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// Copyright 2019 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Goroutine preemption
//
// A goroutine can be preempted at any safe-point. Currently, there
// are a few categories of safe-points:
//
// 1. A blocked safe-point occurs for the duration that a goroutine is
// descheduled, blocked on synchronization, or in a system call.
//
// 2. Synchronous safe-points occur when a running goroutine checks
// for a preemption request.
//
// 3. Asynchronous safe-points occur at any instruction in user code
// where the goroutine can be safely paused and a conservative
// stack and register scan can find stack roots. The runtime can
// stop a goroutine at an async safe-point using a signal.
//
// At both blocked and synchronous safe-points, a goroutine's CPU
// state is minimal and the garbage collector has complete information
// about its entire stack. This makes it possible to deschedule a
// goroutine with minimal space, and to precisely scan a goroutine's
// stack.
//
// Synchronous safe-points are implemented by overloading the stack
// bound check in function prologues. To preempt a goroutine at the
// next synchronous safe-point, the runtime poisons the goroutine's
// stack bound to a value that will cause the next stack bound check
// to fail and enter the stack growth implementation, which will
// detect that it was actually a preemption and redirect to preemption
// handling.
//
// Preemption at asynchronous safe-points is implemented by suspending
// the thread using an OS mechanism (e.g., signals) and inspecting its
// state to determine if the goroutine was at an asynchronous
// safe-point. Since the thread suspension itself is generally
// asynchronous, it also checks if the running goroutine wants to be
// preempted, since this could have changed. If all conditions are
// satisfied, it adjusts the signal context to make it look like the
// signaled thread just called asyncPreempt and resumes the thread.
// asyncPreempt spills all registers and enters the scheduler.
//
// (An alternative would be to preempt in the signal handler itself.
// This would let the OS save and restore the register state and the
// runtime would only need to know how to extract potentially
// pointer-containing registers from the signal context. However, this
// would consume an M for every preempted G, and the scheduler itself
// is not designed to run from a signal handler, as it tends to
// allocate memory and start threads in the preemption path.)
package runtime
import (
"internal/abi"
"internal/goarch"
"runtime/internal/atomic"
"unsafe"
)
type suspendGState struct {
g *g
// dead indicates the goroutine was not suspended because it
// is dead. This goroutine could be reused after the dead
// state was observed, so the caller must not assume that it
// remains dead.
dead bool
// stopped indicates that this suspendG transitioned the G to
// _Gwaiting via g.preemptStop and thus is responsible for
// readying it when done.
stopped bool
}
// suspendG suspends goroutine gp at a safe-point and returns the
// state of the suspended goroutine. The caller gets read access to
// the goroutine until it calls resumeG.
//
// It is safe for multiple callers to attempt to suspend the same
// goroutine at the same time. The goroutine may execute between
// subsequent successful suspend operations. The current
// implementation grants exclusive access to the goroutine, and hence
// multiple callers will serialize. However, the intent is to grant
// shared read access, so please don't depend on exclusive access.
//
// This must be called from the system stack and the user goroutine on
// the current M (if any) must be in a preemptible state. This
// prevents deadlocks where two goroutines attempt to suspend each
// other and both are in non-preemptible states. There are other ways
// to resolve this deadlock, but this seems simplest.
//
// TODO(austin): What if we instead required this to be called from a
// user goroutine? Then we could deschedule the goroutine while
// waiting instead of blocking the thread. If two goroutines tried to
// suspend each other, one of them would win and the other wouldn't
// complete the suspend until it was resumed. We would have to be
// careful that they couldn't actually queue up suspend for each other
// and then both be suspended. This would also avoid the need for a
// kernel context switch in the synchronous case because we could just
// directly schedule the waiter. The context switch is unavoidable in
// the signal case.
//
//go:systemstack
func suspendG(gp *g) suspendGState {
if mp := getg().m; mp.curg != nil && readgstatus(mp.curg) == _Grunning {
// Since we're on the system stack of this M, the user
// G is stuck at an unsafe point. If another goroutine
// were to try to preempt m.curg, it could deadlock.
throw("suspendG from non-preemptible goroutine")
}
// See https://golang.org/cl/21503 for justification of the yield delay.
const yieldDelay = 10 * 1000
var nextYield int64
// Drive the goroutine to a preemption point.
stopped := false
var asyncM *m
var asyncGen uint32
var nextPreemptM int64
for i := 0; ; i++ {
switch s := readgstatus(gp); s {
default:
if s&_Gscan != 0 {
// Someone else is suspending it. Wait
// for them to finish.
//
// TODO: It would be nicer if we could
// coalesce suspends.
break
}
dumpgstatus(gp)
throw("invalid g status")
case _Gdead:
// Nothing to suspend.
//
// preemptStop may need to be cleared, but
// doing that here could race with goroutine
// reuse. Instead, goexit0 clears it.
return suspendGState{dead: true}
case _Gcopystack:
// The stack is being copied. We need to wait
// until this is done.
case _Gpreempted:
// We (or someone else) suspended the G. Claim
// ownership of it by transitioning it to
// _Gwaiting.
if !casGFromPreempted(gp, _Gpreempted, _Gwaiting) {
break
}
// We stopped the G, so we have to ready it later.
stopped = true
s = _Gwaiting
fallthrough
case _Grunnable, _Gsyscall, _Gwaiting:
// Claim goroutine by setting scan bit.
// This may race with execution or readying of gp.
// The scan bit keeps it from transition state.
if !castogscanstatus(gp, s, s|_Gscan) {
break
}
// Clear the preemption request. It's safe to
// reset the stack guard because we hold the
// _Gscan bit and thus own the stack.
gp.preemptStop = false
gp.preempt = false
gp.stackguard0 = gp.stack.lo + _StackGuard
// The goroutine was already at a safe-point
// and we've now locked that in.
//
// TODO: It would be much better if we didn't
// leave it in _Gscan, but instead gently
// prevented its scheduling until resumption.
// Maybe we only use this to bump a suspended
// count and the scheduler skips suspended
// goroutines? That wouldn't be enough for
// {_Gsyscall,_Gwaiting} -> _Grunning. Maybe
// for all those transitions we need to check
// suspended and deschedule?
return suspendGState{g: gp, stopped: stopped}
case _Grunning:
// Optimization: if there is already a pending preemption request
// (from the previous loop iteration), don't bother with the atomics.
if gp.preemptStop && gp.preempt && gp.stackguard0 == stackPreempt && asyncM == gp.m && atomic.Load(&asyncM.preemptGen) == asyncGen {
break
}
// Temporarily block state transitions.
if !castogscanstatus(gp, _Grunning, _Gscanrunning) {
break
}
// Request synchronous preemption.
gp.preemptStop = true
gp.preempt = true
gp.stackguard0 = stackPreempt
// Prepare for asynchronous preemption.
asyncM2 := gp.m
asyncGen2 := atomic.Load(&asyncM2.preemptGen)
needAsync := asyncM != asyncM2 || asyncGen != asyncGen2
asyncM = asyncM2
asyncGen = asyncGen2
casfrom_Gscanstatus(gp, _Gscanrunning, _Grunning)
// Send asynchronous preemption. We do this
// after CASing the G back to _Grunning
// because preemptM may be synchronous and we
// don't want to catch the G just spinning on
// its status.
if preemptMSupported && debug.asyncpreemptoff == 0 && needAsync {
// Rate limit preemptM calls. This is
// particularly important on Windows
// where preemptM is actually
// synchronous and the spin loop here
// can lead to live-lock.
now := nanotime()
if now >= nextPreemptM {
nextPreemptM = now + yieldDelay/2
preemptM(asyncM)
}
}
}
// TODO: Don't busy wait. This loop should really only
// be a simple read/decide/CAS loop that only fails if
// there's an active race. Once the CAS succeeds, we
// should queue up the preemption (which will require
// it to be reliable in the _Grunning case, not
// best-effort) and then sleep until we're notified
// that the goroutine is suspended.
if i == 0 {
nextYield = nanotime() + yieldDelay
}
if nanotime() < nextYield {
procyield(10)
} else {
osyield()
nextYield = nanotime() + yieldDelay/2
}
}
}
// resumeG undoes the effects of suspendG, allowing the suspended
// goroutine to continue from its current safe-point.
func resumeG(state suspendGState) {
if state.dead {
// We didn't actually stop anything.
return
}
gp := state.g
switch s := readgstatus(gp); s {
default:
dumpgstatus(gp)
throw("unexpected g status")
case _Grunnable | _Gscan,
_Gwaiting | _Gscan,
_Gsyscall | _Gscan:
casfrom_Gscanstatus(gp, s, s&^_Gscan)
}
if state.stopped {
// We stopped it, so we need to re-schedule it.
ready(gp, 0, true)
}
}
// canPreemptM reports whether mp is in a state that is safe to preempt.
//
// It is nosplit because it has nosplit callers.
//
//go:nosplit
func canPreemptM(mp *m) bool {
return mp.locks == 0 && mp.mallocing == 0 && mp.preemptoff == "" && mp.p.ptr().status == _Prunning
}
//go:generate go run mkpreempt.go
// asyncPreempt saves all user registers and calls asyncPreempt2.
//
// When stack scanning encounters an asyncPreempt frame, it scans that
// frame and its parent frame conservatively.
//
// asyncPreempt is implemented in assembly.
func asyncPreempt()
//go:nosplit
func asyncPreempt2() {
gp := getg()
gp.asyncSafePoint = true
if gp.preemptStop {
mcall(preemptPark)
} else {
mcall(gopreempt_m)
}
gp.asyncSafePoint = false
}
// asyncPreemptStack is the bytes of stack space required to inject an
// asyncPreempt call.
var asyncPreemptStack = ^uintptr(0)
func init() {
f := findfunc(abi.FuncPCABI0(asyncPreempt))
total := funcMaxSPDelta(f)
f = findfunc(abi.FuncPCABIInternal(asyncPreempt2))
total += funcMaxSPDelta(f)
// Add some overhead for return PCs, etc.
asyncPreemptStack = uintptr(total) + 8*goarch.PtrSize
if asyncPreemptStack > _StackLimit {
// We need more than the nosplit limit. This isn't
// unsafe, but it may limit asynchronous preemption.
//
// This may be a problem if we start using more
// registers. In that case, we should store registers
// in a context object. If we pre-allocate one per P,
// asyncPreempt can spill just a few registers to the
// stack, then grab its context object and spill into
// it. When it enters the runtime, it would allocate a
// new context for the P.
print("runtime: asyncPreemptStack=", asyncPreemptStack, "\n")
throw("async stack too large")
}
}
// wantAsyncPreempt returns whether an asynchronous preemption is
// queued for gp.
func wantAsyncPreempt(gp *g) bool {
// Check both the G and the P.
return (gp.preempt || gp.m.p != 0 && gp.m.p.ptr().preempt) && readgstatus(gp)&^_Gscan == _Grunning
}
// isAsyncSafePoint reports whether gp at instruction PC is an
// asynchronous safe point. This indicates that:
//
// 1. It's safe to suspend gp and conservatively scan its stack and
// registers. There are no potentially hidden pointer values and it's
// not in the middle of an atomic sequence like a write barrier.
//
// 2. gp has enough stack space to inject the asyncPreempt call.
//
// 3. It's generally safe to interact with the runtime, even if we're
// in a signal handler stopped here. For example, there are no runtime
// locks held, so acquiring a runtime lock won't self-deadlock.
//
// In some cases the PC is safe for asynchronous preemption but it
// also needs to adjust the resumption PC. The new PC is returned in
// the second result.
func isAsyncSafePoint(gp *g, pc, sp, lr uintptr) (bool, uintptr) {
mp := gp.m
// Only user Gs can have safe-points. We check this first
// because it's extremely common that we'll catch mp in the
// scheduler processing this G preemption.
if mp.curg != gp {
return false, 0
}
// Check M state.
if mp.p == 0 || !canPreemptM(mp) {
return false, 0
}
// Check stack space.
if sp < gp.stack.lo || sp-gp.stack.lo < asyncPreemptStack {
return false, 0
}
// Check if PC is an unsafe-point.
f := findfunc(pc)
if !f.valid() {
// Not Go code.
return false, 0
}
if (GOARCH == "mips" || GOARCH == "mipsle" || GOARCH == "mips64" || GOARCH == "mips64le") && lr == pc+8 && funcspdelta(f, pc, nil) == 0 {
// We probably stopped at a half-executed CALL instruction,
// where the LR is updated but the PC has not. If we preempt
// here we'll see a seemingly self-recursive call, which is in
// fact not.
// This is normally ok, as we use the return address saved on
// stack for unwinding, not the LR value. But if this is a
// call to morestack, we haven't created the frame, and we'll
// use the LR for unwinding, which will be bad.
return false, 0
}
up, startpc := pcdatavalue2(f, _PCDATA_UnsafePoint, pc)
if up == _PCDATA_UnsafePointUnsafe {
// Unsafe-point marked by compiler. This includes
// atomic sequences (e.g., write barrier) and nosplit
// functions (except at calls).
return false, 0
}
if fd := funcdata(f, _FUNCDATA_LocalsPointerMaps); fd == nil || fd == unsafe.Pointer(&no_pointers_stackmap) {
// This is assembly code. Don't assume it's
// well-formed. We identify assembly code by
// checking that it has either no stack map, or
// no_pointers_stackmap, which is the stack map
// for ones marked as NO_LOCAL_POINTERS.
//
// TODO: Are there cases that are safe but don't have a
// locals pointer map, like empty frame functions?
// It might be possible to preempt any assembly functions
// except the ones that have funcFlag_SPWRITE set in f.flag.
return false, 0
}
name := funcname(f)
if inldata := funcdata(f, _FUNCDATA_InlTree); inldata != nil {
inltree := (*[1 << 20]inlinedCall)(inldata)
ix := pcdatavalue(f, _PCDATA_InlTreeIndex, pc, nil)
if ix >= 0 {
name = funcnameFromNameoff(f, inltree[ix].func_)
}
}
if hasPrefix(name, "runtime.") ||
hasPrefix(name, "runtime/internal/") ||
hasPrefix(name, "reflect.") {
// For now we never async preempt the runtime or
// anything closely tied to the runtime. Known issues
// include: various points in the scheduler ("don't
// preempt between here and here"), much of the defer
// implementation (untyped info on stack), bulk write
// barriers (write barrier check),
// reflect.{makeFuncStub,methodValueCall}.
//
// TODO(austin): We should improve this, or opt things
// in incrementally.
return false, 0
}
switch up {
case _PCDATA_Restart1, _PCDATA_Restart2:
// Restartable instruction sequence. Back off PC to
// the start PC.
if startpc == 0 || startpc > pc || pc-startpc > 20 {
throw("bad restart PC")
}
return true, startpc
case _PCDATA_RestartAtEntry:
// Restart from the function entry at resumption.
return true, f.entry
}
return true, pc
}
var no_pointers_stackmap uint64 // defined in assembly, for NO_LOCAL_POINTERS macro