// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

/*
Package fmt implements formatted I/O with functions analogous
to C's printf and scanf.  The format 'verbs' are derived from C's but
are simpler.

# Printing

There are four families of printing functions defined by their output destination.
[Print], [Println] and [Printf] write to [os.Stdout];
[Sprint], [Sprintln] and [Sprintf] return a string;
[Fprint], [Fprintln] and [Fprintf] write to an [io.Writer]; and
[Append], [Appendln] and [Appendf] append the output to a byte slice.

The functions within each family do the formatting according to the end of the name.
Print, Sprint, Fprint and Append use the default format for each argument,
adding a space between operands when neither is a string.
Println, Sprintln, Fprintln and Appendln always add spaces and append a newline.
Printf, Sprintf, Fprintf and Appendf use a sequence of "verbs" to control the formatting.

The verbs:

General:

	%v	the value in a default format
		when printing structs, the plus flag (%+v) adds field names
	%#v	a Go-syntax representation of the value
		(floating-point infinities and NaNs print as ±Inf and NaN)
	%T	a Go-syntax representation of the type of the value
	%%	a literal percent sign; consumes no value

Boolean:

	%t	the word true or false

Integer:

	%b	base 2
	%c	the character represented by the corresponding Unicode code point
	%d	base 10
	%o	base 8
	%O	base 8 with 0o prefix
	%q	a single-quoted character literal safely escaped with Go syntax.
	%x	base 16, with lower-case letters for a-f
	%X	base 16, with upper-case letters for A-F
	%U	Unicode format: U+1234; same as "U+%04X"

Floating-point and complex constituents:

	%b	decimalless scientific notation with exponent a power of two,
		in the manner of strconv.FormatFloat with the 'b' format,
		e.g. -123456p-78
	%e	scientific notation, e.g. -1.234456e+78
	%E	scientific notation, e.g. -1.234456E+78
	%f	decimal point but no exponent, e.g. 123.456
	%F	synonym for %f
	%g	%e for large exponents, %f otherwise. Precision is discussed below.
	%G	%E for large exponents, %F otherwise
	%x	hexadecimal notation (with decimal power of two exponent), e.g. -0x1.23abcp+20
	%X	upper-case hexadecimal notation, e.g. -0X1.23ABCP+20

	The exponent is always a decimal integer.
	For formats other than %b the exponent is at least two digits.

String and slice of bytes (treated equivalently with these verbs):

	%s	the uninterpreted bytes of the string or slice
	%q	a double-quoted string safely escaped with Go syntax
	%x	base 16, lower-case, two characters per byte
	%X	base 16, upper-case, two characters per byte

Slice:

	%p	address of 0th element in base 16 notation, with leading 0x

Pointer:

	%p	base 16 notation, with leading 0x
	The %b, %d, %o, %x and %X verbs also work with pointers,
	formatting the value exactly as if it were an integer.

The default format for %v is:

	bool:                    %t
	int, int8 etc.:          %d
	uint, uint8 etc.:        %d, %#x if printed with %#v
	float32, complex64, etc: %g
	string:                  %s
	chan:                    %p
	pointer:                 %p

For compound objects, the elements are printed using these rules, recursively,
laid out like this:

	struct:             {field0 field1 ...}
	array, slice:       [elem0 elem1 ...]
	maps:               map[key1:value1 key2:value2 ...]
	pointer to above:   &{}, &[], &map[]

Width is specified by an optional decimal number immediately preceding the verb.
If absent, the width is whatever is necessary to represent the value.
Precision is specified after the (optional) width by a period followed by a
decimal number. If no period is present, a default precision is used.
A period with no following number specifies a precision of zero.
Examples:

	%f     default width, default precision
	%9f    width 9, default precision
	%.2f   default width, precision 2
	%9.2f  width 9, precision 2
	%9.f   width 9, precision 0

Width and precision are measured in units of Unicode code points,
that is, runes. (This differs from C's printf where the
units are always measured in bytes.) Either or both of the flags
may be replaced with the character '*', causing their values to be
obtained from the next operand (preceding the one to format),
which must be of type int.

For most values, width is the minimum number of runes to output,
padding the formatted form with spaces if necessary.

For strings, byte slices and byte arrays, however, precision
limits the length of the input to be formatted (not the size of
the output), truncating if necessary. Normally it is measured in
runes, but for these types when formatted with the %x or %X format
it is measured in bytes.

For floating-point values, width sets the minimum width of the field and
precision sets the number of places after the decimal, if appropriate,
except that for %g/%G precision sets the maximum number of significant
digits (trailing zeros are removed). For example, given 12.345 the format
%6.3f prints 12.345 while %.3g prints 12.3. The default precision for %e, %f
and %#g is 6; for %g it is the smallest number of digits necessary to identify
the value uniquely.

For complex numbers, the width and precision apply to the two
components independently and the result is parenthesized, so %f applied
to 1.2+3.4i produces (1.200000+3.400000i).

When formatting a single integer code point or a rune string (type []rune)
with %q, invalid Unicode code points are changed to the Unicode replacement
character, U+FFFD, as in [strconv.QuoteRune].

Other flags:

	'+'	always print a sign for numeric values;
		guarantee ASCII-only output for %q (%+q)
	'-'	pad with spaces on the right rather than the left (left-justify the field)
	'#'	alternate format: add leading 0b for binary (%#b), 0 for octal (%#o),
		0x or 0X for hex (%#x or %#X); suppress 0x for %p (%#p);
		for %q, print a raw (backquoted) string if [strconv.CanBackquote]
		returns true;
		always print a decimal point for %e, %E, %f, %F, %g and %G;
		do not remove trailing zeros for %g and %G;
		write e.g. U+0078 'x' if the character is printable for %U (%#U)
	' '	(space) leave a space for elided sign in numbers (% d);
		put spaces between bytes printing strings or slices in hex (% x, % X)
	'0'	pad with leading zeros rather than spaces;
		for numbers, this moves the padding after the sign

Flags are ignored by verbs that do not expect them.
For example there is no alternate decimal format, so %#d and %d
behave identically.

For each Printf-like function, there is also a Print function
that takes no format and is equivalent to saying %v for every
operand.  Another variant Println inserts blanks between
operands and appends a newline.

Regardless of the verb, if an operand is an interface value,
the internal concrete value is used, not the interface itself.
Thus:

	var i interface{} = 23
	fmt.Printf("%v\n", i)

will print 23.

Except when printed using the verbs %T and %p, special
formatting considerations apply for operands that implement
certain interfaces. In order of application:

1. If the operand is a [reflect.Value], the operand is replaced by the
concrete value that it holds, and printing continues with the next rule.

2. If an operand implements the [Formatter] interface, it will
be invoked. In this case the interpretation of verbs and flags is
controlled by that implementation.

3. If the %v verb is used with the # flag (%#v) and the operand
implements the [GoStringer] interface, that will be invoked.

If the format (which is implicitly %v for [Println] etc.) is valid
for a string (%s %q %x %X), or is %v but not %#v,
the following two rules apply:

4. If an operand implements the error interface, the Error method
will be invoked to convert the object to a string, which will then
be formatted as required by the verb (if any).

5. If an operand implements method String() string, that method
will be invoked to convert the object to a string, which will then
be formatted as required by the verb (if any).

For compound operands such as slices and structs, the format
applies to the elements of each operand, recursively, not to the
operand as a whole. Thus %q will quote each element of a slice
of strings, and %6.2f will control formatting for each element
of a floating-point array.

However, when printing a byte slice with a string-like verb
(%s %q %x %X), it is treated identically to a string, as a single item.

To avoid recursion in cases such as

	type X string
	func (x X) String() string { return Sprintf("<%s>", x) }

convert the value before recurring:

	func (x X) String() string { return Sprintf("<%s>", string(x)) }

Infinite recursion can also be triggered by self-referential data
structures, such as a slice that contains itself as an element, if
that type has a String method. Such pathologies are rare, however,
and the package does not protect against them.

When printing a struct, fmt cannot and therefore does not invoke
formatting methods such as Error or String on unexported fields.

# Explicit argument indexes

In [Printf], [Sprintf], [Fprintf], and [Appendf], the default behavior is for each
formatting verb to format successive arguments passed in the call.
However, the notation [n] immediately before the verb indicates that the
nth one-indexed argument is to be formatted instead. The same notation
before a '*' for a width or precision selects the argument index holding
the value. After processing a bracketed expression [n], subsequent verbs
will use arguments n+1, n+2, etc. unless otherwise directed.

For example,

	fmt.Sprintf("%[2]d %[1]d\n", 11, 22)

will yield "22 11", while

	fmt.Sprintf("%[3]*.[2]*[1]f", 12.0, 2, 6)

equivalent to

	fmt.Sprintf("%6.2f", 12.0)

will yield " 12.00". Because an explicit index affects subsequent verbs,
this notation can be used to print the same values multiple times
by resetting the index for the first argument to be repeated:

	fmt.Sprintf("%d %d %#[1]x %#x", 16, 17)

will yield "16 17 0x10 0x11".

# Format errors

If an invalid argument is given for a verb, such as providing
a string to %d, the generated string will contain a
description of the problem, as in these examples:

	Wrong type or unknown verb: %!verb(type=value)
		Printf("%d", "hi"):        %!d(string=hi)
	Too many arguments: %!(EXTRA type=value)
		Printf("hi", "guys"):      hi%!(EXTRA string=guys)
	Too few arguments: %!verb(MISSING)
		Printf("hi%d"):            hi%!d(MISSING)
	Non-int for width or precision: %!(BADWIDTH) or %!(BADPREC)
		Printf("%*s", 4.5, "hi"):  %!(BADWIDTH)hi
		Printf("%.*s", 4.5, "hi"): %!(BADPREC)hi
	Invalid or invalid use of argument index: %!(BADINDEX)
		Printf("%*[2]d", 7):       %!d(BADINDEX)
		Printf("%.[2]d", 7):       %!d(BADINDEX)

All errors begin with the string "%!" followed sometimes
by a single character (the verb) and end with a parenthesized
description.

If an Error or String method triggers a panic when called by a
print routine, the fmt package reformats the error message
from the panic, decorating it with an indication that it came
through the fmt package.  For example, if a String method
calls panic("bad"), the resulting formatted message will look
like

	%!s(PANIC=bad)

The %!s just shows the print verb in use when the failure
occurred. If the panic is caused by a nil receiver to an Error,
String, or GoString method, however, the output is the undecorated
string, "<nil>".

# Scanning

An analogous set of functions scans formatted text to yield
values.  [Scan], [Scanf] and [Scanln] read from [os.Stdin]; [Fscan],
[Fscanf] and [Fscanln] read from a specified [io.Reader]; [Sscan],
[Sscanf] and [Sscanln] read from an argument string.

[Scan], [Fscan], [Sscan] treat newlines in the input as spaces.

[Scanln], [Fscanln] and [Sscanln] stop scanning at a newline and
require that the items be followed by a newline or EOF.

[Scanf], [Fscanf], and [Sscanf] parse the arguments according to a
format string, analogous to that of [Printf]. In the text that
follows, 'space' means any Unicode whitespace character
except newline.

In the format string, a verb introduced by the % character
consumes and parses input; these verbs are described in more
detail below. A character other than %, space, or newline in
the format consumes exactly that input character, which must
be present. A newline with zero or more spaces before it in
the format string consumes zero or more spaces in the input
followed by a single newline or the end of the input. A space
following a newline in the format string consumes zero or more
spaces in the input. Otherwise, any run of one or more spaces
in the format string consumes as many spaces as possible in
the input. Unless the run of spaces in the format string
appears adjacent to a newline, the run must consume at least
one space from the input or find the end of the input.

The handling of spaces and newlines differs from that of C's
scanf family: in C, newlines are treated as any other space,
and it is never an error when a run of spaces in the format
string finds no spaces to consume in the input.

The verbs behave analogously to those of [Printf].
For example, %x will scan an integer as a hexadecimal number,
and %v will scan the default representation format for the value.
The [Printf] verbs %p and %T and the flags # and + are not implemented.
For floating-point and complex values, all valid formatting verbs
(%b %e %E %f %F %g %G %x %X and %v) are equivalent and accept
both decimal and hexadecimal notation (for example: "2.3e+7", "0x4.5p-8")
and digit-separating underscores (for example: "3.14159_26535_89793").

Input processed by verbs is implicitly space-delimited: the
implementation of every verb except %c starts by discarding
leading spaces from the remaining input, and the %s verb
(and %v reading into a string) stops consuming input at the first
space or newline character.

The familiar base-setting prefixes 0b (binary), 0o and 0 (octal),
and 0x (hexadecimal) are accepted when scanning integers
without a format or with the %v verb, as are digit-separating
underscores.

Width is interpreted in the input text but there is no
syntax for scanning with a precision (no %5.2f, just %5f).
If width is provided, it applies after leading spaces are
trimmed and specifies the maximum number of runes to read
to satisfy the verb. For example,

	Sscanf(" 1234567 ", "%5s%d", &s, &i)

will set s to "12345" and i to 67 while

	Sscanf(" 12 34 567 ", "%5s%d", &s, &i)

will set s to "12" and i to 34.

In all the scanning functions, a carriage return followed
immediately by a newline is treated as a plain newline
(\r\n means the same as \n).

In all the scanning functions, if an operand implements method
[Scan] (that is, it implements the [Scanner] interface) that
method will be used to scan the text for that operand.  Also,
if the number of arguments scanned is less than the number of
arguments provided, an error is returned.

All arguments to be scanned must be either pointers to basic
types or implementations of the [Scanner] interface.

Like [Scanf] and [Fscanf], [Sscanf] need not consume its entire input.
There is no way to recover how much of the input string [Sscanf] used.

Note: [Fscan] etc. can read one character (rune) past the input
they return, which means that a loop calling a scan routine
may skip some of the input.  This is usually a problem only
when there is no space between input values.  If the reader
provided to [Fscan] implements ReadRune, that method will be used
to read characters.  If the reader also implements UnreadRune,
that method will be used to save the character and successive
calls will not lose data.  To attach ReadRune and UnreadRune
methods to a reader without that capability, use
[bufio.NewReader].
*/
package fmt