// Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Garbage collector: write barriers.
//
// For the concurrent garbage collector, the Go compiler implements
// updates to pointer-valued fields that may be in heap objects by
// emitting calls to write barriers. This file contains the actual write barrier
// implementation, markwb, and the various wrappers called by the
// compiler to implement pointer assignment, slice assignment,
// typed memmove, and so on.

package runtime

import (
	"runtime/internal/sys"
	"unsafe"
)

// markwb is the mark-phase write barrier, the only barrier we have.
// The rest of this file exists only to make calls to this function.
//
// This is the Dijkstra barrier coarsened to always shade the ptr (dst) object.
// The original Dijkstra barrier only shaded ptrs being placed in black slots.
//
// Shade indicates that it has seen a white pointer by adding the referent
// to wbuf as well as marking it.
//
// slot is the destination (dst) in go code
// ptr is the value that goes into the slot (src) in the go code
//
//
// Dealing with memory ordering:
//
// Dijkstra pointed out that maintaining the no black to white
// pointers means that white to white pointers do not need
// to be noted by the write barrier. Furthermore if either
// white object dies before it is reached by the
// GC then the object can be collected during this GC cycle
// instead of waiting for the next cycle. Unfortunately the cost of
// ensuring that the object holding the slot doesn't concurrently
// change to black without the mutator noticing seems prohibitive.
//
// Consider the following example where the mutator writes into
// a slot and then loads the slot's mark bit while the GC thread
// writes to the slot's mark bit and then as part of scanning reads
// the slot.
//
// Initially both [slot] and [slotmark] are 0 (nil)
// Mutator thread          GC thread
// st [slot], ptr          st [slotmark], 1
//
// ld r1, [slotmark]       ld r2, [slot]
//
// Without an expensive memory barrier between the st and the ld, the final
// result on most HW (including 386/amd64) can be r1==r2==0. This is a classic
// example of what can happen when loads are allowed to be reordered with older
// stores (avoiding such reorderings lies at the heart of the classic
// Peterson/Dekker algorithms for mutual exclusion). Rather than require memory
// barriers, which will slow down both the mutator and the GC, we always grey
// the ptr object regardless of the slot's color.
//
// Another place where we intentionally omit memory barriers is when
// accessing mheap_.arena_used to check if a pointer points into the
// heap. On relaxed memory machines, it's possible for a mutator to
// extend the size of the heap by updating arena_used, allocate an
// object from this new region, and publish a pointer to that object,
// but for tracing running on another processor to observe the pointer
// but use the old value of arena_used. In this case, tracing will not
// mark the object, even though it's reachable. However, the mutator
// is guaranteed to execute a write barrier when it publishes the
// pointer, so it will take care of marking the object. A general
// consequence of this is that the garbage collector may cache the
// value of mheap_.arena_used. (See issue #9984.)
//
//
// Stack writes:
//
// The compiler omits write barriers for writes to the current frame,
// but if a stack pointer has been passed down the call stack, the
// compiler will generate a write barrier for writes through that
// pointer (because it doesn't know it's not a heap pointer).
//
// One might be tempted to ignore the write barrier if slot points
// into to the stack. Don't do it! Mark termination only re-scans
// frames that have potentially been active since the concurrent scan,
// so it depends on write barriers to track changes to pointers in
// stack frames that have not been active.
//
//
// Global writes:
//
// The Go garbage collector requires write barriers when heap pointers
// are stored in globals. Many garbage collectors ignore writes to
// globals and instead pick up global -> heap pointers during
// termination. This increases pause time, so we instead rely on write
// barriers for writes to globals so that we don't have to rescan
// global during mark termination.
//
//go:nowritebarrierrec
func gcmarkwb_m(slot *uintptr, ptr uintptr) {
	if writeBarrier.needed {
		if ptr != 0 && inheap(ptr) {
			shade(ptr)
		}
	}
}

// Write barrier calls must not happen during critical GC and scheduler
// related operations. In particular there are times when the GC assumes
// that the world is stopped but scheduler related code is still being
// executed, dealing with syscalls, dealing with putting gs on runnable
// queues and so forth. This code cannot execute write barriers because
// the GC might drop them on the floor. Stopping the world involves removing
// the p associated with an m. We use the fact that m.p == nil to indicate
// that we are in one these critical section and throw if the write is of
// a pointer to a heap object.
//go:nosplit
func writebarrierptr_nostore1(dst *uintptr, src uintptr) {
	mp := acquirem()
	if mp.inwb || mp.dying > 0 {
		releasem(mp)
		return
	}
	systemstack(func() {
		if mp.p == 0 && memstats.enablegc && !mp.inwb && inheap(src) {
			throw("writebarrierptr_nostore1 called with mp.p == nil")
		}
		mp.inwb = true
		gcmarkwb_m(dst, src)
	})
	mp.inwb = false
	releasem(mp)
}

// NOTE: Really dst *unsafe.Pointer, src unsafe.Pointer,
// but if we do that, Go inserts a write barrier on *dst = src.
//go:nosplit
func writebarrierptr(dst *uintptr, src uintptr) {
	*dst = src
	if writeBarrier.cgo {
		cgoCheckWriteBarrier(dst, src)
	}
	if !writeBarrier.needed {
		return
	}
	if src != 0 && src < minPhysPageSize {
		systemstack(func() {
			print("runtime: writebarrierptr *", dst, " = ", hex(src), "\n")
			throw("bad pointer in write barrier")
		})
	}
	writebarrierptr_nostore1(dst, src)
}

// Like writebarrierptr, but the store has already been applied.
// Do not reapply.
//go:nosplit
func writebarrierptr_nostore(dst *uintptr, src uintptr) {
	if writeBarrier.cgo {
		cgoCheckWriteBarrier(dst, src)
	}
	if !writeBarrier.needed {
		return
	}
	if src != 0 && src < minPhysPageSize {
		systemstack(func() { throw("bad pointer in write barrier") })
	}
	writebarrierptr_nostore1(dst, src)
}

// typedmemmove copies a value of type t to dst from src.
//go:nosplit
func typedmemmove(typ *_type, dst, src unsafe.Pointer) {
	memmove(dst, src, typ.size)
	if writeBarrier.cgo {
		cgoCheckMemmove(typ, dst, src, 0, typ.size)
	}
	if typ.kind&kindNoPointers != 0 {
		return
	}
	heapBitsBulkBarrier(uintptr(dst), typ.size)
}

//go:linkname reflect_typedmemmove reflect.typedmemmove
func reflect_typedmemmove(typ *_type, dst, src unsafe.Pointer) {
	typedmemmove(typ, dst, src)
}

// typedmemmovepartial is like typedmemmove but assumes that
// dst and src point off bytes into the value and only copies size bytes.
//go:linkname reflect_typedmemmovepartial reflect.typedmemmovepartial
func reflect_typedmemmovepartial(typ *_type, dst, src unsafe.Pointer, off, size uintptr) {
	memmove(dst, src, size)
	if writeBarrier.cgo {
		cgoCheckMemmove(typ, dst, src, off, size)
	}
	if !writeBarrier.needed || typ.kind&kindNoPointers != 0 || size < sys.PtrSize {
		return
	}

	if frag := -off & (sys.PtrSize - 1); frag != 0 {
		dst = add(dst, frag)
		size -= frag
	}
	heapBitsBulkBarrier(uintptr(dst), size&^(sys.PtrSize-1))
}

// callwritebarrier is invoked at the end of reflectcall, to execute
// write barrier operations to record the fact that a call's return
// values have just been copied to frame, starting at retoffset
// and continuing to framesize. The entire frame (not just the return
// values) is described by typ. Because the copy has already
// happened, we call writebarrierptr_nostore, and this is nosplit so
// the copy and write barrier appear atomic to GC.
//go:nosplit
func callwritebarrier(typ *_type, frame unsafe.Pointer, framesize, retoffset uintptr) {
	if !writeBarrier.needed || typ == nil || typ.kind&kindNoPointers != 0 || framesize-retoffset < sys.PtrSize {
		return
	}
	heapBitsBulkBarrier(uintptr(add(frame, retoffset)), framesize-retoffset)
}

//go:nosplit
func typedslicecopy(typ *_type, dst, src slice) int {
	// TODO(rsc): If typedslicecopy becomes faster than calling
	// typedmemmove repeatedly, consider using during func growslice.
	n := dst.len
	if n > src.len {
		n = src.len
	}
	if n == 0 {
		return 0
	}
	dstp := dst.array
	srcp := src.array

	if raceenabled {
		callerpc := getcallerpc(unsafe.Pointer(&typ))
		pc := funcPC(slicecopy)
		racewriterangepc(dstp, uintptr(n)*typ.size, callerpc, pc)
		racereadrangepc(srcp, uintptr(n)*typ.size, callerpc, pc)
	}
	if msanenabled {
		msanwrite(dstp, uintptr(n)*typ.size)
		msanread(srcp, uintptr(n)*typ.size)
	}

	if writeBarrier.cgo {
		cgoCheckSliceCopy(typ, dst, src, n)
	}

	// Note: No point in checking typ.kind&kindNoPointers here:
	// compiler only emits calls to typedslicecopy for types with pointers,
	// and growslice and reflect_typedslicecopy check for pointers
	// before calling typedslicecopy.
	if !writeBarrier.needed {
		memmove(dstp, srcp, uintptr(n)*typ.size)
		return n
	}

	systemstack(func() {
		if uintptr(srcp) < uintptr(dstp) && uintptr(srcp)+uintptr(n)*typ.size > uintptr(dstp) {
			// Overlap with src before dst.
			// Copy backward, being careful not to move dstp/srcp
			// out of the array they point into.
			dstp = add(dstp, uintptr(n-1)*typ.size)
			srcp = add(srcp, uintptr(n-1)*typ.size)
			i := 0
			for {
				typedmemmove(typ, dstp, srcp)
				if i++; i >= n {
					break
				}
				dstp = add(dstp, -typ.size)
				srcp = add(srcp, -typ.size)
			}
		} else {
			// Copy forward, being careful not to move dstp/srcp
			// out of the array they point into.
			i := 0
			for {
				typedmemmove(typ, dstp, srcp)
				if i++; i >= n {
					break
				}
				dstp = add(dstp, typ.size)
				srcp = add(srcp, typ.size)
			}
		}
	})
	return n
}

//go:linkname reflect_typedslicecopy reflect.typedslicecopy
func reflect_typedslicecopy(elemType *_type, dst, src slice) int {
	if elemType.kind&kindNoPointers != 0 {
		n := dst.len
		if n > src.len {
			n = src.len
		}
		memmove(dst.array, src.array, uintptr(n)*elemType.size)
		return n
	}
	return typedslicecopy(elemType, dst, src)
}