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// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Memory statistics
package runtime
import (
"runtime/internal/atomic"
"runtime/internal/sys"
"unsafe"
)
// Statistics.
// If you edit this structure, also edit type MemStats below.
// Their layouts must match exactly.
//
// For detailed descriptions see the documentation for MemStats.
// Fields that differ from MemStats are further documented here.
//
// Many of these fields are updated on the fly, while others are only
// updated when updatememstats is called.
type mstats struct {
// General statistics.
alloc uint64 // bytes allocated and not yet freed
total_alloc uint64 // bytes allocated (even if freed)
sys uint64 // bytes obtained from system (should be sum of xxx_sys below, no locking, approximate)
nlookup uint64 // number of pointer lookups
nmalloc uint64 // number of mallocs
nfree uint64 // number of frees
// Statistics about malloc heap.
// Protected by mheap.lock
//
// Like MemStats, heap_sys and heap_inuse do not count memory
// in manually-managed spans.
heap_alloc uint64 // bytes allocated and not yet freed (same as alloc above)
heap_sys uint64 // virtual address space obtained from system for GC'd heap
heap_idle uint64 // bytes in idle spans
heap_inuse uint64 // bytes in _MSpanInUse spans
heap_released uint64 // bytes released to the os
heap_objects uint64 // total number of allocated objects
// TODO(austin): heap_released is both useless and inaccurate
// in its current form. It's useless because, from the user's
// and OS's perspectives, there's no difference between a page
// that has not yet been faulted in and a page that has been
// released back to the OS. We could fix this by considering
// newly mapped spans to be "released". It's inaccurate
// because when we split a large span for allocation, we
// "unrelease" all pages in the large span and not just the
// ones we split off for use. This is trickier to fix because
// we currently don't know which pages of a span we've
// released. We could fix it by separating "free" and
// "released" spans, but then we have to allocate from runs of
// free and released spans.
// Statistics about allocation of low-level fixed-size structures.
// Protected by FixAlloc locks.
stacks_inuse uint64 // bytes in manually-managed stack spans
stacks_sys uint64 // only counts newosproc0 stack in mstats; differs from MemStats.StackSys
mspan_inuse uint64 // mspan structures
mspan_sys uint64
mcache_inuse uint64 // mcache structures
mcache_sys uint64
buckhash_sys uint64 // profiling bucket hash table
gc_sys uint64
other_sys uint64
// Statistics about garbage collector.
// Protected by mheap or stopping the world during GC.
next_gc uint64 // goal heap_live for when next GC ends; ^0 if disabled
last_gc_unix uint64 // last gc (in unix time)
pause_total_ns uint64
pause_ns [256]uint64 // circular buffer of recent gc pause lengths
pause_end [256]uint64 // circular buffer of recent gc end times (nanoseconds since 1970)
numgc uint32
numforcedgc uint32 // number of user-forced GCs
gc_cpu_fraction float64 // fraction of CPU time used by GC
enablegc bool
debuggc bool
// Statistics about allocation size classes.
by_size [_NumSizeClasses]struct {
size uint32
nmalloc uint64
nfree uint64
}
// Statistics below here are not exported to MemStats directly.
last_gc_nanotime uint64 // last gc (monotonic time)
tinyallocs uint64 // number of tiny allocations that didn't cause actual allocation; not exported to go directly
// triggerRatio is the heap growth ratio that triggers marking.
//
// E.g., if this is 0.6, then GC should start when the live
// heap has reached 1.6 times the heap size marked by the
// previous cycle. This should be ≤ GOGC/100 so the trigger
// heap size is less than the goal heap size. This is set
// during mark termination for the next cycle's trigger.
triggerRatio float64
// gc_trigger is the heap size that triggers marking.
//
// When heap_live ≥ gc_trigger, the mark phase will start.
// This is also the heap size by which proportional sweeping
// must be complete.
//
// This is computed from triggerRatio during mark termination
// for the next cycle's trigger.
gc_trigger uint64
// heap_live is the number of bytes considered live by the GC.
// That is: retained by the most recent GC plus allocated
// since then. heap_live <= heap_alloc, since heap_alloc
// includes unmarked objects that have not yet been swept (and
// hence goes up as we allocate and down as we sweep) while
// heap_live excludes these objects (and hence only goes up
// between GCs).
//
// This is updated atomically without locking. To reduce
// contention, this is updated only when obtaining a span from
// an mcentral and at this point it counts all of the
// unallocated slots in that span (which will be allocated
// before that mcache obtains another span from that
// mcentral). Hence, it slightly overestimates the "true" live
// heap size. It's better to overestimate than to
// underestimate because 1) this triggers the GC earlier than
// necessary rather than potentially too late and 2) this
// leads to a conservative GC rate rather than a GC rate that
// is potentially too low.
//
// Reads should likewise be atomic (or during STW).
//
// Whenever this is updated, call traceHeapAlloc() and
// gcController.revise().
heap_live uint64
// heap_scan is the number of bytes of "scannable" heap. This
// is the live heap (as counted by heap_live), but omitting
// no-scan objects and no-scan tails of objects.
//
// Whenever this is updated, call gcController.revise().
heap_scan uint64
// heap_marked is the number of bytes marked by the previous
// GC. After mark termination, heap_live == heap_marked, but
// unlike heap_live, heap_marked does not change until the
// next mark termination.
heap_marked uint64
}
var memstats mstats
// A MemStats records statistics about the memory allocator.
type MemStats struct {
// General statistics.
// Alloc is bytes of allocated heap objects.
//
// This is the same as HeapAlloc (see below).
Alloc uint64
// TotalAlloc is cumulative bytes allocated for heap objects.
//
// TotalAlloc increases as heap objects are allocated, but
// unlike Alloc and HeapAlloc, it does not decrease when
// objects are freed.
TotalAlloc uint64
// Sys is the total bytes of memory obtained from the OS.
//
// Sys is the sum of the XSys fields below. Sys measures the
// virtual address space reserved by the Go runtime for the
// heap, stacks, and other internal data structures. It's
// likely that not all of the virtual address space is backed
// by physical memory at any given moment, though in general
// it all was at some point.
Sys uint64
// Lookups is the number of pointer lookups performed by the
// runtime.
//
// This is primarily useful for debugging runtime internals.
Lookups uint64
// Mallocs is the cumulative count of heap objects allocated.
// The number of live objects is Mallocs - Frees.
Mallocs uint64
// Frees is the cumulative count of heap objects freed.
Frees uint64
// Heap memory statistics.
//
// Interpreting the heap statistics requires some knowledge of
// how Go organizes memory. Go divides the virtual address
// space of the heap into "spans", which are contiguous
// regions of memory 8K or larger. A span may be in one of
// three states:
//
// An "idle" span contains no objects or other data. The
// physical memory backing an idle span can be released back
// to the OS (but the virtual address space never is), or it
// can be converted into an "in use" or "stack" span.
//
// An "in use" span contains at least one heap object and may
// have free space available to allocate more heap objects.
//
// A "stack" span is used for goroutine stacks. Stack spans
// are not considered part of the heap. A span can change
// between heap and stack memory; it is never used for both
// simultaneously.
// HeapAlloc is bytes of allocated heap objects.
//
// "Allocated" heap objects include all reachable objects, as
// well as unreachable objects that the garbage collector has
// not yet freed. Specifically, HeapAlloc increases as heap
// objects are allocated and decreases as the heap is swept
// and unreachable objects are freed. Sweeping occurs
// incrementally between GC cycles, so these two processes
// occur simultaneously, and as a result HeapAlloc tends to
// change smoothly (in contrast with the sawtooth that is
// typical of stop-the-world garbage collectors).
HeapAlloc uint64
// HeapSys is bytes of heap memory obtained from the OS.
//
// HeapSys measures the amount of virtual address space
// reserved for the heap. This includes virtual address space
// that has been reserved but not yet used, which consumes no
// physical memory, but tends to be small, as well as virtual
// address space for which the physical memory has been
// returned to the OS after it became unused (see HeapReleased
// for a measure of the latter).
//
// HeapSys estimates the largest size the heap has had.
HeapSys uint64
// HeapIdle is bytes in idle (unused) spans.
//
// Idle spans have no objects in them. These spans could be
// (and may already have been) returned to the OS, or they can
// be reused for heap allocations, or they can be reused as
// stack memory.
//
// HeapIdle minus HeapReleased estimates the amount of memory
// that could be returned to the OS, but is being retained by
// the runtime so it can grow the heap without requesting more
// memory from the OS. If this difference is significantly
// larger than the heap size, it indicates there was a recent
// transient spike in live heap size.
HeapIdle uint64
// HeapInuse is bytes in in-use spans.
//
// In-use spans have at least one object in them. These spans
// can only be used for other objects of roughly the same
// size.
//
// HeapInuse minus HeapAlloc estimates the amount of memory
// that has been dedicated to particular size classes, but is
// not currently being used. This is an upper bound on
// fragmentation, but in general this memory can be reused
// efficiently.
HeapInuse uint64
// HeapReleased is bytes of physical memory returned to the OS.
//
// This counts heap memory from idle spans that was returned
// to the OS and has not yet been reacquired for the heap.
HeapReleased uint64
// HeapObjects is the number of allocated heap objects.
//
// Like HeapAlloc, this increases as objects are allocated and
// decreases as the heap is swept and unreachable objects are
// freed.
HeapObjects uint64
// Stack memory statistics.
//
// Stacks are not considered part of the heap, but the runtime
// can reuse a span of heap memory for stack memory, and
// vice-versa.
// StackInuse is bytes in stack spans.
//
// In-use stack spans have at least one stack in them. These
// spans can only be used for other stacks of the same size.
//
// There is no StackIdle because unused stack spans are
// returned to the heap (and hence counted toward HeapIdle).
StackInuse uint64
// StackSys is bytes of stack memory obtained from the OS.
//
// StackSys is StackInuse, plus any memory obtained directly
// from the OS for OS thread stacks (which should be minimal).
StackSys uint64
// Off-heap memory statistics.
//
// The following statistics measure runtime-internal
// structures that are not allocated from heap memory (usually
// because they are part of implementing the heap). Unlike
// heap or stack memory, any memory allocated to these
// structures is dedicated to these structures.
//
// These are primarily useful for debugging runtime memory
// overheads.
// MSpanInuse is bytes of allocated mspan structures.
MSpanInuse uint64
// MSpanSys is bytes of memory obtained from the OS for mspan
// structures.
MSpanSys uint64
// MCacheInuse is bytes of allocated mcache structures.
MCacheInuse uint64
// MCacheSys is bytes of memory obtained from the OS for
// mcache structures.
MCacheSys uint64
// BuckHashSys is bytes of memory in profiling bucket hash tables.
BuckHashSys uint64
// GCSys is bytes of memory in garbage collection metadata.
GCSys uint64
// OtherSys is bytes of memory in miscellaneous off-heap
// runtime allocations.
OtherSys uint64
// Garbage collector statistics.
// NextGC is the target heap size of the next GC cycle.
//
// The garbage collector's goal is to keep HeapAlloc ≤ NextGC.
// At the end of each GC cycle, the target for the next cycle
// is computed based on the amount of reachable data and the
// value of GOGC.
NextGC uint64
// LastGC is the time the last garbage collection finished, as
// nanoseconds since 1970 (the UNIX epoch).
LastGC uint64
// PauseTotalNs is the cumulative nanoseconds in GC
// stop-the-world pauses since the program started.
//
// During a stop-the-world pause, all goroutines are paused
// and only the garbage collector can run.
PauseTotalNs uint64
// PauseNs is a circular buffer of recent GC stop-the-world
// pause times in nanoseconds.
//
// The most recent pause is at PauseNs[(NumGC+255)%256]. In
// general, PauseNs[N%256] records the time paused in the most
// recent N%256th GC cycle. There may be multiple pauses per
// GC cycle; this is the sum of all pauses during a cycle.
PauseNs [256]uint64
// PauseEnd is a circular buffer of recent GC pause end times,
// as nanoseconds since 1970 (the UNIX epoch).
//
// This buffer is filled the same way as PauseNs. There may be
// multiple pauses per GC cycle; this records the end of the
// last pause in a cycle.
PauseEnd [256]uint64
// NumGC is the number of completed GC cycles.
NumGC uint32
// NumForcedGC is the number of GC cycles that were forced by
// the application calling the GC function.
NumForcedGC uint32
// GCCPUFraction is the fraction of this program's available
// CPU time used by the GC since the program started.
//
// GCCPUFraction is expressed as a number between 0 and 1,
// where 0 means GC has consumed none of this program's CPU. A
// program's available CPU time is defined as the integral of
// GOMAXPROCS since the program started. That is, if
// GOMAXPROCS is 2 and a program has been running for 10
// seconds, its "available CPU" is 20 seconds. GCCPUFraction
// does not include CPU time used for write barrier activity.
//
// This is the same as the fraction of CPU reported by
// GODEBUG=gctrace=1.
GCCPUFraction float64
// EnableGC indicates that GC is enabled. It is always true,
// even if GOGC=off.
EnableGC bool
// DebugGC is currently unused.
DebugGC bool
// BySize reports per-size class allocation statistics.
//
// BySize[N] gives statistics for allocations of size S where
// BySize[N-1].Size < S ≤ BySize[N].Size.
//
// This does not report allocations larger than BySize[60].Size.
BySize [61]struct {
// Size is the maximum byte size of an object in this
// size class.
Size uint32
// Mallocs is the cumulative count of heap objects
// allocated in this size class. The cumulative bytes
// of allocation is Size*Mallocs. The number of live
// objects in this size class is Mallocs - Frees.
Mallocs uint64
// Frees is the cumulative count of heap objects freed
// in this size class.
Frees uint64
}
}
// Size of the trailing by_size array differs between mstats and MemStats,
// and all data after by_size is local to runtime, not exported.
// NumSizeClasses was changed, but we cannot change MemStats because of backward compatibility.
// sizeof_C_MStats is the size of the prefix of mstats that
// corresponds to MemStats. It should match Sizeof(MemStats{}).
var sizeof_C_MStats = unsafe.Offsetof(memstats.by_size) + 61*unsafe.Sizeof(memstats.by_size[0])
func init() {
var memStats MemStats
if sizeof_C_MStats != unsafe.Sizeof(memStats) {
println(sizeof_C_MStats, unsafe.Sizeof(memStats))
throw("MStats vs MemStatsType size mismatch")
}
if unsafe.Offsetof(memstats.heap_live)%8 != 0 {
println(unsafe.Offsetof(memstats.heap_live))
throw("memstats.heap_live not aligned to 8 bytes")
}
}
// ReadMemStats populates m with memory allocator statistics.
//
// The returned memory allocator statistics are up to date as of the
// call to ReadMemStats. This is in contrast with a heap profile,
// which is a snapshot as of the most recently completed garbage
// collection cycle.
func ReadMemStats(m *MemStats) {
stopTheWorld("read mem stats")
systemstack(func() {
readmemstats_m(m)
})
startTheWorld()
}
func readmemstats_m(stats *MemStats) {
updatememstats()
// The size of the trailing by_size array differs between
// mstats and MemStats. NumSizeClasses was changed, but we
// cannot change MemStats because of backward compatibility.
memmove(unsafe.Pointer(stats), unsafe.Pointer(&memstats), sizeof_C_MStats)
// memstats.stacks_sys is only memory mapped directly for OS stacks.
// Add in heap-allocated stack memory for user consumption.
stats.StackSys += stats.StackInuse
}
//go:linkname readGCStats runtime/debug.readGCStats
func readGCStats(pauses *[]uint64) {
systemstack(func() {
readGCStats_m(pauses)
})
}
func readGCStats_m(pauses *[]uint64) {
p := *pauses
// Calling code in runtime/debug should make the slice large enough.
if cap(p) < len(memstats.pause_ns)+3 {
throw("short slice passed to readGCStats")
}
// Pass back: pauses, pause ends, last gc (absolute time), number of gc, total pause ns.
lock(&mheap_.lock)
n := memstats.numgc
if n > uint32(len(memstats.pause_ns)) {
n = uint32(len(memstats.pause_ns))
}
// The pause buffer is circular. The most recent pause is at
// pause_ns[(numgc-1)%len(pause_ns)], and then backward
// from there to go back farther in time. We deliver the times
// most recent first (in p[0]).
p = p[:cap(p)]
for i := uint32(0); i < n; i++ {
j := (memstats.numgc - 1 - i) % uint32(len(memstats.pause_ns))
p[i] = memstats.pause_ns[j]
p[n+i] = memstats.pause_end[j]
}
p[n+n] = memstats.last_gc_unix
p[n+n+1] = uint64(memstats.numgc)
p[n+n+2] = memstats.pause_total_ns
unlock(&mheap_.lock)
*pauses = p[:n+n+3]
}
//go:nowritebarrier
func updatememstats() {
memstats.mcache_inuse = uint64(mheap_.cachealloc.inuse)
memstats.mspan_inuse = uint64(mheap_.spanalloc.inuse)
memstats.sys = memstats.heap_sys + memstats.stacks_sys + memstats.mspan_sys +
memstats.mcache_sys + memstats.buckhash_sys + memstats.gc_sys + memstats.other_sys
// We also count stacks_inuse as sys memory.
memstats.sys += memstats.stacks_inuse
// Calculate memory allocator stats.
// During program execution we only count number of frees and amount of freed memory.
// Current number of alive object in the heap and amount of alive heap memory
// are calculated by scanning all spans.
// Total number of mallocs is calculated as number of frees plus number of alive objects.
// Similarly, total amount of allocated memory is calculated as amount of freed memory
// plus amount of alive heap memory.
memstats.alloc = 0
memstats.total_alloc = 0
memstats.nmalloc = 0
memstats.nfree = 0
for i := 0; i < len(memstats.by_size); i++ {
memstats.by_size[i].nmalloc = 0
memstats.by_size[i].nfree = 0
}
// Flush MCache's to MCentral.
systemstack(flushallmcaches)
// Aggregate local stats.
cachestats()
// Collect allocation stats. This is safe and consistent
// because the world is stopped.
var smallFree, totalAlloc, totalFree uint64
// Collect per-spanclass stats.
for spc := range mheap_.central {
// The mcaches are now empty, so mcentral stats are
// up-to-date.
c := &mheap_.central[spc].mcentral
memstats.nmalloc += c.nmalloc
i := spanClass(spc).sizeclass()
memstats.by_size[i].nmalloc += c.nmalloc
totalAlloc += c.nmalloc * uint64(class_to_size[i])
}
// Collect per-sizeclass stats.
for i := 0; i < _NumSizeClasses; i++ {
if i == 0 {
memstats.nmalloc += mheap_.nlargealloc
totalAlloc += mheap_.largealloc
totalFree += mheap_.largefree
memstats.nfree += mheap_.nlargefree
continue
}
// The mcache stats have been flushed to mheap_.
memstats.nfree += mheap_.nsmallfree[i]
memstats.by_size[i].nfree = mheap_.nsmallfree[i]
smallFree += mheap_.nsmallfree[i] * uint64(class_to_size[i])
}
totalFree += smallFree
memstats.nfree += memstats.tinyallocs
memstats.nmalloc += memstats.tinyallocs
// Calculate derived stats.
memstats.total_alloc = totalAlloc
memstats.alloc = totalAlloc - totalFree
memstats.heap_alloc = memstats.alloc
memstats.heap_objects = memstats.nmalloc - memstats.nfree
}
// cachestats flushes all mcache stats.
//
// The world must be stopped.
//
//go:nowritebarrier
func cachestats() {
for _, p := range allp {
c := p.mcache
if c == nil {
continue
}
purgecachedstats(c)
}
}
// flushmcache flushes the mcache of allp[i].
//
// The world must be stopped.
//
//go:nowritebarrier
func flushmcache(i int) {
p := allp[i]
c := p.mcache
if c == nil {
return
}
c.releaseAll()
stackcache_clear(c)
}
// flushallmcaches flushes the mcaches of all Ps.
//
// The world must be stopped.
//
//go:nowritebarrier
func flushallmcaches() {
for i := 0; i < int(gomaxprocs); i++ {
flushmcache(i)
}
}
//go:nosplit
func purgecachedstats(c *mcache) {
// Protected by either heap or GC lock.
h := &mheap_
memstats.heap_scan += uint64(c.local_scan)
c.local_scan = 0
memstats.tinyallocs += uint64(c.local_tinyallocs)
c.local_tinyallocs = 0
memstats.nlookup += uint64(c.local_nlookup)
c.local_nlookup = 0
h.largefree += uint64(c.local_largefree)
c.local_largefree = 0
h.nlargefree += uint64(c.local_nlargefree)
c.local_nlargefree = 0
for i := 0; i < len(c.local_nsmallfree); i++ {
h.nsmallfree[i] += uint64(c.local_nsmallfree[i])
c.local_nsmallfree[i] = 0
}
}
// Atomically increases a given *system* memory stat. We are counting on this
// stat never overflowing a uintptr, so this function must only be used for
// system memory stats.
//
// The current implementation for little endian architectures is based on
// xadduintptr(), which is less than ideal: xadd64() should really be used.
// Using xadduintptr() is a stop-gap solution until arm supports xadd64() that
// doesn't use locks. (Locks are a problem as they require a valid G, which
// restricts their useability.)
//
// A side-effect of using xadduintptr() is that we need to check for
// overflow errors.
//go:nosplit
func mSysStatInc(sysStat *uint64, n uintptr) {
if sys.BigEndian {
atomic.Xadd64(sysStat, int64(n))
return
}
if val := atomic.Xadduintptr((*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(sysStat)), n); val < n {
print("runtime: stat overflow: val ", val, ", n ", n, "\n")
exit(2)
}
}
// Atomically decreases a given *system* memory stat. Same comments as
// mSysStatInc apply.
//go:nosplit
func mSysStatDec(sysStat *uint64, n uintptr) {
if sys.BigEndian {
atomic.Xadd64(sysStat, -int64(n))
return
}
if val := atomic.Xadduintptr((*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(sysStat)), uintptr(-int64(n))); val+n < n {
print("runtime: stat underflow: val ", val, ", n ", n, "\n")
exit(2)
}
}