is closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this [Context] complete.
func WithDeadline(parent Context, d time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc) {
	return context.WithDeadline(parent, d)
}

// WithTimeout returns WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout)).
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this [Context] complete:
//
//	func slowOperationWithTimeout(ctx context.Context) (Result, error) {
//		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 100*time.Millisecond)
//		defer cancel()  // releases resources if slowOperation completes before timeout elapses
//		return slowOperation(ctx)
//	}
func WithTimeout(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc) {
	return context.WithTimeout(parent, timeout)
}

// WithValue returns a derived context that points to the parent Context.
// In the derived context, the value associated with key is val.
//
// Use context Values only for request-scoped data that transits processes and
// APIs, not for passing optional parameters to functions.
//
// The provided key must be comparable and should not be of type
// string or any other built-in type to avoid collisions between
// packages using context. Users of WithValue should define their own
// types for keys. To avoid allocating when assigning to an
// interface{}, context keys often have concrete type
// struct{}. Alternatively, exported context key variables' static
// type should be a pointer or interface.
func WithValue(parent Context, key, val interface{}) Context {
	return context.WithValue(parent, key, val)
}