diff --git a/src/crypto/x509/root_windows.go b/src/crypto/x509/root_windows.go
index 34d5853..1e0f3ac 100644
--- a/src/crypto/x509/root_windows.go
+++ b/src/crypto/x509/root_windows.go
@@ -88,6 +88,9 @@
 		switch status {
 		case syscall.CERT_TRUST_IS_NOT_TIME_VALID:
 			return CertificateInvalidError{c, Expired, ""}
+		case syscall.CERT_TRUST_IS_NOT_VALID_FOR_USAGE:
+			return CertificateInvalidError{c, IncompatibleUsage, ""}
+		// TODO(filippo): surface more error statuses.
 		default:
 			return UnknownAuthorityError{c, nil, nil}
 		}
@@ -138,11 +141,19 @@
 	return nil
 }
 
+// windowsExtKeyUsageOIDs are the C NUL-terminated string representations of the
+// OIDs for use with the Windows API.
+var windowsExtKeyUsageOIDs = make(map[ExtKeyUsage][]byte, len(extKeyUsageOIDs))
+
+func init() {
+	for _, eku := range extKeyUsageOIDs {
+		windowsExtKeyUsageOIDs[eku.extKeyUsage] = []byte(eku.oid.String() + "\x00")
+	}
+}
+
 // systemVerify is like Verify, except that it uses CryptoAPI calls
 // to build certificate chains and verify them.
 func (c *Certificate) systemVerify(opts *VerifyOptions) (chains [][]*Certificate, err error) {
-	hasDNSName := opts != nil && len(opts.DNSName) > 0
-
 	storeCtx, err := createStoreContext(c, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -152,17 +163,26 @@
 	para := new(syscall.CertChainPara)
 	para.Size = uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(*para))
 
-	// If there's a DNSName set in opts, assume we're verifying
-	// a certificate from a TLS server.
-	if hasDNSName {
-		oids := []*byte{
-			&syscall.OID_PKIX_KP_SERVER_AUTH[0],
-			// Both IE and Chrome allow certificates with
-			// Server Gated Crypto as well. Some certificates
-			// in the wild require them.
-			&syscall.OID_SERVER_GATED_CRYPTO[0],
-			&syscall.OID_SGC_NETSCAPE[0],
+	keyUsages := opts.KeyUsages
+	if len(keyUsages) == 0 {
+		keyUsages = []ExtKeyUsage{ExtKeyUsageServerAuth}
+	}
+	oids := make([]*byte, 0, len(keyUsages))
+	for _, eku := range keyUsages {
+		if eku == ExtKeyUsageAny {
+			oids = nil
+			break
 		}
+		if oid, ok := windowsExtKeyUsageOIDs[eku]; ok {
+			oids = append(oids, &oid[0])
+		}
+		// Like the standard verifier, accept SGC EKUs as equivalent to ServerAuth.
+		if eku == ExtKeyUsageServerAuth {
+			oids = append(oids, &syscall.OID_SERVER_GATED_CRYPTO[0])
+			oids = append(oids, &syscall.OID_SGC_NETSCAPE[0])
+		}
+	}
+	if oids != nil {
 		para.RequestedUsage.Type = syscall.USAGE_MATCH_TYPE_OR
 		para.RequestedUsage.Usage.Length = uint32(len(oids))
 		para.RequestedUsage.Usage.UsageIdentifiers = &oids[0]
@@ -208,7 +228,7 @@
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	if hasDNSName {
+	if opts != nil && len(opts.DNSName) > 0 {
 		err = checkChainSSLServerPolicy(c, chainCtx, opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
diff --git a/src/crypto/x509/verify.go b/src/crypto/x509/verify.go
index be11e730..cb8d8f8 100644
--- a/src/crypto/x509/verify.go
+++ b/src/crypto/x509/verify.go
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
 // VerifyOptions contains parameters for Certificate.Verify.
 type VerifyOptions struct {
 	// DNSName, if set, is checked against the leaf certificate with
-	// Certificate.VerifyHostname.
+	// Certificate.VerifyHostname or the platform verifier.
 	DNSName string
 
 	// Intermediates is an optional pool of certificates that are not trust
@@ -209,20 +209,16 @@
 	// chain. If zero, the current time is used.
 	CurrentTime time.Time
 
-	// KeyUsage specifies which Extended Key Usage values are acceptable. A leaf
-	// certificate is accepted if it contains any of the listed values. An empty
-	// list means ExtKeyUsageServerAuth. To accept any key usage, include
-	// ExtKeyUsageAny.
-	//
-	// Certificate chains are required to nest these extended key usage values.
-	// (This matches the Windows CryptoAPI behavior, but not the spec.)
+	// KeyUsages specifies which Extended Key Usage values are acceptable. A
+	// chain is accepted if it allows any of the listed values. An empty list
+	// means ExtKeyUsageServerAuth. To accept any key usage, include ExtKeyUsageAny.
 	KeyUsages []ExtKeyUsage
 
 	// MaxConstraintComparisions is the maximum number of comparisons to
 	// perform when checking a given certificate's name constraints. If
 	// zero, a sensible default is used. This limit prevents pathological
 	// certificates from consuming excessive amounts of CPU time when
-	// validating.
+	// validating. It does not apply to the platform verifier.
 	MaxConstraintComparisions int
 }
 
@@ -735,8 +731,9 @@
 // needed. If successful, it returns one or more chains where the first
 // element of the chain is c and the last element is from opts.Roots.
 //
-// If opts.Roots is nil and system roots are unavailable the returned error
-// will be of type SystemRootsError.
+// If opts.Roots is nil, the platform verifier might be used, and
+// verification details might differ from what is described below. If system
+// roots are unavailable the returned error will be of type SystemRootsError.
 //
 // Name constraints in the intermediates will be applied to all names claimed
 // in the chain, not just opts.DNSName. Thus it is invalid for a leaf to claim
@@ -750,9 +747,10 @@
 // it indicates that at least one additional label must be prepended to
 // the constrained name to be considered valid.
 //
-// Extended Key Usage values are enforced down a chain, so an intermediate or
-// root that enumerates EKUs prevents a leaf from asserting an EKU not in that
-// list.
+// Extended Key Usage values are enforced nested down a chain, so an intermediate
+// or root that enumerates EKUs prevents a leaf from asserting an EKU not in that
+// list. (While this is not specified, it is common practice in order to limit
+// the types of certificates a CA can issue.)
 //
 // WARNING: this function doesn't do any revocation checking.
 func (c *Certificate) Verify(opts VerifyOptions) (chains [][]*Certificate, err error) {
diff --git a/src/crypto/x509/verify_test.go b/src/crypto/x509/verify_test.go
index 650b2d2..76d1ab9 100644
--- a/src/crypto/x509/verify_test.go
+++ b/src/crypto/x509/verify_test.go
@@ -21,34 +21,24 @@
 )
 
 type verifyTest struct {
-	leaf                 string
-	intermediates        []string
-	roots                []string
-	currentTime          int64
-	dnsName              string
-	systemSkip           bool
-	keyUsages            []ExtKeyUsage
-	testSystemRootsError bool
-	sha2                 bool
-	ignoreCN             bool
+	name          string
+	leaf          string
+	intermediates []string
+	roots         []string
+	currentTime   int64
+	dnsName       string
+	systemSkip    bool
+	systemLax     bool
+	keyUsages     []ExtKeyUsage
+	ignoreCN      bool
 
-	errorCallback  func(*testing.T, int, error) bool
+	errorCallback  func(*testing.T, error)
 	expectedChains [][]string
 }
 
 var verifyTests = []verifyTest{
 	{
-		leaf:                 googleLeaf,
-		intermediates:        []string{giag2Intermediate},
-		currentTime:          1395785200,
-		dnsName:              "www.google.com",
-		testSystemRootsError: true,
-
-		// Without any roots specified we should get a system roots
-		// error.
-		errorCallback: expectSystemRootsError,
-	},
-	{
+		name:          "Valid",
 		leaf:          googleLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{giag2Intermediate},
 		roots:         []string{geoTrustRoot},
@@ -60,6 +50,7 @@
 		},
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "MixedCase",
 		leaf:          googleLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{giag2Intermediate},
 		roots:         []string{geoTrustRoot},
@@ -71,6 +62,7 @@
 		},
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "HostnameMismatch",
 		leaf:          googleLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{giag2Intermediate},
 		roots:         []string{geoTrustRoot},
@@ -80,6 +72,7 @@
 		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("certificate is valid for"),
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "IPMissing",
 		leaf:          googleLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{giag2Intermediate},
 		roots:         []string{geoTrustRoot},
@@ -89,6 +82,7 @@
 		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("doesn't contain any IP SANs"),
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "Expired",
 		leaf:          googleLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{giag2Intermediate},
 		roots:         []string{geoTrustRoot},
@@ -98,6 +92,7 @@
 		errorCallback: expectExpired,
 	},
 	{
+		name:        "MissingIntermediate",
 		leaf:        googleLeaf,
 		roots:       []string{geoTrustRoot},
 		currentTime: 1395785200,
@@ -109,6 +104,7 @@
 		errorCallback: expectAuthorityUnknown,
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "RootInIntermediates",
 		leaf:          googleLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{geoTrustRoot, giag2Intermediate},
 		roots:         []string{geoTrustRoot},
@@ -119,31 +115,50 @@
 			{"Google", "Google Internet Authority", "GeoTrust"},
 		},
 		// CAPI doesn't build the chain with the duplicated GeoTrust
-		// entry so the results don't match. Thus we skip this test
-		// until that's fixed.
-		systemSkip: true,
+		// entry so the results don't match.
+		systemLax: true,
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "dnssec-exp",
 		leaf:          dnssecExpLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{startComIntermediate},
 		roots:         []string{startComRoot},
 		currentTime:   1302726541,
 
-		expectedChains: [][]string{
-			{"dnssec-exp", "StartCom Class 1", "StartCom Certification Authority"},
-		},
-	},
-	{
-		leaf:          dnssecExpLeaf,
-		intermediates: []string{startComIntermediate, startComRoot},
-		roots:         []string{startComRoot},
-		currentTime:   1302726541,
+		// The StartCom root is not trusted by Windows when the default
+		// ServerAuth EKU is requested.
+		systemSkip: true,
 
 		expectedChains: [][]string{
 			{"dnssec-exp", "StartCom Class 1", "StartCom Certification Authority"},
 		},
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "dnssec-exp/AnyEKU",
+		leaf:          dnssecExpLeaf,
+		intermediates: []string{startComIntermediate},
+		roots:         []string{startComRoot},
+		currentTime:   1302726541,
+		keyUsages:     []ExtKeyUsage{ExtKeyUsageAny},
+
+		expectedChains: [][]string{
+			{"dnssec-exp", "StartCom Class 1", "StartCom Certification Authority"},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name:          "dnssec-exp/RootInIntermediates",
+		leaf:          dnssecExpLeaf,
+		intermediates: []string{startComIntermediate, startComRoot},
+		roots:         []string{startComRoot},
+		currentTime:   1302726541,
+		systemSkip:    true, // see dnssec-exp test
+
+		expectedChains: [][]string{
+			{"dnssec-exp", "StartCom Class 1", "StartCom Certification Authority"},
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		name:          "InvalidHash",
 		leaf:          googleLeafWithInvalidHash,
 		intermediates: []string{giag2Intermediate},
 		roots:         []string{geoTrustRoot},
@@ -152,50 +167,52 @@
 
 		// The specific error message may not occur when using system
 		// verification.
-		systemSkip:    true,
+		systemLax:     true,
 		errorCallback: expectHashError,
 	},
+	// EKULeaf tests use an unconstrained chain leading to a leaf certificate
+	// with an E-mail Protection EKU but not a Server Auth one, checking that
+	// the EKUs on the leaf are enforced.
 	{
-		// The default configuration should reject an S/MIME chain.
-		leaf:        smimeLeaf,
-		roots:       []string{smimeIntermediate},
-		currentTime: 1339436154,
+		name:          "EKULeaf",
+		leaf:          smimeLeaf,
+		intermediates: []string{smimeIntermediate},
+		roots:         []string{smimeRoot},
+		currentTime:   1594673418,
 
-		// Key usage not implemented for Windows yet.
-		systemSkip:    true,
 		errorCallback: expectUsageError,
 	},
 	{
-		leaf:        smimeLeaf,
-		roots:       []string{smimeIntermediate},
-		currentTime: 1339436154,
-		keyUsages:   []ExtKeyUsage{ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
+		name:          "EKULeafExplicit",
+		leaf:          smimeLeaf,
+		intermediates: []string{smimeIntermediate},
+		roots:         []string{smimeRoot},
+		currentTime:   1594673418,
+		keyUsages:     []ExtKeyUsage{ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
 
-		// Key usage not implemented for Windows yet.
-		systemSkip:    true,
 		errorCallback: expectUsageError,
 	},
 	{
-		leaf:        smimeLeaf,
-		roots:       []string{smimeIntermediate},
-		currentTime: 1339436154,
-		keyUsages:   []ExtKeyUsage{ExtKeyUsageEmailProtection},
+		name:          "EKULeafValid",
+		leaf:          smimeLeaf,
+		intermediates: []string{smimeIntermediate},
+		roots:         []string{smimeRoot},
+		currentTime:   1594673418,
+		keyUsages:     []ExtKeyUsage{ExtKeyUsageEmailProtection},
 
-		// Key usage not implemented for Windows yet.
-		systemSkip: true,
 		expectedChains: [][]string{
-			{"Ryan Hurst", "GlobalSign PersonalSign 2 CA - G2"},
+			{"CORPORATIVO FICTICIO ACTIVO", "EAEko Herri Administrazioen CA - CA AAPP Vascas (2)", "IZENPE S.A."},
 		},
 	},
 	{
+		name:          "SGCIntermediate",
 		leaf:          megaLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{comodoIntermediate1},
 		roots:         []string{comodoRoot},
 		currentTime:   1360431182,
 
-		// CryptoAPI can find alternative validation paths so we don't
-		// perform this test with system validation.
-		systemSkip: true,
+		// CryptoAPI can find alternative validation paths.
+		systemLax: true,
 		expectedChains: [][]string{
 			{"mega.co.nz", "EssentialSSL CA", "COMODO Certification Authority"},
 		},
@@ -203,6 +220,7 @@
 	{
 		// Check that a name constrained intermediate works even when
 		// it lists multiple constraints.
+		name:          "MultipleConstraints",
 		leaf:          nameConstraintsLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{nameConstraintsIntermediate1, nameConstraintsIntermediate2},
 		roots:         []string{globalSignRoot},
@@ -221,17 +239,16 @@
 	{
 		// Check that SHA-384 intermediates (which are popping up)
 		// work.
+		name:          "SHA-384",
 		leaf:          moipLeafCert,
 		intermediates: []string{comodoIntermediateSHA384, comodoRSAAuthority},
 		roots:         []string{addTrustRoot},
 		currentTime:   1397502195,
 		dnsName:       "api.moip.com.br",
 
-		// CryptoAPI can find alternative validation paths so we don't
-		// perform this test with system validation.
-		systemSkip: true,
+		// CryptoAPI can find alternative validation paths.
+		systemLax: true,
 
-		sha2: true,
 		expectedChains: [][]string{
 			{
 				"api.moip.com.br",
@@ -244,11 +261,12 @@
 	{
 		// Putting a certificate as a root directly should work as a
 		// way of saying “exactly this”.
+		name:        "LeafInRoots",
 		leaf:        selfSigned,
 		roots:       []string{selfSigned},
 		currentTime: 1471624472,
 		dnsName:     "foo.example",
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		expectedChains: [][]string{
 			{"Acme Co"},
@@ -257,11 +275,12 @@
 	{
 		// Putting a certificate as a root directly should not skip
 		// other checks however.
+		name:        "LeafInRootsInvalid",
 		leaf:        selfSigned,
 		roots:       []string{selfSigned},
 		currentTime: 1471624472,
 		dnsName:     "notfoo.example",
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("certificate is valid for"),
 	},
@@ -269,87 +288,95 @@
 		// The issuer name in the leaf doesn't exactly match the
 		// subject name in the root. Go does not perform
 		// canonicalization and so should reject this. See issue 14955.
+		name:        "IssuerSubjectMismatch",
 		leaf:        issuerSubjectMatchLeaf,
 		roots:       []string{issuerSubjectMatchRoot},
 		currentTime: 1475787715,
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectSubjectIssuerMismatcthError,
 	},
 	{
 		// An X.509 v1 certificate should not be accepted as an
 		// intermediate.
+		name:          "X509v1Intermediate",
 		leaf:          x509v1TestLeaf,
 		intermediates: []string{x509v1TestIntermediate},
 		roots:         []string{x509v1TestRoot},
 		currentTime:   1481753183,
-		systemSkip:    true,
+		systemSkip:    true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectNotAuthorizedError,
 	},
 	{
 		// If any SAN extension is present (even one without any DNS
 		// names), the CN should be ignored.
+		name:        "IgnoreCNWithSANs",
 		leaf:        ignoreCNWithSANLeaf,
 		dnsName:     "foo.example.com",
 		roots:       []string{ignoreCNWithSANRoot},
 		currentTime: 1486684488,
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("certificate is not valid for any names"),
 	},
 	{
 		// Test that excluded names are respected.
+		name:          "ExcludedNames",
 		leaf:          excludedNamesLeaf,
 		dnsName:       "bender.local",
 		intermediates: []string{excludedNamesIntermediate},
 		roots:         []string{excludedNamesRoot},
 		currentTime:   1486684488,
-		systemSkip:    true,
+		systemSkip:    true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectNameConstraintsError,
 	},
 	{
 		// Test that unknown critical extensions in a leaf cause a
 		// verify error.
+		name:          "CriticalExtLeaf",
 		leaf:          criticalExtLeafWithExt,
 		dnsName:       "example.com",
 		intermediates: []string{criticalExtIntermediate},
 		roots:         []string{criticalExtRoot},
 		currentTime:   1486684488,
-		systemSkip:    true,
+		systemSkip:    true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectUnhandledCriticalExtension,
 	},
 	{
 		// Test that unknown critical extensions in an intermediate
 		// cause a verify error.
+		name:          "CriticalExtIntermediate",
 		leaf:          criticalExtLeaf,
 		dnsName:       "example.com",
 		intermediates: []string{criticalExtIntermediateWithExt},
 		roots:         []string{criticalExtRoot},
 		currentTime:   1486684488,
-		systemSkip:    true,
+		systemSkip:    true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectUnhandledCriticalExtension,
 	},
 	{
 		// Test that invalid CN are ignored.
+		name:        "InvalidCN",
 		leaf:        invalidCNWithoutSAN,
 		dnsName:     "foo,invalid",
 		roots:       []string{invalidCNRoot},
 		currentTime: 1540000000,
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("Common Name is not a valid hostname"),
 	},
 	{
 		// Test that valid CN are respected.
+		name:        "ValidCN",
 		leaf:        validCNWithoutSAN,
 		dnsName:     "foo.example.com",
 		roots:       []string{invalidCNRoot},
 		currentTime: 1540000000,
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		expectedChains: [][]string{
 			{"foo.example.com", "Test root"},
@@ -357,31 +384,34 @@
 	},
 	// Replicate CN tests with ignoreCN = true
 	{
+		name:        "IgnoreCNWithSANs/ignoreCN",
 		leaf:        ignoreCNWithSANLeaf,
 		dnsName:     "foo.example.com",
 		roots:       []string{ignoreCNWithSANRoot},
 		currentTime: 1486684488,
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 		ignoreCN:    true,
 
 		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("certificate is not valid for any names"),
 	},
 	{
+		name:        "InvalidCN/ignoreCN",
 		leaf:        invalidCNWithoutSAN,
 		dnsName:     "foo,invalid",
 		roots:       []string{invalidCNRoot},
 		currentTime: 1540000000,
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 		ignoreCN:    true,
 
-		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("not valid for any names"),
+		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("certificate is not valid for any names"),
 	},
 	{
+		name:        "ValidCN/ignoreCN",
 		leaf:        validCNWithoutSAN,
 		dnsName:     "foo.example.com",
 		roots:       []string{invalidCNRoot},
 		currentTime: 1540000000,
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 		ignoreCN:    true,
 
 		errorCallback: expectHostnameError("certificate relies on legacy Common Name field"),
@@ -389,11 +419,12 @@
 	{
 		// A certificate with an AKID should still chain to a parent without SKID.
 		// See Issue 30079.
+		name:        "AKIDNoSKID",
 		leaf:        leafWithAKID,
 		roots:       []string{rootWithoutSKID},
 		currentTime: 1550000000,
 		dnsName:     "example",
-		systemSkip:  true,
+		systemSkip:  true, // does not chain to a system root
 
 		expectedChains: [][]string{
 			{"Acme LLC", "Acme Co"},
@@ -401,98 +432,70 @@
 	},
 }
 
-func expectHostnameError(msg string) func(*testing.T, int, error) bool {
-	return func(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectHostnameError(msg string) func(*testing.T, error) {
+	return func(t *testing.T, err error) {
 		if _, ok := err.(HostnameError); !ok {
-			t.Errorf("#%d: error was not a HostnameError: %v", i, err)
-			return false
+			t.Fatalf("error was not a HostnameError: %v", err)
 		}
 		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), msg) {
-			t.Errorf("#%d: HostnameError did not contain %q: %v", i, msg, err)
+			t.Fatalf("HostnameError did not contain %q: %v", msg, err)
 		}
-		return true
 	}
 }
 
-func expectExpired(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectExpired(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	if inval, ok := err.(CertificateInvalidError); !ok || inval.Reason != Expired {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not Expired: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was not Expired: %v", err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
-func expectUsageError(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectUsageError(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	if inval, ok := err.(CertificateInvalidError); !ok || inval.Reason != IncompatibleUsage {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not IncompatibleUsage: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was not IncompatibleUsage: %v", err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
-func expectAuthorityUnknown(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectAuthorityUnknown(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	e, ok := err.(UnknownAuthorityError)
 	if !ok {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not UnknownAuthorityError: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was not UnknownAuthorityError: %v", err)
 	}
 	if e.Cert == nil {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was UnknownAuthorityError, but missing Cert: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was UnknownAuthorityError, but missing Cert: %v", err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
-func expectSystemRootsError(t *testing.T, i int, err error) bool {
-	if _, ok := err.(SystemRootsError); !ok {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not SystemRootsError: %v", i, err)
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func expectHashError(t *testing.T, i int, err error) bool {
+func expectHashError(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: no error resulted from invalid hash", i)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("no error resulted from invalid hash")
 	}
 	if expected := "algorithm unimplemented"; !strings.Contains(err.Error(), expected) {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error resulting from invalid hash didn't contain '%s', rather it was: %v", i, expected, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error resulting from invalid hash didn't contain '%s', rather it was: %v", expected, err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
-func expectSubjectIssuerMismatcthError(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectSubjectIssuerMismatcthError(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	if inval, ok := err.(CertificateInvalidError); !ok || inval.Reason != NameMismatch {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not a NameMismatch: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was not a NameMismatch: %v", err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
-func expectNameConstraintsError(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectNameConstraintsError(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	if inval, ok := err.(CertificateInvalidError); !ok || inval.Reason != CANotAuthorizedForThisName {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not a CANotAuthorizedForThisName: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was not a CANotAuthorizedForThisName: %v", err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
-func expectNotAuthorizedError(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectNotAuthorizedError(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	if inval, ok := err.(CertificateInvalidError); !ok || inval.Reason != NotAuthorizedToSign {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not a NotAuthorizedToSign: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was not a NotAuthorizedToSign: %v", err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
-func expectUnhandledCriticalExtension(t *testing.T, i int, err error) (ok bool) {
+func expectUnhandledCriticalExtension(t *testing.T, err error) {
 	if _, ok := err.(UnhandledCriticalExtension); !ok {
-		t.Errorf("#%d: error was not an UnhandledCriticalExtension: %v", i, err)
-		return false
+		t.Fatalf("error was not an UnhandledCriticalExtension: %v", err)
 	}
-	return true
 }
 
 func certificateFromPEM(pemBytes string) (*Certificate, error) {
@@ -503,107 +506,91 @@
 	return ParseCertificate(block.Bytes)
 }
 
-func testVerify(t *testing.T, useSystemRoots bool) {
-	defer func(savedIgnoreCN bool) {
-		ignoreCN = savedIgnoreCN
-	}(ignoreCN)
-	for i, test := range verifyTests {
-		if useSystemRoots && test.systemSkip {
-			continue
-		}
-		if runtime.GOOS == "windows" && test.testSystemRootsError {
-			continue
-		}
+func testVerify(t *testing.T, test verifyTest, useSystemRoots bool) {
+	defer func(savedIgnoreCN bool) { ignoreCN = savedIgnoreCN }(ignoreCN)
 
-		ignoreCN = test.ignoreCN
-		opts := VerifyOptions{
-			Intermediates: NewCertPool(),
-			DNSName:       test.dnsName,
-			CurrentTime:   time.Unix(test.currentTime, 0),
-			KeyUsages:     test.keyUsages,
-		}
+	ignoreCN = test.ignoreCN
+	opts := VerifyOptions{
+		Intermediates: NewCertPool(),
+		DNSName:       test.dnsName,
+		CurrentTime:   time.Unix(test.currentTime, 0),
+		KeyUsages:     test.keyUsages,
+	}
 
-		if !useSystemRoots {
-			opts.Roots = NewCertPool()
-			for j, root := range test.roots {
-				ok := opts.Roots.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(root))
-				if !ok {
-					t.Errorf("#%d: failed to parse root #%d", i, j)
-					return
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		for j, intermediate := range test.intermediates {
-			ok := opts.Intermediates.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(intermediate))
+	if !useSystemRoots {
+		opts.Roots = NewCertPool()
+		for j, root := range test.roots {
+			ok := opts.Roots.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(root))
 			if !ok {
-				t.Errorf("#%d: failed to parse intermediate #%d", i, j)
-				return
+				t.Fatalf("failed to parse root #%d", j)
 			}
 		}
+	}
 
-		leaf, err := certificateFromPEM(test.leaf)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("#%d: failed to parse leaf: %v", i, err)
-			return
+	for j, intermediate := range test.intermediates {
+		ok := opts.Intermediates.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(intermediate))
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse intermediate #%d", j)
 		}
+	}
 
-		var oldSystemRoots *CertPool
-		if test.testSystemRootsError {
-			oldSystemRoots = systemRootsPool()
-			systemRoots = nil
-			opts.Roots = nil
-		}
+	leaf, err := certificateFromPEM(test.leaf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse leaf: %v", err)
+	}
 
-		chains, err := leaf.Verify(opts)
+	chains, err := leaf.Verify(opts)
 
-		if test.testSystemRootsError {
-			systemRoots = oldSystemRoots
-		}
-
-		if test.errorCallback == nil && err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("#%d: unexpected error: %v", i, err)
-		}
-		if test.errorCallback != nil {
-			if !test.errorCallback(t, i, err) {
-				return
+	if test.errorCallback == nil && err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if test.errorCallback != nil {
+		if useSystemRoots && test.systemLax {
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("expected error")
 			}
+		} else {
+			test.errorCallback(t, err)
 		}
+	}
 
-		if len(chains) != len(test.expectedChains) {
-			t.Errorf("#%d: wanted %d chains, got %d", i, len(test.expectedChains), len(chains))
-		}
+	if len(chains) != len(test.expectedChains) {
+		t.Errorf("wanted %d chains, got %d", len(test.expectedChains), len(chains))
+	}
 
-		// We check that each returned chain matches a chain from
-		// expectedChains but an entry in expectedChains can't match
-		// two chains.
-		seenChains := make([]bool, len(chains))
-	NextOutputChain:
-		for _, chain := range chains {
-		TryNextExpected:
-			for j, expectedChain := range test.expectedChains {
-				if seenChains[j] {
-					continue
-				}
-				if len(chain) != len(expectedChain) {
-					continue
-				}
-				for k, cert := range chain {
-					if !strings.Contains(nameToKey(&cert.Subject), expectedChain[k]) {
-						continue TryNextExpected
-					}
-				}
-				// we matched
-				seenChains[j] = true
-				continue NextOutputChain
+	// We check that each returned chain matches a chain from
+	// expectedChains but an entry in expectedChains can't match
+	// two chains.
+	seenChains := make([]bool, len(chains))
+NextOutputChain:
+	for _, chain := range chains {
+	TryNextExpected:
+		for j, expectedChain := range test.expectedChains {
+			if seenChains[j] {
+				continue
 			}
-			t.Errorf("#%d: No expected chain matched %s", i, chainToDebugString(chain))
+			if len(chain) != len(expectedChain) {
+				continue
+			}
+			for k, cert := range chain {
+				if !strings.Contains(nameToKey(&cert.Subject), expectedChain[k]) {
+					continue TryNextExpected
+				}
+			}
+			// we matched
+			seenChains[j] = true
+			continue NextOutputChain
 		}
+		t.Errorf("no expected chain matched %s", chainToDebugString(chain))
 	}
 }
 
 func TestGoVerify(t *testing.T) {
-	testVerify(t, false)
+	for _, test := range verifyTests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			testVerify(t, test, false)
+		})
+	}
 }
 
 func TestSystemVerify(t *testing.T) {
@@ -611,7 +598,14 @@
 		t.Skipf("skipping verify test using system APIs on %q", runtime.GOOS)
 	}
 
-	testVerify(t, true)
+	for _, test := range verifyTests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if test.systemSkip {
+				t.SkipNow()
+			}
+			testVerify(t, test, true)
+		})
+	}
 }
 
 func chainToDebugString(chain []*Certificate) string {
@@ -648,8 +642,7 @@
 PseKUgzbFbS9bZvlxrFUaKnjaZC2mqUPuLk/IH2uSrW4nOQdtqvmlKXBx4Ot2/Un
 hw4EbNX/3aBd7YdStysVAq45pmp06drE57xNNB6pXE0zX5IJL4hmXXeXxx12E6nV
 5fEWCRE11azbJHFwLJhWC9kXtNHjUStedejV0NxPNO3CBWaAocvmMw==
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 const giag2Intermediate = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIEBDCCAuygAwIBAgIDAjppMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMEIxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVT
@@ -674,8 +667,7 @@
 HFa9llF7b1cq26KqltyMdMKVvvBulRP/F/A8rLIQjcxz++iPAsbw+zOzlTvjwsto
 WHPbqCRiOwY1nQ2pM714A5AuTHhdUDqB1O6gyHA43LL5Z/qHQF1hwFGPa4NrzQU6
 yuGnBXj8ytqU0CwIPX4WecigUCAkVDNx
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 const googleLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIEdjCCA16gAwIBAgIIcR5k4dkoe04wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwSTELMAkGA1UE
@@ -702,8 +694,7 @@
 orKqTuAPzXK7imQk6+OycYABbqCtC/9qmwRd8wwn7sF97DtYfK8WuNHtFalCAwyi
 8LxJJYJCLWoMhZ+V8GZm+FOex5qkQAjnZrtNlbQJ8ro4r+rpKXtmMFFhfa+7L+PA
 Kom08eUK8skxAzfDDijZPh10VtJ66uBoiDPdT+uCBehcBIcmSTrKjFGX
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 // googleLeafWithInvalidHash is the same as googleLeaf, but the signature
 // algorithm in the certificate contains a nonsense OID.
@@ -732,8 +723,7 @@
 orKqTuAPzXK7imQk6+OycYABbqCtC/9qmwRd8wwn7sF97DtYfK8WuNHtFalCAwyi
 8LxJJYJCLWoMhZ+V8GZm+FOex5qkQAjnZrtNlbQJ8ro4r+rpKXtmMFFhfa+7L+PA
 Kom08eUK8skxAzfDDijZPh10VtJ66uBoiDPdT+uCBehcBIcmSTrKjFGX
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 const dnssecExpLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIGzTCCBbWgAwIBAgIDAdD6MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMIGMMQswCQYDVQQGEwJJ
@@ -858,58 +848,127 @@
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 const smimeLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIFBjCCA+6gAwIBAgISESFvrjT8XcJTEe6rBlPptILlMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUA
-MFQxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkJFMRkwFwYDVQQKExBHbG9iYWxTaWduIG52LXNhMSowKAYD
-VQQDEyFHbG9iYWxTaWduIFBlcnNvbmFsU2lnbiAyIENBIC0gRzIwHhcNMTIwMTIz
-MTYzNjU5WhcNMTUwMTIzMTYzNjU5WjCBlDELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxFjAUBgNVBAgT
-DU5ldyBIYW1zcGhpcmUxEzARBgNVBAcTClBvcnRzbW91dGgxGTAXBgNVBAoTEEds
-b2JhbFNpZ24sIEluYy4xEzARBgNVBAMTClJ5YW4gSHVyc3QxKDAmBgkqhkiG9w0B
-CQEWGXJ5YW4uaHVyc3RAZ2xvYmFsc2lnbi5jb20wggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUA
-A4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQC4ASSTvavmsFQAob60ukSSwOAL9nT/s99ltNUCAf5fPH5j
-NceMKxaQse2miOmRRIXaykcq1p/TbI70Ztce38r2mbOwqDHHPVi13GxJEyUXWgaR
-BteDMu5OGyWNG1kchVsGWpbstT0Z4v0md5m1BYFnxB20ebJyOR2lXDxsFK28nnKV
-+5eMj76U8BpPQ4SCH7yTMG6y0XXsB3cCrBKr2o3TOYgEKv+oNnbaoMt3UxMt9nSf
-9jyIshjqfnT5Aew3CUNMatO55g5FXXdIukAweg1YSb1ls05qW3sW00T3d7dQs9/7
-NuxCg/A2elmVJSoy8+MLR8JSFEf/aMgjO/TyLg/jAgMBAAGjggGPMIIBizAOBgNV
-HQ8BAf8EBAMCBaAwTQYDVR0gBEYwRDBCBgorBgEEAaAyASgKMDQwMgYIKwYBBQUH
-AgEWJmh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lmdsb2JhbHNpZ24uY29tL3JlcG9zaXRvcnkvMCQGA1Ud
-EQQdMBuBGXJ5YW4uaHVyc3RAZ2xvYmFsc2lnbi5jb20wCQYDVR0TBAIwADAdBgNV
-HSUEFjAUBggrBgEFBQcDAgYIKwYBBQUHAwQwQwYDVR0fBDwwOjA4oDagNIYyaHR0
-cDovL2NybC5nbG9iYWxzaWduLmNvbS9ncy9nc3BlcnNvbmFsc2lnbjJnMi5jcmww
-VQYIKwYBBQUHAQEESTBHMEUGCCsGAQUFBzAChjlodHRwOi8vc2VjdXJlLmdsb2Jh
-bHNpZ24uY29tL2NhY2VydC9nc3BlcnNvbmFsc2lnbjJnMi5jcnQwHQYDVR0OBBYE
-FFWiECe0/L72eVYqcWYnLV6SSjzhMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFD8V0m18L+cxnkMKBqiU
-bCw7xe5lMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAA4IBAQAhQi6hLPeudmf3IBF4IDzCvRI0FaYd
-BKfprSk/H0PDea4vpsLbWpA0t0SaijiJYtxKjlM4bPd+2chb7ejatDdyrZIzmDVy
-q4c30/xMninGKokpYA11/Ve+i2dvjulu65qasrtQRGybAuuZ67lrp/K3OMFgjV5N
-C3AHYLzvNU4Dwc4QQ1BaMOg6KzYSrKbABRZajfrpC9uiePsv7mDIXLx/toBPxWNl
-a5vJm5DrZdn7uHdvBCE6kMykbOLN5pmEK0UIlwKh6Qi5XD0pzlVkEZliFkBMJgub
-d/eF7xeg7TKPWC5xyOFp9SdMolJM7LTC3wnSO3frBAev+q/nGs9Xxyvs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+IGRlbCBNZWRpdGVycmFuZW8gRXRvcmJpZGVhIDE0IC0gMDEwMTAgVml0b3JpYS1H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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 const smimeIntermediate = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIEFjCCAv6gAwIBAgILBAAAAAABL07hL1IwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwVzELMAkG
-A1UEBhMCQkUxGTAXBgNVBAoTEEdsb2JhbFNpZ24gbnYtc2ExEDAOBgNVBAsTB1Jv
-b3QgQ0ExGzAZBgNVBAMTEkdsb2JhbFNpZ24gUm9vdCBDQTAeFw0xMTA0MTMxMDAw
-MDBaFw0xOTA0MTMxMDAwMDBaMFQxCzAJBgNVBAYTAkJFMRkwFwYDVQQKExBHbG9i
-YWxTaWduIG52LXNhMSowKAYDVQQDEyFHbG9iYWxTaWduIFBlcnNvbmFsU2lnbiAy
-IENBIC0gRzIwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDBa0H5Nez4
-En3dIlFpX7e5E0YndxQ74xOBbz7kdBd+DLX0LOQMjVPU3DAgKL9ujhH+ZhHkURbH
-3X/94TQSUL/z2JjsaQvS0NqyZXHhM5eeuquzOJRzEQ8+odETzHg2G0Erv7yjSeww
-gkwDWDJnYUDlOjYTDUEG6+i+8Mn425reo4I0E277wD542kmVWeW7+oHv5dZo9e1Q
-yWwiKTEP6BEQVVSBgThXMG4traSSDRUt3T1eQTZx5EObpiBEBO4OTqiBTJfg4vEI
-YgkXzKLpnfszTB6YMDpR9/QS6p3ANB3kfAb+t6udSO3WCst0DGrwHDLBFGDR4UeY
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+3LZTYEgAoOmEmdheklT40WAYakksXGM5VrzG7x9S7s1Tm+Vb5LSThdHC8bxxwyTb
+KsDRDNJ84N9fPDO6qHnzaL2upQ43PycCAwEAAaOCAdkwggHVMIHHBgNVHREEgb8w
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+MUcwRQYDVQQKDD5JWkVOUEUgUy5BLiAtIENJRiBBMDEzMzcyNjAtUk1lcmMuVml0
+b3JpYS1HYXN0ZWl6IFQxMDU1IEY2MiBTODFDMEEGA1UECQw6QXZkYSBkZWwgTWVk
+aXRlcnJhbmVvIEV0b3JiaWRlYSAxNCAtIDAxMDEwIFZpdG9yaWEtR2FzdGVpejAP
+BgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBBjAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUwKlK90cl
+h/+8taaJzoLSRqiJ66MwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUHRxlDqjyJXu0kc/ksbHmvVV0bAUw
+OgYDVR0gBDMwMTAvBgRVHSAAMCcwJQYIKwYBBQUHAgEWGWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuaXpl
+bnBlLmNvbS9jcHMwNwYIKwYBBQUHAQEEKzApMCcGCCsGAQUFBzABhhtodHRwOi8v
+b2NzcC5pemVucGUuY29tOjgwOTQwMwYDVR0fBCwwKjAooCagJIYiaHR0cDovL2Ny
+bC5pemVucGUuY29tL2NnaS1iaW4vYXJsMjALBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsDggIBAMbjc3HM
+3DG9ubWPkzsF0QsktukpujbTTcGk4h20G7SPRy1DiiTxrRzdAMWGjZioOP3/fKCS
+M539qH0M+gsySNie+iKlbSZJUyE635T1tKw+G7bDUapjlH1xyv55NC5I6wCXGC6E
+3TEP5B/E7dZD0s9E4lS511ubVZivFgOzMYo1DO96diny/N/V1enaTCpRl1qH1OyL
+xUYTijV4ph2gL6exwuG7pxfRcVNHYlrRaXWfTz3F6NBKyULxrI3P/y6JAtN1GqT4
+VF/+vMygx22n0DufGepBwTQz6/rr1ulSZ+eMnuJiTXgh/BzQnkUsXTb8mHII25iR
+0oYF2qAsk6ecWbLiDpkHKIDHmML21MZE13MS8NSvTHoqJO4LyAmDe6SaeNHtrPlK
+b6mzE1BN2ug+ZaX8wLA5IMPFaf0jKhb/Cxu8INsxjt00brsErCc9ip1VNaH0M4bi
+1tGxfiew2436FaeyUxW7Pl6G5GgkNbuUc7QIoRy06DdU/U38BxW3uyJMY60zwHvS
+FlKAn0OvYp4niKhAJwaBVN3kowmJuOU5Rid+TUnfyxbJ9cttSgzaF3hP/N4zgMEM
+5tikXUskeckt8LUK96EH0QyssavAMECUEb/xrupyRdYWwjQGvNLq6T5+fViDGyOw
+k+lzD44wofy8paAy9uC9Owae0zMEzhcsyRm7
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
+
+const smimeRoot = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+BjNaooXlkDWgYlwWTvDjovoDGrQscbNYLN57C9saD+veIR8GdwYDsMnvmfzAuU8L
+hij+0rnq49qlw0dpEuDb8PYZi+17cNcC1u2HGCgsBCRMd+RIihrGO5rUD8r6ddIB
+QFqNeb+Lz0vPqhbBleStTIo+F5HUsWLlguWABKQDfo2/2n+iD5dPDNMN+9fR5XJ+
+HMh3/1uaD7euBUbl8agW7EekFwIDAQABo4H2MIHzMIGwBgNVHREEgagwgaWBD2lu
+Zm9AaXplbnBlLmNvbaSBkTCBjjFHMEUGA1UECgw+SVpFTlBFIFMuQS4gLSBDSUYg
+QTAxMzM3MjYwLVJNZXJjLlZpdG9yaWEtR2FzdGVpeiBUMTA1NSBGNjIgUzgxQzBB
+BgNVBAkMOkF2ZGEgZGVsIE1lZGl0ZXJyYW5lbyBFdG9yYmlkZWEgMTQgLSAwMTAx
+MCBWaXRvcmlhLUdhc3RlaXowDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMC
+AQYwHQYDVR0OBBYEFB0cZQ6o8iV7tJHP5LGx5r1VdGwFMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUA
+A4ICAQB4pgwWSp9MiDrAyw6lFn2fuUhfGI8NYjb2zRlrrKvV9pF9rnHzP7MOeIWb
+laQnIUdCSnxIOvVFfLMMjlF4rJUT3sb9fbgakEyrkgPH7UIBzg/YsfqikuFgba56
+awmqxinuaElnMIAkejEWOVt+8Rwu3WwJrfIxwYJOubv5vr8qhT/AQKM6WfxZSzwo
+JNu0FXWuDYi6LnPAvViH5ULy617uHjAimcs30cQhbIHsvm0m5hzkQiCeR7Csg1lw
+LDXWrzY0tM07+DKo7+N4ifuNRSzanLh+QBxh5z6ikixL8s36mLYp//Pye6kfLqCT
+VyvehQP5aTfLnnhqBbTFMXiJ7HqnheG5ezzevh55hM6fcA5ZwjUukCox2eRFekGk
+LhObNA5me0mrZJfQRsN5nXJQY6aYWwa9SG3YOYNw6DXwBdGqvOPbyALqfP2C2sJb
+UjWumDqtujWTI6cfSN01RpiyEGjkpTHCClguGYEQyVB1/OpaFs4R1+7vUIgtYf8/
+QnMFlEPVjjxOAToZpR9GTnfQXeWBIiGH/pR9hNiTrdZoQ0iy2+tzJOeRf1SktoA+
+naM8THLCV8Sg1Mw4J87VBp6iSNnpn86CcDaTmjvfliHjWbcM2pE38P1ZWrOZyGls
+QyYBNWNgVYkDOnXYukrZVP/u3oDYLdE41V4tC5h9Pmzb/CaIxw==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 var megaLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
@@ -1315,50 +1374,7 @@
 cw3ESZzThBwWqvPOtJdpXdm+r57pDW8qD+/0lY8wfImMNkQAyCUCLg/1Lxt/hrBj
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const issuerSubjectMatchRoot = `
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 161640039802297062 (0x23e42c281e55ae6)
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: O=Golang, CN=Root ca
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Jan  1 00:00:00 2015 GMT
-            Not After : Jan  1 00:00:00 2025 GMT
-        Subject: O=Golang, CN=Root ca
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (1024 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:e9:0e:7f:11:0c:e6:5a:e6:86:83:70:f6:51:07:
-                    2e:02:78:11:f5:b2:24:92:38:ee:26:62:02:c7:94:
-                    f1:3e:a1:77:6a:c0:8f:d5:22:68:b6:5d:e2:4c:da:
-                    e0:85:11:35:c2:92:72:49:8d:81:b4:88:97:6b:b7:
-                    fc:b2:44:5b:d9:4d:06:70:f9:0c:c6:8f:e9:b3:df:
-                    a3:6a:84:6c:43:59:be:9d:b2:d0:76:9b:c3:d7:fa:
-                    99:59:c3:b8:e5:f3:53:03:bd:49:d6:b3:cc:a2:43:
-                    fe:ad:c2:0b:b9:01:b8:56:29:94:03:24:a7:0d:28:
-                    21:29:a9:ae:94:5b:4a:f9:9f
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
-                Certificate Sign
-            X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
-                TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
-                CA:TRUE
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
-                40:37:D7:01:FB:40:2F:B8:1C:7E:54:04:27:8C:59:01
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-         6f:84:df:49:e0:99:d4:71:66:1d:32:86:56:cb:ea:5a:6b:0e:
-         00:6a:d1:5a:6e:1f:06:23:07:ff:cb:d1:1a:74:e4:24:43:0b:
-         aa:2a:a0:73:75:25:82:bc:bf:3f:a9:f8:48:88:ac:ed:3a:94:
-         3b:0d:d3:88:c8:67:44:61:33:df:71:6c:c5:af:ed:16:8c:bf:
-         82:f9:49:bb:e3:2a:07:53:36:37:25:77:de:91:a4:77:09:7f:
-         6f:b2:91:58:c4:05:89:ea:8e:fa:e1:3b:19:ef:f8:f6:94:b7:
-         7b:27:e6:e4:84:dd:2b:f5:93:f5:3c:d8:86:c5:38:01:56:5c:
-         9f:6d
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const issuerSubjectMatchRoot = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIICIDCCAYmgAwIBAgIIAj5CwoHlWuYwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwIzEPMA0GA1UE
 ChMGR29sYW5nMRAwDgYDVQQDEwdSb290IGNhMB4XDTE1MDEwMTAwMDAwMFoXDTI1
 MDEwMTAwMDAwMFowIzEPMA0GA1UEChMGR29sYW5nMRAwDgYDVQQDEwdSb290IGNh
@@ -1373,53 +1389,7 @@
 eyfm5ITdK/WT9TzYhsU4AVZcn20=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const issuerSubjectMatchLeaf = `
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 16785088708916013734 (0xe8f09d3fe25beaa6)
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: O=Golang, CN=Root CA
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Jan  1 00:00:00 2015 GMT
-            Not After : Jan  1 00:00:00 2025 GMT
-        Subject: O=Golang, CN=Leaf
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (1024 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:db:46:7d:93:2e:12:27:06:48:bc:06:28:21:ab:
-                    7e:c4:b6:a2:5d:fe:1e:52:45:88:7a:36:47:a5:08:
-                    0d:92:42:5b:c2:81:c0:be:97:79:98:40:fb:4f:6d:
-                    14:fd:2b:13:8b:c2:a5:2e:67:d8:d4:09:9e:d6:22:
-                    38:b7:4a:0b:74:73:2b:c2:34:f1:d1:93:e5:96:d9:
-                    74:7b:f3:58:9f:6c:61:3c:c0:b0:41:d4:d9:2b:2b:
-                    24:23:77:5b:1c:3b:bd:75:5d:ce:20:54:cf:a1:63:
-                    87:1d:1e:24:c4:f3:1d:1a:50:8b:aa:b6:14:43:ed:
-                    97:a7:75:62:f4:14:c8:52:d7
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
-                Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
-            X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
-                TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
-                CA:FALSE
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
-                9F:91:16:1F:43:43:3E:49:A6:DE:6D:B6:80:D7:9F:60
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
-                keyid:40:37:D7:01:FB:40:2F:B8:1C:7E:54:04:27:8C:59:01
-
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-         8d:86:05:da:89:f5:1d:c5:16:14:41:b9:34:87:2b:5c:38:99:
-         e3:d9:5a:5b:7a:5b:de:0b:5c:08:45:09:6f:1c:9d:31:5f:08:
-         ca:7a:a3:99:da:83:0b:22:be:4f:02:35:91:4e:5d:5c:37:bf:
-         89:22:58:7d:30:76:d2:2f:d0:a0:ee:77:9e:77:c0:d6:19:eb:
-         ec:a0:63:35:6a:80:9b:80:1a:80:de:64:bc:40:38:3c:22:69:
-         ad:46:26:a2:3d:ea:f4:c2:92:49:16:03:96:ae:64:21:b9:7c:
-         ee:64:91:47:81:aa:b4:0c:09:2b:12:1a:b2:f3:af:50:b3:b1:
-         ce:24
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const issuerSubjectMatchLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIICODCCAaGgAwIBAgIJAOjwnT/iW+qmMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMCMxDzANBgNV
 BAoTBkdvbGFuZzEQMA4GA1UEAxMHUm9vdCBDQTAeFw0xNTAxMDEwMDAwMDBaFw0y
 NTAxMDEwMDAwMDBaMCAxDzANBgNVBAoTBkdvbGFuZzENMAsGA1UEAxMETGVhZjCB
@@ -1432,11 +1402,9 @@
 hvcNAQELBQADgYEAjYYF2on1HcUWFEG5NIcrXDiZ49laW3pb3gtcCEUJbxydMV8I
 ynqjmdqDCyK+TwI1kU5dXDe/iSJYfTB20i/QoO53nnfA1hnr7KBjNWqAm4AagN5k
 vEA4PCJprUYmoj3q9MKSSRYDlq5kIbl87mSRR4GqtAwJKxIasvOvULOxziQ=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const x509v1TestRoot = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const x509v1TestRoot = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIICIDCCAYmgAwIBAgIIAj5CwoHlWuYwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwIzEPMA0GA1UE
 ChMGR29sYW5nMRAwDgYDVQQDEwdSb290IENBMB4XDTE1MDEwMTAwMDAwMFoXDTI1
 MDEwMTAwMDAwMFowIzEPMA0GA1UEChMGR29sYW5nMRAwDgYDVQQDEwdSb290IENB
@@ -1451,8 +1419,7 @@
 /1JmacUUofl+HusHuLkDxmadogI=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const x509v1TestIntermediate = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const x509v1TestIntermediate = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIByjCCATMCCQCCdEMsT8ykqTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADAjMQ8wDQYDVQQKEwZH
 b2xhbmcxEDAOBgNVBAMTB1Jvb3QgQ0EwHhcNMTUwMTAxMDAwMDAwWhcNMjUwMTAx
 MDAwMDAwWjAwMQ8wDQYDVQQKEwZHb2xhbmcxHTAbBgNVBAMTFFguNTA5djEgaW50
@@ -1465,8 +1432,7 @@
 x5Wlq1u3YDL/j6s1nU2dQ3ySB/oP7J+vQ9V4QeM+
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const x509v1TestLeaf = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const x509v1TestLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIICMzCCAZygAwIBAgIJAPo99mqJJrpJMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMDAxDzANBgNV
 BAoTBkdvbGFuZzEdMBsGA1UEAxMUWC41MDl2MSBpbnRlcm1lZGlhdGUwHhcNMTUw
 MTAxMDAwMDAwWhcNMjUwMTAxMDAwMDAwWjArMQ8wDQYDVQQKEwZHb2xhbmcxGDAW
@@ -1481,8 +1447,7 @@
 /jt8qszOXCv2vYdUTPNuPqufXLWMoirpuXrr1liJDmedCcAHepY/
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const ignoreCNWithSANRoot = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const ignoreCNWithSANRoot = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDPzCCAiegAwIBAgIIJkzCwkNrPHMwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwMDEQMA4GA1UE
 ChMHVEVTVElORzEcMBoGA1UEAxMTKipUZXN0aW5nKiogUm9vdCBDQTAeFw0xNTAx
 MDEwMDAwMDBaFw0yNTAxMDEwMDAwMDBaMDAxEDAOBgNVBAoTB1RFU1RJTkcxHDAa
@@ -1503,8 +1468,7 @@
 BJ6bvwEAasFiLGP6Zbdmxb2hIA==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const ignoreCNWithSANLeaf = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const ignoreCNWithSANLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDaTCCAlGgAwIBAgIJAONakvRTxgJhMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMDAxEDAOBgNV
 BAoTB1RFU1RJTkcxHDAaBgNVBAMTEyoqVGVzdGluZyoqIFJvb3QgQ0EwHhcNMTUw
 MTAxMDAwMDAwWhcNMjUwMTAxMDAwMDAwWjAsMRAwDgYDVQQKEwdURVNUSU5HMRgw
@@ -1526,8 +1490,7 @@
 xZbqP3Krgjj4XNaXjg==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const excludedNamesLeaf = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const excludedNamesLeaf = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIID4DCCAsigAwIBAgIHDUSFtJknhzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADCBnjELMAkGA1UE
 BhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgMCkNhbGlmb3JuaWExEjAQBgNVBAcMCUxvcyBHYXRvczEU
 MBIGA1UECgwLTmV0ZmxpeCBJbmMxLTArBgNVBAsMJFBsYXRmb3JtIFNlY3VyaXR5
@@ -1549,11 +1512,9 @@
 qKlWE+0S16+pzsWvKn831uylqwIb8ANBPsCX4aM4muFBHavSWAHgRO+P+yXVw8Q+
 VQDnMHUe5PbZd1/+1KKVs1K/CkBCtoHNHp1d/JT+2zUQJphwja9CcgfFdVhSnHL4
 oEEOFtqVMIuQfR2isi08qW/JGOHc4sFoLYB8hvdaxKWSE19A
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const excludedNamesIntermediate = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const excludedNamesIntermediate = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDzTCCArWgAwIBAgIHDUSFqYeczDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADCBmTELMAkGA1UE
 BhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgMCkNhbGlmb3JuaWExEjAQBgNVBAcMCUxvcyBHYXRvczEU
 MBIGA1UECgwLTmV0ZmxpeCBJbmMxLTArBgNVBAsMJFBsYXRmb3JtIFNlY3VyaXR5
@@ -1577,8 +1538,7 @@
 zMBX1/lk4wkFckeUIlkD55Y=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const excludedNamesRoot = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const excludedNamesRoot = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIEGTCCAwGgAwIBAgIHDUSFpInn/zANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADCBozELMAkGA1UE
 BhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgMCkNhbGlmb3JuaWExEjAQBgNVBAcMCUxvcyBHYXRvczEU
 MBIGA1UECgwLTmV0ZmxpeCBJbmMxLTArBgNVBAsMJFBsYXRmb3JtIFNlY3VyaXR5
@@ -1603,46 +1563,16 @@
 +NQCZDd5eFeU8PpNX7rgaYE4GPq+EEmLVCBYmdctr8QVdqJ//8Xu3+1phjDy
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const invalidCNRoot = `
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const invalidCNRoot = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIBFjCBvgIJAIsu4r+jb70UMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMBQxEjAQBgNVBAsMCVRlc3Qg
 cm9vdDAeFw0xODA3MTExODMyMzVaFw0yODA3MDgxODMyMzVaMBQxEjAQBgNVBAsM
 CVRlc3Qgcm9vdDBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABF6oDgMg0LV6YhPj
 QXaPXYCc2cIyCdqp0ROUksRz0pOLTc5iY2nraUheRUD1vRRneq7GeXOVNn7uXONg
 oCGMjNwwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDRwAwRAIgDSiwgIn8g1lpruYH0QD1GYeoWVunfmrI
 XzZZl0eW/ugCICgOfXeZ2GGy3wIC0352BaC3a8r5AAb2XSGNe+e9wNN6
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const invalidCNWithoutSAN = `
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 1 (0x0)
-        Serial Number:
-            07:ba:bc:b7:d9:ab:0c:02:fe:50:1d:4e:15:a3:0d:e4:11:16:14:a2
-        Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-        Issuer: OU = Test root
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Jul 11 18:35:21 2018 GMT
-            Not After : Jul  8 18:35:21 2028 GMT
-        Subject: CN = "foo,invalid"
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
-                Public-Key: (256 bit)
-                pub:
-                    04:a7:a6:7c:22:33:a7:47:7f:08:93:2d:5f:61:35:
-                    2e:da:45:67:76:f2:97:73:18:b0:01:12:4a:1a:d5:
-                    b7:6f:41:3c:bb:05:69:f4:06:5d:ff:eb:2b:a7:85:
-                    0b:4c:f7:45:4e:81:40:7a:a9:c6:1d:bb:ba:d9:b9:
-                    26:b3:ca:50:90
-                ASN1 OID: prime256v1
-                NIST CURVE: P-256
-    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-         30:45:02:21:00:85:96:75:b6:72:3c:67:12:a0:7f:86:04:81:
-         d2:dd:c8:67:50:d7:5f:85:c0:54:54:fc:e6:6b:45:08:93:d3:
-         2a:02:20:60:86:3e:d6:28:a6:4e:da:dd:6e:95:89:cc:00:76:
-         78:1c:03:80:85:a6:5a:0b:eb:c5:f3:9c:2e:df:ef:6e:fa
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const invalidCNWithoutSAN = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIBJDCBywIUB7q8t9mrDAL+UB1OFaMN5BEWFKIwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIwFDESMBAG
 A1UECwwJVGVzdCByb290MB4XDTE4MDcxMTE4MzUyMVoXDTI4MDcwODE4MzUyMVow
 FjEUMBIGA1UEAwwLZm9vLGludmFsaWQwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNC
@@ -1650,38 +1580,9 @@
 90VOgUB6qcYdu7rZuSazylCQMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCA0gAMEUCIQCFlnW2cjxnEqB/
 hgSB0t3IZ1DXX4XAVFT85mtFCJPTKgIgYIY+1iimTtrdbpWJzAB2eBwDgIWmWgvr
 xfOcLt/vbvo=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const validCNWithoutSAN = `
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 1 (0x0)
-        Serial Number:
-            07:ba:bc:b7:d9:ab:0c:02:fe:50:1d:4e:15:a3:0d:e4:11:16:14:a4
-        Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-        Issuer: OU = Test root
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Jul 11 18:47:24 2018 GMT
-            Not After : Jul  8 18:47:24 2028 GMT
-        Subject: CN = foo.example.com
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
-                Public-Key: (256 bit)
-                pub:
-                    04:a7:a6:7c:22:33:a7:47:7f:08:93:2d:5f:61:35:
-                    2e:da:45:67:76:f2:97:73:18:b0:01:12:4a:1a:d5:
-                    b7:6f:41:3c:bb:05:69:f4:06:5d:ff:eb:2b:a7:85:
-                    0b:4c:f7:45:4e:81:40:7a:a9:c6:1d:bb:ba:d9:b9:
-                    26:b3:ca:50:90
-                ASN1 OID: prime256v1
-                NIST CURVE: P-256
-    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-         30:44:02:20:53:6c:d7:b7:59:61:51:72:a5:18:a3:4b:0d:52:
-         ea:15:fa:d0:93:30:32:54:4b:ed:0f:58:85:b8:a8:1a:82:3b:
-         02:20:14:77:4b:0e:7e:4f:0a:4f:64:26:97:dc:d0:ed:aa:67:
-         1d:37:85:da:b4:87:ba:25:1c:2a:58:f7:23:11:8b:3d
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const validCNWithoutSAN = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIBJzCBzwIUB7q8t9mrDAL+UB1OFaMN5BEWFKQwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIwFDESMBAG
 A1UECwwJVGVzdCByb290MB4XDTE4MDcxMTE4NDcyNFoXDTI4MDcwODE4NDcyNFow
 GjEYMBYGA1UEAwwPZm9vLmV4YW1wbGUuY29tMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0D
@@ -1689,48 +1590,9 @@
 p4ULTPdFToFAeqnGHbu62bkms8pQkDAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNHADBEAiBTbNe3WWFR
 cqUYo0sNUuoV+tCTMDJUS+0PWIW4qBqCOwIgFHdLDn5PCk9kJpfc0O2qZx03hdq0
 h7olHCpY9yMRiz0=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-const (
-	rootWithoutSKID = `
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number:
-            78:29:2a:dc:2f:12:39:7f:c9:33:93:ea:61:39:7d:70
-        Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-        Issuer: O = Acme Co
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Feb  4 22:56:34 2019 GMT
-            Not After : Feb  1 22:56:34 2029 GMT
-        Subject: O = Acme Co
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
-                Public-Key: (256 bit)
-                pub:
-                    04:84:a6:8c:69:53:af:87:4b:39:64:fe:04:24:e6:
-                    d8:fc:d6:46:39:35:0e:92:dc:48:08:7e:02:5f:1e:
-                    07:53:5c:d9:e0:56:c5:82:07:f6:a3:e2:ad:f6:ad:
-                    be:a0:4e:03:87:39:67:0c:9c:46:91:68:6b:0e:8e:
-                    f8:49:97:9d:5b
-                ASN1 OID: prime256v1
-                NIST CURVE: P-256
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
-                Digital Signature, Key Encipherment, Certificate Sign
-            X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
-                TLS Web Server Authentication
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
-                CA:TRUE
-            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
-                DNS:example
-    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-         30:46:02:21:00:c6:81:61:61:42:8d:37:e7:d0:c3:72:43:44:
-         17:bd:84:ff:88:81:68:9a:99:08:ab:3c:3a:c0:1e:ea:8c:ba:
-         c0:02:21:00:de:c9:fa:e5:5e:c6:e2:db:23:64:43:a9:37:42:
-         72:92:7f:6e:89:38:ea:9e:2a:a7:fd:2f:ea:9a:ff:20:21:e7
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const rootWithoutSKID = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIBbzCCARSgAwIBAgIQeCkq3C8SOX/JM5PqYTl9cDAKBggqhkjOPQQDAjASMRAw
 DgYDVQQKEwdBY21lIENvMB4XDTE5MDIwNDIyNTYzNFoXDTI5MDIwMTIyNTYzNFow
 EjEQMA4GA1UEChMHQWNtZSBDbzBZMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHA0IABISm
@@ -1739,49 +1601,9 @@
 BgEFBQcDATAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MBIGA1UdEQQLMAmCB2V4YW1wbGUwCgYI
 KoZIzj0EAwIDSQAwRgIhAMaBYWFCjTfn0MNyQ0QXvYT/iIFompkIqzw6wB7qjLrA
 AiEA3sn65V7G4tsjZEOpN0Jykn9uiTjqniqn/S/qmv8gIec=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
-	leafWithAKID = `
-	Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number:
-            f0:8a:62:f0:03:84:a2:cf:69:63:ad:71:3b:b6:5d:8c
-        Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-        Issuer: O = Acme Co
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Feb  4 23:06:52 2019 GMT
-            Not After : Feb  1 23:06:52 2029 GMT
-        Subject: O = Acme LLC
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
-                Public-Key: (256 bit)
-                pub:
-                    04:5a:4e:4d:fb:ff:17:f7:b6:13:e8:29:45:34:81:
-                    39:ff:8c:9c:d9:8c:0a:9f:dd:b5:97:4c:2b:20:91:
-                    1c:4f:6b:be:53:27:66:ec:4a:ad:08:93:6d:66:36:
-                    0c:02:70:5d:01:ca:7f:c3:29:e9:4f:00:ba:b4:14:
-                    ec:c5:c3:34:b3
-                ASN1 OID: prime256v1
-                NIST CURVE: P-256
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
-                Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
-            X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
-                TLS Web Server Authentication
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
-                CA:FALSE
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
-                keyid:C2:2B:5F:91:78:34:26:09:42:8D:6F:51:B2:C5:AF:4C:0B:DE:6A:42
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
-            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
-                DNS:example
-    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
-         30:44:02:20:64:e0:ba:56:89:63:ce:22:5e:4f:22:15:fd:3c:
-         35:64:9a:3a:6b:7b:9a:32:a0:7f:f7:69:8c:06:f0:00:58:b8:
-         02:20:09:e4:9f:6d:8b:9e:38:e1:b6:01:d5:ee:32:a4:94:65:
-         93:2a:78:94:bb:26:57:4b:c7:dd:6c:3d:40:2b:63:90
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+const leafWithAKID = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIBjTCCATSgAwIBAgIRAPCKYvADhKLPaWOtcTu2XYwwCgYIKoZIzj0EAwIwEjEQ
 MA4GA1UEChMHQWNtZSBDbzAeFw0xOTAyMDQyMzA2NTJaFw0yOTAyMDEyMzA2NTJa
 MBMxETAPBgNVBAoTCEFjbWUgTExDMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAE
@@ -1791,9 +1613,7 @@
 ssWvTAveakIwEgYDVR0RBAswCYIHZXhhbXBsZTAKBggqhkjOPQQDAgNHADBEAiBk
 4LpWiWPOIl5PIhX9PDVkmjpre5oyoH/3aYwG8ABYuAIgCeSfbYueOOG2AdXuMqSU
 ZZMqeJS7JldLx91sPUArY5A=
------END CERTIFICATE-----
-`
-)
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----`
 
 var unknownAuthorityErrorTests = []struct {
 	cert     string
@@ -2129,3 +1949,33 @@
 	}
 	t.Logf("verification took %v", time.Since(start))
 }
+
+func TestSystemRootsError(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("Windows does not use (or support) systemRoots")
+	}
+
+	defer func(oldSystemRoots *CertPool) { systemRoots = oldSystemRoots }(systemRootsPool())
+
+	opts := VerifyOptions{
+		Intermediates: NewCertPool(),
+		DNSName:       "www.google.com",
+		CurrentTime:   time.Unix(1395785200, 0),
+	}
+
+	if ok := opts.Intermediates.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(giag2Intermediate)); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse intermediate")
+	}
+
+	leaf, err := certificateFromPEM(googleLeaf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse leaf: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	systemRoots = nil
+
+	_, err = leaf.Verify(opts)
+	if _, ok := err.(SystemRootsError); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("error was not SystemRootsError: %v", err)
+	}
+}