cmd/gc: introduce hidden closure functions earlier

The original implementation of closures created the
underlying top-level function during walk, which is fairly
late in the compilation process and caused ordering-based
complications due to earlier stages that had to be repeated
any number of times.

Create the underlying function during typecheck, much
earlier, so that later stages can be run just once.

The result is a simpler compilation sequence.

R=ken2
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/6279049