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// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Package sql provides a generic interface around SQL (or SQL-like)
// databases.
//
// The sql package must be used in conjunction with a database driver.
// See http://golang.org/s/sqldrivers for a list of drivers.
//
// For more usage examples, see the wiki page at
// http://golang.org/s/sqlwiki.
package sql
import (
"database/sql/driver"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"runtime"
"sort"
"sync"
)
var drivers = make(map[string]driver.Driver)
// Register makes a database driver available by the provided name.
// If Register is called twice with the same name or if driver is nil,
// it panics.
func Register(name string, driver driver.Driver) {
if driver == nil {
panic("sql: Register driver is nil")
}
if _, dup := drivers[name]; dup {
panic("sql: Register called twice for driver " + name)
}
drivers[name] = driver
}
func unregisterAllDrivers() {
// For tests.
drivers = make(map[string]driver.Driver)
}
// Drivers returns a sorted list of the names of the registered drivers.
func Drivers() []string {
var list []string
for name := range drivers {
list = append(list, name)
}
sort.Strings(list)
return list
}
// RawBytes is a byte slice that holds a reference to memory owned by
// the database itself. After a Scan into a RawBytes, the slice is only
// valid until the next call to Next, Scan, or Close.
type RawBytes []byte
// NullString represents a string that may be null.
// NullString implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination:
//
// var s NullString
// err := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM foo WHERE id=?", id).Scan(&s)
// ...
// if s.Valid {
// // use s.String
// } else {
// // NULL value
// }
//
type NullString struct {
String string
Valid bool // Valid is true if String is not NULL
}
// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (ns *NullString) Scan(value interface{}) error {
if value == nil {
ns.String, ns.Valid = "", false
return nil
}
ns.Valid = true
return convertAssign(&ns.String, value)
}
// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (ns NullString) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
if !ns.Valid {
return nil, nil
}
return ns.String, nil
}
// NullInt64 represents an int64 that may be null.
// NullInt64 implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination, similar to NullString.
type NullInt64 struct {
Int64 int64
Valid bool // Valid is true if Int64 is not NULL
}
// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (n *NullInt64) Scan(value interface{}) error {
if value == nil {
n.Int64, n.Valid = 0, false
return nil
}
n.Valid = true
return convertAssign(&n.Int64, value)
}
// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (n NullInt64) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
if !n.Valid {
return nil, nil
}
return n.Int64, nil
}
// NullFloat64 represents a float64 that may be null.
// NullFloat64 implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination, similar to NullString.
type NullFloat64 struct {
Float64 float64
Valid bool // Valid is true if Float64 is not NULL
}
// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (n *NullFloat64) Scan(value interface{}) error {
if value == nil {
n.Float64, n.Valid = 0, false
return nil
}
n.Valid = true
return convertAssign(&n.Float64, value)
}
// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (n NullFloat64) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
if !n.Valid {
return nil, nil
}
return n.Float64, nil
}
// NullBool represents a bool that may be null.
// NullBool implements the Scanner interface so
// it can be used as a scan destination, similar to NullString.
type NullBool struct {
Bool bool
Valid bool // Valid is true if Bool is not NULL
}
// Scan implements the Scanner interface.
func (n *NullBool) Scan(value interface{}) error {
if value == nil {
n.Bool, n.Valid = false, false
return nil
}
n.Valid = true
return convertAssign(&n.Bool, value)
}
// Value implements the driver Valuer interface.
func (n NullBool) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
if !n.Valid {
return nil, nil
}
return n.Bool, nil
}
// Scanner is an interface used by Scan.
type Scanner interface {
// Scan assigns a value from a database driver.
//
// The src value will be of one of the following restricted
// set of types:
//
// int64
// float64
// bool
// []byte
// string
// time.Time
// nil - for NULL values
//
// An error should be returned if the value can not be stored
// without loss of information.
Scan(src interface{}) error
}
// ErrNoRows is returned by Scan when QueryRow doesn't return a
// row. In such a case, QueryRow returns a placeholder *Row value that
// defers this error until a Scan.
var ErrNoRows = errors.New("sql: no rows in result set")
// DB is a database handle representing a pool of zero or more
// underlying connections. It's safe for concurrent use by multiple
// goroutines.
//
// The sql package creates and frees connections automatically; it
// also maintains a free pool of idle connections. If the database has
// a concept of per-connection state, such state can only be reliably
// observed within a transaction. Once DB.Begin is called, the
// returned Tx is bound to a single connection. Once Commit or
// Rollback is called on the transaction, that transaction's
// connection is returned to DB's idle connection pool. The pool size
// can be controlled with SetMaxIdleConns.
type DB struct {
driver driver.Driver
dsn string
mu sync.Mutex // protects following fields
freeConn []*driverConn
connRequests []chan connRequest
numOpen int
pendingOpens int
// Used to signal the need for new connections
// a goroutine running connectionOpener() reads on this chan and
// maybeOpenNewConnections sends on the chan (one send per needed connection)
// It is closed during db.Close(). The close tells the connectionOpener
// goroutine to exit.
openerCh chan struct{}
closed bool
dep map[finalCloser]depSet
lastPut map[*driverConn]string // stacktrace of last conn's put; debug only
maxIdle int // zero means defaultMaxIdleConns; negative means 0
maxOpen int // <= 0 means unlimited
}
// driverConn wraps a driver.Conn with a mutex, to
// be held during all calls into the Conn. (including any calls onto
// interfaces returned via that Conn, such as calls on Tx, Stmt,
// Result, Rows)
type driverConn struct {
db *DB
sync.Mutex // guards following
ci driver.Conn
closed bool
finalClosed bool // ci.Close has been called
openStmt map[driver.Stmt]bool
// guarded by db.mu
inUse bool
onPut []func() // code (with db.mu held) run when conn is next returned
dbmuClosed bool // same as closed, but guarded by db.mu, for connIfFree
}
func (dc *driverConn) releaseConn(err error) {
dc.db.putConn(dc, err)
}
func (dc *driverConn) removeOpenStmt(si driver.Stmt) {
dc.Lock()
defer dc.Unlock()
delete(dc.openStmt, si)
}
func (dc *driverConn) prepareLocked(query string) (driver.Stmt, error) {
si, err := dc.ci.Prepare(query)
if err == nil {
// Track each driverConn's open statements, so we can close them
// before closing the conn.
//
// TODO(bradfitz): let drivers opt out of caring about
// stmt closes if the conn is about to close anyway? For now
// do the safe thing, in case stmts need to be closed.
//
// TODO(bradfitz): after Go 1.2, closing driver.Stmts
// should be moved to driverStmt, using unique
// *driverStmts everywhere (including from
// *Stmt.connStmt, instead of returning a
// driver.Stmt), using driverStmt as a pointer
// everywhere, and making it a finalCloser.
if dc.openStmt == nil {
dc.openStmt = make(map[driver.Stmt]bool)
}
dc.openStmt[si] = true
}
return si, err
}
// the dc.db's Mutex is held.
func (dc *driverConn) closeDBLocked() func() error {
dc.Lock()
defer dc.Unlock()
if dc.closed {
return func() error { return errors.New("sql: duplicate driverConn close") }
}
dc.closed = true
return dc.db.removeDepLocked(dc, dc)
}
func (dc *driverConn) Close() error {
dc.Lock()
if dc.closed {
dc.Unlock()
return errors.New("sql: duplicate driverConn close")
}
dc.closed = true
dc.Unlock() // not defer; removeDep finalClose calls may need to lock
// And now updates that require holding dc.mu.Lock.
dc.db.mu.Lock()
dc.dbmuClosed = true
fn := dc.db.removeDepLocked(dc, dc)
dc.db.mu.Unlock()
return fn()
}
func (dc *driverConn) finalClose() error {
dc.Lock()
for si := range dc.openStmt {
si.Close()
}
dc.openStmt = nil
err := dc.ci.Close()
dc.ci = nil
dc.finalClosed = true
dc.Unlock()
dc.db.mu.Lock()
dc.db.numOpen--
dc.db.maybeOpenNewConnections()
dc.db.mu.Unlock()
return err
}
// driverStmt associates a driver.Stmt with the
// *driverConn from which it came, so the driverConn's lock can be
// held during calls.
type driverStmt struct {
sync.Locker // the *driverConn
si driver.Stmt
}
func (ds *driverStmt) Close() error {
ds.Lock()
defer ds.Unlock()
return ds.si.Close()
}
// depSet is a finalCloser's outstanding dependencies
type depSet map[interface{}]bool // set of true bools
// The finalCloser interface is used by (*DB).addDep and related
// dependency reference counting.
type finalCloser interface {
// finalClose is called when the reference count of an object
// goes to zero. (*DB).mu is not held while calling it.
finalClose() error
}
// addDep notes that x now depends on dep, and x's finalClose won't be
// called until all of x's dependencies are removed with removeDep.
func (db *DB) addDep(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) {
//println(fmt.Sprintf("addDep(%T %p, %T %p)", x, x, dep, dep))
db.mu.Lock()
defer db.mu.Unlock()
db.addDepLocked(x, dep)
}
func (db *DB) addDepLocked(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) {
if db.dep == nil {
db.dep = make(map[finalCloser]depSet)
}
xdep := db.dep[x]
if xdep == nil {
xdep = make(depSet)
db.dep[x] = xdep
}
xdep[dep] = true
}
// removeDep notes that x no longer depends on dep.
// If x still has dependencies, nil is returned.
// If x no longer has any dependencies, its finalClose method will be
// called and its error value will be returned.
func (db *DB) removeDep(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) error {
db.mu.Lock()
fn := db.removeDepLocked(x, dep)
db.mu.Unlock()
return fn()
}
func (db *DB) removeDepLocked(x finalCloser, dep interface{}) func() error {
//println(fmt.Sprintf("removeDep(%T %p, %T %p)", x, x, dep, dep))
xdep, ok := db.dep[x]
if !ok {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("unpaired removeDep: no deps for %T", x))
}
l0 := len(xdep)
delete(xdep, dep)
switch len(xdep) {
case l0:
// Nothing removed. Shouldn't happen.
panic(fmt.Sprintf("unpaired removeDep: no %T dep on %T", dep, x))
case 0:
// No more dependencies.
delete(db.dep, x)
return x.finalClose
default:
// Dependencies remain.
return func() error { return nil }
}
}
// This is the size of the connectionOpener request chan (dn.openerCh).
// This value should be larger than the maximum typical value
// used for db.maxOpen. If maxOpen is significantly larger than
// connectionRequestQueueSize then it is possible for ALL calls into the *DB
// to block until the connectionOpener can satisfy the backlog of requests.
var connectionRequestQueueSize = 1000000
// Open opens a database specified by its database driver name and a
// driver-specific data source name, usually consisting of at least a
// database name and connection information.
//
// Most users will open a database via a driver-specific connection
// helper function that returns a *DB. No database drivers are included
// in the Go standard library. See http://golang.org/s/sqldrivers for
// a list of third-party drivers.
//
// Open may just validate its arguments without creating a connection
// to the database. To verify that the data source name is valid, call
// Ping.
//
// The returned DB is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines
// and maintains its own pool of idle connections. Thus, the Open
// function should be called just once. It is rarely necessary to
// close a DB.
func Open(driverName, dataSourceName string) (*DB, error) {
driveri, ok := drivers[driverName]
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql: unknown driver %q (forgotten import?)", driverName)
}
db := &DB{
driver: driveri,
dsn: dataSourceName,
openerCh: make(chan struct{}, connectionRequestQueueSize),
lastPut: make(map[*driverConn]string),
}
go db.connectionOpener()
return db, nil
}
// Ping verifies a connection to the database is still alive,
// establishing a connection if necessary.
func (db *DB) Ping() error {
// TODO(bradfitz): give drivers an optional hook to implement
// this in a more efficient or more reliable way, if they
// have one.
dc, err := db.conn()
if err != nil {
return err
}
db.putConn(dc, nil)
return nil
}
// Close closes the database, releasing any open resources.
//
// It is rare to Close a DB, as the DB handle is meant to be
// long-lived and shared between many goroutines.
func (db *DB) Close() error {
db.mu.Lock()
if db.closed { // Make DB.Close idempotent
db.mu.Unlock()
return nil
}
close(db.openerCh)
var err error
fns := make([]func() error, 0, len(db.freeConn))
for _, dc := range db.freeConn {
fns = append(fns, dc.closeDBLocked())
}
db.freeConn = nil
db.closed = true
for _, req := range db.connRequests {
close(req)
}
db.mu.Unlock()
for _, fn := range fns {
err1 := fn()
if err1 != nil {
err = err1
}
}
return err
}
const defaultMaxIdleConns = 2
func (db *DB) maxIdleConnsLocked() int {
n := db.maxIdle
switch {
case n == 0:
// TODO(bradfitz): ask driver, if supported, for its default preference
return defaultMaxIdleConns
case n < 0:
return 0
default:
return n
}
}
// SetMaxIdleConns sets the maximum number of connections in the idle
// connection pool.
//
// If MaxOpenConns is greater than 0 but less than the new MaxIdleConns
// then the new MaxIdleConns will be reduced to match the MaxOpenConns limit
//
// If n <= 0, no idle connections are retained.
func (db *DB) SetMaxIdleConns(n int) {
db.mu.Lock()
if n > 0 {
db.maxIdle = n
} else {
// No idle connections.
db.maxIdle = -1
}
// Make sure maxIdle doesn't exceed maxOpen
if db.maxOpen > 0 && db.maxIdleConnsLocked() > db.maxOpen {
db.maxIdle = db.maxOpen
}
var closing []*driverConn
idleCount := len(db.freeConn)
maxIdle := db.maxIdleConnsLocked()
if idleCount > maxIdle {
closing = db.freeConn[maxIdle:]
db.freeConn = db.freeConn[:maxIdle]
}
db.mu.Unlock()
for _, c := range closing {
c.Close()
}
}
// SetMaxOpenConns sets the maximum number of open connections to the database.
//
// If MaxIdleConns is greater than 0 and the new MaxOpenConns is less than
// MaxIdleConns, then MaxIdleConns will be reduced to match the new
// MaxOpenConns limit
//
// If n <= 0, then there is no limit on the number of open connections.
// The default is 0 (unlimited).
func (db *DB) SetMaxOpenConns(n int) {
db.mu.Lock()
db.maxOpen = n
if n < 0 {
db.maxOpen = 0
}
syncMaxIdle := db.maxOpen > 0 && db.maxIdleConnsLocked() > db.maxOpen
db.mu.Unlock()
if syncMaxIdle {
db.SetMaxIdleConns(n)
}
}
// Assumes db.mu is locked.
// If there are connRequests and the connection limit hasn't been reached,
// then tell the connectionOpener to open new connections.
func (db *DB) maybeOpenNewConnections() {
numRequests := len(db.connRequests) - db.pendingOpens
if db.maxOpen > 0 {
numCanOpen := db.maxOpen - (db.numOpen + db.pendingOpens)
if numRequests > numCanOpen {
numRequests = numCanOpen
}
}
for numRequests > 0 {
db.pendingOpens++
numRequests--
db.openerCh <- struct{}{}
}
}
// Runs in a separate goroutine, opens new connections when requested.
func (db *DB) connectionOpener() {
for range db.openerCh {
db.openNewConnection()
}
}
// Open one new connection
func (db *DB) openNewConnection() {
ci, err := db.driver.Open(db.dsn)
db.mu.Lock()
defer db.mu.Unlock()
if db.closed {
if err == nil {
ci.Close()
}
return
}
db.pendingOpens--
if err != nil {
db.putConnDBLocked(nil, err)
return
}
dc := &driverConn{
db: db,
ci: ci,
}
if db.putConnDBLocked(dc, err) {
db.addDepLocked(dc, dc)
db.numOpen++
} else {
ci.Close()
}
}
// connRequest represents one request for a new connection
// When there are no idle connections available, DB.conn will create
// a new connRequest and put it on the db.connRequests list.
type connRequest struct {
conn *driverConn
err error
}
var errDBClosed = errors.New("sql: database is closed")
// conn returns a newly-opened or cached *driverConn
func (db *DB) conn() (*driverConn, error) {
db.mu.Lock()
if db.closed {
db.mu.Unlock()
return nil, errDBClosed
}
// If db.maxOpen > 0 and the number of open connections is over the limit
// and there are no free connection, make a request and wait.
if db.maxOpen > 0 && db.numOpen >= db.maxOpen && len(db.freeConn) == 0 {
// Make the connRequest channel. It's buffered so that the
// connectionOpener doesn't block while waiting for the req to be read.
req := make(chan connRequest, 1)
db.connRequests = append(db.connRequests, req)
db.maybeOpenNewConnections()
db.mu.Unlock()
ret := <-req
return ret.conn, ret.err
}
if c := len(db.freeConn); c > 0 {
conn := db.freeConn[0]
copy(db.freeConn, db.freeConn[1:])
db.freeConn = db.freeConn[:c-1]
conn.inUse = true
db.mu.Unlock()
return conn, nil
}
db.numOpen++ // optimistically
db.mu.Unlock()
ci, err := db.driver.Open(db.dsn)
if err != nil {
db.mu.Lock()
db.numOpen-- // correct for earlier optimism
db.mu.Unlock()
return nil, err
}
db.mu.Lock()
dc := &driverConn{
db: db,
ci: ci,
}
db.addDepLocked(dc, dc)
dc.inUse = true
db.mu.Unlock()
return dc, nil
}
var (
errConnClosed = errors.New("database/sql: internal sentinel error: conn is closed")
errConnBusy = errors.New("database/sql: internal sentinel error: conn is busy")
)
// connIfFree returns (wanted, nil) if wanted is still a valid conn and
// isn't in use.
//
// The error is errConnClosed if the connection if the requested connection
// is invalid because it's been closed.
//
// The error is errConnBusy if the connection is in use.
func (db *DB) connIfFree(wanted *driverConn) (*driverConn, error) {
db.mu.Lock()
defer db.mu.Unlock()
if wanted.dbmuClosed {
return nil, errConnClosed
}
if wanted.inUse {
return nil, errConnBusy
}
idx := -1
for ii, v := range db.freeConn {
if v == wanted {
idx = ii
break
}
}
if idx >= 0 {
db.freeConn = append(db.freeConn[:idx], db.freeConn[idx+1:]...)
wanted.inUse = true
return wanted, nil
}
// TODO(bradfitz): shouldn't get here. After Go 1.1, change this to:
// panic("connIfFree call requested a non-closed, non-busy, non-free conn")
// Which passes all the tests, but I'm too paranoid to include this
// late in Go 1.1.
// Instead, treat it like a busy connection:
return nil, errConnBusy
}
// putConnHook is a hook for testing.
var putConnHook func(*DB, *driverConn)
// noteUnusedDriverStatement notes that si is no longer used and should
// be closed whenever possible (when c is next not in use), unless c is
// already closed.
func (db *DB) noteUnusedDriverStatement(c *driverConn, si driver.Stmt) {
db.mu.Lock()
defer db.mu.Unlock()
if c.inUse {
c.onPut = append(c.onPut, func() {
si.Close()
})
} else {
c.Lock()
defer c.Unlock()
if !c.finalClosed {
si.Close()
}
}
}
// debugGetPut determines whether getConn & putConn calls' stack traces
// are returned for more verbose crashes.
const debugGetPut = false
// putConn adds a connection to the db's free pool.
// err is optionally the last error that occurred on this connection.
func (db *DB) putConn(dc *driverConn, err error) {
db.mu.Lock()
if !dc.inUse {
if debugGetPut {
fmt.Printf("putConn(%v) DUPLICATE was: %s\n\nPREVIOUS was: %s", dc, stack(), db.lastPut[dc])
}
panic("sql: connection returned that was never out")
}
if debugGetPut {
db.lastPut[dc] = stack()
}
dc.inUse = false
for _, fn := range dc.onPut {
fn()
}
dc.onPut = nil
if err == driver.ErrBadConn {
// Don't reuse bad connections.
// Since the conn is considered bad and is being discarded, treat it
// as closed. Don't decrement the open count here, finalClose will
// take care of that.
db.maybeOpenNewConnections()
db.mu.Unlock()
dc.Close()
return
}
if putConnHook != nil {
putConnHook(db, dc)
}
added := db.putConnDBLocked(dc, nil)
db.mu.Unlock()
if !added {
dc.Close()
}
}
// Satisfy a connRequest or put the driverConn in the idle pool and return true
// or return false.
// putConnDBLocked will satisfy a connRequest if there is one, or it will
// return the *driverConn to the freeConn list if err == nil and the idle
// connection limit will not be exceeded.
// If err != nil, the value of dc is ignored.
// If err == nil, then dc must not equal nil.
// If a connRequest was fulfilled or the *driverConn was placed in the
// freeConn list, then true is returned, otherwise false is returned.
func (db *DB) putConnDBLocked(dc *driverConn, err error) bool {
if c := len(db.connRequests); c > 0 {
req := db.connRequests[0]
// This copy is O(n) but in practice faster than a linked list.
// TODO: consider compacting it down less often and
// moving the base instead?
copy(db.connRequests, db.connRequests[1:])
db.connRequests = db.connRequests[:c-1]
if err == nil {
dc.inUse = true
}
req <- connRequest{
conn: dc,
err: err,
}
return true
} else if err == nil && !db.closed && db.maxIdleConnsLocked() > len(db.freeConn) {
db.freeConn = append(db.freeConn, dc)
return true
}
return false
}
// maxBadConnRetries is the number of maximum retries if the driver returns
// driver.ErrBadConn to signal a broken connection.
const maxBadConnRetries = 10
// Prepare creates a prepared statement for later queries or executions.
// Multiple queries or executions may be run concurrently from the
// returned statement.
func (db *DB) Prepare(query string) (*Stmt, error) {
var stmt *Stmt
var err error
for i := 0; i < maxBadConnRetries; i++ {
stmt, err = db.prepare(query)
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
break
}
}
return stmt, err
}
func (db *DB) prepare(query string) (*Stmt, error) {
// TODO: check if db.driver supports an optional
// driver.Preparer interface and call that instead, if so,
// otherwise we make a prepared statement that's bound
// to a connection, and to execute this prepared statement
// we either need to use this connection (if it's free), else
// get a new connection + re-prepare + execute on that one.
dc, err := db.conn()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
dc.Lock()
si, err := dc.prepareLocked(query)
dc.Unlock()
if err != nil {
db.putConn(dc, err)
return nil, err
}
stmt := &Stmt{
db: db,
query: query,
css: []connStmt{{dc, si}},
}
db.addDep(stmt, stmt)
db.putConn(dc, nil)
return stmt, nil
}
// Exec executes a query without returning any rows.
// The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query.
func (db *DB) Exec(query string, args ...interface{}) (Result, error) {
var res Result
var err error
for i := 0; i < maxBadConnRetries; i++ {
res, err = db.exec(query, args)
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
break
}
}
return res, err
}
func (db *DB) exec(query string, args []interface{}) (res Result, err error) {
dc, err := db.conn()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer func() {
db.putConn(dc, err)
}()
if execer, ok := dc.ci.(driver.Execer); ok {
dargs, err := driverArgs(nil, args)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
dc.Lock()
resi, err := execer.Exec(query, dargs)
dc.Unlock()
if err != driver.ErrSkip {
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return driverResult{dc, resi}, nil
}
}
dc.Lock()
si, err := dc.ci.Prepare(query)
dc.Unlock()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer withLock(dc, func() { si.Close() })
return resultFromStatement(driverStmt{dc, si}, args...)
}
// Query executes a query that returns rows, typically a SELECT.
// The args are for any placeholder parameters in the query.
func (db *DB) Query(query string, args ...interface{}) (*Rows, error) {
var rows *Rows
var err error
for i := 0; i < maxBadConnRetries; i++ {
rows, err = db.query(query, args)
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
break
}
}
return rows, err
}
func (db *DB) query(query string, args []interface{}) (*Rows, error) {
ci, err := db.conn()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return db.queryConn(ci, ci.releaseConn, query, args)
}
// queryConn executes a query on the given connection.
// The connection gets released by the releaseConn function.
func (db *DB) queryConn(dc *driverConn, releaseConn func(error), query string, args []interface{}) (*Rows, error) {
if queryer, ok := dc.ci.(driver.Queryer); ok {
dargs, err := driverArgs(nil, args)
if err != nil {
releaseConn(err)
return nil, err
}
dc.Lock()
rowsi, err := queryer.Query(query, dargs)
dc.Unlock()
if err != driver.ErrSkip {
if err != nil {
releaseConn(err)
return nil, err
}
// Note: ownership of dc passes to the *Rows, to be freed
// with releaseConn.
rows := &Rows{
dc: dc,
releaseConn: releaseConn,
rowsi: rowsi,
}
return rows, nil
}
}
dc.Lock()
si, err := dc.ci.Prepare(query)
dc.Unlock()
if err != nil {
releaseConn(err)
return nil, err
}
ds := driverStmt{dc, si}
rowsi, err := rowsiFromStatement(ds, args...)
if err != nil {
dc.Lock()
si.Close()
dc.Unlock()
releaseConn(err)
return nil, err
}
// Note: ownership of ci passes to the *Rows, to be freed
// with releaseConn.
rows := &Rows{
dc: dc,
releaseConn: releaseConn,
rowsi: rowsi,
closeStmt: si,
}
return rows, nil
}
// QueryRow executes a query that is expected to return at most one row.
// QueryRow always return a non-nil value. Errors are deferred until
// Row's Scan method is called.
func (db *DB) QueryRow(query string, args ...interface{}) *Row {
rows, err := db.Query(query, args...)
return &Row{rows: rows, err: err}
}
// Begin starts a transaction. The isolation level is dependent on
// the driver.
func (db *DB) Begin() (*Tx, error) {
var tx *Tx
var err error
for i := 0; i < maxBadConnRetries; i++ {
tx, err = db.begin()
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
break
}
}
return tx, err
}
func (db *DB) begin() (tx *Tx, err error) {
dc, err := db.conn()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
dc.Lock()
txi, err := dc.ci.Begin()
dc.Unlock()
if err != nil {
db.putConn(dc, err)
return nil, err
}
return &Tx{
db: db,
dc: dc,
txi: txi,
}, nil
}
// Driver returns the database's underlying driver.
func (db *DB) Driver() driver.Driver {
return db.driver
}
// Tx is an in-progress database transaction.
//
// A transaction must end with a call to Commit or Rollback.
//
// After a call to Commit or Rollback, all operations on the
// transaction fail with ErrTxDone.
type Tx struct {
db *DB
// dc is owned exclusively until Commit or Rollback, at which point
// it's returned with putConn.
dc *driverConn
txi driver.Tx
// done transitions from false to true exactly once, on Commit
// or Rollback. once done, all operations fail with
// ErrTxDone.
done bool
// All Stmts prepared for this transaction. These will be closed after the
// transaction has been committed or rolled back.
stmts struct {
sync.Mutex
v []*Stmt
}
}
var ErrTxDone = errors.New("sql: Transaction has already been committed or rolled back")
func (tx *Tx) close() {
if tx.done {
panic("double close") // internal error
}
tx.done = true
tx.db.putConn(tx.dc, nil)
tx.dc = nil
tx.txi = nil
}
func (tx *Tx) grabConn() (*driverConn, error) {
if tx.done {
return nil, ErrTxDone
}
return tx.dc, nil
}
// Closes all Stmts prepared for this transaction.
func (tx *Tx) closePrepared() {
tx.stmts.Lock()
for _, stmt := range tx.stmts.v {
stmt.Close()
}
tx.stmts.Unlock()
}
// Commit commits the transaction.
func (tx *Tx) Commit() error {
if tx.done {
return ErrTxDone
}
defer tx.close()
tx.dc.Lock()
err := tx.txi.Commit()
tx.dc.Unlock()
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
tx.closePrepared()
}
return err
}
// Rollback aborts the transaction.
func (tx *Tx) Rollback() error {
if tx.done {
return ErrTxDone
}
defer tx.close()
tx.dc.Lock()
err := tx.txi.Rollback()
tx.dc.Unlock()
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
tx.closePrepared()
}
return err
}
// Prepare creates a prepared statement for use within a transaction.
//
// The returned statement operates within the transaction and can no longer
// be used once the transaction has been committed or rolled back.
//
// To use an existing prepared statement on this transaction, see Tx.Stmt.
func (tx *Tx) Prepare(query string) (*Stmt, error) {
// TODO(bradfitz): We could be more efficient here and either
// provide a method to take an existing Stmt (created on
// perhaps a different Conn), and re-create it on this Conn if
// necessary. Or, better: keep a map in DB of query string to
// Stmts, and have Stmt.Execute do the right thing and
// re-prepare if the Conn in use doesn't have that prepared
// statement. But we'll want to avoid caching the statement
// in the case where we only call conn.Prepare implicitly
// (such as in db.Exec or tx.Exec), but the caller package
// can't be holding a reference to the returned statement.
// Perhaps just looking at the reference count (by noting
// Stmt.Close) would be enough. We might also want a finalizer
// on Stmt to drop the reference count.
dc, err := tx.grabConn()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
dc.Lock()
si, err := dc.ci.Prepare(query)
dc.Unlock()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
stmt := &Stmt{
db: tx.db,
tx: tx,
txsi: &driverStmt{
Locker: dc,
si: si,
},
query: query,
}
tx.stmts.Lock()
tx.stmts.v = append(tx.stmts.v, stmt)
tx.stmts.Unlock()
return stmt, nil
}
// Stmt returns a transaction-specific prepared statement from
// an existing statement.
//
// Example:
// updateMoney, err := db.Prepare("UPDATE balance SET money=money+? WHERE id=?")
// ...
// tx, err := db.Begin()
// ...
// res, err := tx.Stmt(updateMoney).Exec(123.45, 98293203)
func (tx *Tx) Stmt(stmt *Stmt) *Stmt {
// TODO(bradfitz): optimize this. Currently this re-prepares
// each time. This is fine for now to illustrate the API but
// we should really cache already-prepared statements
// per-Conn. See also the big comment in Tx.Prepare.
if tx.db != stmt.db {
return &Stmt{stickyErr: errors.New("sql: Tx.Stmt: statement from different database used")}
}
dc, err := tx.grabConn()
if err != nil {
return &Stmt{stickyErr: err}
}
dc.Lock()
si, err := dc.ci.Prepare(stmt.query)
dc.Unlock()
txs := &Stmt{
db: tx.db,
tx: tx,
txsi: &driverStmt{
Locker: dc,
si: si,
},
query: stmt.query,
stickyErr: err,
}
tx.stmts.Lock()
tx.stmts.v = append(tx.stmts.v, txs)
tx.stmts.Unlock()
return txs
}
// Exec executes a query that doesn't return rows.
// For example: an INSERT and UPDATE.
func (tx *Tx) Exec(query string, args ...interface{}) (Result, error) {
dc, err := tx.grabConn()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if execer, ok := dc.ci.(driver.Execer); ok {
dargs, err := driverArgs(nil, args)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
dc.Lock()
resi, err := execer.Exec(query, dargs)
dc.Unlock()
if err == nil {
return driverResult{dc, resi}, nil
}
if err != driver.ErrSkip {
return nil, err
}
}
dc.Lock()
si, err := dc.ci.Prepare(query)
dc.Unlock()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer withLock(dc, func() { si.Close() })
return resultFromStatement(driverStmt{dc, si}, args...)
}
// Query executes a query that returns rows, typically a SELECT.
func (tx *Tx) Query(query string, args ...interface{}) (*Rows, error) {
dc, err := tx.grabConn()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
releaseConn := func(error) {}
return tx.db.queryConn(dc, releaseConn, query, args)
}
// QueryRow executes a query that is expected to return at most one row.
// QueryRow always return a non-nil value. Errors are deferred until
// Row's Scan method is called.
func (tx *Tx) QueryRow(query string, args ...interface{}) *Row {
rows, err := tx.Query(query, args...)
return &Row{rows: rows, err: err}
}
// connStmt is a prepared statement on a particular connection.
type connStmt struct {
dc *driverConn
si driver.Stmt
}
// Stmt is a prepared statement. Stmt is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
type Stmt struct {
// Immutable:
db *DB // where we came from
query string // that created the Stmt
stickyErr error // if non-nil, this error is returned for all operations
closemu sync.RWMutex // held exclusively during close, for read otherwise.
// If in a transaction, else both nil:
tx *Tx
txsi *driverStmt
mu sync.Mutex // protects the rest of the fields
closed bool
// css is a list of underlying driver statement interfaces
// that are valid on particular connections. This is only
// used if tx == nil and one is found that has idle
// connections. If tx != nil, txsi is always used.
css []connStmt
}
// Exec executes a prepared statement with the given arguments and
// returns a Result summarizing the effect of the statement.
func (s *Stmt) Exec(args ...interface{}) (Result, error) {
s.closemu.RLock()
defer s.closemu.RUnlock()
var res Result
for i := 0; i < maxBadConnRetries; i++ {
dc, releaseConn, si, err := s.connStmt()
if err != nil {
if err == driver.ErrBadConn {
continue
}
return nil, err
}
res, err = resultFromStatement(driverStmt{dc, si}, args...)
releaseConn(err)
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
return res, err
}
}
return nil, driver.ErrBadConn
}
func resultFromStatement(ds driverStmt, args ...interface{}) (Result, error) {
ds.Lock()
want := ds.si.NumInput()
ds.Unlock()
// -1 means the driver doesn't know how to count the number of
// placeholders, so we won't sanity check input here and instead let the
// driver deal with errors.
if want != -1 && len(args) != want {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql: expected %d arguments, got %d", want, len(args))
}
dargs, err := driverArgs(&ds, args)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ds.Lock()
resi, err := ds.si.Exec(dargs)
ds.Unlock()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return driverResult{ds.Locker, resi}, nil
}
// connStmt returns a free driver connection on which to execute the
// statement, a function to call to release the connection, and a
// statement bound to that connection.
func (s *Stmt) connStmt() (ci *driverConn, releaseConn func(error), si driver.Stmt, err error) {
if err = s.stickyErr; err != nil {
return
}
s.mu.Lock()
if s.closed {
s.mu.Unlock()
err = errors.New("sql: statement is closed")
return
}
// In a transaction, we always use the connection that the
// transaction was created on.
if s.tx != nil {
s.mu.Unlock()
ci, err = s.tx.grabConn() // blocks, waiting for the connection.
if err != nil {
return
}
releaseConn = func(error) {}
return ci, releaseConn, s.txsi.si, nil
}
for i := 0; i < len(s.css); i++ {
v := s.css[i]
_, err := s.db.connIfFree(v.dc)
if err == nil {
s.mu.Unlock()
return v.dc, v.dc.releaseConn, v.si, nil
}
if err == errConnClosed {
// Lazily remove dead conn from our freelist.
s.css[i] = s.css[len(s.css)-1]
s.css = s.css[:len(s.css)-1]
i--
}
}
s.mu.Unlock()
// If all connections are busy, either wait for one to become available (if
// we've already hit the maximum number of open connections) or create a
// new one.
//
// TODO(bradfitz): or always wait for one? make configurable later?
dc, err := s.db.conn()
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, nil, err
}
// Do another pass over the list to see whether this statement has
// already been prepared on the connection assigned to us.
s.mu.Lock()
for _, v := range s.css {
if v.dc == dc {
s.mu.Unlock()
return dc, dc.releaseConn, v.si, nil
}
}
s.mu.Unlock()
// No luck; we need to prepare the statement on this connection
dc.Lock()
si, err = dc.prepareLocked(s.query)
dc.Unlock()
if err != nil {
s.db.putConn(dc, err)
return nil, nil, nil, err
}
s.mu.Lock()
cs := connStmt{dc, si}
s.css = append(s.css, cs)
s.mu.Unlock()
return dc, dc.releaseConn, si, nil
}
// Query executes a prepared query statement with the given arguments
// and returns the query results as a *Rows.
func (s *Stmt) Query(args ...interface{}) (*Rows, error) {
s.closemu.RLock()
defer s.closemu.RUnlock()
var rowsi driver.Rows
for i := 0; i < maxBadConnRetries; i++ {
dc, releaseConn, si, err := s.connStmt()
if err != nil {
if err == driver.ErrBadConn {
continue
}
return nil, err
}
rowsi, err = rowsiFromStatement(driverStmt{dc, si}, args...)
if err == nil {
// Note: ownership of ci passes to the *Rows, to be freed
// with releaseConn.
rows := &Rows{
dc: dc,
rowsi: rowsi,
// releaseConn set below
}
s.db.addDep(s, rows)
rows.releaseConn = func(err error) {
releaseConn(err)
s.db.removeDep(s, rows)
}
return rows, nil
}
releaseConn(err)
if err != driver.ErrBadConn {
return nil, err
}
}
return nil, driver.ErrBadConn
}
func rowsiFromStatement(ds driverStmt, args ...interface{}) (driver.Rows, error) {
ds.Lock()
want := ds.si.NumInput()
ds.Unlock()
// -1 means the driver doesn't know how to count the number of
// placeholders, so we won't sanity check input here and instead let the
// driver deal with errors.
if want != -1 && len(args) != want {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("sql: statement expects %d inputs; got %d", want, len(args))
}
dargs, err := driverArgs(&ds, args)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ds.Lock()
rowsi, err := ds.si.Query(dargs)
ds.Unlock()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return rowsi, nil
}
// QueryRow executes a prepared query statement with the given arguments.
// If an error occurs during the execution of the statement, that error will
// be returned by a call to Scan on the returned *Row, which is always non-nil.
// If the query selects no rows, the *Row's Scan will return ErrNoRows.
// Otherwise, the *Row's Scan scans the first selected row and discards
// the rest.
//
// Example usage:
//
// var name string
// err := nameByUseridStmt.QueryRow(id).Scan(&name)
func (s *Stmt) QueryRow(args ...interface{}) *Row {
rows, err := s.Query(args...)
if err != nil {
return &Row{err: err}
}
return &Row{rows: rows}
}
// Close closes the statement.
func (s *Stmt) Close() error {
s.closemu.Lock()
defer s.closemu.Unlock()
if s.stickyErr != nil {
return s.stickyErr
}
s.mu.Lock()
if s.closed {
s.mu.Unlock()
return nil
}
s.closed = true
if s.tx != nil {
s.txsi.Close()
s.mu.Unlock()
return nil
}
s.mu.Unlock()
return s.db.removeDep(s, s)
}
func (s *Stmt) finalClose() error {
s.mu.Lock()
defer s.mu.Unlock()
if s.css != nil {
for _, v := range s.css {
s.db.noteUnusedDriverStatement(v.dc, v.si)
v.dc.removeOpenStmt(v.si)
}
s.css = nil
}
return nil
}
// Rows is the result of a query. Its cursor starts before the first row
// of the result set. Use Next to advance through the rows:
//
// rows, err := db.Query("SELECT ...")
// ...
// defer rows.Close()
// for rows.Next() {
// var id int
// var name string
// err = rows.Scan(&id, &name)
// ...
// }
// err = rows.Err() // get any error encountered during iteration
// ...
type Rows struct {
dc *driverConn // owned; must call releaseConn when closed to release
releaseConn func(error)
rowsi driver.Rows
closed bool
lastcols []driver.Value
lasterr error // non-nil only if closed is true
closeStmt driver.Stmt // if non-nil, statement to Close on close
}
// Next prepares the next result row for reading with the Scan method. It
// returns true on success, or false if there is no next result row or an error
// happened while preparing it. Err should be consulted to distinguish between
// the two cases.
//
// Every call to Scan, even the first one, must be preceded by a call to Next.
func (rs *Rows) Next() bool {
if rs.closed {
return false
}
if rs.lastcols == nil {
rs.lastcols = make([]driver.Value, len(rs.rowsi.Columns()))
}
rs.lasterr = rs.rowsi.Next(rs.lastcols)
if rs.lasterr != nil {
rs.Close()
return false
}
return true
}
// Err returns the error, if any, that was encountered during iteration.
// Err may be called after an explicit or implicit Close.
func (rs *Rows) Err() error {
if rs.lasterr == io.EOF {
return nil
}
return rs.lasterr
}
// Columns returns the column names.
// Columns returns an error if the rows are closed, or if the rows
// are from QueryRow and there was a deferred error.
func (rs *Rows) Columns() ([]string, error) {
if rs.closed {
return nil, errors.New("sql: Rows are closed")
}
if rs.rowsi == nil {
return nil, errors.New("sql: no Rows available")
}
return rs.rowsi.Columns(), nil
}
// Scan copies the columns in the current row into the values pointed
// at by dest.
//
// If an argument has type *[]byte, Scan saves in that argument a copy
// of the corresponding data. The copy is owned by the caller and can
// be modified and held indefinitely. The copy can be avoided by using
// an argument of type *RawBytes instead; see the documentation for
// RawBytes for restrictions on its use.
//
// If an argument has type *interface{}, Scan copies the value
// provided by the underlying driver without conversion. If the value
// is of type []byte, a copy is made and the caller owns the result.
func (rs *Rows) Scan(dest ...interface{}) error {
if rs.closed {
return errors.New("sql: Rows are closed")
}
if rs.lastcols == nil {
return errors.New("sql: Scan called without calling Next")
}
if len(dest) != len(rs.lastcols) {
return fmt.Errorf("sql: expected %d destination arguments in Scan, not %d", len(rs.lastcols), len(dest))
}
for i, sv := range rs.lastcols {
err := convertAssign(dest[i], sv)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("sql: Scan error on column index %d: %v", i, err)
}
}
return nil
}
var rowsCloseHook func(*Rows, *error)
// Close closes the Rows, preventing further enumeration. If Next returns
// false, the Rows are closed automatically and it will suffice to check the
// result of Err. Close is idempotent and does not affect the result of Err.
func (rs *Rows) Close() error {
if rs.closed {
return nil
}
rs.closed = true
err := rs.rowsi.Close()
if fn := rowsCloseHook; fn != nil {
fn(rs, &err)
}
if rs.closeStmt != nil {
rs.closeStmt.Close()
}
rs.releaseConn(err)
return err
}
// Row is the result of calling QueryRow to select a single row.
type Row struct {
// One of these two will be non-nil:
err error // deferred error for easy chaining
rows *Rows
}
// Scan copies the columns from the matched row into the values
// pointed at by dest. If more than one row matches the query,
// Scan uses the first row and discards the rest. If no row matches
// the query, Scan returns ErrNoRows.
func (r *Row) Scan(dest ...interface{}) error {
if r.err != nil {
return r.err
}
// TODO(bradfitz): for now we need to defensively clone all
// []byte that the driver returned (not permitting
// *RawBytes in Rows.Scan), since we're about to close
// the Rows in our defer, when we return from this function.
// the contract with the driver.Next(...) interface is that it
// can return slices into read-only temporary memory that's
// only valid until the next Scan/Close. But the TODO is that
// for a lot of drivers, this copy will be unnecessary. We
// should provide an optional interface for drivers to
// implement to say, "don't worry, the []bytes that I return
// from Next will not be modified again." (for instance, if
// they were obtained from the network anyway) But for now we
// don't care.
defer r.rows.Close()
for _, dp := range dest {
if _, ok := dp.(*RawBytes); ok {
return errors.New("sql: RawBytes isn't allowed on Row.Scan")
}
}
if !r.rows.Next() {
if err := r.rows.Err(); err != nil {
return err
}
return ErrNoRows
}
err := r.rows.Scan(dest...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// Make sure the query can be processed to completion with no errors.
if err := r.rows.Close(); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
// A Result summarizes an executed SQL command.
type Result interface {
// LastInsertId returns the integer generated by the database
// in response to a command. Typically this will be from an
// "auto increment" column when inserting a new row. Not all
// databases support this feature, and the syntax of such
// statements varies.
LastInsertId() (int64, error)
// RowsAffected returns the number of rows affected by an
// update, insert, or delete. Not every database or database
// driver may support this.
RowsAffected() (int64, error)
}
type driverResult struct {
sync.Locker // the *driverConn
resi driver.Result
}
func (dr driverResult) LastInsertId() (int64, error) {
dr.Lock()
defer dr.Unlock()
return dr.resi.LastInsertId()
}
func (dr driverResult) RowsAffected() (int64, error) {
dr.Lock()
defer dr.Unlock()
return dr.resi.RowsAffected()
}
func stack() string {
var buf [2 << 10]byte
return string(buf[:runtime.Stack(buf[:], false)])
}
// withLock runs while holding lk.
func withLock(lk sync.Locker, fn func()) {
lk.Lock()
fn()
lk.Unlock()
}